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Gui Y, Cheng H, Zhou J, Xu H, Han J, Zhang D. Development and function of natural TCR + CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059042. [PMID: 36569835 PMCID: PMC9768216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of intestinal homeostasis results from the ability of the intestinal epithelium to absorb nutrients, harbor multiple external and internal antigens, and accommodate diverse immune cells. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a unique cell population embedded within the intestinal epithelial layer, contributing to the formation of the mucosal epithelial barrier and serving as a first-line defense against microbial invasion. TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- and TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs are the two predominant subsets of natural IELs. These cells play an essential role in various intestinal diseases, such as infections and inflammatory diseases, and act as immune regulators in the gut. However, their developmental and functional patterns are extremely distinct, and the mechanisms underlying their development and migration to the intestine are not fully understood. One example is that Bcl-2 promotes the survival of thymic precursors of IELs. Mature TCRαβ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs seem to be involved in immune regulation, while TCRγδ+ CD4- CD8αα+ CD8αβ- IELs might be involved in immune surveillance by promoting homeostasis of host microbiota, protecting and restoring the integrity of mucosal epithelium, inhibiting microbiota invasion, and limiting excessive inflammation. In this review, we elucidated and organized effectively the functions and development of these cells to guide future studies in this field. We also discussed key scientific questions that need to be addressed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gui
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Han
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jiajia Han, ; Dunfang Zhang,
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2
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Wei YL, Han A, Glanville J, Fang F, Zuniga LA, Lee JS, Cua DJ, Chien YH. A Highly Focused Antigen Receptor Repertoire Characterizes γδ T Cells That are Poised to Make IL-17 Rapidly in Naive Animals. Front Immunol 2015; 6:118. [PMID: 25852688 PMCID: PMC4370043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17 plays a key role in immunity. In acute infections, a rapid IL-17 response must be induced without prior antigen exposure, and γδ T cells are the major initial IL-17 producers. In fact, some γδ T cells make IL-17 within hours after an immune challenge. These cells appear to acquire the ability to respond to IL-1 and IL-23 and to make IL-17 naturally in naïve animals. They are known as the natural Tγδ17 (nTγδ17) cells. The rapidity of the nTγδ17 response, and the apparent lack of explicit T cell receptor (TCR) engagement for its induction have led to the view that this is a cytokine (IL-1, IL-23)-mediated response. However, pharmacological inhibition or genetic defects in TCR signaling drastically reduce the nTγδ17 response and/or their presence. To better understand antigen recognition in this rapid IL-17 response, we analyzed the antigen receptor repertoire of IL-1R(+)/IL-23R(+) γδ T cells, a proxy for nTγδ17 cells in naïve animals directly ex vivo, using a barcode-enabled high throughput single-cell TCR sequence analysis. We found that regardless of their anatomical origin, these cells have a highly focused TCR repertoire. In particular, the TCR sequences have limited V gene combinations, little or no junctional diversity and much reduced or no N region diversity. In contrast, IL-23R(-) cells at mucosal sites similar to most of the splenic γδ T cells and small intestine epithelial γδ lymphocytes expressed diverse TCRs. This remarkable commonality and restricted repertoire of IL-1R(+)/IL-23R(+) γδ T cells underscores the importance of antigen recognition in their establishment/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Arnold Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | | | - Jacob S Lee
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Yueh-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA ; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
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3
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Touvrey C, Cowell LG, Lieberman AE, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E, Candéias SM. Reassignment of the murine 3'TRDD1 recombination signal sequence. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:895-903. [PMID: 17021860 PMCID: PMC1876511 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor genes are assembled in developing T lymphocytes from discrete V, D, and J genes by a site-specific somatic rearrangement mechanism. A flanking recombination signal, composed of a conserved heptamer and a semiconserved nonamer separated by 12 or 23 variable nucleotides, targets the activity of the rearrangement machinery to the adjoining V, D, and J genes. Following the rearrangement of V, D, or J genes, their respective recombination signals are ligated together. Although these signal joints are allegedly invariant, created by the head-to-head abuttal of the heptamers, some do exhibit junctional diversity. Recombination signals were initially identified by comparison and alignment of germ-line sequences with the sequence of rearranged genes. However, their overall low level of sequence conservation makes their characterization solely from sequence data difficult. Recently, computational analysis unraveled correlations between nucleotides at several positions scattered within the spacer and recombination activity, so that it is now possible to identify putative recombination signals and determine and predict their recombination efficiency. In this paper, we analyzed the variability introduced in signal joints generated after rearrangement of the TRDD1 and TRDD2 genes in murine thymocytes. The recurrent presence of identical nucleotides inserted in these signal joints led us to reconsider the location and sequence of the TRDD1 recombination signal. By combining molecular characterization and computational analysis, we show that the functional TRDD1 recombination signal is shifted inside the putative coding sequence of the TRDD1 gene and, consequently, that this gene is shorter than indicated in the databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Touvrey
- Laboratoire d'immunochimie
INSERM : U548 CEA-DSV-DRDCUniversité Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I17, Rue Des Martyrs
38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FR
| | - Lindsay G. Cowell
- Departments of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics and Immunology
Duke UniversityDurham, NC, US
| | - Ann E. Lieberman
- Departments of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics and Immunology
Duke UniversityDurham, NC, US
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- Laboratoire d'immunochimie
INSERM : U548 CEA-DSV-DRDCUniversité Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I17, Rue Des Martyrs
38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FR
| | - Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- Laboratoire d'immunochimie
INSERM : U548 CEA-DSV-DRDCUniversité Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I17, Rue Des Martyrs
38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FR
| | - Serge M. Candéias
- Laboratoire d'immunochimie
INSERM : U548 CEA-DSV-DRDCUniversité Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I17, Rue Des Martyrs
38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Serge M. Candéias
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4
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Diaz RS, Sabino EC. Accuracy of replication in the polymerase chain reaction. Comparison between Thermotoga maritima DNA polymerase and Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998; 31:1239-42. [PMID: 9876292 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1998001000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For certain applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), it may be necessary to consider the accuracy of replication. The breakthrough that made PCR user friendly was the commercialization of Thermus aquaticus (Taq) DNA polymerase, an enzyme that would survive the high temperatures needed for DNA denaturation. The development of enzymes with an inherent 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading activity, lacking in Taq polymerase, would be an improvement when higher fidelity is needed. We used the forward mutation assay to compare the fidelity of Taq polymerase and Thermotoga maritima (ULTMA) DNA polymerase, an enzyme that does have proofreading activity. We did not find significant differences in the fidelity of either enzyme, even when using optimal buffer conditions, thermal cycling parameters, and number of cycles (0.2% and 0.13% error rates for ULTMA and Taq, respectively, after reading about 3,000 bases each). We conclude that for sequencing purposes there is no difference in using a DNA polymerase that contains an inherent 3' to 5' exonuclease activity for DNA amplification. Perhaps the specificity and fidelity of PCR are complex issues influenced by the nature of the target sequence, as well as by each PCR component.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Diaz
- Laboratório de Retrovirologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil.
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5
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Yates CR, Pui CH, Evans WE. Pharmacodynamic monitoring of cancer chemotherapy: childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia as a model. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20:453-8. [PMID: 9780117 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-199810000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has long served as a model of disseminated cancer that can be cured with chemotherapy. Although pharmacokinetic variability has been shown to influence the efficacy of ALL chemotherapy, the usefulness of conventional pharmacokinetic measures to predict responses to individual chemotherapeutic agents can be confounded in the context of multiagent chemotherapy. This has led to the concomitant use of pharmacodynamic endpoints to identify patients who exhibit a poor initial response to therapy or whose residual disease has a persistence that predicts a poor prognosis unless therapy is changed. To this end, the initial reduction of leukemia cells in peripheral blood or in bone marrow and the detection of minimal residual disease by immunologic or polymerase chain reaction-based methods have shown promise as pharmacodynamic endpoints to identify patients who are at high risk for relapse if therapy remains unchanged. Prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of pharmacodynamic monitoring and to define more precisely the integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic monitoring to optimize the treatment of childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Yates
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and the University of Tennessee, Memphis 38105, USA
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6
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Olive C. Expression of the T cell receptor delta-chain repertoire in mouse lymph node. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74:313-7. [PMID: 8872180 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1996.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential for extensive diversity of gamma delta TCR, especially for delta-chains, expression of the gamma delta TCR repertoire in various mouse epithelial tissues is highly restricted. This implies that the recognition of antigen by gamma delta T cells may also be limited. To date, however, few studies have examined gamma delta TCR diversity in peripheral lymphoid tissue. This report presents the V delta usage and junctional region sequences of TCR delta-chain transcripts derived from the lymph nodes of normal (PL/J x SJ/L) F1 mice. Rearranged TCR V delta-C delta transcripts were amplified by PCR for TCR delta-chain cDNA using oligonucleotide primers specific for the murine V delta 1 to V delta 7 genes and the C delta region. Following cloning of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified TCR delta cDNA, the extent of junctional diversity was assessed by nucleotide sequencing of the V-D-J junctions of individual TCR cDNA clones. With the exception of V delta 3, all V delta genes were expressed in mouse lymph node. Furthermore, predominant usage of J delta 1 was found in cDNA clones expressing V delta 2, V delta 4, V delta 5, V delta 6 and V delta 7 gene segments but despite this there was extensive junctional diversity of delta-chains primarily due to the usage of multiple D delta segments and N-nucleotide sequence addition. In contrast, the V delta 1 cDNA clones had limited heterogeneity consisting mostly of V delta 1 directly spliced to C delta gene rearrangements. These results show that the expressed murine peripheral TCR delta-chain repertoire is extremely diverse indicating that gamma delta T cells may potentially recognize a large number of antigens, and play an important role in contributing to host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Olive
- Division of Molecular Medicine, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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7
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Motoyama N, Okada N, Yamashina M, Okada H. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria due to hereditary nucleotide deletion in the HRF20 (CD59) gene. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:2669-73. [PMID: 1382994 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830221029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HRF20 (CD59) is a membrane glycoprotein which protects cells from the membrane attack reaction of homologous complement. A patient who is completely deficient in HRF20 expression and is suffering from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) was studied. His parents are cousins and both have decreased HRF20 expression, suggesting that the deficiency is genetic. We established a cultured cell line (NCU1) which is HRF20 deficient from the patient's lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV) infection. Northern blot analysis revealed HRF20 mRNA signals, indicating that HRF20 mRNA were transcribed. HRF20 cDNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Sequencing of the cDNA from the NCU1 showed two single-base deletions at amino acid 16 and 96 from the N terminus of the mature protein. Deletion in the genomic DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes was confirmed by the DNA sequence of an HRF20 open reading frame containing amino acid 16. Furthermore, the patient's parents and sister possessed both intact and deleted genomic HRF20 DNA while his brother's DNA was intact. These findings demonstrate that the HRF20 deficiency was genomic in origin, and that complete deletion was brought about by a homozygous abnormality in the HRF20 gene. The base deletion caused a codon frame shift resulting in failure to produce intact HRF20 protein in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Motoyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Japan
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lefrançois
- Department of Cell Biology, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich 49001
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9
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Ezquerra A, Wilde DB, McConnell TJ, Sturmhöfel K, Valas RB, Shevach EM, Coligan JE. Mouse autoreactive gamma/delta T cells. II. Molecular characterization of the T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:491-8. [PMID: 1311262 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A panel of dendritic epidermal T cell (DETC) lines, and hybridomas derived from them, has been shown to spontaneously secrete lymphokines in the absence of added stimuli, which suggests that these cells are autoreactive. These cell lines are characterized by the expression of a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 6 type T cell receptor (TcR), but several of the DETC lines also express a second TcR. Sequence analyses of these gamma/delta TcR revealed that the gamma chains were identical and that the delta chains, while not identical, were quite restricted in diversity, indicating that these receptors may recognize a common or closely related group of antigens. Analysis of hybridomas derived from newborn thymocytes identified six hybridomas that spontaneously secrete lymphokines. Five hybrids expressed a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 6 receptor and one hybrid a V gamma 1.1C gamma 4/V delta 4 receptor that had a close structural relationship to the DETC gamma/delta TcR associated with spontaneous lymphokine secretion. gamma/delta TcR of the C gamma 4 type expressed by splenic hybridomas that did not spontaneously secrete lymphokines revealed no such relationship. Curiously, like the DETC, several of the thymocyte hybridomas that spontaneously secreted lymphokines expressed a second TcR, V gamma 2C gamma 1 or V gamma 3C gamma 1, apparently in association with the same delta chain that paired with the C gamma 4 chain. The presence of spontaneous lymphokine-secreting gamma/delta T cells with such highly homologous TcR in both the thymus and skin suggests a thymic origin for the autoreactive DETC and that these cells recognize a common or closely related group of self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ezquerra
- Biological Resources Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Instiutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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10
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Lew AM, Brandon RB, Panaccio M, Morrow CJ. The polymerase chain reaction and other amplification techniques in immunological research and diagnosis. Immunol Suppl 1992; 75:3-9. [PMID: 1537599 PMCID: PMC1384794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Holman PO, Lacy MJ, Roth ME, Kranz DM. Mechanisms that generate junctional diversity in alpha and delta chains that use the Tcrd-V3 gene product. Immunogenetics 1992; 35:33-40. [PMID: 1309508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The signals that dictate whether a thymocyte will express the alpha beta or gamma delta T-cell receptors are unknown. Although it is also not known if these two different cell types use identical recombinational machinery during rearrangement, the same variable (V) region genes can be used by both alpha and delta chains. By examining the products of rearrangements in alpha beta or gamma delta thymocytes that express identical V genes, we hoped to determine whether these cell types might differ in particular aspects of their recombinational activity. The polymerase chain reaction was used to show that the Tcrd-V2, Tcrd-V3, and Tcra-V3 genes are expressed as both Tcra and Tcrd transcripts in fetal and adult BALB/c mice. Sequencing of V delta 3 isolates was performed in order to compare the contribution of various mechanisms to the generation of junctional diversity. Extensive junctional diversity was present at all stages of development examined (fetal, newborn, and adult). During early development both alpha and delta chain junctional diversity is generated primarily by variability in the position of joining two gene segments (i.e., Tcrd-V3 to Tcra-J in alpha chains; Tcrd-V3 to Tcrd-D2 and Tcrd-D2 to Tcrd-J1 in delta chains). The pattern of base pair deletion from the end of the Tcrd-V3 gene was identical in alpha and delta chains and deletions occurred in fetal as well as adult T cells. In later development T cells use not only this mechanism for alpha and delta chains but also the addition of bases at gene segment junctions, presumably through the action of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Finally, a comparison of the variable domains of these alpha and delta chains shows that a notable difference is the variability in length of the CDR 3 region which can be significantly longer in delta-chains than in alpha-chains.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Holman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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12
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Morkowski JJ, Nanno M, Chen PF, Itoh K, Ioannides CG, Kruzel E, Becker FF, Platsoucas CD. IL-2-dependent murine T-cell lines and clones expressing gamma/delta T-cell antigen receptors. I. Functional and biochemical characterization. Scand J Immunol 1991; 34:779-94. [PMID: 1836276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1991.tb01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two stable IL-2-dependent T-cell lines designated AKV-I and AKV-N from the enlarged spleens, respectively, of an AKV1 and an NFS mouse. Immunofluorescence staining with the appropriate monoclonal antibodies revealed that cells of the AKV-I cell line were alpha beta TCR-CD3+CD4-CD5-CD8+CD25+, whereas cells of the AKV-N cell line were alpha beta TCR-CD3+CD4-CD5+CD8-CD25+. A number of T-cell clones were developed from the AKV-I or AKV-N T-cell lines by limiting dilution and analysed by immunofluorescence. All clones tested were alpha beta TCR-CD3+CD4-CD25+. Certain T-cell clones expressed the CD5 antigen, whereas others expressed the CD8 antigen. The AKV-I cell line responded by proliferation to rIL2, rIL4, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), PMA plus IL-4 and PMA plus PHA or Con A. In contrast, the AKV-N cell line did not respond to rIL-4 or rIL-4 plus PMA and exhibited only a modest proliferative response to PMA alone. Both AKV-I and AKV-N T-cell lines as well as a large number of T-cell clones examined were able to lyse cells of the PU5-IR murine cell line in the presence of the anti-CD3 (clone 145-2C11) MoAb, demonstrating their ability to mediate cytotoxicity in this system. Biochemical analysis of both AKV lines and a number of clones by immunoprecipitation with the anti-CD3 MoAb, followed by one-dimensional (either non-reducing or reducing) or two-dimensional (non-reducing/reducing) SDS-PAGE, revealed that the AKV lines and clones expressed a disulphide-linked dimer. Under non-reducing conditions, a band in the range of 75-85 kDa was observed and upon reduction it was resolved into two discrete polypeptide chains of 43-44 kDa and 48 kDa in certain AKV-I cells or 38 kDa and 42 kDa in certain AKV-N cells. In other T-cell clones or lines a broad band of 42-47 kDa was observed in AKV-I cells or 38-45 kDa in AKV-N cells. These results suggest the presence of different forms of disulphide-linked dimers on these cells. Northern blotting analysis using probes specific for the constant regions of the alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-chains of the T-cell antigen receptor revealed that all the AKV cell lines or clones tested expressed full-length alpha-, gamma- and delta-chain mRNA, whereas beta-chain mRNA was absent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Precipitin Tests
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Morkowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas, Houston
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13
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Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another new powerful technique in molecular biology that has begun to open new perspectives in modern science and also in dermatology. This brief report will therefore elucidate the general principles of the polymerase chain reaction, as well as its limitations and possible pitfalls. Furthermore an overview will be provided on the impact of PCR on molecular biologic approaches in oncology, immunology, and human genetics. The use of the method as a tool to detect microorganisms particularly viruses and bacteria, in cutaneous tissue and it potential other future applications are described as well. Because PCR is automated and is being more and more established in routine laboratories, physicians and scientists should be familiar with the basic principles and potential uses of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Eckert KA, Kunkel TA. DNA polymerase fidelity and the polymerase chain reaction. PCR METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 1991; 1:17-24. [PMID: 1842916 DOI: 10.1101/gr.1.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-fidelity DNA synthesis conditions are those that exploit the inherent ability of polymerases to discriminate against errors. This review has described several experimental approaches for controlling the fidelity of enzymatic DNA amplification. One of the most important parameters to consider is the choice of which polymerase to use in PCR. As demonstrated by the data in Tables 2 and 3, high-fidelity DNA amplification will be best achieved by using a polymerase with an active 3'-->5' proofreading exonuclease activity (Fig. 1E). For those enzymes that are proofreading-deficient, the in vitro reaction conditions can significantly influence the polymerase error rates. To maximize fidelity at the dNTP insertion step (Fig. 1A,B), any type of deoxynucleoside triphosphate pool imbalance should be avoided. Similarly, stabilization of errors by polymerase extension from mispaired or misaligned primer-termini (Fig. 1D) can be minimized by reactions using short synthesis times, low dNTP concentrations, and low enzyme concentrations. Additional improvements in fidelity can be made by further manipulating the reaction conditions. To perform high-fidelity PCR with Taq polymerase, reactions should contain a low MgCl2 concentration, not in large excess over the total concentration of dNTP substrates, and be buffered to approximately pH 6 (70 degrees C) using Bis-Tris Propane or PIPES (Table 2). These buffers have a pKa between pH 6 and pH 7 and a small temperature coefficient (delta pKa/degree C), allowing the pH to be maintained stably throughout the PCR cycle. For amplifications in which fidelity is the critical issue, one should avoid the concept that conditions generating more DNA product are the better conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Eckert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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15
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Tonegawa S, Berns A, Bonneville M, Farr AG, Ishida I, Ito K, Itohara S, Janeway CA, Kanagawa O, Kubo R. Diversity, development, ligands, and probable functions of gamma delta T cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 292:53-61. [PMID: 1835263 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5943-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tonegawa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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16
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Wright PA, Wynford-Thomas D. The polymerase chain reaction: miracle or mirage? A critical review of its uses and limitations in diagnosis and research. J Pathol 1990; 162:99-117. [PMID: 2250198 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711620203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since publication of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 1985 (Saiki et al. Science 1985; 230: 1350-1354), there has been an explosion of reports on its use in medicine and science. We critically review its use both as a diagnostic technique and as a research tool, and show the pathologist how to evaluate PCR data and how to avoid the pitfalls of overinterpretation. We discuss the value of PCR in the characterization of genetic defects, prenatal diagnosis, carrier testing, HLA typing, detecting micro-organisms, identifying activated oncogenes, and in the characterization of leukaemias and lymphomas, and summarize the main applications in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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17
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Lipkowitz S, Stern MH, Kirsch IR. Hybrid T cell receptor genes formed by interlocus recombination in normal and ataxia-telangiectasis lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1990; 172:409-18. [PMID: 1695665 PMCID: PMC2188320 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.2.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we demonstrated the occurrence of hybrid genes formed by interlocus recombination between T cell receptor gamma (TCR-gamma) variable (V) regions and TCR-beta joining (J) regions in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from normal individuals and patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). Sequence analysis of the PCR-derived hybrid genes confirmed that site-specific V gamma-J beta recombination had occurred and showed that 10 of 23 genomic hybrid genes maintained a correct open reading frame. By dilution analysis, the frequency of these hybrid genes was 8 +/- 1/10(5) cells in normal PBL and 587 +/- 195/10(5) cells in AT PBL. These frequencies and the approximately 70-fold difference between the normal and AT samples are consistent with previous cytogenetic data examining the occurrence of an inversion of chromosome 7 in normal and AT PBL. We also demonstrated expression of these hybrid genes by PCR analysis of first-strand cDNA prepared from both normal and AT PBL. Sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified transcripts showed that, in contrast to the genomic hybrid genes, 19 of 22 expressed genes maintained a correct open reading frame at the V-J junction and correctly spliced the hybrid V-J exon to a TCR-beta constant region, thus allowing translation into a potentially functional hybrid TCR protein. Another type of hybrid TCR transcript was found in a which a rearranged TCR-gamma V-J exon was correctly spliced to a TCR-beta constant region. This form of hybrid gene may be formed by trans-splicing. These hybrid TCR genes may serve to increase the repertoire of the immune response. In addition, studies of their mechanism of formation and its misregulation in AT may provide insight into the nature of the chromosomal instability syndrome associated with AT. The mechanism underlying hybrid gene formation may be analogous to the mechanism underlying rearrangements between putative growth-affecting genes and the antigen receptor loci, which are associated with AT lymphocyte clones and lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lipkowitz
- Navy Medical Oncology Branch, Naval Hospital, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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Hein WR, Dudler L, Morris B. Differential peripheral expansion and in vivo antigen reactivity of alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells emigrating from the early fetal lamb thymus. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:1805-13. [PMID: 2145167 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of different lymphocyte subsets in the blood of lambs which had been thymectomized (Tx) in utero between days 67-75 of fetal gestation were measured at birth and at various intervals during the first year of life. Compared to thymus-intact (Ti) controls, Tx lambs were severely depleted of both alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells at birth (less than 10% of control levels). The majority of the residual alpha/beta T cells present in Tx lambs at birth were CD4+CD8-. As the Tx lambs aged, the concentration of alpha/beta T cells in blood increased steadily to reach levels around 50% of control values. In contrast, the circulating gamma/delta T cells did not expand in Tx animals and remained barely detectable throughout the observation period, although these cells accounted for 30%-60% of the T cells in the blood of Ti lambs. The expansion of alpha/beta but not gamma/delta T cells was also reflected in changes in the cellular composition of solid lymphoid organs in Tx lambs. B cell numbers were similar in both groups at birth but Tx lambs were persistently B lymphopenic from 3 weeks of age onwards. The alpha/beta T cells that had expanded in Tx lambs responded to stimulation with bacterial antigens in a way that was qualitatively similar to the response in Ti lambs. By contrast, the few gamma/delta T cells in Tx lambs responded abnormally. Our results show that although sheep alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells are equally thymus dependent during ontogeny, the early fetal thymic emigrants which establish the two T cell lineages in the periphery have strikingly different antigen reactivities and capacities for self-renewal and expansion.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Leukocyte Count
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Sheep/immunology
- Skin/cytology
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tuberculin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Hein
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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19
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Hein WR, Dudler L, Marcuz A, Grossberger D. Molecular cloning of sheep T cell receptor gamma and delta chain constant regions: unusual primary structure of gamma chain hinge segments. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:1795-804. [PMID: 2145166 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The primary structure of sheep T cell receptor (TcR) gamma and delta chain constant (C) regions has been determined by cDNA cloning. A comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the sheep chains with known human and mouse sequences shows that the primary structure of the immunoglobulin, transmembrane and cytoplasmic C gamma domains and all of the C delta region has been substantially conserved. However, the hinge or connector region of sheep gamma chains differs significantly from all known TcR chains. Clones representing two different sheep C gamma genes were isolated and both contain additional sequence in this region, making them the longest TcR chains so far identified. The hinge region of both sheep C gamma sequences contains two additional cysteine residues and a motif of five amino acids (TTESP or TTEPP) which has been triplicated in one of the clones. Other repetitive segments of 13-17 amino acids could also be identified suggesting that, as in the human C gamma 2 gene, this region of the sheep genes could have arisen from an exon duplication or triplication event. Southern blot analysis of sheep DNA confirmed the presence of one C delta gene and at least two C gamma genes. A restriction fragment length polymorphism that is probably associated with allelic sequence variation in the sheep C delta gene was detected in DNA from different animals. Although the essential structure of the gamma/delta TcR appears well conserved through evolution, the marked heterogeneity evident in the hinge region of gamma chains both within and between species, and particularly the presence of additional cysteine residues in the sheep sequences, may be of structural and functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Hein
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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20
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Sioud M, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Quayle A, Kalvenes C, Waalen K, Førre O, Natvig JB. The V delta gene usage by freshly isolated T lymphocytes from synovial fluids in rheumatoid synovitis: a preliminary report. Scand J Immunol 1990; 31:415-21. [PMID: 1692153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the polymerase chain reaction we have studied the usage of variable delta-(V delta) region genes in freshly isolated synovial fluid T cells from patients with rheumatoid synovitis. Amplified mRNA from one patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was cloned into an SmaI-cleaved pUC19 vector and colonies were screened with probes for three of the known human variable delta-gene families (V delta 1, V delta 2, V delta 3). Of 10 clones, seven used V delta 1, two V delta 2 and one V delta 3. This pattern of distribution is different from that of normal peripheral blood, where approximately 60% of T gamma delta cells are reported to use the V delta 2 gene. Furthermore, Northern blot hybridization analyses of mononuclear cells from two additional synovial fluids derived from another patient with RA and one with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) also showed significant hybridization only with V delta 1. In summary, these preliminary results suggest a usage of V delta gene families in T gamma delta lymphocytes in synovial fluid of rheumatoid patients different to that found in normal peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sioud
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway
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21
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Itohara S, Farr AG, Lafaille JJ, Bonneville M, Takagaki Y, Haas W, Tonegawa S. Homing of a gamma delta thymocyte subset with homogeneous T-cell receptors to mucosal epithelia. Nature 1990; 343:754-7. [PMID: 2154700 DOI: 10.1038/343754a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mice gamma delta T-cell populations with distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires and homing properties have been identified. Diversified populations are found in lymphoid organs and intestinal epithelia. By contrast, the gamma delta T-cells that have been found in the murine skin are homogeneous. They express a TCR consisting of one particular V gamma 5 and one particular V delta 1 chain and seem to originate from early fetal thymocytes. We have now systematically analysed many tissues by immunohistochemistry and TCR gene sequencing aided by the polymerase chain reaction. These studies revealed a second homogeneous gamma delta T-cell subset in epithelia not of the intestine and skin, but of the vagina, uterus and tongue. The TCR expressed by this gamma delta T-cell subset consists of the same V delta 1 chain. Cells that express this particular TCR have previously been shown to be positively selected in the late fetal thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Itohara
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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22
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Tycko B, Palmer JD, Sklar J. T cell receptor gene trans-rearrangements: chimeric gamma-delta genes in normal lymphoid tissues. Science 1989; 245:1242-6. [PMID: 2551037 DOI: 10.1126/science.2551037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Joining of V-, D-, and J-region gene segments during DNA rearrangements within all antigen receptor genes involves recognition of the same highly conserved heptamernonamer sequences flanking each segment. In order to investigate the possibility that recognition of these conserved sequences may sometimes permit intergenic joining of segments among different antigen receptor genes, DNA of normal human lymphoid tissues was examined by polymerase chain reaction amplification for the presence of chimeric gamma-delta T cell receptor gene rearrangements. These studies detected V gamma-(D delta)-J delta and V delta-(D delta)-J gamma rearrangements in thymus, peripheral blood, and tonsil. Analysis of thymus RNA indicated that many of these rearrangements are expressed as V gamma-(D delta)-J delta-C delta and V delta-(D delta)-J gamma-C gamma transcripts. Most transcripts (19 of 20 complementary DNA clones studied) are appropriately spliced and show correct open translational reading frames across the V-(D)-J junctions. Thus, chimeric antigen receptor genes are generated in a subset of normal lymphoid cells, probably as a result of chromosomal translocations, and such genes may possibly contribute to increased diversity within the antigen receptor repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tycko
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA 94305
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23
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Asarnow DM, Goodman T, LeFrancois L, Allison JP. Distinct antigen receptor repertoires of two classes of murine epithelium-associated T cells. Nature 1989; 341:60-2. [PMID: 2528075 DOI: 10.1038/341060a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are found not only as recirculating cells in the lymphoid system, but also as immobile cells in certain epithelia. T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) of both alpha/beta and gamma/delta-heterodimer subtypes can exhibit an extremely high degree of diversity. The diversity of alpha/beta TCRs derives from the use of a large number of variable (V) gene segments, as well as junctional diversity generated during rearrangement of these segments, whereas the diversity of gamma/delta TCRs derives largely from junctional elements, with a smaller contribution from a limited number of V gene segments. Many T cells in the epidermal and intestinal epithelia of mice express TCR composed of gamma/delta heterodimers. We demonstrate here that gamma/delta TCRs of T cells in both these tissues are restricted in V gene usage, with different elements predominating. The TCR junctional diversity of epidermal T cells, however, is extremely limited, whereas that of intestinal T cells is extremely diverse. The distinctive features of these two populations suggest that they develop or are selected differently for particular tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Asarnow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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24
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Kyes S, Carew E, Carding SR, Janeway CA, Hayday A. Diversity in T-cell receptor gamma gene usage in intestinal epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:5527-31. [PMID: 2546157 PMCID: PMC297656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intraepithelial cells of the murine small intestine include a significant number of CD3+ T cells that use T-cell receptor gamma genes rather than T-cell receptor beta genes. As with other sites of T-cell receptor gamma expression, combinatorial diversity is limited, but there is junctional diversity, and this, together with the specific variable region gamma gene segments used, distinguishes gamma gene expression in the gut epithelium from that in cells derived from the dermal epithelium. The restriction of productive gamma gene expression largely to one V-J-C (V, variable; J, joining; C, constant) gene combination may result from nonproductive joining of other V-J combinations and from productively rearranged genes rendered nonfunctional by incorrect splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kyes
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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