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Zhang G, Li J, Sun Q, Zhang K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Wu G. Pathological Features of Echovirus-11-Associated Brain Damage in Mice Based on RNA-Seq Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122477. [PMID: 34960747 PMCID: PMC8707869 DOI: 10.3390/v13122477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Echovirus 11 (E11) is a neurotropic virus that occasionally causes fatal neurological diseases in infected children. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the disease and pathological spectrum of E11 infection remains unclear. Therefore, we modelled E11 infection in 2-day-old type I interferon receptor knockout (IFNAR−/−) mice, which are susceptible to enteroviruses, with E11, and identified symptoms consistent with the clinical signs observed in human cases. All organs of infected suckling mice were found to show viral replication and pathological changes; the muscle tissue showed the highest viral replication, whereas the brain and muscle tissues showed the most obvious pathological changes. Brain tissues showed oedema and a large number of dead nerve cells; RNA-Seq analysis of the brain and hindlimb muscle tissues revealed differentially expressed genes to be abundantly enriched in immune response-related pathways, with changes in the Guanylate-binding protein (GBP) and MHC class genes, causing aseptic meningitis-related symptoms. Furthermore, human glioma U251 cell was identified as sensitive target cells for E11 infection. Overall, these results provide new insights into the pathogenesis and progress of aseptic meningitis caused by E11.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echovirus Infections/genetics
- Echovirus Infections/pathology
- Echovirus Infections/virology
- Enterovirus B, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Meningitis, Aseptic/genetics
- Meningitis, Aseptic/pathology
- Meningitis, Aseptic/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/virology
- RNA-Seq
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Viral Load
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jichen Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Keyi Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China; (G.Z.); (J.L.); (Q.S.); (K.Z.); (W.X.)
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (G.W.); Tel.: +86-58-900-183 (Y.Z.); +86-58-900-656 (G.W.)
| | - Guizhen Wu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing 102206, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (G.W.); Tel.: +86-58-900-183 (Y.Z.); +86-58-900-656 (G.W.)
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Brorson KA, Hunt SW, Hunkapiller T, Sun YH, Cheroutre H, Nickerson DA, Hood L. Comparison of exon 5 sequences from 35 class I genes of the BALB/c mouse. J Exp Med 1989; 170:1837-58. [PMID: 2584927 PMCID: PMC2189523 DOI: 10.1084/jem.170.6.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA sequences of the fifth exon, which encodes the transmembrane domain, were determined for the BALB/c mouse class I MHC genes and used to study the relationships between them. Based on nucleotide sequence similarity, the exon 5 sequences can be divided into seven groups. Although most members within each group are at least 80% similar to each other, comparison between groups reveals that the groups share little similarity. However, in spite of the extensive variation of the fifth exon sequences, analysis of their predicted amino acid translations reveals that only four class I gene fifth exons have frameshifts or stop codons that terminate their translation and prevent them from encoding a domain that is both hydrophobic and long enough to span a lipid bilayer. Exactly 27 of the remaining fifth exons could encode a domain that is similar to those of the transplantation antigens in that it consists of a proline-rich connecting peptide, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic portion with membrane-anchoring basic residues. The conservation of this motif in the majority of the fifth exon translations in spite of extensive variation suggests that selective pressure exists for these exons to maintain their ability to encode a functional transmembrane domain, raising the possibility that many of the nonclassical class I genes encode functionally important products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Brorson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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Elliott E, Rathbun D, Ramsingh A, Garberi J, Flaherty L. Genetics and expression of the Q6 and Q8 genes. An LTR-like sequence in the 3' untranslated region. Immunogenetics 1989; 29:371-9. [PMID: 2731964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00375865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A unique 2.2-kb mRNA is transcribed from the Q6 and Q8 genes of the mouse major histocompatibility complex. RNase protection experiments and DNA sequence analysis have mapped the 3' terminus to a site located 1110 bp downstream from exon 8. Comparison of the 3' sequence of Q8 to that of Q7 revealed that the two genes diverge from one another at a point located 200 bp into the untranslated domain. This finding explains the increased size of the transcript. RNase protection experiments involving twelve different strains of mice have revealed few sequence polymorphisms. A tissue distribution of the 2.2-kb transcript in B6 mice revealed that the highest quantities of message were present in the spleen with decreasingly lower amounts in the thymus, liver, kidney, testis, and brain. The H-2r haplotype appeared novel; it is phenotypically Qa-2-, yet expressed a 2.2-kb transcript which hybridizes to a Q8 probe. A comparison of a Qa-2hi expressor, B6, and a Qa-2low expressor, BALB/cFla, has established that these quantitative cell surface differences are reflected in mRNA differences. A homology search of the Genbank database has revealed that the 3' portion of Q8 contains extensive homology to a retrovirus-like long terminal repeat sequence that is characteristic of an embryonic-specific transposon (ETn).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albany Medical College, New York
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Heise ER, Cook DJ, Schepart BS, Manning CH, McMahan MR, Chedid M, Keever CA. The major histocompatibility complex of primates. Genetica 1987; 73:53-68. [PMID: 3333353 DOI: 10.1007/bf00057437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes cell surface glycoproteins that function in self-nonself recognition and in allograft rejection. Among primates, the MHC has been well defined only in the human; in the chimpanzee and in two species of macaque monkeys the MHC is less well characterized. Serologic, biochemical and genetic evidence indicates that the basic organization of the MHC linkage group has been phylogenetically conserved. However, the number of genes and their linear relationship on the chromosomes differ between species. Class I MHC loci encode molecules that are the most polymorphic genes known. These molecules are ubiquitous in their tissue distribution and typically are recognized together with nominal antigens by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Class II MHC loci constitute a smaller family of serotypes serving as restricting elements for regulatory T lymphocytes. The distribution of class II antigens is limited mainly to cell types serving immune functions, and their expression is subject to up and down modulation. Class III loci code for components C2, C4 and Factor B (Bf) of the complement system. Interspecies differences in the extent of polymorphism occur, but the significance of this finding in relation to fitness and natural selection is unclear. Detailed information on the structure and regulation of MHC gene expression will be required to understand fully the biologic role of the MHC and the evolutionary relationships between species. Meanwhile, MHC testing has numerous applications to biomedical research, especially in preclinical tissue and organ transplantation studies, the study of disease mechanisms, parentage determination and breeding colony management. In this review, the current status of MHC definition in nonhuman primates will be summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the CyLA system of M. fascicularis which is a major focus in our laboratory. A highly polymorphic cynomolgus MHC has been partially characterized and consists of at least 14 A locus, 11 B locus, 7 C locus class I allelic specificities, 9 Ia-like class II antigens and 6 Bf (class III) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Heise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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Abstract
The mouse MHC class I family includes genes encoded in four regions: H-2K, H-2D, Qa and Tla. While K/D genes are well characterized, relatively little is known about Qa or Tla genes. We have studied the transcription of a B10.P Qa region gene. DNA sequence comparisons of the transmembrane region, supported by Southern blot analysis of cosmid and genomic DNAs from BALB/c and C57BL/10, demonstrate the lambda 3a gene corresponds to Q4p. In both Northern blots and RNA protection experiments using probes derived from the 3' noncoding region, we found that Q4, like the H-2K and H-2D genes, is widely transcribed in B10.P tissues. These data demonstrate for the first time widespread transcription of a Qa gene.
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