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Kim SS, Chang Z, Park JS. Identification, tissue distribution and characterization of two heat shock factors (HSFs) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:375-386. [PMID: 25592877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized rapidly in response to a variety of physiological or environmental stressors, whereas the transcriptional activation of HSPs is regulated by a family of heat shock factors (HSFs). In vertebrates, multiple HSFs (HSF1-4) have been reported to have different roles in response to a range of stresses. This paper reports the cDNA cloning of two goldfish (Carassius auratus) HSF gene families, HSF1 and three isoforms of HSF2. Both HSF1 and HSF2s showed high homology to the known HSFs from other organisms, particularly the zebrafish. Different patterns of HSF1 and HSF2 mRNA expression were detected in several goldfish tissues, highlighting their distinct roles. In cadmium (Cd)-treated tissues, the responses of HSP70 showed less difference. However, the increase in HSF1 and HSF2 in these tissues differs considerable. In particular, HSF2 was induced strongly in the heart and liver. On the other hand, in heart tissue, HSF1 showed the smallest increment. These results suggest the potential role of HSF2 in assisting HSF1 in these tissues. In another in vitro experiment of hepatocyte cultures, Cd exposure caused similar patterns of goldfish HSF1 and HSF2 mRNA expression and induction of the HSP70 protein. On the other hand, an examination of the characterization of recombinant proteins showed that HSF1 undergoes a conformation change induced by heat shock above 30 °C and approaches each other in the trimer, whereas HSF2 could not sense thermal stress directly. Furthermore, immune-blot analysis of HSFs showed that both monomers and trimmers of HSF1 were observed in cadmium-induced tissues, whereas HSF2 were all in monomeric. These results show that HSF1 and HSF2 play different roles in the transcription of heat shock proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziwei Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Su Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Synergistic effects of toxic elements on heat shock proteins. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:564136. [PMID: 25136596 PMCID: PMC4127286 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins show remarkable variations in their expression levels under a variety of toxic conditions. A research span expanded over five decades has revealed their molecular characterization, gene regulation, expression patterns, vast similarity in diverse groups, and broad range of functional capabilities. Their functions include protection and tolerance against cytotoxic conditions through their molecular chaperoning activity, maintaining cytoskeleton stability, and assisting in cell signaling. However, their role as biomarkers for monitoring the environmental risk assessment is controversial due to a number of conflicting, validating, and nonvalidating reports. The current knowledge regarding the interpretation of HSPs expression levels has been discussed in the present review. The candidature of heat shock proteins as biomarkers of toxicity is thus far unreliable due to synergistic effects of toxicants and other environmental factors. The adoption of heat shock proteins as "suit of biomarkers in a set of organisms" requires further investigation.
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Dinkova-Kostova AT. The Role of Sulfhydryl Reactivity of Small Molecules for the Activation of the KEAP1/NRF2 Pathway and the Heat Shock Response. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:606104. [PMID: 24278719 PMCID: PMC3820647 DOI: 10.6064/2012/606104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The KEAP1/NRF2 pathway and the heat shock response are two essential cytoprotective mechanisms that allow adaptation and survival under conditions of oxidative, electrophilic, and thermal stress by regulating the expression of elaborate networks of genes with versatile protective functions. The two pathways are independently regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), respectively. The activity of these transcriptional master regulators increases during conditions of stress and also upon encounter of small molecules (inducers), both naturally occurring as well as synthetically produced. Inducers have a common chemical property: the ability to react with sulfhydryl groups. The protein targets of such sulfhydryl-reactive compounds are equipped with highly reactive cysteine residues, which serve as sensors for inducers. The initial cysteine-sensed signal is further relayed to affect the expression of large networks of genes, which in turn can ultimately influence complex cell fate decisions such as life and death. The paper summarizes the multiple lines of experimental evidence demonstrating that the reactivity with sulfhydryl groups is a major determinant of the mechanism of action of small molecule dual activators of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway and the heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, James Arrott Drive, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Mir SUR, Jin L, Craven RJ. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression is dependent on the tumor-associated sigma-2 receptor S2RPgrmc1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14494-501. [PMID: 22418433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion is a critical step in the spread of cancer. S2R (sigma-2 receptor)/Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b(5)-related drug-binding orphan receptor essential for tumor formation and invasion. Secretory proteins drive these processes, so we screened for S2R(Pgrmc1)-dependent secreted proteins using antibody arrays. S2R(Pgrmc1) markedly regulated the expression of NGAL/LCN2 (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/lipocalin 2), a secreted glycoprotein that binds to MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) and protects it from degradation. S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down blocked NGAL/LCN2 expression at the protein and RNA levels and decreased MMP9 activity. NGAL expression was required for MMP-9 activity and tumor formation. S2R(Pgrmc1) associates with EGFR and increases EGFR levels at the plasma membrane, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and AG1478, as well as Akt and ERK inhibitors, suppressed the NGAL/LCN2 RNA and protein levels. NGAL is transcriptionally regulated by NFκB, and S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down decreased the NFκB subunit p65/RelA acetylation, phosphorylation, and activation. In S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down cells, p65 acetylation was reversed by inhibitors of histone deacetylase 1, and the inhibitors partially restored NGAL levels. Our results are consistent with a model in which S2R(Pgrmc1) increases NGAL/LCN2 levels by activating NFκB via EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel U R Mir
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Wang RE, Pandita RK, Cai J, Hunt CR, Taylor JS. Inhibition of heat shock transcription factor binding by a linear polyamide binding in an unusual 1:1 mode. Chembiochem 2012; 13:97-104. [PMID: 22134972 PMCID: PMC3516905 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are known to protect cells from heat, oxidative stress, and the cytotoxic effects of drugs, and thus can enhance cancer cell survival. As a result, HSPs are a newly emerging class of protein targets for chemotherapy. Among the various HSPs, the HSP70 family is the most highly conserved and prevalent. Herein we describe the development of a β-alanine rich linear polyamide that binds the GGA heat shock elements (HSEs) 3 and 4 in the HSP70 promoter in an unusual 1:1 mode and inhibits heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) binding in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng E. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Radiation Oncology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Clayton R. Hunt
- Radiation Oncology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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Characterization of the cytotoxic properties of the benzimidazole fungicides, benomyl and carbendazim, in human tumour cell lines and primary cultures of patient tumour cells. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:33-42. [PMID: 19786863 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328330e74e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ristić-Fira AM, Korićanac LB, Zakula JJ, Valastro LM, Iannolo G, Privitera G, Cuttone G, Petrović IM. Effects of fotemustine or dacarbasine on a melanoma cell line pretreated with therapeutic proton irradiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:50. [PMID: 19358719 PMCID: PMC2672057 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Considering that HTB140 melanoma cells have shown a poor response to either protons or alkylating agents, the effects of a combined use of these agents have been analysed. Methods Cells were irradiated in the middle of the therapeutic 62 MeV proton spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). Irradiation doses were 12 or 16 Gy and are those frequently used in proton therapy. Four days after irradiation cells were treated with fotemustine (FM) or dacarbazine (DTIC). Drug concentrations were 100 and 250 μM, values close to those that produce 50% of growth inhibition. Cell viability, proliferation, survival and cell cycle distribution were assessed 7 days after irradiation that corresponds to more than six doubling times of HTB140 cells. In this way incubation periods providing the best single effects of drugs (3 days) and protons (7 days) coincided at the same time. Results Single proton irradiations have reduced the number of cells to ~50%. FM caused stronger cell inactivation due to its high toxicity, while the effectiveness of DTIC, that was important at short term, almost vanished with the incubation of 7 days. Cellular mechanisms triggered by proton irradiation differently influenced the final effects of combined treatments. Combination of protons and FM did not improve cell inactivation level achieved by single treatments. A low efficiency of the single DTIC treatment was overcome when DTIC was introduced following proton irradiation, giving better inhibitory effects with respect to the single treatments. Most of the analysed cells were in G1/S phase, viable, active and able to replicate DNA. Conclusion The obtained results are the consequence of a high resistance of HTB140 melanoma cells to protons and/or drugs. The inactivation level of the HTB140 human melanoma cells after protons, FM or DTIC treatments was not enhanced by their combined application.
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Passagne I, Evrard A, Winum JY, Depeille P, Cuq P, Montero JL, Cupissol D, Vian L. Cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis induced by new fotemustine analogs on human melanoma cells in relation to O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:816-23. [PMID: 12970393 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fotemustine is a third generation chloroethylnitrosourea that has demonstrated significant antitumoral effects in malignant melanoma. However, its use is somewhat limited by its toxic side effects and chemoresistance caused by direct repair of O6-alkyl groups by the enzyme O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT). The aim of this work was to determine to what extent the expression of MGMT influences cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and apoptosis induced by new nitrososulfamide analogs of fotemustine (compounds 4 and 8), which have previously demonstrated interesting antiproliferative properties. We carried out complementary strategies that consisted of MGMT cDNA transfection in CAL77 Mer- melanoma cells and of MGMT inhibition with O6-benzylguanine (BG) in A375 Mer+ melanoma cells. MGMT-transfected cells were 7 to 9 times less sensitive to fotemustine than parent cells, whereas no difference between the transfected and parent cells was observed for nitrososulfamide analogs. The cytotoxicity of these analogs vis à vis a MGMT-proficient A375 melanoma cell line was approximately 3 times greater than that of fotemustine. Coincubation of these cells with O6-benzylguanine significantly increased the cytotoxicity of fotemustine and compound 8, whereas BG had little effect on the cytotoxicity of compound 4. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation determined by a comet assay was greater with nitrososulfamide analogs than with fotemustine. O6-benzylguanine increased DNA fragmentation for fotemustine and compound 8, but not for compound 4, which induced comets with a typical apoptotic appearance. The ability of this compound to induce apoptosis in the absence of BG was confirmed by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay apoptotic assay using a single-stranded DNA monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Passagne
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Montpellier I University, 15 avenue Charles Flahault BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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9
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Biesalski HK, Frank J. Antioxidants in cancer therapy: is there a rationale to recommend antioxidants during cancer therapy? Biofactors 2003; 17:229-40. [PMID: 12897444 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Konrad Biesalski
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim Fruwirthstrasse 12, D 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Aguilar-Mahecha A, Hales BF, Robaire B. Acute cyclophosphamide exposure has germ cell specific effects on the expression of stress response genes during rat spermatogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 60:302-11. [PMID: 11599041 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of male rats to cyclophosphamide, a commonly used anticancer and immunosuppressive drug, has been shown to alter fertility and progeny outcome in a male germ cell phase-specific manner. The effect of toxicant exposure on male germ cells depends in part on the stress response mechanisms present during the different stages of spermatogenesis. To assess how acute cyclophosphamide exposure affects the expression of stress response genes, we examined the expression of 216 genes, using gene expression arrays, in isolated rat spermatogenic cell types (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and elongating spermatids). Cyclophosphamide exposure affected gene expression in all cell types but most dramatically in round spermatids. Increased transcript levels were observed for 30 genes in round spermatids compared to seven genes in pachytene spermatocytes and two in elongating spermatids. The expression of genes involved in apoptosis, DNA-damage recognition and repair, transcriptional activation, and in the heat shock protein-chaperone response was most affected by cyclophosphamide in round spermatids. Our results demonstrate that cyclophosphamide alters the expression of stress response genes during spermatogenesis in a germ cell-specific manner. The greater response of round spermatids to cyclophosphamide suggests that this cell type may be more susceptible to the damaging effects induced by this drug, possibly due to the chromatin remodeling that is taking place at this stage of spermatogenesis. This observation is consistent with the reported higher level of abnormal progeny outcome seen when the germ cells were first exposed to cyclophosphamide as round spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aguilar-Mahecha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Eskenazi AE, Powers J, Pinkas J, Oesterreich S, Fuqua SA, Frantz CN. Induction of heat shock protein 27 by hydroxyurea and its relationship to experimental metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 1998; 16:283-90. [PMID: 9568646 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006553127695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of tumor cells with hydroxyurea (HU) has been shown to increase the experimental metastatic potential of these cells. We have previously described the induction of stress proteins (antioxidants) by HU in B16 murine melanoma cells and their relationship to the metastatic process. We have now investigated the induction by HU of another set of stress proteins, the heat shock proteins, and their role in experimental metastasis. HU markedly increased the cellular content of heat shock protein (hsp) 27 but not of hsp 90, 72/73, or 60 as measured by immunoblotting. The induction of hsp27 protein was preceded by a specific increase in hsp27 mRNA. Furthermore, HU-treated cells were more thermotolerant. To investigate the functional role of hsp27, human hsp27 cDNA was constitutively overexpressed in B16 cells at levels seen in HU-treated cells. In separate experiments, we induced a global increase in hsps by heat shock. Neither the hsp27 transfectants nor the heat-shocked cells demonstrated an increase in their experimental metastatic capacity. We conclude that hsp27 protein is increased by HU by the specific induction of hsp27 mRNA in B16 melanoma cells but increased hsp27 protein is not responsible for the increase in experimental metastasis. Since high levels of hsp27 are associated with metastatic disease in breast and ovarian cancers, but not in our experimental system, the functional role of hsp27 in metastasis requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Eskenazi
- Department of Pediatrics and the Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Xu Q, Hu Y, Kleindienst R, Wick G. Nitric oxide induces heat-shock protein 70 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of heat shock factor 1. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1089-97. [PMID: 9276725 PMCID: PMC508283 DOI: 10.1172/jci119619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current data suggest that nitric oxide (NO) is a double-edged sword that could result in relaxation and/or cytotoxicity of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) via cGMP- dependent or -independent signal pathways. Stress or heat shock proteins (hsps) have been shown to be augmented in arterial SMCs during acute hypertension and atherosclerosis, both conditions that are believed to correlate with disturbed NO production. In the present study, we demonstrate that NO generated from sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, and spermine/nitric oxide complex leads to hsp70 induction in cultured SMCs. Western blot analysis demonstrated that hsp70 protein expression peaked between 6 and 12 h after treatment with SNP, and elevated protein levels were preceded by induction of hsp70 mRNA within 3 h. Induction of hsp70 mRNA was associated with the activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), suggesting that the response was regulated at the transcriptional level. HSF1 activation was completely blocked by hemoglobin, dithiothreitol, and cycloheximide, suggesting that the protein damage and nascent polypeptide formation induced by NO may initiate this activation. Furthermore, SMCs pretreated with heat shock (42 degrees C) for 30 min were significantly protected from death induced by NO. Thus, we provide evidence that NO induces hsp70 expression in SMCs via HSF1 activation. Induction of hsp70 could be important in protecting SMCs from injury resulting from NO stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Muramatsu T, Ohno H, Shirai T, Takahashi A, Ohnishi T. DNA-damaging agents induce the 72-kD heat shock protein in SV40 transformed normal human fibroblasts. J Dermatol 1996; 23:589-93. [PMID: 8916656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1996.tb02659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the involvement of DNA damage in the induction of heat shock proteins (stress proteins), we examined the induction of 72-kD heat shock protein (HSP72) in an SV40-transformed human fibroblast cell line (WI38VA13) which was exposed to various DNA-damaging agents, including 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3 -nitro-methylmethane sulfonate, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide. Induction of HSP72 was detected by the indirect immunofluorescence method using a monoclonal antibody. All the DNA-damaging agents used in this study induced HSP72 on human fibroblasts. This result indicates that DNA damage is one trigger for the induction of HSP72.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Muramatsu
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Japan
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14
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Liu H, Lightfoot R, Stevens JL. Activation of Heat Shock Factor by Alkylating Agents Is Triggered by Glutathione Depletion and Oxidation of Protein Thiols. J Biol Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chant ID, Rose PE, Morris AG. Analysis of heat-shock protein expression in myeloid leukaemia cells by flow cytometry. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:163-8. [PMID: 7786780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expression of heat-shock proteins (hsp) was analysed in the leukaemic cells of 12 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and nine patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Using monoclonal antibodies to hsp70, hsp90 and hsp60 (ML30, a mycobacterial antigen with homology to human hsp60), we measured hsp levels by flow cytometry of permeabilized cells. Mononuclear cells from 10 healthy volunteers were also examined. The results demonstrate that hsp expression is significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the circulating cells of patients with AML compared with cells from CML patients, and compared with normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This increased pattern of expression was found for all three heat-shock protein families included in this study. Mononuclear cells from leukaemic patients showed a heterogenous pattern of hsp expression, between different patients, between cells from individual patients, and between the different hsp proteins examined. It is possible that hsp expression relates to the differentiation state or proliferative potential of these leukaemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Chant
- Department of haematology, South Warwickshire Hospital
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16
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Pizurki L, Polla BS. cAMP modulates stress protein synthesis in human monocytes-macrophages. J Cell Physiol 1994; 161:169-77. [PMID: 7929603 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041610120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and other stress proteins, including heme oxygenase (HO) and ferritin, is differentially induced by heat and oxidizing agents. In order to determine what role cAMP plays in those inductions in human monocytes-macrophages (m phi), we used cAMP activators or analogues alone or in combination with various stressful conditions. A stimulation in cAMP production did not per se affect stress proteins synthesis in m phi but modulated their induction in a differential way according to the stimulus. cAMP increased the synthesis of HSPs after heat shock. During erythrophagocytosis, whereas cAMP depressed the phagocytic process and the associated generation of superoxide anions, it enhanced the synthesis of HSPs, while inhibiting that of HO and ferritin. These results indicate that cAMP has a direct enhancing effect on the expression of stress proteins controlled by a classic heat-shock promoter, while decreasing their expression when induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pizurki
- Allergy Unit, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Lee YJ, Hou ZZ, Curetty L, Erdos G, Stromberg JS, Carper SW, Cho JM, Corry PM. Regulation of HSP70 and HSP28 gene expression: absence of compensatory interactions. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 137:155-67. [PMID: 7845389 DOI: 10.1007/bf00944077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the lack of HSP28 gene expression during acute and chronic thermotolerance development in L929 cells (J Cell Physiol 152: 118-125, 1992; Cancer Res 52: 5787, 1992). In contrast to HSP28, an extremely high level of inducible HSP70 synthesis was observed. These results led us to investigate the possibility of compensatory interactions between HSP70 and HSP28. To test the hypothesis, L929 cells were transfected with the human HSP28 gene contained in plasmid pCMV27. Data from Western blot and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of [3H] leucine and [32P] orthophosphate-labeled proteins showed the synthesis and phosphorylation of HSP28 in transfected cells after heating at 45 degrees C for 10 min. However, the expression of constitutive and inducible HSP70 genes, along with the synthesis of their proteins, was not decreased after heat shock. These results suggest an independent regulation of HSP28 and HSP70 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073
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18
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Croy RG. Role of chemically induced cell proliferation in carcinogenesis and its use in health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1993; 101 Suppl 5:289-302. [PMID: 8013422 PMCID: PMC1519419 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.93101s5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in incorporating knowledge of biological mechanisms of carcinogenesis into assessments of health risks to humans posed by chemicals in the environment. Debate over the soundness of using data from animal bioassays conducted at minimally toxic doses or fractions thereof for predicting cancer risks to humans exposed to much lower doses has stimulated interest in the question of whether genotoxic or mitotic effects predominate in chemical carcinogenesis. Cell division plays a key role at each stage in the evolution of cancer, and it is well documented that increased rates of cell proliferation can escalate the risk of malignancy. This article examines the current understanding of both mechanisms by which chemicals provoke cell proliferation and the contribution of various kinetic patterns of cell proliferation to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Croy
- ENSR Consulting and Engineering, Acton, MA 01720
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Auger EA, Giaccia AJ, Hahn GM. Heat sensitivity of bleomycin-sensitive CHO derivatives is not due to improper initialization of heat shock response. Int J Hyperthermia 1993; 9:275-84. [PMID: 7682247 DOI: 10.3109/02656739309022540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether differences in the heat shock response exist between CHO and three bleomycin-sensitive, heat-sensitive CHO derivatives. The binding of heat shock factor (HSF) in response to heat and varying concentrations of bleomycin in the four cell lines was examined using a gel shift assay and a synthetic heat shock element (HSE). Heat (45 degrees C, 10 min) and exposure to 1 micrograms/ml bleomycin for 1 h at 37 degrees C induced similar levels of HSF binding in all four cell lines. We also examined if bleomycin dose and the length of recovery from bleomycin treatment affected the induction of HSF binding. The level of activated HSF binding to HSE was higher in cells treated with low doses (1 ng/ml) of bleomycin than in cells treated with 1 or 25 micrograms/ml bleomycin. The amount of activated HSF was directly proportional to the time elapsed since bleomycin treatment. Our results therefore indicate no difference between CHO and its bleomycin-sensitive derivatives in the ability to initiate the heat shock response as determined by the production of activated HSF in response to either heat or bleomycin. We conclude that the intrinsic thermosensitivity of these cell lines is not related to the early response to heat shock, but either occurs later in the pathway or is unrelated to events after heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Auger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5468
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Amici C, Sistonen L, Santoro MG, Morimoto RI. Antiproliferative prostaglandins activate heat shock transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:6227-31. [PMID: 1631114 PMCID: PMC49473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.14.6227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human K562 erythroleukemia cells with the antiproliferative prostaglandin A1 results in the elevated transcription of two heat shock genes, HSP70 and HSP90. Parallel with increased heat shock gene transcription is the activation of heat shock transcription factor. Heat shock transcription factor levels are induced within 60 min after prostaglandin A1 addition to levels similar to that achieved during heat shock. The requirement for protein synthesis for prostaglandin A1 activation of heat shock transcription factor suggests that effects on nascent protein synthesis may be involved in the signaling mechanism. Although it is unclear whether the activation of a heat shock response by prostaglandins is relevant to the biochemical properties of these natural substances, cells pretreated with prostaglandin A1 are protected against a subsequent heat shock, indicative of a thermotolerant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amici
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Mosser DD, Martin LH. Induced thermotolerance to apoptosis in a human T lymphocyte cell line. J Cell Physiol 1992; 151:561-70. [PMID: 1295903 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041510316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A brief exposure to elevated temperatures elicits, in all organisms, a transient state of increased heat resistance known as thermotolerance. The mechanism for this thermotolerant state is unknown primarily because it is not clear how mild hyperthermia leads to cell death. The realization that cell death can occur through an active process of self destruction, known as apoptosis, led us to consider whether thermotolerance provides protection against this mode of cell death. Apoptosis is a common and essential form of cell death that occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. This mode of cell death requires the active participation of the dying cell and in this way differs mechanistically from the alternative mode of cell death, necrosis. Here we show that mild hyperthermia induces apoptosis in a human leukemic T cell line. This is evidenced by chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and the cleavage of DNA into oligonucleosome size units. DNA fragmentation is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis and requires the activation of an endogenous endonuclease. The extent of DNA fragmentation was proportional to the severity of heat stress for cells heated at 43 degrees C from 30 to 90 minutes. A brief conditioning heat treatment induced a resistance to apoptosis. This was evident as a resistance to DNA fragmentation and a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells after a heat challenge. Resistance to DNA fragmentation developed during a recovery period at 37 degrees C and was correlated with enhanced heat shock protein (hsp) synthesis. This heat-induced resistance to apoptosis suggests that thermotolerant cells have gained the capacity to prevent the onset of this pathway of self-destruction. An examination of this process in heated cells should provide new insights into the molecular basis of cellular thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Mosser
- National Research Council of Canada Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec
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Phillips B, Morimoto RI. Transcriptional regulation of human hsp70 genes: relationship between cell growth, differentiation, virus infection, and the stress response. Results Probl Cell Differ 1991; 17:167-87. [PMID: 1803419 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-46712-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Phillips
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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