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Augustin MA, Hartley CJ, Maloney G, Tyndall S. Innovation in precision fermentation for food ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:6218-6238. [PMID: 36640107 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2166014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A transformation in our food production system is being enabled by the convergence of advances in genome-based technologies and traditional fermentation. Science at the intersection of synthetic biology, fermentation, downstream processing for product recovery, and food science is needed to support technology development for the production of fermentation-derived food ingredients. The business and markets for fermentation-derived ingredients, including policy and regulations are discussed. A patent landscape of fermentation for the production of alternative proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for the food industry is provided. The science relating to strain engineering, fermentation, downstream processing, and food ingredient functionality that underpins developments in precision fermentation for the production of proteins, fats and oligosaccharides is examined. The production of sustainably-produced precision fermentation-derived ingredients and their introduction into the market require a transdisciplinary approach with multistakeholder engagement. Successful innovation in fermentation-derived ingredients will help feed the world more sustainably.
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Challenging Sustainable and Innovative Technologies in Cheese Production: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cheese yield and quality are affected by animal genetics, milk quality (chemical, physical, and microbiological), production technology, and the type of rennet and dairy cultures used in production. Major differences in the same type of cheese (i.e., hard cheese) are caused by the rennet and dairy cultures, which affect the ripening process. This review aims to explore current technological advancements in animal genetics, methods for the isolation and production of rennet and dairy cultures, along with possible applications of microencapsulation in rennet and dairy culture production, as well as the challenge posed to current dairy technologies by the preservation of biodiversity. Based on the reviewed scientific literature, it can be concluded that innovative approaches and the described techniques can significantly improve cheese production.
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Petrova P, Ivanov I, Tsigoriyna L, Valcheva N, Vasileva E, Parvanova-Mancheva T, Arsov A, Petrov K. Traditional Bulgarian Dairy Products: Ethnic Foods with Health Benefits. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030480. [PMID: 33668910 PMCID: PMC7996614 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported health effects of fermented dairy foods, which are traditionally manufactured in Bulgaria, are connected with their microbial biodiversity. The screening and development of probiotic starters for dairy products with unique properties are based exclusively on the isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains. This study aims to systematically describe the LAB microbial content of artisanal products such as Bulgarian-type yoghurt, white brined cheese, kashkaval, koumiss, kefir, katak, and the Rhodope's brano mliako. The original technologies for their preparation preserve the valuable microbial content and improve their nutritional and probiotic qualities. This review emphasises the features of LAB starters and the autochthonous microflora, the biochemistry of dairy food production, and the approaches for achieving the fortification of the foods with prebiotics, bioactive peptides (ACE2-inhibitors, bacteriocins, cyclic peptides with antimicrobial activity), immunomodulatory exopolysaccharides, and other metabolites (indol-3-propionic acid, free amino acids, antioxidants, prebiotics) with reported beneficial effects on human health. The link between the microbial content of dairy foods and the healthy human microbiome is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penka Petrova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.I.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Lidia Tsigoriyna
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.T.); (N.V.); (E.V.); (T.P.-M.)
| | - Nadezhda Valcheva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.T.); (N.V.); (E.V.); (T.P.-M.)
| | - Evgenia Vasileva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.T.); (N.V.); (E.V.); (T.P.-M.)
| | - Tsvetomila Parvanova-Mancheva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.T.); (N.V.); (E.V.); (T.P.-M.)
| | - Alexander Arsov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (I.I.); (A.A.)
| | - Kaloyan Petrov
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (L.T.); (N.V.); (E.V.); (T.P.-M.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (K.P.)
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Heckmann CM, Paradisi F. Looking Back: A Short History of the Discovery of Enzymes and How They Became Powerful Chemical Tools. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:6082-6102. [PMID: 33381242 PMCID: PMC7756376 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic approaches to challenges in chemical synthesis are increasingly popular and very attractive to industry given their green nature and high efficiency compared to traditional methods. In this historical review we highlight the developments across several fields that were necessary to create the modern field of biocatalysis, with enzyme engineering and directed evolution at its core. We exemplify the modular, incremental, and highly unpredictable nature of scientific discovery, driven by curiosity, and showcase the resulting examples of cutting-edge enzymatic applications in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Heckmann
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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Belenkaya SV, Balabova DV, Belov AN, Koval AD, Shcherbakov DN, Elchaninov VV. Basic Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Chymosins (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Protein engineering of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae InvSc1 for increased activity and stability. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Tools and Techniques for Genetic Engineering of Bio-Prospective Microorganisms. Microb Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6847-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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8
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Production in stirred-tank bioreactor of recombinant bovine chymosin B by a high-level expression transformant clone of Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 123:112-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Luo F, Jiang WH, Yang YX, Li J, Jiang MF. Cloning and Expression of Yak Active Chymosin in Pichia pastoris. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:1363-70. [PMID: 27004812 PMCID: PMC5003999 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rennet, a complex of enzymes found in the stomachs of ruminants, is an important component for cheese production. In our study, we described that yak chymosin gene recombinant Pichia pastoris strain could serve as a novel source for rennet production. Yaks total RNA was extracted from the abomasum of an unweaned yak. The yak preprochymosin, prochymosin, and chymosin genes from total RNA were isolated using gene specific primers based on cattle chymosin gene sequence respectively and analyzed their expression pattern byreal time-polymerase chain reaction. The result showed that the chymosin gene expression level of the sucking yaks was 11.45 times higher than one of adult yaks and yak chymosin belongs to Bovidae family in phylogenetic analysis. To express each, the preprochymosin, prochymosin, and chymosin genes were ligated into the expression vector pPICZαA, respectively, and were expressed in Pichia pastoris X33. The results showed that all the recombinant clones of P. pastoris containing the preprochymosin, prochymosin or chymosin genes could produce the active form of recombinant chymosin into the culture supernatant. Heterologous expressed prochymosin (14.55 Soxhlet unit/mL) had the highest enzyme activity of the three expressed chymosin enzymes. Therefore, we suggest that the yak chymosin gene recombinant Pichia pastoris strain could provide an alternative source of rennet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics & Breeding, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Hua Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics & Breeding, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Xiao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics & Breeding, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ming Feng Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics & Breeding, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Shin J, Jung YH, Cho DH, Park M, Lee KE, Yang Y, Jeong C, Sung BH, Sohn JH, Park JB, Kweon DH. Display of membrane proteins on the heterologous caveolae carved by caveolin-1 in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 79-80:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Noseda DG, Blasco M, Recúpero M, Galvagno MÁ. Bioprocess and downstream optimization of recombinant bovine chymosin B in Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris under methanol-inducible AOXI promoter. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 104:85-91. [PMID: 25278015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A clone of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris strain GS115 transformed with the bovine prochymosin B gene was used to optimize the production and downstream of recombinant bovine chymosin expressed under the methanol-inducible AOXI promoter. Cell growth and recombinant chymosin production were analyzed in flask cultures containing basal salts medium with biodiesel-byproduct glycerol as the carbon source, obtaining values of biomass level and milk-clotting activity similar to those achieved with analytical glycerol. The effect of biomass level at the beginning of methanol-induction phase on cell growth and chymosin expression was evaluated, determining that a high concentration of cells at the start of such period generated an increase in the production of chymosin. The impact of the specific growth rate on chymosin expression was studied throughout the induction stage by methanol exponential feeding fermentations in a lab-scale stirred bioreactor, achieving the highest production of heterologous chymosin with a constant specific growth rate of 0.01h(-1). By gel filtration chromatography performed at a semi-preparative scale, recombinant chymosin was purified from exponential fed-batch fermentation cultures, obtaining a specific milk-clotting activity of 6400IMCU/mg of chymosin and a purity level of 95%. The effect of temperature and pH on milk-clotting activity was analyzed, establishing that the optimal temperature and pH values for the purified recombinant chymosin are 37°C and 5.5, respectively. This study reported the features of a sustainable bioprocess for the production of recombinant bovine chymosin in P. pastoris by fermentation in stirred-tank bioreactors using biodiesel-derived glycerol as a low-cost carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gabriel Noseda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martín Blasco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Recúpero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miguel Ángel Galvagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón de Industrias, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sedlachek J, Fabry M, Kashpar P, Zadrajil S, Kapralek F, Седпачек Я, Фабри М, Кашпар П, Задражил С, Капралек Ф, Седпачек Я, Фабри М, Кашпар П, Задражил С, Капралек Ф. Plasmid Constructs for Overproduction of Chymosin in E. coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/02052067.1986.10824261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Luerce TD, Azevedo MSP, LeBlanc JG, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Pontes DS. Recombinant Lactococcus lactis fails to secrete bovine chymosine. Bioengineered 2014; 5:363-70. [PMID: 25482140 PMCID: PMC4601287 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.36327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine chymosin is an important milk-clotting agent used in the manufacturing of cheeses. Currently, the production of recombinant proteins by genetically modified organisms is widespread, leading to greatly reduced costs. Lactococcus (L.) lactis, the model lactic acid bacterium, was considered a good candidate for heterologous chymosin production for the following reasons: (1) it is considered to be a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) microorganism, (2) only one protease is present on its surface, (3) it can secrete proteins of different sizes, and (4) it allows for the direct production of protein in fermented food products. Thus, three genetically modified L. lactis strains were constructed to produce and target the three different forms of bovine chymosin, prochymosin B, chymosin A and chymosin B to the extracellular medium. Although all three proteins were stably produced in L. lactis, none of the forms were detected in the extracellular medium or showed clotting activity in milk. Our hypothesis is that this secretion deficiency and lack of clotting activity can be explained by the recombinant protein being attached to the cell envelope. Thus, the development of other strategies is necessary to achieve both production and targeting of chymosin in L. lactis, which could facilitate the downstream processing and recovery of this industrially important protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessália Diniz Luerce
- Department of General Biology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB); Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcela Santiago Pacheco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB); Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB); Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Department of General Biology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG-ICB); Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santos Pontes
- Centre of Biological and Applied Social Sciences; State University of Paraiba; Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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Cloning, expression and optimized production in a bioreactor of bovine chymosin B in Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris under AOX1 promoter. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 92:235-44. [PMID: 24141135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The codon sequence optimized bovine prochymosin B gene was cloned under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter (AOX1) in the vector pPIC9K and integrated into the genome of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris (P. pastoris) strain GS115. A transformant clone that showed resistance to over 4 mg G418/ml and displayed the highest milk-clotting activity was selected. Cell growth and recombinant bovine chymosin production were optimized in flask cultures during methanol induction phase achieving the highest coagulant activity with low pH values, a temperature of 25°C and with the addition of sorbitol and ascorbic acid at the beginning of this period. The scaling up of the fermentation process to lab-scale stirred bioreactor using optimized conditions, allowed to reach 240 g DCW/L of biomass level and 96 IMCU/ml of milk-clotting activity. The enzyme activity corresponded to 53 mg/L of recombinant bovine chymosin production after 120 h of methanol induction. Western blot analysis of the culture supernatant showed that recombinant chymosin did not suffer degradation during the protein production phase. By a procedure that included high performance gel filtration chromatography and 3 kDa fast ultrafiltration, the recombinant bovine chymosin was purified and concentrated from fermentation cultures, generating a specific activity of 800 IMCU/Total Abs(280 nm) and a total activity recovery of 56%. This study indicated that P. pastoris is a suitable expression system for bioreactor based fed-batch fermentation process for the efficient production of recombinant bovine chymosin under methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter.
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Constitutive expression, purification and characterization of bovine prochymosin in Pichia pastoris GS115. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2087-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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BADIEFAR LEILA, KHODABANDEH MAHVASH, AHMADIAN GHOLAMREZA. A comparison of the production efficiencies of full-length and truncated forms of prochymosin. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2010.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Pitts JE, Dhanaraj V, Dealwis CG, Mantafounis D, Nugent P, Orprayoon P, Cooper JB, Newman M, Blundell TL. Multidisciplinary cycles for protein engineering: Site-directed mutagenesis and X-ray structural studies of aspartic proteinases. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00365519209104653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kumar A, Grover S, Sharma J, Batish VK. Chymosin and other milk coagulants: sources and biotechnological interventions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:243-58. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.483459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kaprálek F, Jecmen P, Sedlácek J, Fábry M, Zadrazil S. Fermentation conditions for high-level expression of the tac-promoter-controlled calf prochymosin cDNA in Escherichia coli HB101. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 37:71-9. [PMID: 18597309 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260370111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli HB101 harboring an expression plasmid that bears the calf prochymosin gene controlled by the tac promoter was cultivated under different conditions in order to find an optimal fermentation arrangement that would lead to maximal prochymosin yield. Our results indicate that it is advantageous to use lactose in the double role of inducer and carbon/energy source when foreign gene expression is controlled by the tac promoter and the gene product is only moderately toxic owing to its accumulation in the form of an intracellular body. Glucose, on the other hand, may be used when expression should be repressed. Growth temperature substantially influenced the specific rate of prochymosin and beta-lactamase gene expression and the plasmid copy number. Three phases were distinguished in the time course of the fermentation on lactose: exponential growth practically without prochymosin synthesis, linear growth with prochymosin synthesis, and prochymosin synthesis without growth of biomass. The synthesis of prochymosin in the form of intracellular inclusion body was accompanied by the loss of respiratory activity of the cell and the loss of its ability to multiply. Sixteen hours cultivation at 37 degrees C in a complex medium with lactose as inducer and carbon/energy source resulted in up to 30% of the volume and 48% of the total protein of biomass being accumulated for as prochymosin inclusion bodies. The concentration of extractable enzymatically active chymosin in the culture reached 12 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kaprálek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Codon optimization of the calf prochymosin gene and its expression in Kluyveromyces lactis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYThe cheesemaking properties of recombinant chymosin from Escherichia coli were compared with those of standard rennet in parallel trials with three single strain starters. For each pair of cheeses the cheesemaking characteristics, recoveries of milk solids in the curds and compositions were similar. The rates and types of proteolysis and texture development during ripening between cheeses made with the two coagulants were not significantly different.
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BADIEFAR L, AHMADIAN G, ASGARANI E, GHANDILI S, SALEK ESFAHANI M, KHODABANDEH M. Optimization of conditions for expression and activation of a splice variant of prochymosin lacking exon 6 inEscherichia coli. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2009.00474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vallejo JA, Ageitos JM, Poza M, Villa TG. Cloning and expression of buffalo active chymosin in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10606-10610. [PMID: 18975968 DOI: 10.1021/jf802339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To date, only recombinant chymosin has been obtained in its active form from supernatants of filamentous fungi, which are not as good candidates as yeasts for large-scale fermentations. Since Bos taurus chymosin was cloned and expressed, the world demand for this protease has increased to such an extent that the cheesemaking industry has been looking for novel sources of chymosin. In this sense because buffalo chymosin has properties that are more stable than those of B. taurus chymosin, it may occupy a space of its own in the chymosin market. The main objective of the present work was the production of active recombinant buffalo chymosin in the culture supernatant of Pichia pastoris . This yeast has demonstrated its usefulness as an excellent large-scale fermentation tool for the secretion of recombinant foreign proteins. RNA was extracted from the abomasum of a suckling calf water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee bubalis ). Preprochymosin, prochymosin, and chymosin DNA sequences were isolated and expressed into P. pastoris. Only the recombinant clones of P. pastoris containing the prochymosin sequence gene were able to secrete the active form of the chymosin to the culture supernatant. This paper describes for the first time the production of active recombinant chymosin in P. pastoris without the need of a previous in vitro activation. The new recombinant yeast strain could represent a novel and excellent source of rennet for the cheesemaking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Andres Vallejo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kumar A, Sharma J, Grover S, Kumar Mohanty A, Kumar Batish V. Molecular Cloning and Expression of Goat (Capra hircus) Prochymosin inE.coli. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430701191163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liang Y, Li W, Ma Q, Zhang Y. Functional analysis of tunicamycin-inducible gene A polypeptide from Aspergillus niger. Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 83:654-8. [PMID: 16234854 DOI: 10.1139/o05-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunicamycin-inducible gene A polypeptide (TIGA) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family and is suggested to facilitate the folding of nascent polypeptides. The functional properties of TIGA were investigated here. TIGA acted as an isomerase, catalyzing the refolding of denatured and reduced ribonuclease A. TIGA also exhibited chaperone activity in the refolding of denatured prochymosin but not in the refolding of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), indicating that it had substrate specificity with respect to chaperone activity. Detailed study with a series of thioredoxin-motif (trx-motif) mutants revealed that the 2 trx-motifs of TIGA were not equal in activity. The N-terminal trx-motif was more active than the C-terminal trx-motif, and the first cysteine in each trx-motif was necessary for isomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liang
- Institute ofMicrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080,China
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26
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Sims AH, Gent ME, Lanthaler K, Dunn-Coleman NS, Oliver SG, Robson GD. Transcriptome analysis of recombinant protein secretion by Aspergillus nidulans and the unfolded-protein response in vivo. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:2737-47. [PMID: 15870366 PMCID: PMC1087583 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.5.2737-2747.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have a high capacity for producing large amounts of secreted proteins, a property that has been exploited for commercial production of recombinant proteins. However, the secretory pathway, which is key to the production of extracellular proteins, is rather poorly characterized in filamentous fungi compared to yeast. We report the effects of recombinant protein secretion on gene expression levels in Aspergillus nidulans by directly comparing a bovine chymosin-producing strain with its parental wild-type strain in continuous culture by using expressed sequence tag microarrays. This approach demonstrated more subtle and specific changes in gene expression than those observed when mimicking the effects of protein overproduction by using a secretion blocker. The impact of overexpressing a secreted recombinant protein more closely resembles the unfolded-protein response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Sims
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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27
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Liang Y, Li W, Ma Q, Zhang Y. Functional properties of PDIA from Aspergillus niger in renaturation of proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 245:363-8. [PMID: 15837393 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional properties of protein disulfide isomerase A (PDIA) from Aspergillus niger were investigated using ribonuclease A, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and prochymosin as substrates. PDIA was shown to function as an isomerase catalyzing the refolding of denatured and reduced ribonuclease A. PDIA also exhibited trx-independent chaperone activity preventing the aggregation of reduced, denatured GAPDH, an enzyme lacking disulfide bonds. Both isomerase activity and chaperone function of PDIA were essential for the efficient refolding of the reduced, denatured prochymosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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28
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Poza M, Prieto-Alcedo M, Sieiro C, Villa TG. Cloning and expression of clt genes encoding milk-clotting proteases from Myxococcus xanthus 422. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:6337-41. [PMID: 15466588 PMCID: PMC522063 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.10.6337-6341.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening of a gene library of the milk-clotting strain Myxococcus xanthus 422 constructed in Escherichia coli allowed the description of eight positive clones containing 26 open reading frames. Only three of them (cltA, cltB, and cltC) encoded proteins that exhibited intracellular milk-clotting ability in E. coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Pichia pastoris expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poza
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Sur 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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29
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Sims AH, Gent ME, Robson GD, Dunn-Coleman NS, Oliver SG. Combining transcriptome data with genomic and cDNA sequence alignments to make confident functional assignments for Aspergillus nidulans genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 108:853-7. [PMID: 15449589 DOI: 10.1017/s095375620400067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing of several filamentous ascomycetes is complete or in progress; these species, such as Aspergillus nidulans, are relatives of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, their genomes are much larger and their gene structure more complex, with genes often containing multiple introns. Automated annotation programs can quickly identify open reading frames for hypothetical genes, many of which will be conserved across large evolutionary distances, but further information is required to confirm functional assignments. We describe a comparative and functional genomics approach using sequence alignments and gene expression data to predict the function of Aspergillus nidulans genes. By highlighting examples of discrepancies between the automated genome annotation and cDNA or EST sequencing, we demonstrate that the greater complexity of gene structure in filamentous fungi demands independent data on gene expression and the gene sequence be used to make confident functional assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Sims
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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30
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Muñoz R, García JL, Carrascosa AV, Gonzalez R. Cloning of the authentic bovine gene encoding pepsinogen a and its expression in microbial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:2588-95. [PMID: 15128507 PMCID: PMC404421 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.5.2588-2595.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine pepsin is the second major proteolytic activity of rennet obtained from young calves and is the main protease when it is extracted from adult animals, and it is well recognized that the proteolytic specificity of this enzyme improves the sensory properties of cheese during maturation. Pepsin is synthesized as an inactive precursor, pepsinogen, which is autocatalytically activated at the pH of calf abomasum. A cDNA coding for bovine pepsin was assembled by fusing the cDNA fragments from two different bovine expressed sequence tag libraries to synthetic DNA sequences based on the previously described N-terminal sequence of pepsinogen. The sequence of this cDNA clearly differs from the previously described partial bovine pepsinogen sequences, which actually are rabbit pepsinogen sequences. By cloning this cDNA in different vectors we produced functional bovine pepsinogen in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant pepsinogen is activated by low pH, and the resulting mature pepsin has milk-clotting activity. Moreover, the mature enzyme generates digestion profiles with alpha-, beta-, or kappa-casein indistinguishable from those obtained with a natural pepsin preparation. The potential applications of this recombinant enzyme include cheese making and bioactive peptide production. One remarkable advantage of the recombinant enzyme for food applications is that there is no risk of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Mohanty AK, Mukhopadhyay UK, Grover S, Batish VK. Bovine chymosin: production by rDNA technology and application in cheese manufacture. Biotechnol Adv 2004; 17:205-17. [PMID: 14538140 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(99)00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine chymosin, an aspartyl protease extracted from abomasum of suckling calves, is synthesized in vivo as preprochymosin and secreted as prochymosin which is autocatalytically activated to chymosin. Chymosin is bilobular, with Asp 32 and Asp 215 acting as the catalytic residues. Chymosin A and chymosin B have pH optima of 4.2 and 3.8, respectively, and act to initiate milk clotting by cleaving kappa-casein between Phe 105 and Met 106. The gene encoding chymosin has been cloned and expressed in suitable bacteria and yeast hosts under the control of lac, trp, trp-beta, gly A genes, and serine hydroxymethyl-transferase promoters. Protein engineering of chymosin has also been attempted. A number of companies are now producing recombinant chymosin for commercial use in cheese manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Mohanty
- Molecular Biology Unit, Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
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32
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Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Ortega N, Colina A, Casqueiro J, Martín JF. Expression of a synthetic copy of the bovine chymosin gene in Aspergillus awamori from constitutive and pH-regulated promoters and secretion using two different pre-pro sequences. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 83:249-59. [PMID: 12783481 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A copy of the bovine chymosin gene (chy) with a codon usage optimized for its expression in Aspergillus awamori was constructed starting from synthetic oligonucleotides. To study the ability of this filamentous fungus to secrete bovine prochymosin, two plasmids were constructed in which the transcriptional, translational, and secretory control regions of the A. nidulans gpdA gene and pepB genes were coupled to either preprochymosin or prochymosin genes. Secretion of a protein enzymatically and immunologically indistinguishable from bovine chymosin was achieved in A. awamori transformants with each of these constructions. In all cases, the primary translation product (40.5 kDa) was self-processed to a mature chymosin polypeptide having a molecular weight of 35.6 kDa. Immunological assays indicated that most of the chymosin was secreted to the extracellular medium. Hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from chymosin transformants showed chromosomal integration of prochymosin sequences and, in some transformants, multiple copies of the expression cassettes were observed. Expression from the gpdA promoter was constitutive, whereas expression from the pepB promoter was strongly influenced by pH. A very high expression from the pepB promoter was observed during the growth phase. The A. awamori pepB gene terminator was more favorable for chymosin production than the S. cerevisiae CYC1 terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Cardoza
- Institute of Biotechnology of León (INBIOTEC), Science Park of León, León, Spain
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33
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Pandya J, Chakraborti A, Chawla Y. Expression and purification of E2/NS1 protein of hepatitis C virus and detection of anti-E2/NS1 antibodies in chronic liver disease patients. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10:276-82. [PMID: 12595764 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2002] [Accepted: 10/04/2002] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins on the surface of viral particles present the main target of neutralizing antibodies. The structural proteins of most Flaviviruses are known to elicit neutralizing antibodies and, thus, to help in both the natural resolution of the infection and the protection from challenge with homologous hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because such antigens are associated with the viral clearance in both humans and chimpanzees, we aimed to express the E2/NS1 protein of HCV and to study the role of anti-E2/NS1 antibodies in the natural resolution of HCV infection. The prevalence of anti-E2/NS1 antibodies to recombinant E2/NS1 protein was seen by Western blot in chronic liver disease patients (15 chronic hepatitis and 12 cirrhotic patients), who were positive for anti-HCV and negative for HBV infection. The study also included 2 negative controls (positive for HBV infection and negative for anti-HCV antibodies) and 2 healthy controls (negative for both HBV and HCV infection). Anti-E2/NS1 was present in 20% of the chronic hepatitis and 16% of the cirrhosis patients. None of the controls were positive for anti-E2/NS1 antibodies. Serum samples positive for anti-E2/NS1 antibodies were also positive for HCV RNA by RT/PCR. Accordingly, the presence of anti-E2/NS1 may have very little or no role in the natural resolution of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pandya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex 77555-0435, USA.
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34
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Pomés A, Chapman MD, Vailes LD, Blundell TL, Dhanaraj V. Cockroach allergen Bla g 2: structure, function, and implications for allergic sensitization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:391-7. [PMID: 11818327 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.3.2104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to German cockroach (Blattella germanica) allergens is associated with the development of chronic respiratory diseases, especially asthma. The mechanism by which allergic patients develop specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses to environmental allergens is unknown. However, recent reports provided evidence that enzyme activity, especially proteolytic activity, was a major contributor to allergenicity. Bla g 2 is one of the most potent cockroach allergens (prevalence of IgE responses of 60 to 80%) and shows homology to the aspartic proteinase family of enzymes. We investigated whether the allergenicity of Bla g 2 was linked to its putative enzymatic function. A molecular model of Bla g 2, based on the high resolution crystal structures of pepsin and chymosin, showed that the overall three-dimensional structure of Bla g 2 was similar to that of aspartic proteinases with a well-defined binding pocket. However, critical amino acid substitutions in the catalytic triads and in the "flap" region of the molecule suggested that Bla g 2 was inactive and homologous to mammalian pregnancy-associated glycoproteins. This was confirmed experimentally by enzyme assay. The results show dissociation between enzymatic activity and allergenicity for Bla g 2 and suggest that other genetic and environmental factors are important determinants of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pomés
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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35
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Babé LM, Linnevers CJ, Schmidt BF. Production of active mammalian and viral proteases in bacterial expression systems. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:213-52. [PMID: 11255667 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Babé
- Axys Pharmaceuticals Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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36
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Asakura T, Matsumoto I, Funaki J, Arai S, Abe K. The plant aspartic proteinase-specific polypeptide insert is not directly related to the activity of oryzasin 1. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:5115-22. [PMID: 10931195 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many plant aspartic proteinases (APs) are different from animal and microbial APs in that they contain a polypeptide insert, approximately 100 amino acids in length, in the C-terminal region. To interpret the significance of this insert, we constructed an expression system for rice AP oryzasin 1 by linking a pro-oryzasin 1 downstream of glutathione S-transferase (GST). GST-proOS1 expressed the highest degree of hemoglobin-hydrolytic activity when treated at pH 3.3 and incubated for 24 h at room temperature. We carried out a similar experiment using an insert-lacking proOS1 mutant, GST-DeltaproOS1, as the fusion protein, and found it to show similar activity. This result indicates that the insert is not involved in the production of AP activity. We then investigated the autolysis of the two proteins by Western blot analysis. GST-proOS1 was autolyzed into 67- and 64-kDa fragments, while GST-DeltaproOS1 autolyzed to 54- and 52-kDa products. GST-DeltaproOS1 clearly produced two molecular species early in the autolytic process, and not later than 3 h from the start, but no such clear result was observed in the case of GST-proOS1. This suggests that, although the presence of the plant AP-specific insert does not influence the enzyme activity by itself, it apparently has an effect on the autolysis of OS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asakura
- Laboratory of Food Science, Atomi Junior College, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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Wei C, Zhang Y, Yang K. Chaperone-mediated refolding of recombinant prochymosin. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2000; 19:449-56. [PMID: 11195969 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026593113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been verified that prochymosin is characterized by a two-stage refolding: dilution of unfolded protein into pH 11 buffer followed by neutralization at pH 8; the high-pH step is indispensable. Here we demonstrate that one-stage refolding around pH 8 can be achieved when GroE or 10-fold molar excess (rather than catalytic concentration) of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) over prochymosin is present. The helping effect varies with the oxidation states of prochymosin. GroE and PDI increase the reactivation of the unfolded, partially reduced and the unfolded, oxidized prochymosin from 5% to 40% and from 50% to 100%, respectively. For the unfolded and fully reduced prochymosin, GroE does not have a positive effect, whereas PDI promotes renaturation from 2% to 28%. Based on our previous and present observations, we propose that at pH 8 there may be two kinds of incorrect interactions within and between prochymosin polypeptides leading to unproductive pathways: one prevents disulfide rearrangement, which can be avoided by high pH; the other interferes with acquisition of native conformation, which can be relieved by GroE and PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wei
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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38
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Stafford SJ, Lund PA. Mutagenic studies on human protein disulfide isomerase by complementation of Escherichia coli dsbA and dsbC mutants. FEBS Lett 2000; 466:317-22. [PMID: 10682851 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) exhibits both an oxido-reductase and an isomerase activity on proteins containing cysteine residues. These activities arise from two active sites, both of which contain pairs of redox active cysteines. We have developed two simple in vivo assays for these activities of PDI, based on the demonstration that PDI can complement both a dsbA mutation and a dsbC mutation when expressed to the periplasm of Escherichia coli. We constructed a variety of mutants in and around the active sites of PDI and analysed them using these complementation assays. Our analysis showed that the active site amino acid residues have a major role in determining the activities exhibited by PDI, particularly the N-terminal cysteine of the N-terminal active site. The roles of the histidine residue at position 38 and the glutamic acid residue at position 30 were also studied using these assays. The results show that these two in vivo assays should be useful for rapid screening of mutants in PDI prior to purification and detailed biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stafford
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
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39
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Laylor R, Porakishvili N, De Souza JB, Playfair JH, Delves PJ, Lund T. DNA vaccination favours memory rather than effector B cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:106-12. [PMID: 10403923 PMCID: PMC1905479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following priming and boosting of mice with a DNA vector pEE6DeltaS-hCGss expressing sequences encoding a transmembrane version of the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta), we failed to detect appreciable levels of specific antibody. However, subsequent challenge with hCG protein in Ribi adjuvant elicited a strong and rapid secondary immune response. This response was of comparable magnitude to that produced following priming, boosting and challenge with protein in adjuvant. Thus, DNA vaccination with this vector is as efficient in generating B cell memory as is conventional immunization, but the memory generation occurs in the absence of an overt effector response. Despite an overall similar level of specific antibody, the DNA-vaccinated mice produced hCG-specific antibodies biased towards IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes, whereas the protein-vaccinated mice produced higher levels of IgG1 antibodies. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4) were lower in the spleens of the DNA-immunized animals compared with the protein-Ribi-immunized animals, possibly suggesting a different level of helper T cell response to the two different modes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laylor
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, The Windeyer Institute for Medical Sciences, UCL, London, UK
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40
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Wei C, Tang B, Zhang Y, Yang K. Oxidative refolding of recombinant prochymosin. Biochem J 1999; 340 ( Pt 1):345-51. [PMID: 10229691 PMCID: PMC1220254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The disulphide-coupled refolding of recombinant prochymosin from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies was investigated. Prochymosin solubilized from inclusion bodies is endowed with free thiol groups and disulphide bonds. This partially reduced form undergoes renaturation more efficiently than the fully reduced form, suggesting that some native structural elements existing in inclusion bodies and remaining after denaturation function as nuclei to initiate correct refolding. This assumption is supported by the finding that in the solubilized prochymosin molecule the cysteine residues located in the N-terminal domain of the protein are not incorrectly paired with the other cysteines in the C-terminal domain. Addition of GSH/GSSG into the refolding system facilitates disulphide rearrangement and thus enhances renaturation, especially for the fully reduced prochymosin. Based on the results described in this and previous papers [Tang, Zhang and Yang (1994) Biochem. J. 301, 17-20], a model to depict the refolding process of prochymosin is proposed. Briefly, the refolding process of prochymosin consists of two stages: the formation and rearrangement of disulphide bonds occurs at the first stage in a pH11 buffer, whereas the formation and adjustment of tertiary structure leading to the native conformation takes place at the second stage at pH8. The pH11 conditions help polypeptides to refold in such a way as to favour the formation of native disulphide bonds. Disulphide rearrangement, the rate-limiting step during refolding, can be achieved by thiol/disulphide exchange initiated by free thiol groups present in the prochymosin polypeptide, GSH/GSSG or protein disulphide isomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wei
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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41
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Li H, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Yang K. Functional implications of the 21-24 loop in recombinant prochymosin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1384:121-9. [PMID: 9602090 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(98)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the 21-24 (pepsin numbering) loop in prochymosin, the amino acid residues GTPP at positions 21 through 24 were replaced with GG, the equivalent loop residues from its homologous protein, penicillopepsin, or SG, GS by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutants except GTPP(21-24)GS could be expressed in Escherichia coli. Activation studies indicated that the refolded prochymosin mutants were capable of undergoing autocatalytic activation to produce pseudochymosin by cleaving its N-terminal 27 amino acid residues at pH 2. The resulting pseudochymosin mutants were able to convert into chymosin at pH 5.5 by further autocatalytic cleavage to remove additional 15 amino acid residues. These results demonstrate that the prochymosin analogs can fold into an active state from an unfolded state and that the pseudochymosin analogs can proceed in the transformation from one active form into another active form. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that after mutation the far UV CD spectrum of prochymosin was considerably modified, showing less negative ellipticity values, and the fluorescence emission intensities of prochymosin and pseudochymosin were remarkably reduced. The stabilities of prochymosin and pseudochymosin, especially, were dramatically decreased. The stabilization energy of prochymosin was reduced by 7-8 kJ/mol. The inactivation temperature of pseudochymosin was decreased by 15-20 degrees C. The wild-type pseudochymosin was stable at pH 1.5 and 6.5, whereas the mutants were completely inactivated at the same pH values. Taken together, it is reasonable to conclude that the 21-24 loop (GTPP) plays an important role in determining the stability of prochymosin and pseudochymosin, although the mutants with mutated loop (GG or SG) still can refold into an active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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42
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43
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Protein Engineering Aspartic Proteinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5373-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Zhang Y, Li H, Wu H, Don Y, Liu N, Yang K. Functional implications of disulfide bond, Cys45-Cys50, in recombinant prochymosin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1343:278-86. [PMID: 9434118 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine prochymosin (chymosin) contains three disulfide bonds: Cys45-Cys50, Cys206-Cys210 and Cys250-Cys283 (pepsin numbering). We have demonstrated that Cys250-Cys283 is not intimately involved in the catalytic mechanism of chymosin but is required for the correct refolding of prochymosin. To elucidate the functional implications of another disulfide bond of Cys45-Cys50, these two cysteine residues were replaced separately or simultaneously by site-directed mutagenesis. Like the wild-type prochymosin all the seven mutants generated (C45A, C50A, C45A/C50A, C45D, C50S, C45D/C50S, C45A/C50S) exhibit the activity of autocatalytic activation after refolding, indicating that Cys45-Cys50 is dispensable in prochymosin refolding. Spectroscopic analyses and urea-induced denaturation studies of prochymosin and four mutants tested (C45A, C50A, C45A/C50A, C45D/C50S) show that: (1) they share similar far-UV CD spectra and similar fluorescence emission spectra; (2) mutation results in a perturbance of tryptophan environment and somewhat destabilization of prochymosin conformation. However, quenching studies reveal that the only one tryptophan residue inaccessible to acrylamide is still buried in the mutated molecules. All these results suggest that the overall conformation of prochymosin is maintained after mutation. As for the enzymatic properties of pseudochymosin, the activation product of prochymosin, it has been found that elimination of Cys45-Cys50 causes a marked drop of thermostability and an alteration of substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Mechanism of enhancement of prochymosin renaturation by solubilization of inclusion bodies at alkaline pH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997; 40:169-75. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02882045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/1996] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Humphreys DP, Weir N, Mountain A, Lund PA. Human protein disulfide isomerase functionally complements a dsbA mutation and enhances the yield of pectate lyase C in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:28210-5. [PMID: 7499315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.47.28210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human PDI was expressed to the Escherichia coli periplasm, by using a plasmid encoded ompA-PDI fusion under the control of the trp promoter. Periplasmic extracts were shown to contain active PDI using the scrambled ribonuclease assay. PDI activity was also demonstrated by complementation of two phenotypes associated with a dsbA mutation. Alkaline phosphatase activity, which is reduced in dsbA cells, was restored to wild type levels by PDI. PelC, a pectate lyase from Erwinia carotovora, was shown to be DsbA dependent in E. coli. PDI was able to restore its activity to that seen in wild type cells. Increased expression of PDI was found to increase the yield of active PelC above that seen in wild type cells. PDI also enhanced the yield of PelC in DsbA- cells but only in the presence of exogenous oxidized glutathione. PDI is thus able to functionally substitute for DsbA in the folding of disulfide-bonded proteins in the bacterial periplasm and to enhance the yield of highly expressed protein when the ability of the E. coli periplasm to fold protein may be saturated. However, our results suggest that the activities of DsbA and PDI in vivo may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Humphreys
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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The release of virus-like particles from recombinantSaccharomyces cerevisiae: Effect of freezing and thawing on homogenization and bead milling. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:736-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260440610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Garg SK, Johri BN. Rennet: Current trends and future research. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129409541005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tang B, Zhang S, Yang K. Assisted refolding of recombinant prochymosin with the aid of protein disulphide isomerase. Biochem J 1994; 301 ( Pt 1):17-20. [PMID: 8037666 PMCID: PMC1137136 DOI: 10.1042/bj3010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) was shown to be able to accelerate the refolding of unfolded recombinant prochymosin and to enhance the overall yield of active protein. Unlike previous reports in this study PDI was found to be active at pH values as high as 11. The coincidence of the similar apparent optimum pH values of uncatalysed and PDI-catalysed reactions suggests that conditions favourable to spontaneous refolding of proteins may help PDI to catalyse thiol/disulphide interchange. Under the conditions described here no exogenously added dithiothreitol was required for PDI-catalysed renaturation, implying that the disulphide form of PDI was reduced to its active form by the free thiol groups in prochymosin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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