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Sawyer L. β-Lactoglobulin and Glycodelin: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Front Physiol 2021; 12:678080. [PMID: 34093238 PMCID: PMC8173191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.678080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two lipocalins, β-lactoglobulin (βLg) and glycodelin (Gd), are possibly the most closely related members of the large and widely distributed lipocalin family, yet their functions appear to be substantially different. Indeed, the function of β-lactoglobulin, a major component of ruminant milk, is still unclear although neonatal nutrition is clearly important. On the other hand, glycodelin has several specific functions in reproduction conferred through distinct, tissue specific glycosylation of the polypeptide backbone. It is also associated with some cancer outcomes. The glycodelin gene, PAEP, reflecting one of its names, progestagen-associated endometrial protein, is expressed in many though not all primates, but the name has now also been adopted for the β-lactoglobulin gene (HGNC, www.genenames.org). After a general overview of the two proteins in the context of the lipocalin family, this review considers the properties of each in the light of their physiological functional significance, supplementing earlier reviews to include studies from the past decade. While the biological function of glycodelin is reasonably well defined, that of β-lactoglobulin remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Sawyer
- School of Biological Sciences, IQB3, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Bastaki M, Api AM, Aubanel M, Bauter M, Cachet T, Demyttenaere JCR, Diop MM, Harman CL, Hayashi SM, Krammer G, Lu V, Marone PA, Mendes O, Renskers KJ, Schnabel J, Tsang SY, Taylor SV. Dietary administration of β-caryophyllene and its epoxide to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110876. [PMID: 31610257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two independent 90-day GLP-compliant studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats with β-caryophyllene or β-caryophyllene epoxide, two common flavoring and fragrance materials. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene were 3500; 7000; and 21,000 ppm for males and 3500; 14,000; and 56,000 ppm for females. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene epoxide were 1750; 10,500; and 21,000 ppm. There were no deaths or clinical toxicity attributable to either substance administration. Statistically significant, dose-dependent reductions in body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, and food efficiency at the highest dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene, but not of β-caryophyllene epoxide, were attributed to palatability issues. Neither β-caryophyllene nor β-caryophyllene epoxide influenced estrus cyclicity or sperm parameters. Macroscopic and microscopic findings were primarily related to changes in the kidneys of male rats, consistent with α2u-globulin nephropathy, and in the liver of male and female rats, including hepatocyte hypertrophy at the middle and high intake levels. These changes correlated with increased absolute and relative organ weights. Since the kidney findings were a species- and sex-specific effect, the NOAEL in each study was based on hepatocyte hypertrophy at the two highest dietary concentrations and were determined to be 222 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene and 109 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene epoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bastaki
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Michel Aubanel
- Kerry Flavours France, Zl du Plan BP 82067, 63 Avenue Jean Maubert, 06131, Grasse Cedex, France
| | - Mark Bauter
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Thierry Cachet
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Shim-Mo Hayashi
- Japan Flavor and Fragrance Materials Association, Sankeinihonbashi Bldg. 6F, 4-7-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | - Gerhard Krammer
- Symrise AG, Muehlenfeldstrasse 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Vivian Lu
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Palma Ann Marone
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Odete Mendes
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Highway 130, Dayton, NJ, 08810, USA
| | - Kevin J Renskers
- Takasago International Corporation, 4 Volvo Drive, Rockleigh, NJ, 07647, USA
| | - Jürgen Schnabel
- Givaudan International SA, Kemptpark 50, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Sai Yee Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
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3
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Association of brominated proteins and changes in protein expression in the rat kidney with subcarcinogenic to carcinogenic doses of bromate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:391-8. [PMID: 23811332 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The water disinfection byproduct bromate (BrO3(-)) produces cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in rat kidneys. Our previous studies demonstrated that BrO3(-) caused sex-dependent differences in renal gene and protein expression in rats and the elimination of brominated organic carbon in their urine. The present study examined changes in renal cell apoptosis and protein expression in male and female F344 rats treated with BrO3(-) and associated these changes with accumulation of 3-bromotyrosine (3-BT)-modified proteins. Rats were treated with 0, 11.5, 46 and 308 mg/L BrO3(-) in drinking water for 28 days and renal sections were prepared and examined for apoptosis (TUNEL-staining), 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG), 3-BT, osteopontin, Kim-1, clusterin, and p-21 expression. TUNEL-staining in renal proximal tubules increased in a dose-related manner beginning at 11.5mg BrO3(-)/L in female rats and 46 mg/L in males. Increased 8-oxoG staining was observed at doses as low as 46 mg/L. Osteopontin expression also increased in a dose-related manner after treatment with 46 mg/L, in males only. In contrast, Kim-1 expression increased in a dose-related manner in both sexes, although to a greater extent in females at the highest dose. Clusterin and p21 expression also increased in a dose-related manner in both sexes. The expression of 3-BT-modified proteins only increased in male rats, following a pattern previously reported for accumulation of α-2u-globulin. Increases in apoptosis in renal proximal tubules of male and female rats at the lowest doses suggest a common mode of action for renal carcinogenesis for the two sexes that is independent of α-2u-globulin nephropathy.
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Hai A, Kizilbash NA. α(2)-µ-Globulin fragment (a2-f) from kidneys of male rats. Bioinformation 2013; 9:145-9. [PMID: 23422892 PMCID: PMC3569602 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of α2-µ-Globulin fragment (A2-f) is not known.α2-µ-Globulin fragment (A2-f) is a 15.5 kDa protein that binds
equimolar amount of fatty acids in male rat kidneys. The expression of this protein has been shown to change in response to druginduced
and genetic hypertension which suggests that it plays an important role in renal fatty acid metabolism under pathological
conditions as well as normal conditions. A2-f has sequence homology with amino acid 28-178 of α2-µ-Globulin (A2U) that is
synthesized pre-dominantly in the male rat liver and is present in the urine. It is believed that unusual structural features permit
A2-f to be targeted to the proximal tubule cell; to escape lysosomal degradation in liver and to enter the cytosol of proximal tubule
cells of the kidneys. Homology modeling has been employed to determine the structural elements of this protein and they have
been compared with the published structure of A2U. Results suggest differences between the structure of A2-f and its precursor
protein A2U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar-91431, Saudi Arabia
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5
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The FEMA GRAS assessment of aliphatic and aromatic terpene hydrocarbons used as flavor ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2471-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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A Mechanism for the induction of renal tumours in male Fischer 344 rats by short-chain chlorinated paraffins. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:233-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Craig JP, Bekal S, Hudson M, Domier L, Niblack T, Lambert KN. Analysis of a horizontally transferred pathway involved in vitamin B6 biosynthesis from the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Mol Biol Evol 2008; 25:2085-98. [PMID: 18586696 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodera glycines is an obligate plant parasite capable of biochemically and developmentally altering its host's cells in order to create a specialized feeding cell. Although the exact mechanism of feeding cell morphogenesis remains a mystery, the nematode's ability to manipulate the plant is thought to be due in part to horizontal gene transfers (HGTs). A bioinformatic screen of the nematode genome has revealed homologues of the genes SNZ and SNO, which comprise a metabolic pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B(6) (VB(6)). Analysis of the 2 genes, HgSNZ and HgSNO, show that they contain nematode-like introns, generate polyadenylated mRNAs, and map to the soybean cyst nematode genetic linkage map, indicating that they are part of the nematode genome. However, gene synteny, protein homology, and phylogenetic evidence suggest prokaryotic origin. This would represent the first case of the HGT of a complete pathway into a nematode or terrestrial animal. VB(6) acts as a cofactor in over 140 different enzymes, and recent studies point toward an important role as a potent quencher of reactive oxygen species. With H. glycines' penchant for acquiring parasitism genes through HGT along with the absence of this pathway in other land-based animals suggests a specific need for VB(6) which may involve the parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Craig
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
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Smith W, Butler AJL, Hazell LA, Chapman MD, Pomés A, Nickels DG, Thomas WR. Fel d 4, a cat lipocalin allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1732-8. [PMID: 15544598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cat allergy is unique among allergy to mammals in that the major allergen Fel d 1 is a uteroglobin-like protein and not a lipocalin. The biochemical spectrum of the cat allergens is thus uncertain, particularly with regard to the role that a cat lipocalin protein may play in sensitization to cats in allergic individuals. OBJECTIVE To analyse cDNA encoding a lipocalin allergen and the corresponding recombinant allergen at both the molecular and immunological levels. METHODS A submandibular salivary gland cDNA expression library was constructed and screened for clones producing IgE-binding polypeptides. cDNA encoding a lipocalin allergen and its corresponding recombinant allergen were analysed. RESULTS An IgE binding molecule with high sequence identity to the boar salivary lipocalin and the horse lipocalin Equ c 1 allergen was isolated and designated, Fel d 4. Serum from 62.96% of cat-allergic subjects examined had measurable IgE antibody to Fel d 4 but typically at low levels. Despite this in 47% of sera the anti-Fel d 4 IgE titres were higher than the anti-Fel d 1 titres. IgE binding to the lipocalin allergen could be blocked by an allergen extract from cow and to a lesser degree by extracts from horse and dog. CONCLUSION Fel d 4 is a lipocalin allergen produced by the cat, which binds IgE at relatively high frequency in cat-sensitive individuals. The allergen provides not only a means for investigating differences in the immune response to lipocalin allergens from that found for other mammalian species but also an important reagent for the diagnosis of cat allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Smith
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia.
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9
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Abstract
The term allergy refers to clinical conditions caused by an inappropriate immune response to innocuous proteins in genetically predisposed persons. Allergens of animal origin are responsible for a significant proportion of allergies. In recent years, it has become evident that practically all respiratory animal allergens characterized at the molecular level belong to the lipocalin family of proteins. The current list comprises the major allergens of horse, cow, dog, mouse, rat and cockroach as well as beta-lactoglobulin of cow's milk. While the molecular structure of all these allergens is known, far less information is available regarding their immunological characteristics. Knowing the way the immune system recognizes these allergens and reacts to them might, however, be the key for discovering the common denominator of the allergenicity of lipocalins. The human body contains numerous endogenous lipocalins, and the immune system has to adapt to their presence. We have proposed that under these conditions the immune response against the lipocalin allergens which are structurally related to endogenous lipocalins might be the pathway to allergy in genetically predisposed persons. The same might well apply also to other allergens with homologous endogenous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mäntyjärvi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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10
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Cavaggioni A, Mucignat-Caretta C. Major urinary proteins, alpha(2U)-globulins and aphrodisin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1482:218-28. [PMID: 11058763 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The major urinary proteins (MUPs) are proteins secreted by the liver and filtered by the kidneys into the urine of adult male mice and rats, the MUPs of rats being also referred to as alpha(2U)-globulins. The MUP family also comprises closely related proteins excreted by exocrine glands of rodents, independently of their sex. The MUP family is an expression of a multi-gene family. There is complex hormonal and tissue-specific regulation of MUP gene expression. The multi-gene family and its outflow are characterized by a polymorphism which extends over species, strains, sexes, and individuals. There is evidence of evolutionary conservation of the genes and their outflow within the species and evidence of change between species. MUPs share the eight-stranded beta-barrel structure lining a hydrophobic pocket, common to lipocalins. There is also a high degree of structural conservation between mouse and rat MUPs. MUPs bind small natural odorant molecules in the hydrophobic pocket with medium affinity in the 10(4)-10(5) M(-1) range, and are excreted in the field, with bound odorants. The odorants are then released slowly in air giving a long lasting olfactory trace to the spot. MUPs seem to play complex roles in chemosensory signalling among rodents, functioning as odorant carriers as well as proteins that prime endocrine reactions in female conspecifics. Aphrodisin is a lipocalin, found in hamster vaginal discharge, which stimulates male copulatory behaviour. Aphrodisin does not seem to bind odorants and no polymorphism has been shown. Both MUPs and aphrodisin stimulate the vomeronasal organ of conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cavaggioni
- Dipartimento di Anatomia e Fisiologia Umana, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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11
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Wang KS, McFadyen DA, Locke J, Hodgetts RB. Three subsets of genes whose tissue specific expression is sex and age-dependent can be identified within the rat alpha 2u-globulin family. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 2000; 21:234-44. [PMID: 9397539 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1997)21:3<234::aid-dvg6>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The rat alpha 2u-globulins are encoded by a multigene family whose 20-25 members are subjected to multihormonal regulation that is dependent upon the sex of the animal, the developmental stage and the tissue being examined. Using RT-PCR and diagnostic restriction analysis of the products, we have examined the specificity of the expression of different members of the gene family. All family members can be classified into three subsets, depending on how the amplified cDNA responds to digestion with ApaLI, SstI and VspI. Subset A contains the restriction sites for both ApaLI and SstI but not VspI and typifies the genes expressed in the salivary glands of both mature and juvenile animals of both sexes, where it is the only subset expressed. This subset of genes also accounts for all the transcripts observed in the kidneys and mammary glands of juvenile males. Although subset A was represented in the transcript populations of all the other tissues examined, its proportion relative to the total varied greatly. The two other subsets were subset V, which contains only the restriction site for VspI, and subset N, which lacks all three restriction sites. In all the other tissues examined, two or all three of the subsets were expressed, usually in a manner that was unique to the sex and age of the tissue in question. The proportion of each of the three alpha 2u-globulin subsets in the alpha 2u-globulin gene family was determined by quantitation of the restriction products of amplified genomic DNA. Interestingly, the most prevalent subset in the genome (N) has the most limited tissue expression pattern, but is found in liver and preputial glands, the tissues expressing the most substantial quantities of alpha 2u-globulin. These results indicate the complexity of the regulation of the alpha 2u-globulins and point to the necessity for gene specific analyses if the expression of the family is to be understood in molecular terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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12
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Saito K, Nishikawa J, Imagawa M, Nishihara T, Matsuo M. Molecular evidence of complex tissue- and sex-specific mRNA expression of the rat alpha(2u)-globulin multigene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:337-44. [PMID: 10833415 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha(2u)-Globulin is well known to be a rat protein encoded by a highly homologous multigene family with more than twenty members. We report here the cloning and identification of major alpha(2u)-globulin mRNA species expressed in various tissues. Initially, eight individual clones (PGCL1-8) were obtained from a male preputial gland cDNA library. Data base analysis with BLAST demonstrated six mRNAs to be novel, all clones being characterized by highly conserved sequence motifs as lipocalins. All cDNAs contained an open reading frame of 543 nucleotides and encode 181 amino acid proteins showing 92.5-98.7% and 87.3-98.3% nucleic and amino acid identity, respectively. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with sequence analysis showed that PGCL4 is a major member in the female mammary gland, and in the submaxillary and lachrymal glands of both sexes, while the counterpart in male liver and the coagulate glands was found to be PGCL1. Numbers of cDNA species including PGCL1 and PGCL4 were found in preputial glands, no sex-related difference being observed. These results directly demonstrate complex tissue- and sex-specific expression of alpha(2u)-globulins in terms of mRNA species, providing useful information for understanding regulation of the alpha(2u)-globulin multigene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saito
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., 1-98, 3-Chome, Kasugade-Naka, Konohana-Ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan.
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Konieczny A, Morgenstern JP, Bizinkauskas CB, Lilley CH, Brauer AW, Bond JF, Aalberse RC, Wallner BP, Kasaian MT. The major dog allergens, Can f 1 and Can f 2, are salivary lipocalin proteins: cloning and immunological characterization of the recombinant forms. Immunology 1997; 92:577-86. [PMID: 9497502 PMCID: PMC1364166 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canis familiaris allergen 1 (Can f 1) and Canis familiaris allergen 2 (Can f 2) are the two major allergens present in dog dander extracts. We now report the isolation of cDNAs encoding both proteins and present their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences. Can f 1, produced by tongue epithelial tissue, has homology with the von Ebner's gland (VEG) protein, a salivary protein not previously thought to have allergenic properties. Can f 2, produced by tongue and parotid gland, has homology with mouse urinary protein (MUP), a known allergen. Both VEG protein and MUP are members of the lipocalin family of small ligand-binding proteins. Recombinant forms of Can f 1 and Can f 2 were produced and tested for immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity. Among dog-allergic subjects, 45% had IgE directed exclusively to rCan f 1, and 25% had IgE to both rCan f 1 and rCan f 2. In addition, both recombinant proteins were able to cross-link IgE and elicit histamine release from peripheral blood leucocytes in vitro. These findings confirm that Can f 1 and Can f 2 are major and minor dog allergens, respectively, and demonstrate that recombinant forms of dog allergens retain at least some IgE-binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Konieczny
- ImmuLogic Pharmaceutical Corporation, Waltham MA 02154, USA
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14
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Ikeda S, Takasu M, Matsuda T, Kakinuma A, Horio F. Ascorbic acid deficiency decreases the renal level of kidney fatty acid-binding protein by lowering the alpha2u-globulin gene expression in liver in scurvy-prone ODS rats. J Nutr 1997; 127:2173-8. [PMID: 9349844 DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.11.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence for the role of ascorbic acid in gene expression or protein synthesis in vivo is limited. To investigate this role of ascorbic acid, we surveyed proteins whose tissue levels are changed by ascorbic acid deficiency by using ODS rats with a hereditary defect in ascorbic acid biosynthesis. Male ODS rats (7 wk old, body weight approximately 130 g) were fed a basal diet containing ascorbic acid (300 mg/kg diet) or an ascorbic acid-free diet for 14 d. Ascorbic acid deficiency decreased a renal protein with an apparent molecular mass of 17 kDa. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence of 16 residues of this 17-kDa protein was identical to a kidney fatty acid-binding protein known to be generated by proteolytic degradation of alpha2u-globulin, a major urinary protein of adult male rats. alpha2u-Globulin is synthesized in liver, secreted into blood and excreted into urine, but partially reabsorbed by renal proximal tubules. It exists in kidney in a proteolytically modified form. Ascorbic acid deficiency lowered the renal level of kidney fatty acid-binding protein to 53% (P < 0.05) and lowered the serum level of alpha2u-globulin to 52% (P < 0.05) of the level of the control group, but did not affect the amount of alpha2u-globulin excreted into urine. The hepatic level of alpha2u-globulin mRNA of the ascorbic acid-deficient rats was significantly lower (30%) than that of the control rats. These results suggest that in male ODS rats, ascorbic acid deficiency decreases the renal level of kidney fatty acid-binding protein by lowering alpha2u-globulin gene expression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ikeda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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15
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Shang W, Doré JJ, Godkin JD. Developmental gene expression of procollagen III in bovine extraembryonic membranes during early pregnancy. Mol Reprod Dev 1997; 48:18-24. [PMID: 9266757 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199709)48:1<18::aid-mrd3>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A major secretory protein produced by bovine chorioallantoic membranes, in vitro, was previously identified as the carboxyl-propeptide of alpha-1 type III collagen. In the present study, the protein and gene expression of procollagen III by bovine chorioallantois between days 17 and 45 of pregnancy was investigated. In addition, differential usage of multiple transcription termination sites by chorioallantois was examined. Two-dimensional PAGE of proteins synthesized and released by whole conceptuses or isolated chorioallantoic membranes into culture medium demonstrated that the C-terminal of procollagen III was not detectable before day 21 of pregnancy and concentrations increased thereafter. Developmental gene expression was determined by Northern blot analysis using a probe (A) that preceded all five polyadenylation sites of the previously sequenced clone 9.22. Procollagen III mRNA expression was undetectable at day 17, low on day 20, and increased through day 36. Two major transcripts of 5.9 and 4.9 kb were identified, the latter of which was expressed more prominently. A second probe (B), which terminated between poly-A sites 2 and 3, was designed to identify transcripts that terminated at poly-A site 1 or 2. This probe bound to the 5.9-kb mRNA only. Two additional procollagen III cDNA clones were isolated from our bovine conceptus cDNA library and sequenced. One, designated 9.29, terminated at poly-A site 5. The other, designated 11.7, terminated at poly-A site 2, indicating that the bovine conceptus uses these stop sites in procollagen III transcription. Results from this study demonstrate that procollagen III gene and protein expression coincide with the development of the allantois, which progressively fuses with the chorion forming the chorioallantois placenta. In addition, multiple termination sites are used in procollagen III transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37901, USA
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16
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Gregoire C, Rosinski-Chupin I, Rabillon J, Alzari PM, David B, Dandeu JP. cDNA cloning and sequencing reveal the major horse allergen Equ c1 to be a glycoprotein member of the lipocalin superfamily. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:32951-9. [PMID: 8955138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.51.32951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the major horse allergen, designated Equus caballus allergen 1 (Equ c1), was cloned from total cDNA of sublingual salivary glands by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using synthetic degenerate oligonucleotides deduced from N-terminal and internal peptide sequences of the glycosylated hair dandruff protein. A recombinant form of the protein, with a polyhistidine tail, was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein is able to induce a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in rat, and it behaves similarly to the native Equ c1 in several immunological tests with allergic patients' IgE antibodies, mouse monoclonal antibodies, or rabbit polyclonal IgG antibodies. Amino acid sequence identity of 49-51% with rodent urinary proteins from mice and rats suggests that Equ c1 is a new member of the lipocalin superfamily of hydrophobic ligand-binding proteins that includes several other major allergens. An RNA blot analysis demonstrates the expression of mRNA Equ c1 in liver and in sublingual and submaxillary salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gregoire
- Unité d'Immuno-Allergie, Département de Physiopathologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75024 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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17
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Mäntyjärvi R, Parkkinen S, Rytkönen M, Pentikäinen J, Pelkonen J, Rautiainen J, Zeiler T, Virtanen T. Complementary DNA cloning of the predominant allergen of bovine dander: a new member in the lipocalin family. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97:1297-303. [PMID: 8648026 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(96)70198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of allergenic proteins in animal danders have been characterized at the molecular level, but little is known of their biologic functions. We have found that the prevalence of IgE antibodies among patients with cattle-associated asthma is highest against a dander protein referred to as BDA20. OBJECTIVE The study was performed to characterize the molecular structure of BDA20,* the predominant allergen in bovine dander. METHODS Clones encoding allergens were identified and isolated from a complementary DNA library by immunoblotting and DNA hybridization and sequenced. Recombinant proteins were produced in Escherichia coli. Immunoreactivity of the recombinant proteins and amino acid sequences of peptides obtained from native BDA20 after Lys-C cleavage were used to identify clones coding for BDA20. RESULTS In this article we report the cDNA and amino acid sequences of BDA20. Homology comparisons showed that BDA20 belongs to the family of lipocalins. CONCLUSIONS The results link a dander allergen to a group of functionally important proteins. Lipocalins are present in various body fluids and secretions of several animal species in which they function as carriers of small hydrophobic molecules, such as retinoids and pheromones. If allergenicity proves to be a property shared by lipocalins, our results will have considerable implications for allergen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mäntyjärvi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Igarashi K, Kaneda M, Yamaji A, Saido TC, Kikkawa U, Ono Y, Inoue K, Umeda M. A novel phosphatidylserine-binding peptide motif defined by an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody. Localization of phosphatidylserine-specific binding sites on protein kinase C and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:29075-8. [PMID: 7493929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.49.29075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody, Id8F7, previously shown to bind to a phosphatidylserine (PS)-specific binding site on protein kinase C (PKC) has been used to identify a 12-amino acid consensus sequence shared by PKC and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD). The 14-amino acid synthetic peptide derived from the corresponding region of PSD (amino acids 351-364 of the enzyme from Chinese hamster ovary cells) bound effectively and specifically to PS, and that derived from rat PKC gamma (amino acids 227-240) bound weakly but specifically to PS. Analysis of binding of Id8F7 to various synthetic peptides revealed that the consensus sequence motif, FXFXLKXXXKXR, is responsible for the interaction with both Id8F7 and PS. The results suggest that the conserved amino acid residues represent a basic structural motif for the specific interaction with PS, and the corresponding regions of PKC and PSD form the PS-specific binding sites of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Igarashi
- Department of Inflammation Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Rinshoken, Japan
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19
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Hard GC, Rodgers IS, Baetcke KP, Richards WL, McGaughy RE, Valcovic LR. Hazard evaluation of chemicals that cause accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin, hyaline droplet nephropathy, and tubule neoplasia in the kidneys of male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1993; 99:313-349. [PMID: 7686485 PMCID: PMC1567071 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9399313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review paper examines the relationship between chemicals inducing excessive accumulation of alpha 2u-globulin (alpha 2u-g) (CIGA) in hyaline droplets in male rat kidneys and the subsequent development of nephrotoxicity and renal tubule neoplasia in the male rat. This dose-responsive hyaline droplet accumulation distinguishes CIGA carcinogens from classical renal carcinogens. CIGA carcinogens also do not appear to react with DNA and are generally negative in short-term tests for genotoxicity, CIGA or their metabolites bind specifically, but reversibly, to male rat alpha 2u-g. The resulting complex appears to be more resistant to hydrolytic degradation in the proximal tubule than native, unbound alpha 2u-g. Single cell necrosis of the tubule epithelium, with associated granular cast formation and papillary mineralization, is followed by sustained regenerative tubule cell proliferation, foci of tubule hyperplasia in the convoluted proximal tubules, and renal tubule tumors. Although structurally similar proteins have been detected in other species, including humans, renal lesions characteristic of alpha 2u-g nephropathy have not been observed. Epidemiologic investigation has not specifically examined the CIGA hypothesis for humans. Based on cancer bioassays, hormone manipulation studies, investigations in an alpha 2u-g-deficient strain of rat, and other laboratory data, an increased proliferative response caused by chemically induced cytotoxicity appears to play a role in the development of renal tubule tumors in male rats. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that the renal effects induced in male rats by chemicals causing alpha 2u-g accumulation are unlikely to occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Hard
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Carshalton, Surrey, Great Britain
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20
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Protein synthesis at the blood-brain barrier. The major protein secreted by amphibian choroid plexus is a lipocalin. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Rosenfeld MG, Emeson RB, Yeakley JM, Merillat N, Hedjran F, Lenz J, Delsert C. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a neuropeptide generated as a consequence of tissue-specific, developmentally regulated alternative RNA processing events. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 657:1-17. [PMID: 1637077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb22754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Department of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0648
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22
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23
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Båvik C, Eriksson U, Allen R, Peterson P. Identification and partial characterization of a retinal pigment epithelial membrane receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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24
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Primary structure and cellular distribution of two fatty acid-binding proteins in adult rat kidneys. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)67692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Nieto A, Mira E, Castaño JG. Transcriptional regulation of rat liver protein disulphide-isomerase gene by insulin and in diabetes. Biochem J 1990; 267:317-23. [PMID: 1692206 PMCID: PMC1131289 DOI: 10.1042/bj2670317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mRNA encoding for rat protein disulphide-isomerase (PDI) increases 3-fold in the liver of diabetic rats and is accompanied by similar changes at the protein level. Long treatment (for 3 days) of diabetic rats with insulin reverses this effect of diabetes both at the mRNA and protein levels. The higher expression of rat PDI mRNA in diabetes is due to an increase in the transcriptional rate of the gene, and insulin treatment of diabetic animals produces within 30 min a decrease in the level of transcription of PDI gene, as judged by nuclear run-on transcription experiments performed in vivo. These results clearly show a role for insulin in the regulation of transcription of the gene encoding this multifunctional protein in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina de la UAM, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- U Eriksson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm Branch, Sweden
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27
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Mira E, Castaño JG. Insulin short-term control of rat liver α2-microglobulin gene transcription. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Rapid repression of quiescence-specific gene expression by epidermal growth factor, insulin, and pp60v-src. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2498647 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.3.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a cDNA for p20K, a secreted protein preferentially synthesized in nonproliferating cells. p20K mRNA and protein levels declined rapidly following treatment with various mitogens. DNA sequence analysis of the p20K cDNA predicted a novel protein distantly related to alpha 2 mu-globulin and plasma retinol-binding protein.
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29
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Kimura H, Odani S, Suzuki J, Arakawa M, Ono T. Kidney fatty acid-binding protein: identification as alpha 2U-globulin. FEBS Lett 1989; 246:101-4. [PMID: 2468522 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fatty acid-binding protein was purified from male rat kidney by the method of Fujii et al. [(1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 254, 552-558]. Based on the close similarity of amino acid composition and the identity of the amino acid sequence in the amino-terminal region, the fatty acid-binding protein was identified as alpha 2U-globulin, which is the major male-specific protein in rat urine. The amino-terminal residue of the isolated kidney protein corresponds to residue 10 of alpha 2U-globulin, suggesting that the protein has been proteolytically processed in the kidney. This fatty acid-binding protein could not be immunologically detected in female rat kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Bedard PA, Yannoni Y, Simmons DL, Erikson RL. Rapid repression of quiescence-specific gene expression by epidermal growth factor, insulin, and pp60v-src. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1371-5. [PMID: 2498647 PMCID: PMC362736 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.3.1371-1375.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated a cDNA for p20K, a secreted protein preferentially synthesized in nonproliferating cells. p20K mRNA and protein levels declined rapidly following treatment with various mitogens. DNA sequence analysis of the p20K cDNA predicted a novel protein distantly related to alpha 2 mu-globulin and plasma retinol-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bedard
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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31
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Choy HA, McLaughlin M, Feigelson P. Nuclear Factors from Expressing Tissues Interact in Vitro with a Rat α-2u Globulin Gene Intron. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)94251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Held WA, Mullins JJ, Kuhn NJ, Gallagher JF, Gu GD, Gross KW. T antigen expression and tumorigenesis in transgenic mice containing a mouse major urinary protein/SV40 T antigen hybrid gene. EMBO J 1989; 8:183-91. [PMID: 2714250 PMCID: PMC400788 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybrid mouse major urinary protein (MUP)/SV40 T antigen gene was microinjected into fertilized mouse embryos and the resulting transgenic mice analyzed for the regulated expression of the transgene. Available evidence indicates that the MUP gene used for the hybrid gene construct is expressed in both male and female liver and possibly mammary gland. Three different transgenic lines exhibited a consistent pattern of tissue specific expression of the transgene. As a consequence of transgene expression and T antigen synthesis in the liver, both male and female transgenic animals developed liver hyperplasia and tumors. Transgene expression and liver hyperplasia commenced at approximately 2-4 weeks of age, the same time that MUP gene expression is first detected in the liver. The expression of the transgene resulted in an immediate strong suppression of liver MUP mRNA levels but had relatively little effect on other liver specific mRNAs. From 4 to 8 weeks, the liver increased several fold in size, relative to non-transgenic littermates. Definitive tumor nodules were not apparent until 8-10 weeks. The transgene was also consistently found to be expressed in the skin sebaceous glands and the preputial gland, a modified sebaceous gland. The expression of the transgene in the skin sebaceous glands is consistent with the presence of MUP mRNA in the skin and a putative role for MUPs in the transport and excretion of small molecules. Occasional expression of the transgene in other tissues (kidney and mammary connective tissues) was also noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/physiology
- Female
- Genes, Synthetic
- Hyperplasia
- Kidney/analysis
- Liver/analysis
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases/etiology
- Liver Diseases/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Male
- Mammary Glands, Animal/analysis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Precancerous Conditions/etiology
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sebaceous Glands/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Held
- Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Buffalo, NY 14263
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33
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Zaret KS, DiPersio CM, Jackson DA, Montigny WJ, Weinstat DL. Conditional enhancement of liver-specific gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:9076-80. [PMID: 3194409 PMCID: PMC282666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.9076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to develop a cell line in which liver-specific transcription could be induced at will, to facilitate the study of factors that cause hepatocyte-specific transcription of the serum albumin gene in mice. We therefore created the H2.35 cell line from mouse hepatocytes infected with a temperature-sensitive strain of simian virus 40. During routine propagation at the permissive temperature, H2.35 cells exhibit extremely low levels of albumin transcription and mRNA. Albumin mRNA increases at least 100-fold when H2.35 cells are cultured at the restrictive temperature and in serum-free medium on a collagen substratum; the two latter conditions maintain the differentiated state of primary hepatocyte cultures. Although a major cause of the mRNA increase is posttranscriptional, the transcription rates of albumin and other liver-specific genes increase significantly. Transient-transfection experiments demonstrated that an induction of transcription is caused by activation of an albumin upstream sequence that was previously shown to enhance liver-specific transcription in transgenic mice. Thus, hepatocyte differentiation appears to be maintained in part by extracellular signals that stimulate the activity of a tissue-specific enhancer element.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Zaret
- Section of Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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34
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35
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Identification and characterization of functional genes encoding the mouse major urinary proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2824995 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse Ltk- cells were stably transfected with cloned genes encoding the mouse major urinary proteins (MUPs). C57BL/6J MUP genomic clones encoding MUP 2 (BL6-25 and BL6-51), MUP 3 (BL6-11 and BL6-3), and MUP 4 (BL6-42) have been identified. In C57BL/6J mice, MUP 2 and MUP 4 are known to be synthesized in male, but not female, liver, and MUP 3 is known to be synthesized in both male and female liver and mammary gland. A BALB/c genomic clone (BJ-31) was shown to encode a MUP that is slightly more basic than MUP 2 and was previously shown to be synthesized in both male and female liver of BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice. Comigration on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of the MUPs encoded by the transfecting gene provides a basis for tentative identification of the tissue specificity and mode of regulation of each gene. DNA sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region indicates that the different MUP genes are highly homologous (0.20 to 2.40% divergence) within the 879 base pairs analyzed. The most prominent differences in sequence occur within an A-rich region just 5' of the TATA box. This region (from -47 to -93) contains primarily A or C(A)N nucleotides and varies from 15 to 46 nucleotides in length in the different clones.
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36
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Tissue-specific and hormonally regulated expression of a rat alpha 2u globulin gene in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 2446121 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the tissue-specific and hormonal regulation of the rat alpha 2u globulin gene family, we introduced one cloned member of the gene family into the mouse germ line and studied its expression in the resulting transgenic mice. Alpha 2u globulingene 207 was microinjected on a 7-kilobase DNA fragment, and four transgenic lines were analyzed. The transgene was expressed at very high levels, specifically in the liver and the preputial gland of adult male mice. The expression in male liver was first detected at puberty, and no expression was detected in female transgenic mice. This pattern of expression is similar to the expression of endogenous alpha 2u globulin genes in the rat but differs from the expression of the homologous mouse major urinary protein (MUP) gene family in that MUPs are synthesized in female liver and not in the male preputial gland. We conclude that these differences between rat alpha 2u globulin and mouse MUP gene expression are due to evolutionary differences in cis-acting regulatory elements. The expression of the alpha 2u globulin transgene in the liver was abolished by castration and fully restored after testosterone replacement. The expression could also be induced in the livers of female mice by treatment with either testosterone or dexamethasone, following ovariectomy and adrenalectomy. Therefore, the cis-acting elements responsible for regulation by these two hormones, as well as those responsible for tissue-specific expression, are closely linked to the alpha 2u globulin gene.
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37
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Adamietz P. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthase is the major endogenous nonhistone acceptor for poly(ADP-ribose) in alkylated rat hepatoma cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 169:365-72. [PMID: 3121314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous poly(ADP-ribosyl)--nonhistone protein conjugates were isolated from dimethyl-sulfate-treated rat hepatoma AH 7974 cells using aminophenylboronic-acid--agarose chromatography. Seven major components could be discerned on dodecyl sulfate gels (molecular mass 43, 60, 66, 86, 100, 110 and 170 kDa) while control cells indicated only slight staining at above 200 kDa. The most abundant conjugate formed in response to alkylation damage was further purified using preparative gel electrophoresis and identified on the basis of its intrinsic enzymic activity as automodified poly(APD-ribose) synthase. In addition, topoisomerase I activity was found associated with a 60-kDa peptide. ADP-ribosylated endonuclease and actin were not detect-able. The purified conjugate fraction contained maximally 8.8 nmol/mg ADP-ribose and 7.9 nmol/mg oligo(ADP-ribose) with a mean chain length of 2.3 residues. The modifying (ADP-ribosyl)n groups were attached to its acceptors by a hydroxylamine-insensitive bond and had practically no effect on the DNA affinity of either poly(ADP-ribose) synthase or topoisomerase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamietz
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie der Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Held WA, Gallagher JF, Hohman CM, Kuhn NJ, Sampsell BM, Hughes RG. Identification and characterization of functional genes encoding the mouse major urinary proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3705-12. [PMID: 2824995 PMCID: PMC368026 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3705-3712.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse Ltk- cells were stably transfected with cloned genes encoding the mouse major urinary proteins (MUPs). C57BL/6J MUP genomic clones encoding MUP 2 (BL6-25 and BL6-51), MUP 3 (BL6-11 and BL6-3), and MUP 4 (BL6-42) have been identified. In C57BL/6J mice, MUP 2 and MUP 4 are known to be synthesized in male, but not female, liver, and MUP 3 is known to be synthesized in both male and female liver and mammary gland. A BALB/c genomic clone (BJ-31) was shown to encode a MUP that is slightly more basic than MUP 2 and was previously shown to be synthesized in both male and female liver of BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice. Comigration on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels of the MUPs encoded by the transfecting gene provides a basis for tentative identification of the tissue specificity and mode of regulation of each gene. DNA sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region indicates that the different MUP genes are highly homologous (0.20 to 2.40% divergence) within the 879 base pairs analyzed. The most prominent differences in sequence occur within an A-rich region just 5' of the TATA box. This region (from -47 to -93) contains primarily A or C(A)N nucleotides and varies from 15 to 46 nucleotides in length in the different clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Held
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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39
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Soares VDC, Gubits RM, Feigelson P, Costantini F. Tissue-specific and hormonally regulated expression of a rat alpha 2u globulin gene in transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3749-58. [PMID: 2446121 PMCID: PMC368031 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3749-3758.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the tissue-specific and hormonal regulation of the rat alpha 2u globulin gene family, we introduced one cloned member of the gene family into the mouse germ line and studied its expression in the resulting transgenic mice. Alpha 2u globulingene 207 was microinjected on a 7-kilobase DNA fragment, and four transgenic lines were analyzed. The transgene was expressed at very high levels, specifically in the liver and the preputial gland of adult male mice. The expression in male liver was first detected at puberty, and no expression was detected in female transgenic mice. This pattern of expression is similar to the expression of endogenous alpha 2u globulin genes in the rat but differs from the expression of the homologous mouse major urinary protein (MUP) gene family in that MUPs are synthesized in female liver and not in the male preputial gland. We conclude that these differences between rat alpha 2u globulin and mouse MUP gene expression are due to evolutionary differences in cis-acting regulatory elements. The expression of the alpha 2u globulin transgene in the liver was abolished by castration and fully restored after testosterone replacement. The expression could also be induced in the livers of female mice by treatment with either testosterone or dexamethasone, following ovariectomy and adrenalectomy. Therefore, the cis-acting elements responsible for regulation by these two hormones, as well as those responsible for tissue-specific expression, are closely linked to the alpha 2u globulin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- V da C Soares
- Department of Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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40
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Richardson A, Butler JA, Rutherford MS, Semsei I, Gu MZ, Fernandes G, Chiang WH. Effect of age and dietary restriction on the expression of alpha 2u-globulin. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Winderickx J, van Dijck P, Dirckx L, Volckaert G, Rombauts W, Heyns W, Verhoeven G. Comparison of the 5' upstream putative regulatory sequences of three members of the alpha 2u-globulin gene family. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 165:521-9. [PMID: 2439333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized seven members of the alpha 2u-globulin gene family from a rat genomic library. The 5' upstream region (up to 1250 base pairs starting from the EcoRI site in exon 2) of three clones was sequenced. The major transcriptional start points were located 25 base pairs downstream from the 'TATA' box. A very high degree of homology was observed over the entire studied region. Two of the examined genes displayed structural features which suggest that their expression may be impeded. A high degree of homology was observed between the promotor regions of alpha 2u-globulin and those of the major urinary protein (MUP) multigene family of the mouse. A remarkable feature is the variable length of an A-rich region between the putative 'CAAT' and the 'TATA' consensus sequences. The size of this region differs markedly between MUP and alpha 2u-globulin and between different members of the alpha 2u-globulin gene family. Comparison of the alpha 2u-globulin promotor with the corresponding region of other androgen-dependent genes (the C1, C2 and C3 subunits of prostatic steroid binding protein) reveals the presence of an A-rich region of homology located approximately 378 base pairs upstream from the cap site in the alpha 2u-globulin genes. This region compares well with a sequence of putative enhancer function previously demonstrated in the alpha-fetoprotein promotor and in the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter.
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Rask L, Anundi H, Fohlman J, Peterson PA. The complete amino acid sequence of human serum retinol-binding protein. Ups J Med Sci 1987; 92:115-46. [PMID: 2444024 DOI: 10.3109/03009738709178685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of human serum Retinol-binding protein (RBP) including the distribution of its three disulfide bridges, has been determined. The protein consists of 182 amino acid residues, the order of which was determined following the isolation of five CNBr-fragments. Direct amino acid sequence analysis in an automatic liquid phase sequencer provided almost the entire sequences of the five CNBr-fragments. Several sets of enzymatically derived peptides of RBP were also used to elucidate the primary structure. RBP displays significant homology to bovine beta-lactoglobulin, human alpha 1-microglobulin and rat alpha 1-microglobulin. RBP contains an internal homology. Thus, residues 36 to 83 display statistically significant homology with residues 96 to 141.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rask
- Department of Cell Research, University of Uppsala, Sweden
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The Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C gene uses two transcription initiation sites and three polyadenylation sites to express multiple mRNA species. Mol Cell Biol 1986. [PMID: 3097509 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.6.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At least six mRNAs are made from the Drosophila melanogaster act5C gene. We investigated the structures of these RNAs in detail and determined that they are heterogeneous at both their 5' and 3' ends. At the 5' end there were two nonhomologous leader exons which were alternately spliced to the remainder of the gene. These leader exons mapped to 1.7 and 0.7 kilobases, respectively, upstream of a common splice acceptor site which was eight base pairs 5' to the translation initiator AUG. Exon 1 is 147 bases in length, while exon 2 is 111 bases. A consensus TATA sequence was found roughly 30 base pairs upstream from exon 1, but none was found in the analogous position upstream of exon 2. The transcript length diversity arose principally from the use of three polyadenylation sites. This gave rise to RNA molecules with 3'-untranslated regions of roughly 375, 655, and 945 base pairs. With two start sites and three termination sites, this gene has the potential to produce six different transcripts. All six possible transcripts were present in whole fly mRNA. Transcripts containing the two different leader exons were found in roughly the same relative quantities through development. In contrast, the various 3' ends were differentially represented through development.
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Myers JC, Brinker JM, Kefalides NA, Rosenbloom J, Wang SY, Gudas LJ. Discrimination among multiple AATAAA sequences correlates with interspecies conservation of select 3' untranslated nucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:4499-517. [PMID: 3714485 PMCID: PMC311461 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.11.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA sequence corresponding to the 1.3 kb 3' untranslated region of the 6.5 kb human procollagen alpha 1(IV) mRNA was determined and compared with the mouse sequence obtained from 3' cDNA and genomic clones overlapping the reported 5' half (Oberbaumer et al., 1985, Eur. J. Biochem. 147:217). Although four AAUAAA hexanucleotides are found in the human and seven in the mouse RNAs, Northern blot hybridization showed almost exclusive utilization of the most 3' sequence, in contrast to the pattern seen when using alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I), alpha 1(III) and alpha 2(V) procollagen probes. Moreover, the ninety nucleotides 5' to the poly A tail in the major alpha 1(IV) mRNAs exhibit a much greater degree of interspecies homology than those encompassing the other three shared AAUAAA recognition signals. Further examination of this highly conserved area revealed the presence of two "consensus sequences" found in the 3' noncoding region of a number of RNA polymerase II transcribed genes (Mattaj and Zeller, 1983, Embo J. 2:1883) and, unexpectedly, some similarity with the nucleotides 5' to the poly A attachment signals in other procollagen mRNAs.
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Bond BJ, Davidson N. The Drosophila melanogaster actin 5C gene uses two transcription initiation sites and three polyadenylation sites to express multiple mRNA species. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:2080-8. [PMID: 3097509 PMCID: PMC367748 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.6.2080-2088.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At least six mRNAs are made from the Drosophila melanogaster act5C gene. We investigated the structures of these RNAs in detail and determined that they are heterogeneous at both their 5' and 3' ends. At the 5' end there were two nonhomologous leader exons which were alternately spliced to the remainder of the gene. These leader exons mapped to 1.7 and 0.7 kilobases, respectively, upstream of a common splice acceptor site which was eight base pairs 5' to the translation initiator AUG. Exon 1 is 147 bases in length, while exon 2 is 111 bases. A consensus TATA sequence was found roughly 30 base pairs upstream from exon 1, but none was found in the analogous position upstream of exon 2. The transcript length diversity arose principally from the use of three polyadenylation sites. This gave rise to RNA molecules with 3'-untranslated regions of roughly 375, 655, and 945 base pairs. With two start sites and three termination sites, this gene has the potential to produce six different transcripts. All six possible transcripts were present in whole fly mRNA. Transcripts containing the two different leader exons were found in roughly the same relative quantities through development. In contrast, the various 3' ends were differentially represented through development.
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The human albumin gene. Characterization of the 5‘ and 3‘ flanking regions and the polymorphic gene transcripts. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Thompson MD, Dave JR, Nakhasi HL. Molecular cloning of mouse mammary gland kappa-casein: comparison with rat kappa-casein and rat and human gamma-fibrinogen. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1985; 4:263-71. [PMID: 4042811 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1985.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone for kappa-casein mRNA from the lactating mouse mammary gland was isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed a precursor protein with a 21-amino-acid signal sequence and a mature protein of 160 amino acids, the mature mouse protein being 3 amino acids longer than the rat kappa-casein. Northern blot analysis of the lactating rat and mouse mammary gland showed a specific mRNA for rat kappa-casein and two distinct mRNAs for mouse kappa-casein. This result is explained by the presence of two putative polyadenylation sites in mouse kappa-casein cDNA, whereas rat kappa-casein cDNA has only one polyadenylation site. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence and of the deduced amino acid sequence of kappa-casein from mouse with that of the rat showed 85% homology between the two sequences. However, when amino acid sequences of kappa-casein from rat and mouse were compared with ovine kappa-casein, only a 45% homology was observed. Amino acid sequences of kappa-casein from rat, mouse, and sheep were 36.53% homologous with rat and human gamma-fibrinogen. The extent of homology was similar (32%) when nucleotide sequences of corresponding cDNAs were compared. The stretches of homology existing at different regions between the two proteins were more confined toward the amino-terminal half of gamma-fibrinogen. However, when nucleotide sequences were compared, mouse kappa-casein cDNA showed homology only with the second half of the rat gamma-fibrinogen cDNA, i.e., between nucleotides 661-1135. The homology with the human gamma-fibrinogen cDNA spanned over two regions, one between nucleotides 1-328 and the second between nucleotides 591-726.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
The family of mouse major urinary protein (MUP) genes has about 35 members, clustered together on chromosome 4. Most of the genes belong to two major subfamilies (group 1 and group 2) each with 12-15 members. Recently we showed that most of the group 1 and group 2 genes are arranged in pairs, each containing a group 1 and a group 2 gene in divergent transcriptional orientation, with 15 kilobases of DNA between the two cap sites. Here we present the nucleotide sequence of the first exon of six group 1 genes and four group 2 genes. The data confirm the close relationship of the genes within each group and the considerable divergence of the two groups from each other. The four group 2 genes all carry the same nonsense mutation in codon 7 of the sequence that specifies the mature protein. Thus, not only do these genes have a common ancestor, but also it seems that their amplification followed the mutation of the ancestor to a pseudogene. Taking into account the 3' flanking regions of the two genes, the overall size of each gene-pair is about 45 kilobases. The sequencing data supports our earlier suggestion that this 45 kilobase domain is the unit of Mup amplification.
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Kulkarni AB, Gubits RM, Feigelson P. Developmental and hormonal regulation of alpha 2u-globulin gene transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985; 82:2579-82. [PMID: 2581250 PMCID: PMC397607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic alpha 2u-globulin protein and RNA levels are under developmental and complex multihormonal control. The present studies directly evaluate the degree to which this regulation is transcriptional. alpha 2u-Globulin transcription was determined by measuring nuclear runoff RNA in vitro, and tissue alpha 2u-globulin mRNA levels were measured by dot blot hybridization. These studies reveal that (i) in male rats the transcriptional rate of the alpha 2u-globulin genes increases during postnatal development; (ii) no alpha 2u-globulin transcription is detectable in hepatic nuclei derived from hypophysectomized rats; (iii) growth hormone and glucocorticoid are both absolutely required, and glucocorticoid can replace androgen for alpha 2u-globulin gene transcription in the livers of hypophysectomized male rats; and (iv) chronic treatment of mature male rats with estrogen results in a progressive decrease in the hepatic transcription of alpha 2u-globulin genes. In all instances changes in the transcriptional rate of alpha 2u-globulin genes paralleled the tissue level of alpha 2u-globulin RNA. Thus transcriptional control predominates in regulating hepatic alpha 2u-globulin RNA levels.
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Nakhasi HL, Grantham FH, Gullino PM. Expression of kappa-casein in normal and neoplastic rat mammary gland is under the control of prolactin. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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