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Dimethyl Sulfoxide Induces Hemolysis and Pulmonary Hypertension. PRILOZI (MAKEDONSKA AKADEMIJA NA NAUKITE I UMETNOSTITE. ODDELENIE ZA MEDICINSKI NAUKI) 2022; 43:5-20. [PMID: 36473034 DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular and lung injury are well established complications associated with hemolytic disorders, and hemolysis associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) has emerged as the most serious complication of sickle cell disease. The causal relationship between intravascular hemolysis and the development of PH is still under investigation. Previously we have shown that repetitive administration of hemolyzed autologous blood causes PH in rats. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a widely used solvent and anti-inflammatory agent, induces hemolysis in vivo. We hypothesized that repetitive administration of DMSO would induce PH in rats. We also examined hemolysis-induced release of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and arginase from red blood cells, which may amplify hemolysis-mediated vascular injury. Acute administration of DMSO (1.5ml/30 min into the right atrium) induced intravascular hemolysis and pulmonary vasoconstriction. DMSO-induced increase in right ventricular peak systolic pressure (RVPSP) was associated with increased release of ADA. Notably, the acute increase in RVPSP was attenuated by administration of an adenosine A2A receptor agonist or by pretreatment of animals with ADA inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA). Repetitive administration of DMSO for 10 days produced anemia, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, splenomegaly, and development of PH. Histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary vascular remodeling. The presented data describe a new model of hemolysis induced PH, suggesting that hemolysis is mechanistically related to pulmonary hypertension, and pointing to a potential pathogenic role that adenosine deaminase and accelerated adenosine metabolism may play in hemolysis associated pulmonary hypertension.
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Adenosine signaling and adenosine deaminase regulation of immune responses: impact on the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:309-320. [PMID: 30097807 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which has devastating effects on the host immune system. HIV entry into host cells and subsequent viral replication induce a proinflammatory response, hyperactivating immune cells and leading them to death, disfunction, and exhaustion. Adenosine is an immunomodulatory molecule that suppresses immune cell function to protect tissue integrity. The anti-inflammatory properties of adenosine modulate the chronic inflammation and immune activation caused by HIV. Lack of adenosine contributes to pathogenic events in HIV infection. However, immunosuppression by adenosine has its shortcomings, such as impairing the immune response, hindering the elimination of the virus and control of viral replication. By attempting to control inflammation, adenosine feeds a pathogenic cycle affecting immune cells. Deamination of adenosine by ADA (adenosine deaminase) counteracts the negative effects of adenosine in immune cells, boosting the immune response. This review comprises the connection between adenosinergic system and HIV immunopathogenesis, exploring defects in immune cell function and the role of ADA in protecting these cells against damage.
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Synthesis and Biological Activity of 1-(4-Substituted Phenyl)-1-Alkyl(Aryl)-2-Phenyl-3-Aminopropan-1-Ol Hydrochlorides. Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fargo JH, Kratz CP, Giri N, Savage SA, Wong C, Backer K, Alter BP, Glader B. Erythrocyte adenosine deaminase: diagnostic value for Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. Br J Haematol 2012; 160:547-54. [PMID: 23252420 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) characterized by red cell aplasia. Mutations in ribosomal genes are found in more than 50% of cases. Elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (eADA) was first noted in DBA in 1983. In this study we determined the value of eADA for the diagnosis of DBA compared with other IBMFS; the association of eADA in DBA with age, gender or other haematological parameters; and the association with known DBA-related gene mutations. For the diagnosis of DBA compared with non-DBA patients with other bone marrow failure syndromes, eADA had a sensitivity of 84%, specificity 95%, and positive and negative predictive values of 91%. In patients with DBA there was no association between eADA and gender, age, or other haematological parameters. Erythrocyte ADA segregated with, as well as independent of, known DBA gene mutations. While eADA was an excellent confirmatory test for DBA, 16% of patients with classical clinical DBA had a normal eADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Fargo
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Serum adenosine deaminase and total immunoglobulin G correlate with markers of immune activation and inversely with CD4 counts in asymptomatic, treatment-naive HIV infection. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:605-12. [PMID: 23160984 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HIV-infection is characterized by aberrant immune activation and ongoing inflammation. Markers of inflammation are now recognized to have prognostic value for adverse events, independent of viral loads and CD4 counts. This study aimed to delineate a panel of affordable markers of immune activation in untreated HIV-infection that may have an impact on the management of HIV in resource-limited settings. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 86 untreated newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients and 54 matched controls attending a voluntary testing clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. Serum levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), total immunoglobulin G (IgG), soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were measured and correlated with CD4 counts, viral loads and expression of CD38 on CD8+ T cells. RESULTS ADA, IgG and LBP were all significantly increased in the HIV infected group (p < 0.0001) compared with uninfected controls. Soluble CD14 was also significantly increased (p = 0.0187). Furthermore, all these parameters correlated inversely with CD4 counts (r = -0.481 p < 0.0001; r = -0.561; p < 0.0001; r = -0.387 p = 0.0007 and r = -0.254 p = 0.0240, respectively). Only ADA correlated with viral load (r = 0.260 p = 0.0172). Importantly, ADA, IgG and LBP correlated directly with %CD38 on CD8+ T cells (r = 0.369 p < 0.0001; r = 0.284 p = 0.001; r = 0.408 p = 0.0006, respectively). CONCLUSION Affordable parameters such as serum ADA and IgG correlated significantly with immune activation levels and markers of disease progression in untreated HIV-infection and therefore may add value to the management of these patients in resource-limited settings.
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Martinez-Navio JM, Climent N, Gallart T, Lluis C, Franco R. An old enzyme for current needs: adenosine deaminase and a dendritic cell vaccine for HIV. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:594-600. [PMID: 21931337 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After nearly three decades of searching for a vaccine against HIV, a cure for this pandemic disease still remains elusive. The low immunogenicity of the surface proteins and the huge variability of the virus, together with the immunocompromised status of the host, have made developing an HIV vaccine an uphill battle. Over the past few years, both immunogen design and immunization strategies have improved, providing hope for future, although the anti-HIV responses achieved still remain modest. As developing a prophylactic vaccine seems unlikely nowadays, efforts have focused on alternative therapeutic immunization approaches, although these still need to be further optimized. Using an immunomodulator capable of restoring immune function in the context of infection, thereby boosting cell-mediated and humoral responses, could be critical in effectively improving current therapeutic approaches. Adenosine deaminase, a protein with a pivotal role in T-cell co-stimulation, has been shown to robustly enhance specific T-cell responses against HIV in vitro. Although its role in humoral responses has not yet been assessed, genetic defects in this enzyme are associated with impaired cellular and humoral responses. Importantly, this molecule is already commercially available pharmaceutically and, therefore, it fulfils all the requirements to be assayed as an anti-HIV vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Martinez-Navio JM, Climent N, Pacheco R, Garcia F, Plana M, Nomdedeu M, Oliva H, Rovira C, Miralles L, Gatell JM, Gallart T, Mallol J, Lluis C, Franco R. Immunological dysfunction in HIV-1-infected individuals caused by impairment of adenosine deaminase-induced costimulation of T-cell activation. Immunology 2010; 128:393-404. [PMID: 20067539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface association between CD26 and adenosine deaminase (ADA) has a costimulatory function during T-cell activation. Several studies have revealed correlations among CD4(+) CD26(+) T-cell depletion, increased serum levels of ADA, and the evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, implicating CD26 and ADA in HIV disease progression. In this context, we aimed to determine whether ADA costimulation could be altered during HIV infection. ADA costimulation was investigated in cells from HIV-infected patients (n = 36) in terms of proliferation and cytokine secretion. An effect of ADA on T-cell proliferation was found in HIV-1-infected patients and correlated positively with the CD4(+) percentage and the nadir CD4 count and negatively with viral load, demonstrating that the response depends on the immunological status of the patient. The robust ADA-induced increase in cytokine production [interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10] was markedly reduced in T cells from HIV-1-infected subjects. To eliminate some of the variables associated with immunological defects in HIV-1-infected patients, anti-CD3 plus ADA assays with T cells from healthy volunteers were performed in the presence of recombinant glycoprotein 120 (gp120). It was found that gp120 was responsible for the impairment of the ADA-CD26 interaction and consequently of the ADA-induced effect on both costimulation and cytokine production. The gp120-mediated disruption of the CD26-ADA interaction is a novel mechanism that might explain, at least in part, the altered immunological features observed in HIV-1-infected patients and may have significant relevance in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Antonyan AA, Sharoyan SG, Harutyunyan AA, Mardanyan SS. Influence of aluminum toxicosis on the activity of adenosine deaminase and dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971240902007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tofovic SP, Jackson EK, Rafikova O. Adenosine deaminase-adenosine pathway in hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:713-9. [PMID: 19237250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension (HA-PH) is a serious clinical complication of various hemolytic disorders, and pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered the greatest risk factor for death in patients with a hemolytic disorder. It is now well established that hemolysis causes the release of soluble hemoglobin and arginase from injured erythrocytes into plasma. This leads to nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, oxidative stress and a state of endothelial dysfunction that is associated with clinical development of PH. We challenge this concept and propose that in addition to the NO-arginase pathway, the adenosine deaminase-adenosine pathway plays a significant role in HA-PH and that modulation of this pathway may offer protective/therapeutic effects in HA-PH. Our preliminary data suggest that in HA-PH adenosine deaminase (ADA) is released from injured erythrocytes into plasma and that metabolic conversion of adenosine (ADO) to inosine by ADA reduces extracellular ADO levels. Adenosine, mainly via activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors, mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce hemolysis-induced vasculopathy and the risk of PH. Hypoxia is the strongest stimulus for ADO synthesis, and this increased ADO production counteracts some of the tissue/vascular injury caused by hypoxia itself. Unfortunately, under hypoxic conditions (anemia, vasoconstriction, and vaso-occlusion) in HA-PH, this "ADO negative-feed back" is abolished and the vascular protective effects of ADO are severely diminished by ADA released from injured erythrocytes. We hypothesize that in hemolytic anemia the repetitive release of ADA increases the risk for vaso-occlusive events and PH. We also propose that increase in extracellular ADO levels or activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors attenuates HA-PH, and we suggest further preclinical and clinical investigation of ADA inhibitors and ADO agonists in HA-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan P Tofovic
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 450, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Norstrand IF. ADENOSINE DEAMINASE IN BLOOD CELLS IN VARIOUS NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. Br J Haematol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.0252a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Katagiri N, Ito Y, Shiraishi T, Maruyama T, Sato Y, Kaneko C. Deamination of 9-(Hydroxymethylated cycloalkyl)-9H-adenines (Carbocyclic Adenine Nucleosides) by Adenosine Deaminase: Effect of High-Pressure Upon Deamination Rate and Enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Katagiri
- a Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University , Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-77 , Japan
| | - Yumiko Ito
- a Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University , Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-77 , Japan
| | - Takuya Shiraishi
- a Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University , Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-77 , Japan
| | - Tokumi Maruyama
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770 , Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sato
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima , 770 , Japan
| | - Chikara Kaneko
- a Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University , Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai , 980-77 , Japan
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Mardanyan S, Sharoyan S, Antonyan A, Armenyan A, Cristalli G, Lupidi G. Tryptophan environment in adenosine deaminase. I. Enzyme modification with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of adenosine and EHNA analogues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:185-95. [PMID: 11257521 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase from bovine cerebral hemisphere (white and gray matter) and spleen was treated with N-bromosuccinimide, a reagent known to oxidize selectively tryptophan residues in proteins. Spectrally observable tryptophan modification was accompanied by enzyme inactivation. Tsow graphics revealed that two Trps are essential for the activity of enzyme from both tissues. Enzyme inhibitors and substrate analogues, derivatives of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and adenosine, were able to protect Trp against modification, and this effect correlated in general with the enzyme activity protection. In the presence of adenosine deaza analogues (the noninhibitor tubercidin among them) only two Trps were modified in the fully inactivated enzyme. In the presence of EHNA and its deaza analogues, full inactivation of the enzyme was accompanied by the modification of four Trps. The obtained data confirm the previous hypothesis about the presence on the enzyme of different binding sites for adenosine and EHNA derivatives that are responsible for the different effects on the enzyme conformation elicited by the corresponding derivatives. Moreover, these data allow us to suggest that Trp residues, still unidentified by X-ray analysis, are essential for the functioning of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mardanyan
- H. Ch. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry of the Armenian NAS, 511 P. Sevak St., Yerevan 375014, Armenia.
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Bofill M, Fairbanks LD, Ruckemann K, Lipman M, Simmonds HA. T-lymphocytes from AIDS Patients Are Unable to Synthesize Ribonucleotides de Novo in Response to Mitogenic Stimulation. J Biol Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.50.29690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Casoli C, Lisa A, Magnani G, Starcich R, Fiaccadori F, Bertazzoni U, Zei G. Prognostic value of adenosine deaminase compared to other markers for progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 1995; 45:203-10. [PMID: 7775940 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890450216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the prognostic value of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) as a possible indicator of progression to AIDS, and compare this with other known cellular and serological markers. At the end of a 3-year study, a cohort of 114 human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) seropositive intravenous drug users (IVDUs) from the five different Center for Disease Control (CDC) groups was examined in order to estimate the prognostic relevance with respect to the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of each of the following markers at baseline value: number and percentage of CD4+ T cells, number of CD8+ T cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, IgA and beta 2 microglobulin and ADA levels, and the presence of HIV antigens. Moreover, 57 IVDUs belonging to II and III CDC groups were analyzed in a follow-up study at 6-month intervals, in order to evaluate and compare the behavior of each marker over time. The prognostic significance of each marker was assessed by computing the survival distribution and the Cox analysis in a multivariate model providing the set of markers with greatest predictive value. The levels of ADA and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed a linear association with disease staging, whereas beta 2 microglobulin and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were the best predictors for AIDS progression. A highly significant increase in ADA and beta 2 microglobulin was observed during follow-up. The results obtained among HIV-positive IVDUs clearly indicate that the erythrocyte ADA may be considered a reliable marker of the development of HIV infection from the intermediate stages of the disease onwards.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casoli
- Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università di Parma, Italy
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Chen EH, Tartaglia AP, Mitchell BS. Hereditary overexpression of adenosine deaminase in erythrocytes: evidence for a cis-acting mutation. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 53:889-93. [PMID: 8213817 PMCID: PMC1682400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in red blood cells is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and causes hemolytic anemia. The increased ADA activity in erythrocytes is due to an increase in steady-state levels of ADA mRNA of normal sequence. Increased ADA mRNA may be due to a cis-acting mutation which results in increased transcription or a loss of down-regulation during erythroid differentiation. Alternatively, it is possible that the mutation is in a trans-acting factor which interacts with normal ADA transcriptional elements to cause overexpression in red blood cells. To discriminate between a cis-acting and a trans-acting mutation, we took advantage of a highly polymorphic TAAA repeat located at the tail end of an Alu repeat approximately 1.1 kb upstream of the ADA gene. Using PCR to amplify this region, we identified five different alleles in 19 members of the family. All 11 affected individuals had an ADA allele with 12 TAAA repeats, whereas none of the 8 normal individuals did. We conclude that this disorder results from a cis-acting mutation in the vicinity of the ADA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Chen
- Graduate Program in Cellular Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Manjula S, Raja A, Rao SN, Aroor AR, Rao A. Serum adenosine deaminase activity in brain tumours. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 121:149-51. [PMID: 8512012 DOI: 10.1007/bf01809267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in serum was estimated in 86 patients with intracranial tumours and 40 healthy volunteers. Although high ADA concentrations in biological fluids and tumour tissues were observed in several neoplastic conditions, there was no significant difference in the ADA in sera of brain tumour patients when compared to the control values. Therefore, cell-mediated immunity probably does not play a significant role in brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manjula
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
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Pedro-Botet J, Soriano JC, Tomás S, Miralles R, Rubiés-Prat J. Adenosine deaminase in cerebrospinal fluid of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS. Infection 1991; 19:13. [PMID: 2013501 DOI: 10.1007/bf01643749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Pedro-Botet
- Department of Medicine, Hospital del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Deficiency of the purine metabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase causes severe immunodeficiency. Retroviruses have been reported to decrease the activity of adenosine deaminase, and many retroviruses, including feline leukemia virus, cause immunodeficiency. Levels of purine metabolic enzymes including adenosine deaminase and consequences of adenosine deaminase inhibition were investigated in feline leukemia virus-infected fresh tumor cells and infected and uninfected cell lines. No evidence of virus effect on levels of adenosine deaminase or other purine metabolic enzymes was detected. Neoplastic cells demonstrated considerable heterogeneity of activity levels of purine metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Copelan
- Ohio State University, Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Columbus
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Van der Weyden MB, Harrison C, Hallam L, McVeigh D, Gan TE, Taaffe LM. Elevated red cell adenosine deaminase and haemolysis in a patient with a myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol 1989; 73:129-31. [PMID: 2803969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Casoli C, Magnani G, Scovassi I, Bertazzoni U, Starcich R. Prognostic significance of adenosine deaminase determinations in subjects with the lymphoadenopathy syndrome. J Med Virol 1988; 24:413-22. [PMID: 3163359 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890240408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection and high levels of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been suggested by Cowan et al [1986]. We have analyzed the specific activities of the same enzyme during different stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), including asymptomatic subjects at high risk and patients with lymphoadenopathy syndrome (LAS), AIDS-related complex (ARC), full-blown AIDS, and AIDS encephalopathy (AIDS enc). The ADA activities were significantly higher (P less than .05) in asymptomatic HIV-I serum-positive individuals (13.1 U +/- 1.1) and in different groups of patients (LAS = 23.6 U +/- 10.2; ARC = 23.7 +/- 4.1) than those found in controls (9.5 U +/- 1.8) and in HIV-I serum-negative subjects (10.4 +/- 1.5). In patients with AIDS the mean ADA activity was of 32.3 U +/- 7.1, whereas in two cases with AIDS enc it was of 10 U. A tendency to increase in median ADA values with the progression of the disease was observed. In LAS patients the ADA values presented two distinct subsets falling below and above the cut-off line of 15 U/10(9) erythrocytes, respectively. A specific correlation to drug addition and its duration was observed: LAS subjects who discontinued drug abuse (median addiction time: 3 years) presented ADA values (median = 13 U) that are lower than for addicts (median = 27.2 U; median addiction time = 7 years) and are close to those observed for asymptomatic HIV-I serum-positive group. Evidence was also obtained for a progressive increase of ADA values of LAS patients with disappearance of the product of gag gene. These results suggest that LAS subjects with elevated ADA activities present a longer history of HIV-I infection and a higher probability of developing AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casoli
- Istituto di Patologia Medica, Università di Parma, Italy
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Kanno H, Fujii H, Tani K, Morisaki T, Takahashi K, Horiuchi N, Kizaki M, Ogawa T, Miwa S. Elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity in a patient with primary acquired sideroblastic anemia. Am J Hematol 1988; 27:216-20. [PMID: 3348207 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830270313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of primary acquired sideroblastic anemia (PASA) associated with elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. The patient was an 85-year-old Japanese male. Analysis of the peripheral blood revealed pancytopenia, and the bone marrow findings showed marked ringed sideroblasts and chromosomal deletion (46XY, 11q-). The erythrocyte ADA activity was 17 times higher than that of normal control, the leukocyte ADA activity was within the normal range, and the plasma ADA activity was 2 times higher than the normal mean. The adenine nucleotides in the patient's erythrocytes were within normal range. According to starch gel electrophoresis, ADA isozyme of the patient was ADA 1. Western blotting showed an increased amount of ADA protein in the patient's erythrocytes. Southern blotting revealed no gene amplification or large structural change. Dot blot analysis of the reticulocyte mRNA showed no increase in the amount of ADA mRNA in the patient's reticulocytes compared with those of reticulocyte-rich controls. We considered that the mechanism of elevated ADA activity in this acquired defect was similar to that found in hereditary hemolytic anemia associated with ADA overproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kanno
- Department of Pathological Pharmacology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Berkvens TM, Schoute F, van Ormondt H, Khan PM, van der Eb AJ. Adenosine deaminase mRNA expression is regulated posttranscriptionally during differentiation of HL-60 cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:6575-87. [PMID: 3306603 PMCID: PMC306124 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.16.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) decreases in the course of the differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL-60, dependent on the pathway chosen. Differentiation to monocytes as induced by the phorbol ester TPA leads to a 50% reduction of enzyme activity. Induction to myeloid cells as induced by DMSO has a slower and less extensive (75% remaining activity) effect. The reduction in ADA enzymatic activity is preceded by a 5-10 fold reduction in ADA-specific mRNA which is also more rapid during TPA-induced differentiation. In contrast, c-myc mRNA expression is both in TPA- and DMSO-induced differentiation reduced to less then 5% of its initial level within 4h. Nuclear run-on analysis revealed that the reduction of c-myc-mRNA expression during both TPA- and DMSO-induced differentiation could be ascribed to the abolition of transcription of the third exon, whereas no change in the transcription of the first exon could be observed. No change could be detected in the rate of transcription of either the 5' and 3' parts of the ADA gene during TPA- and DMSO-induced differentiation, indicating that the expression of the ADA gene in HL-60 is controlled at a posttranscriptional level.
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Tausk FA, McCutchan A, Spechko P, Schreiber RD, Gigli I. Altered erythrocyte C3b receptor expression, immune complexes, and complement activation in homosexual men in varying risk groups for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Invest 1986; 78:977-82. [PMID: 2944915 PMCID: PMC423736 DOI: 10.1172/jci112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied levels of erythrocyte C3b receptors (E-CR1) and correlated them to the level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and complement activation in patients with or at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A significant reduction was found in patients with AIDS (185 +/- 93 CR1/cell), AIDS-related complex, and generalized lymphadenopathy, whereas healthy male homosexuals or normal controls had 434 +/- 193 and 509 +/- 140 CR1/cell, respectively (P less than 0.001). Family studies indicate that this defect is acquired. Reduction in E-CR1 was associated with increased levels of CIC when assayed by binding to Raji cells, but not when tested by C1q binding. Complement activation was assessed by levels of C3bi/C3d-g in plasma, measured with a monoclonal antibody specific for a neoantigen in C3d. AIDS patients had increased C3 activation (2.68 +/- 1.67%) when compared with normal controls (0.9 +/- 0.22%) (P less than 0.01). The decreased E-CR1, the presence of CIC, and C3 activation suggest that complement activation by immune complexes may play a role in the clinical expression of the disease.
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