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Characterization of a Novel Mycovirus from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020331. [PMID: 35215923 PMCID: PMC8879742 DOI: 10.3390/v14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea is, globally, one of the most economically important phytopathogenic fungi worldwide, causing the canker and dieback of fruit trees. An increasing number of viruses infecting B. dothidea have lately been reported, several of which could confer hypovirulence. In this study, isolated from strain ZM170285-1 of B. dothidea, a novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, tentatively named Botryosphaeria dothidea partitivirus 2 (BdPV2), was identified well. The BdPV2 harbored three dsRNA segments (1–3) with lengths of 1751, 1568, and 1198 bp, which encoded an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a capsid protein (CP), and a hypothetical protein of unknown function, respectively. BLASTp searches revealed that the predicted protein sequences of dsRNA1 and dsRNA2 had the highest identities (74.95% and 61.01%) with the corresponding dsRNAs of Penicillium stoloniferum virus S (PsV-S), whereas dsRNA3 shared the highest identity (32.95%) with the dsRNA3 of Aspergillus ochraceous virus 1 (AoV1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BdPV2 belonged to the Gammapartitivirus genus and Partitiviridae family. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a gammapartitivirus in B. dothidea.
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2
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López CB. Defective Viral Particles. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Fu Y, Cao M, Wang H, Du Z, Liu Y, Wang X. Discovery and characterization of a novel insect-specific reovirus isolated from Psammotettix alienus. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:884-892. [PMID: 32469302 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus designated Psammotettix alienus reovirus (PARV) was found in the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus in China. Spherical particles approximately 70 nm in diameter arranged in a crystalline array were observed in the salivary gland tissues of infected leafhoppers by transmission electron microscopy. Some viral particles were also encased in tubules, similar to those of previously described reoviruses. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the dsRNA genome of PARV consists of 29 569 nucleotides (nt) divided into 10 segments ranging from 4403 to 1476 nt, with low G+C content (29.5-36.5 %). All segments contained conserved terminal sequences (5'AAC…GUCA3') and specific panhandle structures formed by inverted terminal repeats in the noncoding regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that PARV was in the fijivirus clade, but in a monophyletic lineage with an unassigned insect reovirus (Hubei insect virus 2, HBIV-2), although PARV and HBIV-2 are distinct enough to represent a new group within the genus Fijivirus. Biological assays showed that PARV infects P. alienus but not wheat plants, implying that it is a new insect-specific reovirus in the leafhopper. Given these features, PARV should be considered as a new species in the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Du
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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4
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Chen Q, Nouri S, Zhang Y, Erickson A, Falk BW. Diaphorina citri reovirus is most closely related to fijiviruses. Virology 2020; 547:20-26. [PMID: 32560901 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an important insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causal agent of Huanglongbing, which is the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide. Sequences for putative Diaphorina citri reovirus (DcRV) were identified from some worldwide populations of D. citri. Here, field surveys indicated that the virus was common in D. citri populations from Hawaii and Fuzhou of PR China. Electron microscopy showed that DcRV virions possessed a typical reovirus-like morphology. The U. S. and Chinese DcRV isolates both showed 10 segments of double-stranded RNA sharing >96% nucleotide sequence identity, and encoding 11 deduced proteins. All genome segments contained conserved 5' and 3' terminal nucleotide sequences and inverted repeats that are hallmarks of reovirus sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DcRV may be considered a new species of the genus Fijivirus sharing a most recent common ancestor with the insect-specific fijivirus Nilaparvata lugens reovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Institute of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Shahideh Nouri
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuele Zhang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, PR China
| | - Anna Erickson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bryce W Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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5
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Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus-host interaction. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1075-1087. [PMID: 31160826 PMCID: PMC7097797 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to appreciate the surprising versatility of viral genomes and how replication-competent and -defective virus variants can provide means for adaptation, immune escape and virus perpetuation. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the types of defective viral genomes generated during the replication of RNA viruses and the functions that they carry out. We highlight the universality and diversity of defective viral genomes during infections and discuss their predicted role in maintaining a fit virus population, their impact on human and animal health, and their potential to be harnessed as antiviral tools. This Review describes recent findings on the biogenesis and the role of defective viral genomes during replication of RNA viruses and discusses their impact on viral dynamics and evolution.
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6
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Characterization of a Botybirnavirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030266. [PMID: 30884907 PMCID: PMC6466033 DOI: 10.3390/v11030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus was isolated and characterized from strain EW220 of the phytopathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. The full-length cDNAs of the dsRNAs were 6434 bp and 5986 bp in size, respectively. The largest dsRNA encodes a cap-pol fusion protein that contains a coat protein gene and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain, and the second dsRNA encodes a hypothetical protein. Genome sequence analysis revealed that the sequences of the dsRNA virus shared 99% identity with Bipolaris maydis botybirnavirus 1(BmBRV1) isolated from the causal agent of corn southern leaf blight, Bipolaris maydis. Hence, the dsRNA virus constitutes a new strain of BmBRV1 and was named Bipolaris maydis botybirnavirus 1 strain BdEW220 (BmBRV1-BdEW220). BmBRV1-BdEW220 contains spherical virions that are 37 nm in diameter and consist of two dsRNA segments. The structural proteins of the BmBRV1-BdEW220 virus particles were 110 kDa, 90 kDa, and 80 kDa and were encoded by dsRNA1 and 2-ORFs. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that BmBRV1 and BmBRV1-BdEW220 are phylogenetically related to the genus Botybirnavirus. Importantly, BmBRV1-BdEW220 influences the growth of B. dothidea and confers hypovirulence to the fungal host. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a botybirnavirus in B. dothidea.
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7
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Bravo JPK, Borodavka A, Barth A, Calabrese AN, Mojzes P, Cockburn JJB, Lamb DC, Tuma R. Stability of local secondary structure determines selectivity of viral RNA chaperones. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:7924-7937. [PMID: 29796667 PMCID: PMC6125681 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain genome integrity, segmented double-stranded RNA viruses of the Reoviridae family must accurately select and package a complete set of up to a dozen distinct genomic RNAs. It is thought that the high fidelity segmented genome assembly involves multiple sequence-specific RNA-RNA interactions between single-stranded RNA segment precursors. These are mediated by virus-encoded non-structural proteins with RNA chaperone-like activities, such as rotavirus (RV) NSP2 and avian reovirus σNS. Here, we compared the abilities of NSP2 and σNS to mediate sequence-specific interactions between RV genomic segment precursors. Despite their similar activities, NSP2 successfully promotes inter-segment association, while σNS fails to do so. To understand the mechanisms underlying such selectivity in promoting inter-molecular duplex formation, we compared RNA-binding and helix-unwinding activities of both proteins. We demonstrate that octameric NSP2 binds structured RNAs with high affinity, resulting in efficient intramolecular RNA helix disruption. Hexameric σNS oligomerizes into an octamer that binds two RNAs, yet it exhibits only limited RNA-unwinding activity compared to NSP2. Thus, the formation of intersegment RNA-RNA interactions is governed by both helix-unwinding capacity of the chaperones and stability of RNA structure. We propose that this protein-mediated RNA selection mechanism may underpin the high fidelity assembly of multi-segmented RNA genomes in Reoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P K Bravo
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anders Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Mojzes
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph J B Cockburn
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Don C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) and Centre for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Tuma
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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8
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Horta AB, Ardisson-Araujo DMP, da Silva LA, de Melo FL, da Silva Morgado F, Franco Lemos MV, Ribeiro ZA, Boiça AL, Wilcken CF, Ribeiro BM. Genomic analysis of a cypovirus isolated from the eucalyptus brown looper, Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll, 1782) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Virus Res 2018; 253:62-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Zhai L, Zhang M, Hong N, Xiao F, Fu M, Xiang J, Wang G. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Hepta-Segmented dsRNA Virus From the Phytopathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum fructicola. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:754. [PMID: 29725323 PMCID: PMC5917037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hepta-segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus was isolated and characterized from the strain FJ-4 of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, and was named Colletotrichum fructicola chrysovirus 1 (CfCV1). The full-length cDNAs of dsRNA1–7 were 3620, 2801, 2687, 2437, 1750, 1536, and 1211 bp, respectively. The 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions of the seven dsRNAs share highly similar internal sequence and contain conserved sequence stretches, indicating that they have a common virus origin. The 5′-and 3′-UTRs of the seven dsRNAs were predicted to fold into stable stem-loop structures. CfCV1 contains spherical virions that are 35 nm in diameter consisting of seven segments. The largest dsRNA of CfCV1 encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the second dsRNA encodes a viral capsid protein (CP). The dsRNA5 encodes a C2H2-type zinc finger protein containing an R-rich region and a G-rich region. The smallest dsRNA is a satellite-like RNA. The functions of the other proteins encoded by dsRNA3, dsRNA4, dsRNA6 are unknown. Phylogenetic analysis, based on RdRp and CP, indicated that CfCV1 is phylogenetically related to Botryosphaeria dothidea chrysovirus 1 (BdCV1), and Penicillium janczewskii chrysovirus 2 (PjCV2), a cluster of an independent cluster II group in the family Chrysoviridae. Importantly, all the seven segments of CfCV1 were transmitted successfully to other virus-free strains with an all-or-none fashion. CfCV1 exerts minor influence on the growth of C. fructicola but can confer hypovirulence to the fungal host. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hepta-segmented tentative chrysovirus in C. fructicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meixin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ni Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Fu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agromicrobiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Niu Y, Yuan Y, Mao J, Yang Z, Cao Q, Zhang T, Wang S, Liu D. Characterization of two novel mycoviruses from Penicillium digitatum and the related fungicide resistance analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5513. [PMID: 29615698 PMCID: PMC5882929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi including Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are the main destructive pathogens in the citrus industry, causing great losses during postharvest process. To our knowledge, only one mycovirus from P. digitatum has been reported, and the prevalence of such mycoviruses against citrus postharvest pathogenic fungi and their genotyping were still under investigation. In the present study, we showed that 39 of 152 Penicillium isolates from main citrus-growing areas in China were infected with various mycoviruses belonging to polymycoviruses, Narna-like viruses, and families Totiviridae, Partitivirdae and Chrysoviridae. The next generation sequencing (NGS) towards virus genome library and the following molecular analysis revealed two novel mycoviruses Penicillium digitatum polymycovirus 1 (PdPmV1) and Penicillium digitatum Narna-like virus 1 (PdNLV1), coexisting in P. digitatum strain HS-RH2. The fungicide-resistant P. digitatum strains HS-F6 and HS-E9 coinfected by PdPmV1 and PdNLV1 exhibited obvious reduction in triazole drug prochloraz resistance by mycelial growth analysis on both PDA plates and citrus fruit epidermis with given prochloraz concentration. This report at the first time characterized two novel mycoviruses from P. digitatum and revealed the mycovirus-induced reduction of fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Niu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qianwen Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Tingfu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China.
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11
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Structure and function of S9 segment of grass carp reovirus Anhui strain. Virusdisease 2017; 28:26-32. [PMID: 28466052 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly virulent grass carp reovirus (GCRV) strain, named GCRV-AH528, was recently purified from a diseased grass carp with hemorrhage disease in Anhui, China. GCRV-AH528 S9 segment was 1320 nucleotides in length and encoded a 418 amino acid VP6 protein. BLAST search showed that the VP6 protein owned a conserved domain belonging to the reoviral σ2 family. Phylogenetic analysis of VP6 presented that GCRV-AH528 belonged to GCRV genotype II, which was more closely related to Orthoreovirus than GCRV genotype I and genotype III. Further analysis revealed that GCRV-AH528 S9 and mammalian orthoreovirus S8 might have evolved from a common ancestral precursor and have identical mechanism in virus assembly. The expression level of vp6 gene was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Over time, the expression level of vp6 gradually increased in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells. However, the level of vp6 expression in blood sharply increased at 4-6 days, and then decreased to a low level after GCRV-AH528 challenge (P < 0.05). The vp6 gene was detected in all tissues examined, whereas at relatively higher levels in blood, kidney, and liver (P < 0.05). The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system was used to identify VP6 self-interaction, while no interaction was detected in VP6-VP6. This study not only revealed the S9 segment structure and expression pattern but also analyzed the VP6 mechanism by yeast hybridization method. The present study provides valuable informations for further experimental design and investigation of VP6 functions.
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12
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Characterization of a novel double-stranded RNA mycovirus conferring hypovirulence from the phytopathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. Virology 2016; 493:75-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Borodavka A, Ault J, Stockley PG, Tuma R. Evidence that avian reovirus σNS is an RNA chaperone: implications for genome segment assortment. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7044-57. [PMID: 26109354 PMCID: PMC4538827 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reoviruses are important human, animal and plant pathogens having 10-12 segments of double-stranded genomic RNA. The mechanisms controlling the assortment and packaging of genomic segments in these viruses, remain poorly understood. RNA-protein and RNA-RNA interactions between viral genomic segment precursors have been implicated in the process. While non-structural viral RNA-binding proteins, such as avian reovirus σNS, are essential for virus replication, the mechanism by which they assist packaging is unclear. Here we demonstrate that σNS assembles into stable elongated hexamers in vitro, which bind single-stranded nucleic acids with high affinity, but little sequence specificity. Using ensemble and single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that σNS also binds to a partially double-stranded RNA, resulting in gradual helix unwinding. The hexamer can bind multiple RNA molecules and exhibits strand-annealing activity, thus mediating conversion of metastable, intramolecular stem-loops into more stable heteroduplexes. We demonstrate that the ARV σNS acts as an RNA chaperone facilitating specific RNA-RNA interactions between genomic precursors during segment assortment and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Borodavka
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - James Ault
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter G Stockley
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roman Tuma
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology & Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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14
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Eusebio-Cope A, Suzuki N. Mycoreovirus genome rearrangements associated with RNA silencing deficiency. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3802-13. [PMID: 25800742 PMCID: PMC4402544 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1) has 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments (S1 to S11) and confers hypovirulence to the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. MyRV1 genome rearrangements are frequently generated by a multifunctional protein, p29, encoded by a positive-strand RNA virus, Cryphonectria hypovirus 1. One of its functional roles is RNA silencing suppression. Here, we explored a possible link between MyRV1 genome rearrangements and the host RNA silencing pathway using wild-type (WT) and mutant strains of both MyRV1 and the host fungus. Host strains included deletion mutants of RNA silencing components such as dicer-like (dcl) and argonaute-like (agl) genes, while virus strains included an S4 internal deletion mutant MyRV1/S4ss. Consequently, intragenic rearrangements with nearly complete duplication of the three largest segments, i.e. S1, S2 and S3, were observed even more frequently in the RNA silencing-deficient strains Δdcl2 and Δagl2 infected with MyRV1/S4ss, but not with any other viral/host strain combinations. An interesting difference was noted between genome rearrangement events in the two host strains, i.e. generation of the rearrangement required prolonged culture for Δagl2 in comparison with Δdcl2. These results suggest a role for RNA silencing that suppresses genome rearrangements of a dsRNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eusebio-Cope
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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15
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A newly isolated reovirus has the simplest genomic and structural organization of any reovirus. J Virol 2014; 89:676-87. [PMID: 25355879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02264-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A total of 2,691 mosquitoes representing 17 species was collected from eight locations in southwest Cameroon and screened for pathogenic viruses. Ten isolates of a novel reovirus (genus Dinovernavirus) were detected by culturing mosquito pools on Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cell cultures. A virus that caused overt cytopathic effects was isolated, but it did not infect vertebrate cells or produce detectable disease in infant mice after intracerebral inoculation. The virus, tentatively designated Fako virus (FAKV), represents the first 9-segment, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus to be isolated in nature. FAKV appears to have a broad mosquito host range, and its detection in male specimens suggests mosquito-to-mosquito transmission in nature. The structure of the T=1 FAKV virion, determined to subnanometer resolution by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), showed only four proteins per icosahedral asymmetric unit: a dimer of the major capsid protein, one turret protein, and one clamp protein. While all other turreted reoviruses of known structures have at least two copies of the clamp protein per asymmetric unit, FAKV's clamp protein bound at only one conformer of the major capsid protein. The FAKV capsid architecture and genome organization represent the most simplified reovirus described to date, and phylogenetic analysis suggests that it arose from a more complex ancestor by serial loss-of-function events. IMPORTANCE We describe the detection, genetic, phenotypic, and structural characteristics of a novel Dinovernavirus species isolated from mosquitoes collected in Cameroon. The virus, tentatively designated Fako virus (FAKV), is related to both single-shelled and partially double-shelled viruses. The only other described virus in this genus was isolated from cultured mosquito cells. It was previously unclear whether the phenotypic characteristics of that virus were reflective of this genus in nature or were altered during serial passaging in the chronically infected cell line. FAKV is a naturally occurring single-shelled reovirus with a unique virion architecture that lacks several key structural elements thought to stabilize a single-shelled reovirus virion, suggesting what may be the minimal number of proteins needed to form a viable reovirus particle. FAKV evolved from more complex ancestors by losing a genome segment and several virion proteins.
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Yun T, Yu B, Ni Z, Ye W, Chen L, Hua J, Zhang C. Isolation and genomic characterization of a classical Muscovy duck reovirus isolated in Zhejiang, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:444-53. [PMID: 24140560 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A classical Muscovy reovirus was isolated from a sick Muscovy duck with white necrotic foci in its liver in Zhejiang, China, in 2000. This classical reovirus was propagated in a chicken fibroblast cell line (DF-1) with obvious cytopathic effects. Its genome was 22,967 bp in length, with approximately 51.41% G+C content and 10 dsRNA segments encoding 11 proteins, which formed a 3/3/4 electrophoretic PAGE profile pattern. The length of the genomic segments was similar to those of avian orthoreoviruses (ARV and N-MDRV), ranging from 3959 nt (L1) to 1191nt (S4). All of the segments have the conserved terminal sequences 5'-GCUUUU--UUCAUC-3', and with the exception of the S4 segment, all the genome segments apparently encode one single primary translation product. The genome analysis revealed that the S4 segment of classical MDRV is a bicistronic gene, encoding the overlapping ORFs for p10 and σC but distinct from ARV and N-MDRV/N-GRV, which codes for p10, p18 and σC via the tricistronic S1 segment. A comparative sequence analysis provided evidence indicating extensive sequence divergence between classical MDRV and other avian orthoreoviruses. A phylogenetic analysis based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the major outer capsid proteins σC was performed. Members of the DRVs in the Avian orthoreovirus species were clustered into two genetic groups (classical MDRV and N-MDRV genotype), and the classical MDRV isolates formed distinct lineages (China and Europe lineages), suggesting that the classical MDRVs isolated in restricted geographical region are evolving by different and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Fan Y, Rao S, Zeng L, Ma J, Zhou Y, Xu J, Zhang H. Identification and genomic characterization of a novel fish reovirus, Hubei grass carp disease reovirus, isolated in 2009 in China. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2266-2277. [PMID: 23851441 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel fish reovirus, Hubei grass carp disease reovirus (HGDRV; formerly grass carp reovirus strain 104, GCRV104), was isolated from diseased grass carp in China in 2009 and the full genome sequence was determined. This reovirus was propagated in a grass carp kidney cell line with a typical cytopathic effect. The total size of the genome was 23 706 bp with a 51 mol% G+C content, and the 11 dsRNA segments encoded 12 proteins (two proteins encoded by segment 11). A nucleotide sequence similarity search using blastn found no significant matches except for segment 2, which partially matched that of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) from several viruses in the genera Aquareovirus and Orthoreovirus of the family Reoviridae. At the amino acid level, seven segments (Seg-1 to Seg-6, and Seg-8) matched with species in the genera Aquareovirus (15-46 % identities) and Orthoreovirus (12-44 % identities), while for four segments (Seg-7, Seg-9, Seg-10 and Seg-11) no similarities in these genera were found. Conserved terminal sequences, 5'-GAAUU----UCAUC-3', were found in each HGDRV segment at the 5' and 3' ends, and the 5'-terminal nucleotides were different from any known species in the genus Aquareovirus. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp amino acid sequences from members of the family Reoviridae showed that HGDRV clustered with aquareoviruses prior to joining a branch common with orthoreoviruses. Based on these observations, we propose that HGDRV is a new species in the genus Aquareovirus that is distantly related to any known species within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuding Fan
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, PR China.,Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Shujing Rao
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, PR China
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Tanaka T, Eusebio-Cope A, Sun L, Suzuki N. Mycoreovirus genome alterations: similarities to and differences from rearrangements reported for other reoviruses. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:186. [PMID: 22675320 PMCID: PMC3365852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Reoviridae is one of the largest virus families with genomes composed of 9-12 double-stranded RNA segments. It includes members infecting organisms from protists to humans. It is well known that reovirus genomes are prone to various types of genome alterations including intragenic rearrangement and reassortment under laboratory and natural conditions. Recently distinct genetic alterations were reported for members of the genus Mycoreovirus, Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1), and MyRV3 with 11 (S1-S11) and 12 genome segments (S1-S12), respectively. While MyRV3 S8 is lost during subculturing of infected host fungal strains, MyRV1 rearrangements undergo alterations spontaneously and inducibly. The inducible MyRV1 rearrangements are different from any other previous examples of reovirus rearrangements in their dependence on an unrelated virus factor, a multifunctional protein, p29, encoded by a distinct virus Cryphonectria parasitica hypovirus 1 (CHV1). A total of 5 MyRV1 variants with genome rearranged segments (S1-S3, S6 and S10) are generated in the background of a single viral strain in the presence of CHV1 p29 supplied either transgenically or by coinfection. MyRV1 S4 and S10 are rearranged, albeit very infrequently, in a CHV1 p29 independent fashion. A variant of MyRV1 with substantial deletions in both S4 and S10, generated through a combined reassortment and rearrangement approach, shows comparable replication levels to the wild-type MyRV1. In vivo and in vitro interactions of CHV1 p29 and MyRV1 VP9 are implicated in the induction of MyRV1 rearrangements. However, the mechanism underlying p29-mediated rearrangements remains largely unknown. MyRV1 S4 rearrangements spontaneously occurred independently of CHV1 p29. In the absence of reverse genetics systems for mycoreoviruses, molecular and biological characterization of these MyRV1 and MyRV3 variants contribute to functional analyses of the protein products encoded by those rearranged segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tanaka
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science and Bioresources, Okayama University Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Quito-Avila DF, Lightle D, Lee J, Martin RR. Transmission biology of Raspberry latent virus, the first aphid-borne reovirus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:547-553. [PMID: 22352304 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-11-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) is a newly characterized reovirus found in commercial raspberry fields in the Pacific Northwest (PNW). Thus far, all members of the plant reoviruses are transmitted in a replicative, persistent manner by several species of leafhoppers or planthoppers. After several failed attempts to transmit RpLV using leafhoppers, the large raspberry aphid, commonly found in the PNW, was tested as a vector of the virus. The virus was transmitted to new, healthy raspberry plants when inoculated with groups of at least 50 viruliferous aphids, suggesting that aphids are vectors of RpLV, albeit inefficient ones. Using absolute and relative quantification methods, it was shown that the virus titer in aphids continued to increase after the acquisition period even when aphids were serially transferred onto fresh, healthy plants on a daily basis. Transmission experiments determined that RpLV has a 6-day latent period in the aphid before it becomes transmissible; however, it was not transmitted transovarially to the next generation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant reovirus transmitted by an aphid. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RpLV is related most closely to but distinct from Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), the type member of the genus Oryzavirus. Moreover, the conserved nucleotide termini of the genomic segments of RpLV did not match those of RRSV or other plant reoviruses, allowing us to suggest that RpLV is probably the type member of a new genus in the Reoviridae comprising aphid-transmitted reoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Quito-Avila
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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20
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Deng XX, Lü L, Ou YJ, Su HJ, Li G, Guo ZX, Zhang R, Zheng PR, Chen YG, He JG, Weng SP. Sequence analysis of 12 genome segments of mud crab reovirus (MCRV). Virology 2012; 422:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Spear A, Sisterson MS, Stenger DC. Reovirus genomes from plant-feeding insects represent a newly discovered lineage within the family Reoviridae. Virus Res 2011; 163:503-11. [PMID: 22142476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A complex set of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) was isolated from threecornered alfalfa hopper (Spissistilus festinus), a plant-feeding hemipteran pest. A subset of these dsRNAs constitute the genome of a new reovirus, provisionally designated Spissistilus festinus reovirus (SpFRV). SpFRV was present in threecornered alfalfa hopper populations in the San Joaquin Valley of California, with incidence ranging from 10% to 60% in 24 of 25 sample sets analyzed. The 10 dsRNA segments of SpFRV were completely sequenced and shown to share conserved terminal sequences (5'-AGAGA and CGAUGUUGU-3') of the positive-sense strand that are distinct from known species of the family Reoviridae. Comparisons of the RNA directed RNA polymerase (RdRp) indicated SpFRV is most closely related (39.1% amino acid identity) to another new reovirus infecting the angulate leafhopper (Acinopterus angulatus) and provisionally designated Acinopterus angulatus reovirus (AcARV). The RdRp of both viruses was distantly related to Raspberry latent virus RdRp at 27.0% (SpFRV) and 30.0% (AcARV) or Rice ragged stunt virus RdRp at 26.2% (SpFRV) and 29.0% (AcARV) amino acid identity. RdRp phylogeny confirmed that SpFRV and AcARV are sister taxa sharing a most recent common ancestor. SpFRV segment 6 encodes a protein containing two NTP binding motifs that are conserved in homologs of reoviruses in the subfamily Spinareovirinae. The protein encoded by SpFRV segment 4 was identified as a guanylyltransferase homolog. SpFRV segments 1, 3, and 10 encode homologs of reovirus structural proteins. No homologs were identified for proteins encoded by SpFRV segments 5, 7, 8, and 9. Collectively, the low level of sequence identity with other reoviruses, similar segment terminal sequences, RdRp phylogeny, and host taxa indicate that SpFRV and AcARV may be considered members of a proposed new genus of the family Reoviridae (subfamily Spinareovirinae), with SpFRV assigned as the type species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn Spear
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648, USA
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22
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Yin X, Xu FF, Zheng FQ, Li XD, Liu BS, Zhang CQ. Molecular characterization of segments S7 to S10 of a southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolate from maize in northern China. Virol Sin 2011; 26:47-53. [PMID: 21331890 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-011-3170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is a novel Fijivirus prevalent in rice in southern and central China, and northern Vietnam. Its genome has 10 segments of double-stranded RNA named S1 to S10 according to their size. An isolate of SRBSDV, JNi4, was obtained from naturally infected maize plants from Ji'ning, Shandong province, in the 2008 maize season. Segments S7 to S10 of JNi4 share nucleotide identities of 72.6%-73.1%, 72.3%-73%, 73.9%-74.5% and 77.3%-79%, respectively, with corresponding segments of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolates, and identities of 99.7%, 99.1%-99.7%, 98.9%-99.5%, and 98.6%-99.2% with those of SRBSDV isolates HN and GD. JNi4 forms a separate branch with GD and HN in the phylogenetic trees constructed with genomic sequences of S7 to S10. These results confirm the proposed taxonomic status of SRBSDV as a distinct species of the genus Fijivirus and indicate that JNi4 is an isolate of SRBSDV. Shandong is so far the northernmost region where SRBSDV is found in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yin
- Shandong Key Laboratory for Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
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Quito-Avila DF, Jelkmann W, Tzanetakis IE, Keller K, Martin RR. Complete sequence and genetic characterization of Raspberry latent virus, a novel member of the family Reoviridae. Virus Res 2010; 155:397-405. [PMID: 21144872 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new virus isolated from red raspberry plants and detected in the main production areas in northern Washington State, USA and British Columbia, Canada was fully sequenced and found to be a novel member of the family Reoviridae. The virus was designated as Raspberry latent virus (RpLV) based on the fact that it is symptomless when present in single infections in several Rubus virus indicators and commercial raspberry cultivars. RpLV genome is 26,128 nucleotides (nt) divided into 10 dsRNA segments. The length of the genomic segments (S) was similar to those of other reoviruses ranging from 3948 nt (S1) to 1141 nt (S10). All of the segments, except S8, have the conserved terminal sequences 5'-AGUU----GAAUAC-3'. A point mutation at each terminus of S8 resulted in the sequences 5'-AGUA----GAUUAC-3'. Inverted repeats adjacent to each conserved terminus as well as stem loops and extended pan handles were identified by analyses of secondary structures of the non-coding sequences. All segments, except S3 and S10, contained a single open reading frame (ORF) on the positive sense RNAs. Two out-of-frame overlapping ORFs were identified in segments S3 (ORF S3a and S3b) and S10 (ORF S10a and S10b). Amino acid (aa) alignments of the putative proteins encoded by the main ORF in each segment revealed a high identity to several proteins encoded by reoviruses from different genera including Oryzavirus, Cypovirus, and Dinovernavirus. Alignments of the polymerase, the most conserved protein among reoviruses, revealed a 36% aa identity between RpLV and Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV), the type member of the genus Oryzavirus, indicating that these two viruses are closely related. Phylogenetic analyses showed that RpLV clusters with members of the genera Oryzavirus, Cypovirus, Dinovernavirus and Fijivirus. These genera belong to the subfamily Spinareovirinae which includes reoviruses with spiked core particles ('turreted' reoviruses). In addition, two nucleotide binding motifs, regarded as 'signature' sequences among turreted reoviruses, were also found in RpLV P8, suggesting that RpLV is a novel dicot-infecting reovirus in the subfamily Spinareovirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Quito-Avila
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zhai Y, Attoui H, Mohd Jaafar F, Wang HQ, Cao YX, Fan SP, Sun YX, Liu LD, Mertens PPC, Meng WS, Wang D, Liang G. Isolation and full-length sequence analysis of Armigeres subalbatus totivirus, the first totivirus isolate from mosquitoes representing a proposed novel genus (Artivirus) of the family Totiviridae. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2836-45. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.024794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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25
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Eusebio-Cope A, Sun L, Hillman BI, Suzuki N. Mycoreovirus 1 S4-coded protein is dispensable for viral replication but necessary for efficient vertical transmission and normal symptom induction. Virology 2010; 397:399-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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26
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A new Phytoreovirus infecting the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis). Virology 2009; 386:469-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Sun L, Suzuki N. Intragenic rearrangements of a mycoreovirus induced by the multifunctional protein p29 encoded by the prototypic hypovirus CHV1-EP713. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 14:2557-2571. [PMID: 18945807 PMCID: PMC2590959 DOI: 10.1261/rna.1125408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycoreovirus 1 (MyRV1), a member of the Reoviridae family possessing a genome consisting of 11 dsRNA segments (S1-S11), and the prototype hypovirus (CHV1-EP713) of the Hypoviridae family, which is closely related to the monopartite picorna-like superfamily with a ssRNA genome, infect the chestnut blight fungus and cause virulence attenuation and distinct phenotypic alterations in the host. Here, we present evidence for reproducible induction of intragenic rearrangements of MyRV1 S6 and S10, mediated by the multifunctional protein p29 encoded by CHV1. S6 and S10 underwent an almost full-length ORF duplication (S6L) and an internal deletion of three-fourths of the ORF (S10ss). No significant influence on symptom induction in the fungal host was associated with the S6L rearrangement. In contrast, S10-encoded VP10, while nonessential for MyRV1 replication, was shown to contribute to virulence reduction and reduced growth of aerial mycelia. Furthermore, p29 was found to copurify with MyRV1 genomic RNA and bind to VP9 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting direct interactions of p29 with the MyRV1 replication machinery. This study provides the first example of a viral factor involved in RNA genome rearrangements of a different virus and shows its usefulness as a probe into the mechanism of replication and symptom expression of a heterologous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Sun
- Agrivirology Laboratory, Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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28
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A black-streaked dwarf disease on rice in China is caused by a novel fijivirus. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1893-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Molecular characterisation of a cypovirus isolated from the western spruce budworm Choristoneura occidentalis. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1759-63. [PMID: 18695934 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel cypovirus, assigned CoCPV, was isolated from natural populations of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis. The complete nucleotide sequences of genomic segments S2-S5 and S7-S10 were determined. Each segment contained a single open reading frame. Conserved motifs 5' (AGUUU......UUUGUGC) 3' were found at the ends of each segment. Analysis of S2, which encoded a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein, confirmed CoCPV belonged to the genus Cypovirus within the family Reoviridae. Further phylogenetic analysis using S10 (the polyhedrin gene) aligned this virus with species type-16, closely related to a cypovirus isolated from C. fumiferana.
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Zhang HM, Xin X, Yang J, Chen JP, Wang JM, Adams MJ. Completion of the sequence of rice gall dwarf virus from Guangxi, China. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1737-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Mohd Jaafar F, Goodwin AE, Belhouchet M, Merry G, Fang Q, Cantaloube JF, Biagini P, de Micco P, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Complete characterisation of the American grass carp reovirus genome (genus Aquareovirus: family Reoviridae) reveals an evolutionary link between aquareoviruses and coltiviruses. Virology 2008; 373:310-21. [PMID: 18191982 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An aquareovirus was isolated from several fish species in the USA (including healthy golden shiners) that is not closely related to members of species Aquareovirus A, B and C. The virus, which is atypical (does not cause syncytia in cell cultures at neutral pH), was implicated in a winter die-off of grass carp fingerlings and has therefore been called 'American grass carp reovirus' (AGCRV). Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the AGCRV genome and comparisons to the other aquareoviruses showed that it is closely related to golden ide reovirus (GIRV) (>92% amino acid [aa] identity in VP5(NTPase) and VP2(Pol)). However, comparisons with grass carp reovirus (Aquareovirus C) and chum salmon reovirus (Aquareovirus A) showed only 22% to 76% aa identity in different viral proteins. These findings have formed the basis for the recognition of AGCRV and GIRV as members of a new Aquareovirus species 'Aquareovirus G' by ICTV. Further sequence comparisons to other members of the family Reoviridae suggest that there has been an 'evolutionary jump,' involving a change in the number of genome segments, between the aquareoviruses (11 segments) and coltiviruses (12 segments). Segment 7 of AGRCV encodes two proteins, from two distinct ORFs, which are homologues of two Coltivirus proteins encoded by genome segments 9 and 12. A similar model has previously been reported for the rotaviruses and seadornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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Picton A, Potgieter C, Rey MEC. Molecular analysis of six segments of tobacco leaf enation virus, a novel phytoreovirus from tobacco. Virus Genes 2007; 35:387-93. [PMID: 17356907 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco leaf enation virus (TLEV) is a putative member of the genus Phytoreovirus within the family Reoviridae. Previous western blot analysis of structural viral proteins (apparent molecular weights of 93 kDa; 58 kDa; 48 kDa; 39 kDa and 36 kDa) associated with TLEV, isolated from infected tobacco in South Africa, suggested that these proteins may correspond to structural Wound tumor virus (WTV) proteins. To further establish the nature of this novel virus disease phenotype in tobacco, molecular characterization of six dsRNA components was undertaken. Full-length cDNA clones were obtained by an optimized modified single-primer amplification sequence-independent dsRNA cloning method. Results of this study revealed the conserved terminal sequence: 5'GG(U/C)...UGAU 3' of segments S6-S12, while adjacent to these conserved terminal sequences are imperfect inverted repeats (7-15 bp in length), both features being common to reoviruses. The complete nucleotide sequences of segments S5 (2,610 bp), S7 (1,740 bp), S8 (1,439 bp), S10 (1,252 bp), S11 (1,187 bp) and S12 (836 bp) were determined. Comparison of full-length nucleotide sequences with corresponding segments of other phytoreoviruses, Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), Rice dwarf virus (RDV) and WTV has shown nucleotide and predicted amino acid identities within the range of 30-60%. TLEV consistently shows a higher identity to WTV than to other phytoreovirus species where sequence data is available. Each segment had a single predicted open reading frame encoding proteins with calculated molecular weights of S5 (90.6 kDa); S7 (58.1 kDa); S8 (47.7 kDa); S10 (39.8 kDa); S11 (35 kDa) and S12 (19.5 kDa). The relatively low nucleotide and amino acid identity to other members of the genus demonstrates that TLEV is a novel phytoreovirus, distinct from the only other reported dicotyledenous-infecting WTV and is the first phytoreovirus reported to emerge in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Picton
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg PO Wits 2050, South Africa
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33
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Zhang HM, Yang J, Xin X, Chen JP, Adams MJ. Molecular characterization of the largest and smallest genome segments, S1 and S12, of Rice gall dwarf virus. Virus Genes 2007; 35:815-23. [PMID: 17674177 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of segments S1 and S12 of a Chinese isolate of Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) were determined. This provides the first complete sequences of these segments. The complete sequence of S1, the largest genome segment of RGDV, was 4,505 nucleotides in length and was predicted to encode a large protein of 1,458 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of nearly 166.2 kDa. The protein was related to that encoded by S1 of Rice dwarf virus (RDV; 50% identity and 67% similarity) and (to a lesser extent) to some large proteins of other reoviruses. It appears to be an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and is probably present in particles as a minor core protein. S12, the smallest genome segment of RGDV, was 853 nucleotides in length, encoding a single major protein of 206 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of nearly 23.6 kDa. This protein, though a little larger than those of RDV S11 and Wound tumor virus (WTV) S12 in size, showed some similarity to them, especially in the conserved N-terminal region and may have RNA-binding properties. Despite having a common host plant, RDV and RGDV were not more closely related to one another than either of them was to WTV. Phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp showed that members of the genus Phytoreovirus were more closely related to those of the genus Rotavirus than to any other genus within the family Reoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Mu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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34
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Zhang HM, Yang J, Xin X, Chen JP, Adams MJ. Molecular characterization of the genome segments S4, S6 and S7 of rice gall dwarf virus. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1593-602. [PMID: 17558539 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) is a member of the genus Phytoreovirus within the family Reovirdae. Its genome has 12 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), of which the nucleotide sequences of segments S4, S6, and S7 were determined, providing the first complete genome sequence of RGDV. Each of the segments S4, S6, and S7 contained conserved terminal sequences conforming to the RGDV consensus, 5'-GGXA ... UGAU-3' (X = U or C). Each segment had a single predicted open reading frame encoding proteins with calculated molecular weights of 79.8, 58.6, and 53.3 kDa. These proteins appeared to be homologous to those encoded by the corresponding segments of rice dwarf virus and wound tumor virus, the other known members of the same genus, having about 20-30% amino acid identity to them. It is therefore likely that RGDV S4 and S6 encode non-structural proteins and S7 an inner core protein. Probable homologies between the segments of all known phytoreoviruses are summarized. Beyond these similarities, the RGDV proteins displayed no significant similarity to any other reported viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Virology Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
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35
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Maan S, Maan NS, Samuel AR, Rao S, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Analysis and phylogenetic comparisons of full-length VP2 genes of the 24 bluetongue virus serotypes. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:621-630. [PMID: 17251581 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer capsid protein VP2 of Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a target for the protective immune response generated by the mammalian host. VP2 contains the majority of epitopes that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies and is therefore also the primary determinant of BTV serotype. Full-length cDNA copies of genome segment 2 (Seg-2, which encodes VP2) from the reference strains of each of the 24 BTV serotypes were synthesized, cloned and sequenced. This represents the first complete set of full-length BTV VP2 genes (from the 24 serotypes) that has been analysed. Each Seg-2 has a single open reading frame, with short inverted repeats adjacent to conserved terminal hexanucleotide sequences. These data demonstrated overall inter-serotype variations in Seg-2 of 29 % (BTV-8 and BTV-18) to 59 % (BTV-16 and BTV-22), while the deduced amino acid sequence of VP2 varied from 22.4 % (BTV-4 and BTV-20) to 73 % (BTV-6 and BTV-22). Ten distinct Seg-2 lineages (nucleotypes) were detected, with greatest sequence similarities between those serotypes that had previously been reported as serologically ‘related’. Fewer similarities were observed between different serotypes in regions of VP2 that have been reported as antigenically important, suggesting that they may play a role in the neutralizing antibody response. The data presented form an initial basis for BTV serotype identification by sequence analyses and comparison of Seg-2, and for development of molecular diagnostic assays for individual BTV serotypes (by RT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maan
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - N S Maan
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A R Samuel
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - S Rao
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - H Attoui
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - P P C Mertens
- Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Tyack SG, Studdert MJ, Johnson MA. Sequence and function of canine herpesvirus alpha-transinducing factor and its interaction with an immediate early promoter. Virus Genes 2007; 33:299-307. [PMID: 16991001 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The sequence of the alpha-transinducing factor (alpha-TIF) of canine herpesvirus (CHV-l) was determined. Alignment of the predicted CHV-1 alpha-TIF amino acid sequence with other alpha-TIF homologues reveals a core region of similarity with divergent amino and carboxyl termini. Analysis of the CHV-1 infected cell protein 4 promoter region identified a region containing nine copies of a 52 bp repeat that showed significant up-regulation of transcription by alpha-TIF. This region contained an imperfect 'TAATGARAT' motif, the binding site for herpes simplex virus 1 alpha-TIF, with an imperfect Oct-1 binding site immediately following. The infectious laryngotracheitis virus alpha-TIF was also shown to up-regulate transcription through this region of the promoter. Transfection of CHV-1 genomic DNA failed to yield infectious virus in canine kidney cell lines. Co-transfection of genomic DNA and an alpha-TIF expression plasmid resulted in virus plaques, indicating a potential essential role for alpha-TIF in CHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Tyack
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag No. 24, Geelong, VIC., 3220, Australia.
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37
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Guzmán FA, Distéfano AJ, Arneodo JD, Hopp HE, Lenardon SL, del Vas M, Conci LR. Sequencing of the bicistronic genome segments S7 and S9 of Mal de Río Cuarto virus (Fijivirus, Reoviridae) completes the genome of this virus. Arch Virol 2006; 152:565-73. [PMID: 17115303 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of genomic segments S7 and S9 of Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV, Fijivirus group II) have been determined, thus completing the entire genome sequence of the virus. These segments showed a non-overlapping bicistronic structure, as in other members of the genus. MRCV S7 ORF-1 had a length of 1086 bp and encoded a 41.5 kDa putative polypeptide, whereas MRCV S7 ORF-2 had a length of 930 bp and encoded a 36.8 kDa putative polypeptide. Proteins of 39 and 20.5 kDa were predicted for the 1014 bp long MRCV S9 ORF-1 and the 537 bp long MRCV S9 ORF-2, respectively. The terminal 5' and 3' sequences of both segments were 5'AAGUUUUU3' and 5'CAGCUnnnGUC3', respectively. Specific imperfect inverted repeats of each segment were identified. Comparison of the predicted proteins with those of related virus genome segments counterparts in maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) and rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), showed 64.5-44.3% identities. These values are lower than those resulting from comparisons between MRDV and RBSDV. The topology of the trees obtained using the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences of MRCV S7 and MRCV S9 was consistent with the analysis of the other MRCV segments previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guzmán
- Instituto de Fitopatología y Fisiología Vegetal, CICVyA, INTA, Córdoba, Argentina
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38
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Lymperopoulos K, Noad R, Tosi S, Nethisinghe S, Brierley I, Roy P. Specific binding of Bluetongue virus NS2 to different viral plus-strand RNAs. Virology 2006; 353:17-26. [PMID: 16872657 PMCID: PMC7116519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Reoviridae have double-stranded RNA genomes of 10-12 segments, each in a single copy in the mature virion. The basis of genome segment sorting during virus assembly that ensures each virus particle contains the complete viral genome is unresolved. Bluetongue virus (BTV) NS2 is a single-stranded RNA-binding protein that forms inclusion bodies in infected cells. Here, we demonstrate that the specific interaction between NS2 and a stem-loop structure present in BTV S10 RNA, and phylogenetically conserved in other BTV serotypes, is abolished by mutations predicted to disrupt the structure. Subsequently, we mapped RNA regions in three other genomic segments of BTV that are bound preferentially by NS2. However, structure probing of these RNAs did not reveal secondary structure motifs that obviously resembled the stem-loop implicated in the NS2-S10 interaction. In addition, the specific binding by NS2 to two different viral RNAs was found to occur independently. Together, these data support the hypothesis that the recognition by NS2 of different RNA structures may be the basis for discrimination between viral RNAs during virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Lymperopoulos
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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39
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Li Y, Tan L, Li Y, Chen W, Zhang J, Hu Y. Identification and genome characterization of Heliothis armigera cypovirus types 5 and 14 and Heliothis assulta cypovirus type 14. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:387-394. [PMID: 16432026 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic characterization of Heliothis armigera cypovirus (HaCPV) isolated from China showed that insects were co-infected with several cypoviruses (CPVs). One of the CPVs (HaCPV-5) could be separated from the others by changing the rearing conditions of the Heliothis armigera larvae. This finding was further confirmed by nucleotide sequencing analysis. Genomic sequences of segments S10-S7 from HaCPV-14, S10 and S7 from HaCPV-5, and S10 from Heliothis assulta CPV-14 were compared. Results from database searches showed that the nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acid sequences of the newly identified CPVs had high levels of identity with those of reported CPVs of the same type, but not with CPVs of different types. Putative amino acid sequences of HaCPV-5 S7 were similar to that of the protein from Rice ragged stunt virus (genus Oryzavirus, family Reoviridae), suggesting that CPVs and oryzaviruses are related more closely than other genera of the family Reoviridae. Conserved motifs were also identified at the ends of each RNA segment of the same virus type: type 14, 5'-AGAAUUU...CAGCU-3'; and type 5, 5'-AGUU...UUGC-3'. Our results are consistent with classification of CPV types based on the electrophoretic patterns of CPV double-stranded RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Tan
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wuguo Chen
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanyang Hu
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Tortorici MA, Shapiro BA, Patton JT. A base-specific recognition signal in the 5' consensus sequence of rotavirus plus-strand RNAs promotes replication of the double-stranded RNA genome segments. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 12:133-46. [PMID: 16301600 PMCID: PMC1370893 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Replication of the segmented double-stranded (ds)RNA genome of rotavirus requires the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) to use 11 different (+)RNAs as templates for (-) strand synthesis. Complementary sequences proximal to the 5' and 3' termini are predicted to direct cyclization of the (+)RNAs by forming panhandle structures from which short highly conserved terminal sequences protrude as single-stranded tails. Cell-free replication assays indicate that such structural organization of the 5'- and 3'-ends is required for efficient dsRNA synthesis. Multiple specifically recognized elements exist at the 3'-end that promote dsRNA synthesis including RdRP-recruitment signals and a (-) strand initiation sequence. In contrast to the 3'-end, the role of the 5'-end has been less well defined. In this study, we determined that the 5'-end contains a base-specific recognition signal that plays an important role in the assembly of the RdRP and cofactors into a stable initiation complex for (-) strand synthesis. The 5' recognition signal is associated with the G2 residue of the 5'-consensus sequence, a residue that shows absolute conservation among all rotavirus groups (A, B, and C) examined to date. From our results, we suggest that rotavirus (+)RNA cyclization, although likely initiated by 5'- 3' nucleotide complementarity, may be stabilized by RdRP-dependent bridging. Given that synthesis of the (-) strand on the (+)RNA template will disrupt 5'-3' nucleotide interactions, RdRP-dependent bridging may be the sole mechanism by which the dsRNA product can be held in the necessary cyclized conformation required for efficient multiple rounds of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Tortorici
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, 50 South Drive MSC 8026, Room 6314, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Markotter W, Theron J, Nel LH. Segment specific inverted repeat sequences in bluetongue virus mRNA are required for interaction with the virus non structural protein NS2. Virus Res 2005; 105:1-9. [PMID: 15325076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Computational secondary structure prediction of all 10 Bluetongue virus (BTV-10) RNA transcripts and mutant inverted repeat transcripts were performed. Transcripts with intact 5' and 3' inverted repeat sequences, all indicated base-pairing between the 5' and 3' ends when optimal folding parameters were applied. Secondary structure analysis of the mutant transcripts lacking the inverted repeat sequences indicated alterations in the secondary structures resulting from altered base-pairing. The importance of the inverted repeat sequences in RNA--protein binding was subsequently investigated. Deletion mutant clones lacking the 5' and/or 3' inverted repeat sequences have been constructed. A baculovirus recombinant expressing the BTV NS2 protein and radioactively synthesized RNA transcripts were subjected to nitrocellulose RNA--protein binding assays. The cumulative results suggested that the inverted repeat deletion mutants display weaker binding compared to BTV-10 segment 8 with intact 5' and 3' inverted repeat sequences. Inverted repeats may influence RNA--protein binding by altering the secondary structure of the RNA and consequently the specific NS2 protein-binding sites may no longer be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Markotter
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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42
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Seng EK, Fang Q, Sin YM, Lam TJ. Molecular Cloning, DNA Sequence Analysis, and Expression of cDNA Sequence of RNA Genomic Segment 6 (S6) that Encodes a Viral Outer Capsid Protein of Threadfin Aquareovirus (TFV). Virus Genes 2005; 30:209-21. [PMID: 15744578 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-004-5629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genome segment 6 (S6) of threadfin reovirus (TFV) was cloned and sequenced. The entire S6 nucleotide sequence is 2056 bp long with an open reading frame that encodes a protein of 653 amino acids. Sequence analysis of the TFV S6 genome revealed that the 5'-terminal sequence, GTTTTA and the 3'-terminal sequence, ATTCATC of the plus strand is common to other genome segments of TFV. The pentanucleotide, TCATC, at the 3'-terminal of the plus strand was also conserved in other reported isolates of Aquareovirus such as chum salmon reovirus (CSV), striped bass reovirus (SBR), grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and golden shiner reovirus (GSV) as well as to the 10 genome segments of mammalian reovirus (MRV). Blast results indicated that the TFV S6 gene segment sequence had high identity towards the CSV S6 gene sequence, which codes for the CSV outer coat protein. This implied that the TFV S6 gene segment codes for an outer capsid protein (OCP) of the virus. Amino acid sequence analysis of this TFV OCP sequence revealed the presence of a putative conserved asparagine-proline (Asn-Pro) protease cleavage site, which was found in all reported isolates of Aquareovirus as well as in the MRV mu1 protein. N-terminal sequencing of the corresponding S6 native protein obtained from purified TFV particles verified the presence of this cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis of the TFV S6 protein revealed that TFV was closely related to CSV, from Aquareovirus species, ARV-A. Cloning of the TFV S6 gene sequence into an Escherichia coli expression host produced a recombinant protein that corresponded to the predicated size of the OCP of TFV. Immunization of mice using this recombinant outer capsid protein (rOCP) revealed that the protein was able to elicit an antibody response, thus indicating that the rOCP of TFV was immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Khuan Seng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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43
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Osaki H, Nakamura H, Nomura K, Matsumoto N, Yoshida K. Nucleotide sequence of a mitochondrial RNA virus from the plant pathogenic fungus, Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka. Virus Res 2005; 107:39-46. [PMID: 15567032 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A double-stranded (ds) RNA (2411 bp) from a strain V18 of the violet root rot basidiomycetous fungus, Helicobasidium mompa was sequenced. Using the fungal mitochondrial genetic code in which UGA codes for tryptophan, the positive strand of V18 dsRNA was found to contain a long open-reading frame with the potential to encode a protein of 700 amino acids (molecular mass 79,805 Da), including conserved motifs characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). This putative RDRP was shown to be related to putative RDRPs of several fungal mitochondrial viruses. It is proposed that V18 dsRNA is assigned to the genus Mitovirus in the family Narnaviridae and designated as H. mompa mitovirus 1-18 (HmMV1-18). Like other mitoviruses, HmMV1-18 RNA can be folded into potentially stable stem-loop structures at both the 5'- and 3'-termini, and both terminal sequences have inverted complementarity with the potential to form panhandle structure. BLAST analysis indicates that the RDRP encoded by HmMV1-18 is more closely related to those encoded by mitochondrial viruses of some ascomycetes than to that of the unassigned RsM2-1A1 dsRNA in the basidiomycetous Rhizoctonia solani. HmMV1-18 is the first member of the genus Mitovirus from basidiomycete fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Osaki
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Fujimoto, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan.
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44
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Yang H, Makeyev EV, Kang Z, Ji S, Bamford DH, van Dijk AA. Cloning and sequence analysis of dsRNA segments 5, 6 and 7 of a novel non-group A, B, C adult rotavirus that caused an outbreak of gastroenteritis in China. Virus Res 2004; 106:15-26. [PMID: 15522443 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A diarrhoeal outbreak among adults in China was caused by a new rotavirus, termed ADRV-N, that does not react with antisera directed against group A, B or C rotaviruses [Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi (Chin. Epidemiol.) 19 (1998) 336]. ADRV-N can be propagated in cell cultures [Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Natl. Med. J. China) 82 (2002) 14]. We present the complete sequences for ADRV-N genome segments 5 and 6, and a full ORF sequence of genome segment 7. The deduced amino acid sequences suggest that these segments encode NSP1, VP6 and NSP3, respectively. These three ADRV-N genome segments have a unique -ACCCC-3' terminal sequence. The 5'-GG- terminus of segments 5 and 6 is the same as that of other rotaviruses. The amino acid similarity between VP6 and NSP3 of ADRV-N and the cognate sequences of their closest counterpart, group B IDIR, was 37 and 35%, respectively. The ADRV-N NSP1 has a double-stranded RNA binding motif (DSRM) and a putative autoproteolytic cleavage motif upstream from the DSRM. The putative ADRV-N NSP3 has a truncated C-terminus compared to the cognate protein of group B rotaviruses. All the available data demonstrate that ADRV-N differs significantly from the known rotaviruses and strongly suggest that ADRV-N is the first recognized member of a new group of rotaviruses infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 2, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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45
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Jiang D, Ghabrial SA. Molecular characterization of Penicillium chrysogenum virus: reconsideration of the taxonomy of the genus Chrysovirus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2111-2121. [PMID: 15218197 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequencing of Penicillium chrysogenum virus (PcV) dsRNAs indicated that PcV virions contained four dsRNA segments with sizes of 3562, 3200, 2976 and 2902 bp. Each dsRNA segment had unique sequences and contained a single large open reading frame (ORF). In vitro translation of transcripts derived from full-length cDNA clones of PcV dsRNAs yielded single products of sizes similar to those predicted from the deduced amino acid sequences of the individual ORFs. Sequence similarity searches revealed that dsRNA1 encodes a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In this study, it was determined that dsRNA2 encodes the major capsid protein and that p4, encoded by dsRNA4, is virion-associated as a minor component. All four dsRNAs of PcV, like the genomic segments of viruses with multipartite genomes, were found to have extended regions of highly conserved terminal sequences at both ends. In addition to the strictly conserved 5'-terminal 10 nt, a second region consisting of reiteration of the sequence CAA was found immediately upstream of the AUG initiator codon. These (CAA)(n) repeats are reminiscent of the translational enhancer elements of tobamoviruses. The 3'-terminal 14 nt were also strictly conserved. As PcV and related viruses with four dsRNA segments (genus Chrysovirus) have not been previously characterized at the molecular level, they were provisionally classified in the family Partitiviridae, comprising viruses with bipartite genomes. This study represents the first report on molecular characterization of a chrysovirus and the results suggest the creation of a new family of mycoviruses with multipartite dsRNA genomes to accommodate PcV and related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Said A Ghabrial
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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Kanematsu S, Arakawa M, Oikawa Y, Onoue M, Osaki H, Nakamura H, Ikeda K, Kuga-Uetake Y, Nitta H, Sasaki A, Suzaki K, Yoshida K, Matsumoto N. A Reovirus Causes Hypovirulence of Rosellinia necatrix. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 94:561-8. [PMID: 18943480 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.6.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT White root rot, caused by Rosellinia necatrix, is a serious soilborne disease of fruit trees and other woody plants. R. necatrix isolate W370 contains 12 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is believed to represent a possible member of the family Reoviridae. W370 was weakly virulent and its hyphal-tip strains became dsRNA free and strongly virulent. The 12 segments of W370dsRNA were transmitted to hygromycin B-resistant strain RT37-1, derived from a dsRNA-free strain of W370 in all or none fashion through hyphal contact with W370. The W370dsRNA-transmitted strains were less virulent than their parent strain RT37-1 on apple seedlings, with mortality ranging between 0 to 16.7% in apple seedlings that were inoculated with the W370dsRNA-containing strains and 50 to 100% for seedlings inoculated with the dsRNA-free strains. Some W370dsRNA-containing strains killed greater than 16.7% of seedlings, but these were found to have lost the dsRNA in planta. These results indicate that W370dsRNA is a hypovirulence factor in R. necatrix. In addition, a strain lost one segment (S8) of W370dsRNA during subculture, and the S8-deficient mutant strain also exhibits hypovirulence in R. necatrix.
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Hillman BI, Supyani S, Kondo H, Suzuki N. A reovirus of the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica that is infectious as particles and related to the coltivirus genus of animal pathogens. J Virol 2004; 78:892-8. [PMID: 14694120 PMCID: PMC368758 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.892-898.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses of filamentous fungi fall into two broad categories, those that contain double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes in rigid particles and those that are more closely related to positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with dsRNA replicative intermediates found within lipid vesicles. Effective infectivity systems have been described for the latter, using RNA transcripts, but not for the former. We report the characterization of a reovirus from Cryphonectria parasitica, the filamentous fungus that causes chestnut blight disease. The virus substantially reduces the virulence of the fungus and results in dramatically altered colony morphology, as well as changes in other associated fungal traits, relative to the virus-free isogenic strain. Virus particles from infected mycelium contained 11 segments of dsRNA and showed characteristics typical of the family Reoviridae. Sequences of the largest three segments revealed that the virus is closely related to the Coltivirus genus of animal pathogens, which includes the human pathogen Colorado tick fever virus. The introduction of purified virus particles into protoplasts from virus-free isolates of the fungus resulted in a newly infected mycelium with the same morphology and virus composition as the original virus-infected isolate. This represents the completion of Koch's postulates for a true dsRNA virus from a filamentous fungus and the description of a definitive fungal member of the family Reoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley I Hillman
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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Wang ZH, Fang SG, Xu JL, Sun LY, Li DW, Yu JL. Sequence analysis of the complete genome of rice black-streaked dwarf virus isolated from maize with rough dwarf disease. Virus Genes 2003; 27:163-8. [PMID: 14501194 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025776527286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of 10 genomic segments (S1-S10) from an isolate of rice black-streaked dwarf virus causing rough dwarf disease on maize (RBSDV-Hbm) in China were determined, a total of 29,142 base pairs (bp). Each segment possessed the genus-specific termini with conserved nucleotide sequences of (+) 5'-AAGUUUUU......CAGCUNNNGUC-3' and a perfect or imperfect inverted repeat of seven to eleven nucleotides immediately adjacent to the terminal conserved sequence. While the coding strand of most RBSDV-Hbm segments contained one open reading frame (ORF), there were two non-overlapping ORFs in S7 and S9, and one small overlapping ORF downstream of the major ORF in S5. Homology comparisons suggest that S1 encodes a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), with 63.5% and 32.6% identity to the putative RdRp encoded by Fiji disease virus (FDV) and Nilaparvata lugens reovirus (NLRV), respectively. The proteins encoded by S2, S3, and S4 showed various degrees of similarity to those encoded by the corresponding segments of FDV or NLRV. In S5 and S6, low identities were found to those of FDV only, but not to NLRV. Sequence analyses showed that RBSDV-Hbm had the most similarities in the genome organizations and the coding assignments with a RBSDV isolated from rice in China, in which each pair of the corresponding segments shared sequence identities of 93.8-98.9% and 93.5-100% at nucleotide or amino acid levels, respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analyses suggested that RBSDV-Hbm had the closest evolutionary relationship to RBSDV in Fijivirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
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Wei CZ, Osaki H, Iwanami T, Matsumoto N, Ohtsu Y. Molecular characterization of dsRNA segments 2 and 5 and electron microscopy of a novel reovirus from a hypovirulent isolate, W370, of the plant pathogen Rosellinia necatrix. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2431-2437. [PMID: 12917464 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A hypovirulent isolate, W370, of the white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix has previously been shown to harbour 12 dsRNA segments. In this study, complete nucleotide sequences of segments 2 and 5 of W370 dsRNAs were determined. The nucleotide sequence of genome segment 2 was 3773 bases long with a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1226 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of approximately 138.5 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of segment 5 was 2089 bases long with a single long ORF, whose deduced polypeptide contained 646 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of about 72 kDa. Comparative analysis showed that the deduced protein sequence of segment 2 had significant homology with the putative VP2 of Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) and European Eyach virus (EYAV) in the genus Coltivirus, but the deduced protein sequence of segment 5 had no similarity with other virus proteins. Double-shelled spherical particles approximately 80 nm in diameter associated with W370 dsRNAs were observed in a preparation from the mycelial tissue of isolate W370. The results demonstrated that the virus associated with W370 dsRNAs is a novel reovirus of the family Reoviridae. The virus was named Rosellinia anti-rot virus (RArV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhao Wei
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Fujimoto, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan
| | - Hideki Osaki
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Fujimoto, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan
| | - Toru Iwanami
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Fujimoto, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Kan-nondai, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohtsu
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Fujimoto, Tsukuba 305-8605, Japan
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McQualter RB, Smith GR, Dale JL, Harding RM. Molecular analysis of Fiji disease Fijivirus genome segments 1 and 3. Virus Genes 2003; 26:283-9. [PMID: 12876456 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024403431373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fiji disease fijivirus (FDV) genomic segments 1 (S1) and 3 (S3) were completely sequenced. FDV S1 comprised 4,532 nt and was predicted to encode a 170.6 kDa protein. FDV S3 comprised 3,623 nt and was predicted to encode a 135.5 kDa protein. The terminal sequences of S1 and S3 were 5' AAGUUUUU......CAGCUAGCGUC 3' and 5' AAGUUUUU......CAGCAGAUGUC 3', respectively, and located immediately adjacent to these sequences were 12 bp imperfect inverted repeats. The predicted translation product of FDV S1 showed highest similarity to Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) S1 and is thought to encode the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The predicted translation product of FDV S3 was found to be most similar to RBSDV S4 which is thought to encode the 'B-spike' protein. The FDV sequence contained an ATP/GTP binding motif and a leucine zipper motif, but these motifs were not found in the RBSDV sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of the RdRp of FDV S1 and other reoviruses revealed that the fijiviruses form a cluster close to the oryzaviruses. The RdRp sequences were grouped into genera that were consistent with the current reovirus classification scheme that is based on physico-chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B McQualter
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, George St, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia.
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