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al-Rashida M, Batool G, Sattar A, Ejaz SA, Khan S, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Hameed A, Iqbal J. 2-Alkoxy-3-(sulfonylarylaminomethylene)-chroman-4-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of ectonucleotidases. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:484-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Khan I, Shah SJA, Ejaz SA, Ibrar A, Hameed S, Lecka J, Millán JL, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Investigation of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid as a highly potent scaffold for the development of alkaline phosphatase inhibitors: synthesis, SAR analysis and molecular modelling studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is directed towards the development of quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives as potential alkaline phosphatase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Jawad Ali Shah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Shahid Hameed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jose Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie
- Faculté de Médecine
- Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
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Khan I, Ibrar A, Ejaz SA, Khan SU, Shah SJA, Hameed S, Simpson J, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Influence of the diversified structural variations at the imine functionality of 4-bromophenylacetic acid derived hydrazones on alkaline phosphatase inhibition: synthesis and molecular modelling studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14836g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Putative binding mode of 4g inside the active pocket of h-PLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Syeda Abida Ejaz
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Shafi Ullah Khan
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Syed Jawad Ali Shah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
| | - Shahid Hameed
- Department of Chemistry
- Quaid-i-Azam University
- Islamabad-45320
- Pakistan
| | - Jim Simpson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Department of Microbiology-Infectiology and Immunology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec – Université Laval
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad-22060
- Pakistan
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4
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Abstract
Human and mouse alkaline phosphatases (AP) are encoded by a multigene family expressed ubiquitously in multiple tissues. Gene knockout (KO) findings have helped define some of the precise exocytic functions of individual isozymes in bone, teeth, the central nervous system, and in the gut. For instance, deficiency in tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in mice (Alpl (-/-) mice) and humans leads to hypophosphatasia (HPP), an inborn error of metabolism characterized by epileptic seizures in the most severe cases, caused by abnormal metabolism of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (the predominant form of vitamin B6) and by hypomineralization of the skeleton and teeth featuring rickets and early loss of teeth in children or osteomalacia and dental problems in adults caused by accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Enzyme replacement therapy with mineral-targeting TNAP prevented all the manifestations of HPP in mice, and clinical trials with this protein therapeutic are showing promising results in rescuing life-threatening HPP in infants. Conversely, TNAP induction in the vasculature during generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), type II diabetes, obesity, and aging can cause medial vascular calcification. TNAP inhibitors, discussed extensively in this book, are in development to prevent pathological arterial calcification. The brush border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) plays an important role in fatty acid (FA) absorption, in protecting gut barrier function, and in determining the composition of the gut microbiota via its ability to dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Knockout mice (Akp3 (-/-)) deficient in duodenal-specific IAP (dIAP) become obese, and develop hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). These changes are accompanied by upregulation in the jejunal-ileal expression of the Akp6 IAP isozyme (global IAP, or gIAP) and concomitant upregulation of FAT/CD36, a phosphorylated fatty acid translocase thought to play a role in facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids into cells. gIAP, but not dIAP, is able to modulate the phosphorylation status of FAT/CD36. dIAP, even though it is expressed in the duodenum, is shed into the gut lumen and is active in LPS dephosphorylation throughout the gut lumen and in the feces. Akp3 (-/-) mice display gut dysbiosis and are more prone to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis than wild-type mice. Of relevance, oral administration of recombinant calf IAP prevents the dysbiosis and protects the gut from chronic colitis. Analogous to the role of IAP in the gut, TNAP expression in the liver may have a proactive role from bacterial endotoxin insult. Finally, more recent studies suggest that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease may also be associated with TNAP function on certain brain-specific phosphoproteins. This review recounts the established roles of TNAP and IAP and briefly discusses new areas of investigation related to multisystemic functions of these isozymes.
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Design and synthesis of selective inhibitors of placental alkaline phosphatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 18:573-9. [PMID: 20031422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) is a tissue-restricted isozyme of the Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) superfamily. PLAP is an oncodevelopmental enzyme expressed during pregnancy and in a variety of human cancers, but its biological function remains unknown. We report here a series of catechol compounds with great affinity for the PLAP isozyme and significant selectivity over other members of the AP superfamily. These selective PLAP inhibitors will provide small molecule probes for the study of the pathophysiological role of PLAP.
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6
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Immunoreactivity of a monoclonal antibody against human placental alkaline phosphatase. Pathol Int 2009; 59:59-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hung MW, Tsai LC, Lin YL, Chen YH, Chang GG, Chang TC. Differential regulation of placental and germ cell alkaline phosphatases by glucocorticoid and sodium butyrate in human gastric carcinoma cell line TMK-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 388:45-54. [PMID: 11361139 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression and regulation of alkaline phosphatase (AP) was studied in the human gastric cancer cell line TMK-1. Biochemical analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the cells express placental, germ cell, and intestinal AP isozymes constitutively. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, was shown to specifically induce the placental AP activity to about 10-fold and sodium butyrate (NaBu) induced germ cell AP activity to about 4-fold, respectively. In contrast, these two agents showed little effect on the level of intestinal isozymes. Dex and NaBu also differentially induced the mRNA levels of the placental and germ cell APs. Northern blot analysis of the placental AP transcript in the presence of the transcription inhibitor, 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole, revealed that the half-life of placental AP mRNA is about 27 h for both the Dex-treated and untreated cells. Nuclear run-on transcription analysis indicated an apparent increase in the rate of placental AP gene transcription in Dex-treated cells. These results indicated that the effect of Dex occurred primarily by activation of the placental AP gene transcription in the cells. In order to study the direct Dex and NaBu effect on AP gene expression, the proximal promoter regions of AP genes were fused to luciferase reporter vectors. Despite the high similarity in nucleotide sequences of these two genes, transient transfection analysis demonstrated that Dex and NaBu exerted a specific stimulation only through the respective placental and germ cell AP gene promoter. Taken together, this study indicates that the expression of PAP and GCAP isozymes have specific regulatory mechanisms that can be differentially controlled by signals including glucocorticoid and NaBu.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Millán JL, Fishman WH. Biology of human alkaline phosphatases with special reference to cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1995; 32:1-39. [PMID: 7748466 DOI: 10.3109/10408369509084680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The current information on the cloning and sequencing of four alkaline phosphatase genes (PLAP, GCAP, IAP, TNAP) has been reviewed. It has provided insights into their evolutionary history and the mechanisms of catalysis and of uncompetitive inhibition. The oncodevelopmental biology of the germ cell and its excessive GCAP eutopic expression in neoplasia are noted, and there is reason to suggest that the enzyme may serve to guide migratory cells and to transport specific molecules such as fat and immunoglobulins across membranes. The hyperexpression of all four genes has been observed in various human tumors and in their cell lines, particularly cancers of the testis and ovary. The membrane APs have been investigated as targets for immunolocalization and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Millán
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, Cancer Research Center, CA 92037, USA
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9
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Chang TC, Wang JK, Hung MW, Chiao CH, Tsai LC, Chang GG. Regulation of the expression of alkaline phosphatase in a human breast-cancer cell line. Biochem J 1994; 303 ( Pt 1):199-205. [PMID: 7945240 PMCID: PMC1137576 DOI: 10.1042/bj3030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the cultured human breast-cancer cells BC-M1 with dexamethasone induced a placental-type alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Both the ALP activity and the mRNA level in the cells were increased. The induction of ALP activity by dexamethasone was time- and dose-dependent. The accumulation of ALP mRNA was inhibited by both actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating that its induction is a complex event and may involve other regulatory proteins. Retinoic acid showed opposing effects with dexamethasone on the expression of alkaline phosphatase. Retinoic acid (RA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also substantially reduced the dexamethasone-induced expression of ALP. Studies on thermostability and sensitivity to various amino acid inhibitors indicated that the BC-M1 ALP is most similar to the placental form. Northern hybridization analysis also revealed that ALP mRNA transcripts in BC-M1 and term placenta are similar in size and are distinct from that of the placental-like mRNA transcript in choriocarcinoma cells. Analysis of the degradation of BC-M1 ALP mRNA showed a similar half-life of 27 h in the untreated and in dexamethasone- or RA-treated cells. These findings demonstrated that the induction of ALP in BC-M1 cells by dexamethasone is mainly due to the increase in the transcription of the ALP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Telfer JF, Green CD. Induction of germ-cell alkaline phosphatase by butyrate and cyclic AMP in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 1):59-65. [PMID: 7504459 PMCID: PMC1137655 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BeWo choriocarcinoma cells synthesize two alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes: germ-cell alkaline phosphatase and tissue-unspecific alkaline phosphatase. We have made use of the differential heat-stabilities of these two isoenzymes to study the induction of germ-cell alkaline phosphatase by sodium butyrate and cyclic AMP (cAMP). Sodium butyrate causes a large induction of germ-cell alkaline phosphatase activity (approx. 35-fold after 96 h) after an initial lag period of 12-24 h. We showed that butyrate increases germ-cell alkaline phosphatase mRNA. Dibutyryl cAMP also induces germ cell alkaline phosphatase (approx. 2.5-fold after 96 h). When optimal concentrations of butyrate and dibutyryl cAMP were added simultaneously to cells, they caused a synergistic induction of activity. This suggested that these compounds use separate mechanisms to induce germ-cell alkaline phosphatase activity and that it is the cAMP moiety of dibutyryl cAMP that induces enzyme activity. This was confirmed by the use of two additional cAMP analogues, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP and 8-bromo cAMP, and of two compounds, 3-methyl-1-isobutylxanthine and cholera toxin, which raise the endogenous concentration of cAMP. All four compounds caused a 2-fold increase in enzyme activity. Treatment of cells with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP, 8-bromo cAMP and cholera toxin increased germ-cell alkaline phosphatase mRNA between 2- and 7-fold. These data suggest that this alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme is regulated at the level of its mRNA by cAMP, in a manner distinct from that of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Telfer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, U.K
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11
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Wagner RD, Krul ES, Moberly JB, Alpers DH, Schonfeld G. Apolipoprotein expression and cellular differentiation in Caco-2 intestinal cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 263:E374-82. [PMID: 1514621 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.2.e374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cells, cultured for 18 days on porous filter supports and conventional plastic culture dishes, were used to study the effects of cellular differentiation on the expression of apolipoprotein (apo) genes. Media of filter-grown cells accumulated more apo B as apo B-48 and contained three times the amount of edited apo B mRNA compared with plastic-grown cells. The accumulation of apo A-I by media of plastic-grown cells was higher than accumulation by filter-grown cells, despite similar concentrations of apo A-I mRNA. The apo A-IV was detectable in the culture media earlier with filter-grown cells compared with plastic-grown cells, despite similar apo A-IV mRNA concentrations. Plastic-grown cells contained more apo E mRNA, and their media accumulated more apo E than filter-grown cells. With the exception of apo A-I, apo gene expression changed with Caco-2 cell differentiation to resemble more closely the patterns seen in adult enterocytes. There were no effects or minimal effects of added retinoic acid, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], or thyroid hormone on apo accumulation in media of filter-grown cultures of Caco-2 cells. However, 1,25(OH)2D3 and thyroid hormone increased apo B, apo A-IV, and apo A-I mRNA concentrations, retinoic acid increased apo B mRNA concentrations alone, and all three reduced apo E mRNA concentrations. Ratios of edited to unedited apo B mRNA were unaffected. In conclusion, culture substratum importantly influences Caco-2 cell differentiation. Soluble factors that influence cellular differentiation may affect apo gene expression over and above effects mediated by the culture substratum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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12
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Zigril M, Fein A, Carp H, Toder V. Immunopotentiation reverses the embryotoxic effect of serum from women with pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 1991; 56:653-9. [PMID: 1717318 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of sera of women with habitual abortions (AB) on attachment and spreading of mouse blastocysts in vitro. DESIGN Expansion, attachment, and spreading were the mouse blastocyst parameters utilized. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and cell markers expression were also assayed by autoradiography analysis and the indirect immunofluorescent technique. SETTING Sera were drawn from patients attending a habitual AB clinic in a tertiary care university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine serum samples were drawn from habitually aborting women and the effect compared with 17 control AB sera. INTERVENTION Habitually aborting women were immunized with paternal leucocytes; 18 post-immunization sera were also assessed. OUTCOME AND RESULTS After 48 hours, there was delayed attachment and spreading (4% of test blastocysts spread as compared with 50.5% of controls). This was more profound after 72 hours culture (7.5% spread as compared with 72.8% of controls). Experimental sera were capable of reducing DNA synthesis, cytokeratin, fibronectin, or placental alkaline phosphatase expression by blastocyst cells. Leucocyte immunization of women with habitual ABs, clearly reversed the embryotoxic effect of the sera and enhanced cell markers expression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that immunopotentiation may improve blastocyst survival in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zigril
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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14
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Terao M, Studer M, Gianní M, Garattini E. Isolation and characterization of the mouse liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase gene. Biochem J 1990; 268:641-8. [PMID: 2363702 PMCID: PMC1131487 DOI: 10.1042/bj2680641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gene coding for the mouse alkaline phosphatase expressed in liver, bone, kidney and placenta (liver/bone/kidney-type alkaline phosphatase, L/B/K-ALP) was isolated and characterized. This gene consists of 12 exons and it is at least 49 kb long. The first two exons are separated by a long intron which is at least 32 kb in size, whereas the other exons span within the remaining 17 kb. Primer extension and S1-nuclease mapping analyses with placental mRNA demonstrate a single major transcription start site, which is preceded by a G + C-rich region containing a TATA-like sequence and three copies of the consensus binding site for the transcription factor Sp1. Transfection experiments using two different reporter genes show that the 5'-flanking region of the gene is active as a promoter in undifferentiated F9 teratocarcinoma cells, but not in 3T3 fibroblasts, consistent with the L/B/K-ALP mRNA level in the two cell lines. As expected from the sequence similarity at the cDNA level, the structural organization of the mouse gene is similar to that of the human and rat L/B/K-ALP genes, suggesting that they all derive from a single ancestral gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terao
- Molecular Biology Unit, Centro Daniela e Catullo Borgomainerio, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
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15
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Watanabe S, Watanabe T, Li WB, Soong BW, Chou JY. Expression of the Germ Cell Alkaline Phosphatase Gene in Human Choriocarcinoma Cells. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Barnard JA, Beauchamp RD, Coffey RJ, Moses HL. Regulation of intestinal epithelial cell growth by transforming growth factor type beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:1578-82. [PMID: 2466294 PMCID: PMC286741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A nontransformed rat jejunal crypt cell line (IEC-6) expresses transforming growth factor type beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mRNA, secretes latent 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 competing activity into culture medium, and binds 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 to specific, high-affinity (Kd = 3.7 pM) cell surface receptors. IEC-6 cell growth is markedly inhibited by TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 with half-maximal inhibition occurring between 0.1 and 1.0 ng of TGF-beta 1 per ml. TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition is not associated with the appearance of biochemical markers of enterocyte differentiation such as alkaline phosphatase expression and sucrase activity. TGF-beta 1 (10 ng/ml) increases steady-state levels of its own mRNA expression within 8 hr of treatment of rapidly growing IEC-6 cells. In freshly isolated rat jejunal enterocytes that are sequentially eluted from the crypt villus axis, TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression is most abundant in terminally differentiated villus tip cells and least abundant in the less differentiated, mitotically active crypt cells. We conclude that TGF-beta 1 is an autoregulated growth inhibitor in IEC-6 cells that potentially functions in an autocrine manner. In the rat jejunal epithelium, TGF-beta 1 expression is most prominently localized to the villus tip--i.e., the region of the crypt villus unit that is characterized by the terminally differentiated phenotype. These data suggest that TGF-beta 1 may function in coordination of the rapid cell turnover typical for the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Barnard
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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17
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Lin SH, Russell WE. Two Ca2+-dependent ATPases in rat liver plasma membrane. The previously purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase is not a Ca2+-pump but an ecto-ATPase. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Kikuchi Y, Tsuneta Y, Kawai T, Aizawa M. Choriocarcinoma of the esophagus producing chorionic gonadotropin. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1988; 38:489-99. [PMID: 3400468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1988.tb02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An autopsy case of primary esophageal choriocarcinoma in a 42-year-old Japanese male is reported. The tumor was pure choriocarcinoma typical hemorrhagic and necrotic nature occupying almost the entire circumference of the mid-esophagus. The choriocarcinoma had metastasized to the liver, lung and lymph nodes. In the esophageal tumor, immunohistochemical staining showed the presence of mainly human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), with human placental lactogen (HPL) in a few syncytiotrophoblastic cells. Only 3 cases of extragonadal choriocarcinoma originating in the esophagus have been reported up to now. The possible pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of primary esophageal choriocarcinoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Terao M, Pravtcheva D, Ruddle FH, Mintz B. Mapping of gene encoding mouse placental alkaline phosphatase to chromosome 4. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1988; 14:211-5. [PMID: 3162338 DOI: 10.1007/bf01534406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding the mouse placental alkaline phosphatase (ALP; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase, alkaline optimum, EC 3.1.3.1) is mapped to chromosome 4, based on Southern blot hybridization of the mouse cDNA with DNAs from mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. This assignment is consistent with the genetic analysis of the Akp-2 locus, which is responsible for the genetic variation of alkaline phosphatase enzyme in placenta as well as in liver, kidney, and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terao
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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20
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Micanovic R, Bailey CA, Brink L, Gerber L, Pan YC, Hulmes JD, Udenfriend S. Aspartic acid-484 of nascent placental alkaline phosphatase condenses with a phosphatidylinositol glycan to become the carboxyl terminus of the mature enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:1398-402. [PMID: 3422741 PMCID: PMC279778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A carboxyl-terminal chymotryptic peptide from mature human placental alkaline phosphatase was purified by HPLC and monitored by a specific RIA. Sequencing and amino acid assay showed that the carboxyl terminus of the peptide was aspartic acid, representing residue 484 of the proenzyme as deduced from the corresponding cDNA. Further analysis of the peptide showed it to be a peptidoglycan containing one residue of ethanolamine, one residue of glucosamine, and two residues of neutral hexose. The inositol glycan is apparently linked to the alpha carboxyl group of the aspartic acid through the ethanolamine. Location of the inositol glycan on Asp-484 of the proenzyme indicates that a 29-residue peptide is cleaved from the nascent protein during the post-translational condensation with the phosphatidylinositol-glycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Micanovic
- Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110
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Bocco JL, Panzetta GM, Flury A, Patrito LC. Processing of SP1 precursor in a cell-free system from poly(A+) mRNA of human placenta. Mol Biol Rep 1988; 13:45-51. [PMID: 3262195 DOI: 10.1007/bf00805638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free translation of polyadenylated mRNA from human term placenta in a wheat germ extract, after immunoprecipitation with antibodies directed against purified pregnant serum SP1, yielded a single polypeptide of 31 kDa. Addition of dog pancreatic microsomal vesicles to the translation system resulted in the appearance of two polypeptides, one of them of 46 kDa and the other of 28 kDa. Both polypeptides were protected from limited proteolysis and when the assay was performed with lytic detergent concentrations in addition to proteases, this protection was abolished indicating that the polypeptides were segregated into the microsomal vesicles. The cleavage of a signal peptide of 3 kDa from the 31 kDa primary translation product gives rise to 28 kDa and accounts for the slight increase in electrophoretic mobility. The treatment of the immunoprecipitated products with Endoglycosidase H and alpha-mannosidase, suggested that only the 46 kDa polypeptide is a glycoprotein. From the results obtained we conclude that SP1 is synthesized and processed to a glycoprotein of 46 kDa which would be a protomeric form of the oligomers reported in pregnant serum by other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bocco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, República Argentina
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Terao M, Mintz B. Cloning and characterization of a cDNA coding for mouse placental alkaline phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7051-5. [PMID: 3478679 PMCID: PMC299227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse alkaline phosphatase [ALP; orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was partially purified from placenta. Data obtained by immunoblotting analysis suggested that the primary structure of this enzyme has a much greater homology to that of human and bovine liver ALPs than to the human placental isozyme. Therefore, a full-length cDNA encoding human liver-type ALP was used as a probe to isolate the mouse placental ALP cDNA. The cloned mouse cDNA is 2459 base pairs long and is composed of an open reading frame encoding a 524-amino acid polypeptide that contains a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. Homology at the amino acid level of the mouse placental ALP is 90% to the human liver isozyme but only 55% to the human placental counterpart. RNA blot hybridization results indicate that the mouse placental ALP is encoded by a gene identical to the gene expressed in mouse liver, kidney, and teratocarcinoma stem cells. This gene is therefore evolutionarily highly conserved in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terao
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase from cancer cells, HeLa TCRC-1, was biosynthetically labeled with either 3H-fatty acids or [3H]ethanolamine as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography of immunoprecipitated material. Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) released a substantial proportion of the 3H-fatty acid label from immunoaffinity-purified alkaline phosphatase but had no effect on the radioactivity of [3H]ethanolamine-labeled material. PI-PLC also liberated catalytically active alkaline phosphatase from viable cells, and this could be selectively blocked by monoclonal antibodies to alkaline phosphatase. However, the alkaline phosphatase released from 3H-fatty acid labeled cells by PI-PLC was not radioactive. By contrast, treatment with bromelain removed both the 3H-fatty acid and the [3H]ethanolamine label from the purified alkaline phosphatase. Subtilisin was also able to remove the [3H]ethanolamine-labeled from purified alkaline phosphatase. The 3H radioactivity in alkaline phosphatase purified from [3H]ethanolamine-labeled cells comigrated with authentic [3H]ethanolamine by anion-exchange chromatography after acid hydrolysis. The data suggest that the 3H-fatty acid and [3H]ethanolamine are covalently attached to the carboxyl-terminal segment since bromelain and subtilisin both release alkaline phosphatase from the membrane by cleavage at that end of the polypeptide chain. The data are consistent with findings for other proteins recently shown to be anchored in the membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol structure and indicate that a similar structure contributes to the membrane anchoring of alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jemmerson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Howard AD, Berger J, Gerber L, Familletti P, Udenfriend S. Characterization of the phosphatidylinositol-glycan membrane anchor of human placental alkaline phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6055-9. [PMID: 2819864 PMCID: PMC299006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] is a member of a diverse group of membrane proteins whose attachment to the lipid bilayer is mediated by a phosphatidylinositol-glycan. To investigate structural aspects of the glycolipid anchor, cultured WISH cells were used because we found that they produce the enzyme in abundant quantities. When cell suspensions were incubated with purified phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, most of the placental alkaline phosphatase was released from membranes in a hydrophilic form. On incubation of the cells with [14C]ethanolamine, [14C]myristic acid, or myo-[3H]inositol, each was incorporated into the phosphatase near the carboxyl terminus, showing that these components, which are found in other phosphatidylinositol membrane-linked proteins, are also present in placental alkaline phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Low
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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Berger J, Garattini E, Hua JC, Udenfriend S. Cloning and sequencing of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:695-8. [PMID: 3468508 PMCID: PMC304282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.3.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Partial protein sequence data obtained on intestinal alkaline phosphatase indicated a high degree of homology with the reported sequence of the placental isoenzyme. Accordingly, placental alkaline phosphatase cDNA was cloned and used as a probe to clone intestinal alkaline phosphatase cDNA. The latter is somewhat larger (3.1 kilobases) than the cDNA for the placental isozyme (2.8 kilobases). Although the 3' untranslated regions are quite different, there is almost 90% homology in the translated regions of the two isozymes. There are, however, significant differences at their amino and carboxyl termini and a substitution of an alanine in intestinal alkaline phosphatase for a glycine in the active site of the placental isozyme.
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Koyama I, Miura M, Matsuzaki H, Sakagishi Y, Komoda T. Sugar-chain heterogeneity of human alkaline phosphatases: differences between normal and tumour-associated isozymes. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 413:65-78. [PMID: 3558696 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sugar-chain heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) from various human organs was investigated by using the serial lectin affinity technique. This technique revealed a possible structure of the sugar chain(s) of ALP isozymes and clarified a difference in affinity on the lectin column not only among three genetically different isozymes (liver/bone/kidney, intestinal and placental types) but also among liver, bone, and kidney ALPs. Lectin-binding profiles of ALPs in these human organs closely resembled those in the corresponding organs of the rat, as reported previously, suggesting that heterogeneities in sugar chains of ALPs have a specificity for the respective organs rather than being species-specific. Lectin-binding profiles of tumour-produced placental and liver ALPs were significantly different from those of ALPs in the respective normal organs. However, the two altered ALPs exhibited similar lectin-binding affinities. Isoelectric focusing analysis showed essentially no difference in protein charge between the normal and tumor-produced ALPs. Moreover, tumour-produced ALPs had the same N-terminal amino acid sequence and peptide mapping as normal ALPs. From these results, it is possible to suggest that organ-specific sugar chains in ALP isozymes are changed into those peculiar to tumours in association with malignant transformation.
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Gum JR, Kam WK, Byrd JC, Hicks JW, Sleisenger MH, Kim YS. Effects of sodium butyrate on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells. Induction of placental-like alkaline phosphatase. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)75754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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