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Hird C, Lundsgaard NU, Downie AT, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Considering ultraviolet radiation in experimental biology: a neglected pervasive stressor. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247231. [PMID: 39140251 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a pervasive factor that has shaped the evolution of life on Earth. Ambient levels of UVR mediate key biological functions but can also cause severe lethal and sublethal effects in a wide range of organisms. Furthermore, UVR is a powerful modulator of the effects of other environmental factors on organismal physiology, such as temperature, disease, toxicology and pH, among others. This is critically important in the context of global change, where understanding the effects of multiple stressors is a key challenge for experimental biologists. Ecological physiologists rarely afford UVR discussion or include UVR in experimental design, even when it is directly relevant to their study system. In this Commentary, we provide a guide for experimental biologists to better understand if, when, and how UVR can be integrated into experimental designs to improve the ecological realism of their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Hird
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Magandjin (Brisbane) 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Niclas U Lundsgaard
- Queensland Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, Dutton Park, Magandjin (Brisbane) 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam T Downie
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Magandjin (Brisbane) 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Magandjin (Brisbane) 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Magandjin (Brisbane) 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Isak V, Azizi S, Zhou XK, Mehta D, Ding W, Bulmer Z, Aivazi DS, Dellinger RW, Granstein RD. Inhibition of UVB radiation-induced tissue swelling and immune suppression by nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12961. [PMID: 38676310 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental ultraviolet radiation has deleterious effects on humans, including sunburn and immune perturbations. These immune changes are involved in skin carcinogenesis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether nicotinamide riboside and/or pterostilbene administered systemically inhibits inflammatory and immune effects of exposure to mid-range ultraviolet radiation. METHODS To examine UVB radiation-induced inflammatory effects, mice were fed standard chow/water, 0.04% pterostilbene in chow and 0.2% nicotinamide riboside in drinking water, diet with nicotinamide riboside alone, or diet with pterostilbene alone. After 4 weeks, mice were exposed to UVB radiation (3500 J/m2), and 24-/48-h ear swelling was assessed. We also asked if each agent or the combination inhibits UVB radiation suppression of contact hypersensitivity in two models. Mice were fed standard diet/water or chow containing 0.08% pterostilbene, water with 0.4% nicotinamide riboside, or both for 4 weeks. Low-dose: Half the mice in each group were exposed on the depilated dorsum to UVB radiation (1700 J/m2) daily for 4 days, whereas half were mock-irradiated. Mice were immunized on the exposed dorsum to dinitrofluorobenzene 4 h after the last irradiation, challenged 7 days later on the ears with dinitrofluorobenzene, and 24-h ear swelling assessed. High dose: Mice were treated similarly except that a single dose of 10,000 J/m2 of radiation was administered and immunization was performed on the unirradiated shaved abdomen 3 days later. RESULTS Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene together inhibited UVB-induced skin swelling more than either alone. Pterostilbene alone and both given together could inhibit UVB-induced immune suppression in both the low-dose and high-dose models while nicotinamide riboside alone was more effective in the low-dose model than the high-dose model. CONCLUSION Nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene have protective effects against UVB radiation-induced tissue swelling and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Isak
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shayan Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xi K Zhou
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Devina Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wanhong Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zakir Bulmer
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniella S Aivazi
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Slominski RM, Chen JY, Raman C, Slominski AT. Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology: How the ultraviolet radiation regulates the body, brain, and immune system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308374121. [PMID: 38489380 PMCID: PMC10998607 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308374121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is primarily recognized for its detrimental effects such as cancerogenesis, skin aging, eye damage, and autoimmune disorders. With exception of ultraviolet B (UVB) requirement in the production of vitamin D3, the positive role of UVR in modulation of homeostasis is underappreciated. Skin exposure to UVR triggers local responses secondary to the induction of chemical, hormonal, immune, and neural signals that are defined by the chromophores and extent of UVR penetration into skin compartments. These responses are not random and are coordinated by the cutaneous neuro-immuno-endocrine system, which counteracts the action of external stressors and accommodates local homeostasis to the changing environment. The UVR induces electrical, chemical, and biological signals to be sent to the brain, endocrine and immune systems, as well as other central organs, which in concert regulate body homeostasis. To achieve its central homeostatic goal, the UVR-induced signals are precisely computed locally with transmission through nerves or humoral signals release into the circulation to activate and/or modulate coordinating central centers or organs. Such modulatory effects will be dependent on UVA and UVB wavelengths. This leads to immunosuppression, the activation of brain and endocrine coordinating centers, and the modification of different organ functions. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the underlying mechanisms of UVR electromagnetic energy penetration deep into the body, with its impact on the brain and internal organs. Photo-neuro-immuno-endocrinology can offer novel therapeutic approaches in addiction and mood disorders; autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and chronic pain-generating disorders; or pathologies involving endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Departments of Genetics, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
| | - Jake Y. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
- Department of Dermatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL35294
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Hird C, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Thermal compensation reduces DNA damage from UV radiation. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103711. [PMID: 37717403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Increases in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) correlate spatially and temporally with global amphibian population declines and interact with other stressors such as disease and temperature. Declines have largely occurred in high-altitude areas associated with greater UVR and cooler temperatures. UVR is a powerful mutagenic harming organisms largely by damaging DNA. When acutely exposed to UVR at cool temperatures, amphibian larvae have increased levels of DNA damage. Amphibians may compensate for the depressive effects of temperature on DNA damage through acclimatisation, but it is unknown whether they have this capacity. We reared striped marsh frog larvae (Limnodynastes peronii) in warm (25 °C) and cool (15 °C) temperatures under a low or moderate daily dose of UVR (10 and 40 μW cm-2 UV-B for 1 h at midday, respectively) for 18-20 days and then measured DNA damage resulting from an acute high UVR dose (80 μW cm-2 UV-B for 1.5 h) at a range of temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). Larvae acclimated to 15 °C and exposed to UVR at 15 °C completely compensated UVR-induced DNA damage compared with 25 °C acclimated larvae exposed to UVR at 25 °C. Additionally, warm-acclimated larvae had higher DNA damage than cold-acclimated larvae across test temperatures, which indicated a cost of living in warmer temperatures. Larvae reared under elevated UVR levels showed no evidence of UVR acclimation resulting in lower DNA damage following high UVR exposure. Our finding that thermal acclimation in L. peronii larvae compensated UVR-induced DNA damage at low temperatures suggested that aquatic ectotherms living in cool temperatures may be more resilient to high UVR than previously realised. We suggested individuals or species with less capacity for thermal acclimation of DNA repair mechanisms may be more at risk if exposed to changing thermal and UVR exposure regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Hird
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Magandjin, 4072, Australia.
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Magandjin, 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Magandjin, 4072, Australia
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Zilberg C, Lyons JG, Gupta R, Damian DL. The Immune Microenvironment in Basal Cell Carcinoma. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:243-255. [PMID: 37550225 PMCID: PMC10407341 DOI: 10.5021/ad.22.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the suppression and progression of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The primary aetiological factor for BCC development is exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which, particularly in lighter Fitzpatrick skin types, leads to the accumulation of DNA damage. UVR has roles in the generation of an immunosuppressive environment, facilitating cancer progression. Rates of BCC are elevated in immunosuppressed patients, and BCC may undergo spontaneous immune-mediated regression. Histologic and immunohistochemical profiling of BCCs consistently demonstrates the presence of an immune infiltrate and associated immune proteins. Early studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors reveal promising results in BCC. Therefore, the host immune system and tumor responses to it are important in BCC pathogenesis. Understanding these interactions will be beneficial for disease prognostication and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zilberg
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
| | - James Guy Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diona Lee Damian
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Sydney at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, Australia
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Lundsgaard NU, Hird C, Doody KA, Franklin CE, Cramp RL. Carryover effects from environmental change in early life: An overlooked driver of the amphibian extinction crisis? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3857-3868. [PMID: 37310166 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ecological carryover effects, or delayed effects of the environment on an organism's phenotype, are central predictors of individual fitness and a key issue in conservation biology. Climate change imposes increasingly variable environmental conditions that may be challenging to early life-history stages in animals with complex life histories, leading to detrimental physiological and fitness effects in later life. Yet, the latent nature of carryover effects, combined with the long temporal scales over which they can manifest, means that this phenomenon remains understudied and is often overlooked in short-term studies limited to single life-history stages. Herein, we review evidence for the physiological carryover effects induced by elevated ultraviolet radiation (UVR; 280-400 nm) as a potential contributor to recent amphibian population declines. UVR exposure causes a suite of molecular, cellular and physiological consequences known to underpin carryover effects in other taxa, but there is a lack of research linking embryonic and larval UVR exposures to fitness consequences post-metamorphosis in amphibians. We propose that the key impacts of UVR on disease-related amphibian declines are facilitated through carryover effects that bridge embryonic and larval UVR exposure with potential increased disease susceptibility post-metamorphosis. We conclude by identifying a practical direction for the study of ecological carryover effects in amphibians that could guide future ecological research in the broader field of conservation physiology. Only by addressing carryover effects can many of the mechanistic links between environmental change and population declines be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas U Lundsgaard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Coen Hird
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Kathleen A Doody
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Cho C, Lee D, Jeong D, Kim S, Kim MK, Srinivasan S. Characterization of radiation-resistance mechanism in Spirosoma montaniterrae DY10 T in terms of transcriptional regulatory system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4739. [PMID: 36959250 PMCID: PMC10036542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To respond to the external environmental changes for survival, bacteria regulates expression of a number of genes including transcription factors (TFs). To characterize complex biological phenomena, a biological system-level approach is necessary. Here we utilized six computational biology methods to infer regulatory network and to characterize underlying biologically mechanisms relevant to radiation-resistance. In particular, we inferred gene regulatory network (GRN) and operons of radiation-resistance bacterium Spirosoma montaniterrae DY10[Formula: see text] and identified the major regulators for radiation-resistance. Our results showed that DNA repair and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms are key processes and Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator works as a master regulatory TF in early response to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohoon Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Intelligence Computing, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Kyum Kim
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sathiyaraj Srinivasan
- Department of Bio & Environmental Technology, College of Natural Science, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea.
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Dixon KM, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. The CaSR Modulator NPS-2143 Reduced UV-Induced DNA Damage in Skh:hr1 Hairless Mice but Minimally Inhibited Skin Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054921. [PMID: 36902353 PMCID: PMC10002576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an important regulator of epidermal function. We previously reported that knockdown of the CaSR or treatment with its negative allosteric modulator, NPS-2143, significantly reduced UV-induced DNA damage, a key factor in skin cancer development. We subsequently wanted to test whether topical NPS-2143 could also reduce UV-DNA damage, immune suppression, or skin tumour development in mice. In this study, topical application of NPS-2143 (228 or 2280 pmol/cm2) to Skh:hr1 female mice reduced UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) (p < 0.05) and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05) to a similar extent as the known photoprotective agent 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 1,25D). Topical NPS-2143 failed to rescue UV-induced immunosuppression in a contact hypersensitivity study. In a chronic UV photocarcinogenesis protocol, topical NPS-2143 reduced squamous cell carcinomas for only up to 24 weeks (p < 0.02) but had no other effect on skin tumour development. In human keratinocytes, 1,25D, which protected mice from UV-induced skin tumours, significantly reduced UV-upregulated p-CREB expression (p < 0.01), a potential early anti-tumour marker, while NPS-2143 had no effect. This result, together with the failure to reduce UV-induced immunosuppression, may explain why the reduction in UV-DNA damage in mice with NPS-2143 was not sufficient to inhibit skin tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2008, Australia
| | - Katie Marie Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew J. A. Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Tse BCY, Ferguson AL, Koay YC, Grau GE, Don AS, Byrne SN. Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation establishes a novel immune suppressive lipidome in skin-draining lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1045731. [PMID: 36741361 PMCID: PMC9895826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of ultraviolet radiation to suppress the immune system is thought to be central to both its beneficial (protection from autoimmunity) and detrimental (carcinogenic) effects. Previous work revealed a key role for lipids particularly platelet-activating factor and sphingosine-1-phosphate in mediating UV-induced immune suppression. We therefore hypothesized that there may be other UV-induced lipids that have immune regulatory roles. To assess this, mice were exposed to an immune suppressive dose of solar-simulated UV (8 J/cm2). Lipidomic analysis identified 6 lipids (2 acylcarnitines, 2 neutral lipids, and 2 phospholipids) with significantly increased levels in the skin-draining lymph nodes of UV-irradiated mice. Imaging mass spectrometry of the lipids in combination with imaging mass cytometry identification of lymph node cell subsets indicated a preferential location of UV-induced lipids to T cell areas. In vitro co-culture of skin-draining lymph node lipids with lymphocytes showed that lipids derived from UV-exposed mice have no effect on T cell activation but significantly inhibited T cell proliferation, indicating that the lipids play an immune regulatory role. These studies are important first steps in identifying novel lipids that contribute to UV-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C. Y. Tse
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela L. Ferguson
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yen Chin Koay
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georges E. Grau
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony S. Don
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott N. Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Scott N. Byrne,
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Dessinioti C, Stratigos AJ. An Epidemiological Update on Indoor Tanning and the Risk of Skin Cancers. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:8886-8903. [PMID: 36421352 PMCID: PMC9689757 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor tanning (sunbeds, solarium) uses artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to stimulate cosmetic tanning of the skin. Indoor tanning has been officially classified as a human carcinogen in 2009 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO). The differences in the prevalence of sunbed use across countries and over the years highlight underlying legislative, climatic, and cultural differences. Indoor tanning-seeking behaviors may be driven by motivations for an appealing appearance, largely influenced by gender and age, and several misconceptions that a prevacation tan safeguards the skin, that sunbeds can be used to treat acne or to increase vitamin D, or that tanning is a healthy habit. This review provides an epidemiological update on the prevalence of sunbed use, who tends to use sunbeds and why, and details the current evidence on the association of sunbeds with skin cancers, including cutaneous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). A statistically significant higher risk of cutaneous melanoma, BCC and cSCC with the use of sunbeds has been consistently demonstrated. This risk of skin cancer is even higher with the more frequent use of sunbeds, underscoring a dose-response relationship, and in those first exposed to sunbeds at a younger age. Preventive measures against sunbed use include legislation restricting sunbed use, educational campaigns to inform and discourage from indoor tanning, as well as using the internet, online advertising messages and the social media to reach larger audiences and to promote an untanned appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clio Dessinioti
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Unit, 1st Department of Dermatology-Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Andreas Sygros Hospital, 16121 Athens, Greece
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Sun PH, Yan WT, Tian RF, Sun Y, Wu Y. The landscape of photoaging: From bench to bedside in a bibliometric analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:972766. [PMID: 36339199 PMCID: PMC9633272 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.972766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bibliometric software exists as a platform providing multiple algorithms to process the data to suffice diverse goals. Interpretation of the result must be based on insight into the meaning of the original data and the algorithm used. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms represent the macro-level meaning of topics, keywords that commonly reflect the micro-level aspects. Objective This study attempts to investigate the landscape of photoaging in the recent two decades by using bibliometric analysis. Methods Published studies of photoaging were obtained from PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) from 2000 to 2020. Basic bibliometric information was generated by WoSCC. Major MeSH terms were performed in cluster analysis and displayed as a hierarchical form to induce knowledge structure, detection algorithm on keywords was presented as a timeline form to obtain hotspots, and institutional clusters were labeled with keywords to achieve institutional characteristics. Results A total of 2,727 and 2,705 studies were identified in PubMed and WoSCC, respectively. The number of photoaging-related studies at 3-year intervals grew steadily. The studies were performed in about 80 countries/regions. The highly frequent major MeSH terms were distributed in seven clusters, reflecting the etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of photoaging. The hotspots changed as time went on, and the hotspots in recent 5 years were mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), and antioxidant activity. The highly productive institutions labeling in the top four clusters were Seoul National University, University of Michigan, China Medical University, and Harvard University, with corresponding keywords of UVB, retinoic acid, Nrf2, and rejuvenation. Conclusions This study built a knowledge structure of pathophysiology, treatment and prevention of photoaging, and identified recent hotspots of MAPK, Nrf2, and antioxidant activity. We provide a landscape of photoaging, from the bench (pathophysiology) to bedside (treatment, prevention), and pave the way for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Dalian Dermatosis Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tong Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Immunologic Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Feng Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Immunologic Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Yan Wu
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Immunologic Skin Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China,Yan Sun
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Cramp RL, Ohmer MEB, Franklin CE. UV exposure causes energy trade-offs leading to increased chytrid fungus susceptibility in green tree frog larvae. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac038. [PMID: 35795017 PMCID: PMC9252104 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation have increased in many parts of the world due to the anthropogenic destruction of the ozone layer. UV radiation is a potent immunosuppressant and can increase the susceptibility of animal hosts to pathogens. UV radiation can directly alter immune function via immunosuppression and photoimmunotolerance; however, UV may also influence pathogen defences by affecting the distribution of energy resources among competing physiological processes. Both defence against UV damage and repair of incurred damage, as well as the maintenance of immune defences and responding to an immune challenge, are energetically expensive. These competing demands for finite energy resources could trade off against one another, resulting in sub-optimal performance in one or both processes. We examined the potential for a disease-related energy trade-off in green tree frog (Litoria caerulea) larvae. Larvae were reared under high- or low-UV conditions for 12 weeks during which time we measured growth rates, metabolic rate and susceptibility to the amphibian fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We found that larvae exposed to high levels of UV radiation had higher rates of energy expenditure than those exposed to low UV levels; however, UV exposure did not affect growth rates or developmental timings. Larvae exposed to high UV radiation also experienced greater Bd infection rates and carried a higher infection burden than those not exposed to elevated UV radiation. We propose that the increased energetic costs of responding to UV radiation were traded off against immune defences to protect larval growth rates. These findings have important implications for the aetiology of some Bd-associated amphibian declines, particularly in montane environments where Bd infections are most severe and where UV levels are highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cramp
- Corresponding author: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. Tel: +61 7 3365 8539.
| | - Michel E B Ohmer
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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13
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Photoaging: UV radiation-induced inflammation and immunosuppression accelerate the aging process in the skin. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:817-831. [PMID: 35748903 PMCID: PMC9307547 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive exposure of the skin to UV radiation (UVR) triggers a remodeling of the immune system and leads to the photoaging state which is reminiscent of chronological aging. Over 30 years ago, it was observed that UVR induced an immunosuppressive state which inhibited skin contact hypersensitivity. Methods Original and review articles encompassing inflammation and immunosuppression in the photoaging and chronological aging processes were examined from major databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results Currently it is known that UVR treatment can trigger a cellular senescence and inflammatory state in the skin. Chronic low-grade inflammation stimulates a counteracting immunosuppression involving an expansion of immunosuppressive cells, e.g., regulatory T cells (Treg), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg). This increased immunosuppressive activity not only suppresses the function of effector immune cells, a state called immunosenescence, but it also induces bystander degeneration of neighboring cells. Interestingly, the chronological aging process also involves an accumulation of pro-inflammatory senescent cells and signs of chronic low-grade inflammation, called inflammaging. There is also clear evidence that inflammaging is associated with an increase in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities which promote immunosenescence. Conclusion It seems that photoaging and normal aging evoke similar processes driven by the remodeling of the immune system. However, it is likely that there are different molecular mechanisms inducing inflammation and immunosuppression in the accelerated photoaging and the chronological aging processes.
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14
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Synthetic cells with self-activating optogenetic proteins communicate with natural cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2328. [PMID: 35484097 PMCID: PMC9050678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of regulated cellular processes and signaling methods in synthetic cells is essential for their integration with living materials. Light is an attractive tool to achieve this, but the limited penetration depth into tissue of visible light restricts its usability for in-vivo applications. Here, we describe the design and implementation of bioluminescent intercellular and intracellular signaling mechanisms in synthetic cells, dismissing the need for an external light source. First, we engineer light generating SCs with an optimized lipid membrane and internal composition, to maximize luciferase expression levels and enable high-intensity emission. Next, we show these cells’ capacity to trigger bioprocesses in natural cells by initiating asexual sporulation of dark-grown mycelial cells of the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. Finally, we demonstrate regulated transcription and membrane recruitment in synthetic cells using bioluminescent intracellular signaling with self-activating fusion proteins. These functionalities pave the way for deploying synthetic cells as embeddable microscale light sources that are capable of controlling engineered processes inside tissues. Synthetic biology and engineering approaches are harnessed to incorporate new capabilities in synthetic cells. Here, the authors designed bioluminescent signaling mechanisms for intracellular and intercellular synthetic-to-natural cell communication.
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15
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Janicki MJ, Szabla R, Šponer J, Góra RW. Photoinduced water-chromophore electron transfer causes formation of guanosine photodamage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8217-8224. [PMID: 35319053 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UV-induced photolysis of aqueous guanine nucleosides produces 8-oxo-guanine and Fapy-guanine, which can induce various types of cellular malfunction. The mechanistic rationale underlying photodestructive processes of guanine nucleosides is still largely obscure. Here, we employ accurate quantum chemical calculations and demonstrate that an excited-state non-bonding interaction of guanosine and a water molecule facilitates the electron-driven proton transfer process from water to the chromophore fragment. This subsequently allows for the formation of a crucial intermediate, namely guanosine photohydrate. Further (photo)chemical reactions of this intermediate lead to the known products of guanine photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj J Janicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Rafał Szabla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert W Góra
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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16
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Vogeley C, Rolfes KM, Krutmann J, Haarmann-Stemmann T. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Environmentally-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841721. [PMID: 35311158 PMCID: PMC8927079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and academia as well as public authorities expect a further increase of its incidence in the next years. The major risk factor for the development of SCC of the general population is the repeated and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Another important risk factor, in particular with regards to occupational settings, is the chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are formed during incomplete combustion of organic material and thus can be found in coal tar, creosote, bitumen and related working materials. Importantly, both exposomal factors unleash their carcinogenic potential, at least to some extent, by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and key regulator in xenobiotic metabolism and immunity. The AHR is expressed in all cutaneous cell-types investigated so far and maintains skin integrity. We and others have reported that in response to a chronic exposure to environmental stressors, in particular UV radiation and PAHs, an activation of AHR and downstream signaling pathways critically contributes to the development of SCC. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about AHR's role in skin carcinogenesis and focus on its impact on defense mechanisms, such as DNA repair, apoptosis and anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the possible consequences of a simultaneous exposure to different AHR-stimulating environmental factors for the development of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogeley
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina M Rolfes
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Yang C, Rybchyn MS, De Silva WGM, Matthews J, Holland AJA, Conigrave AD, Mason RS. UV-induced DNA Damage in Skin is Reduced by CaSR Inhibition. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1157-1166. [PMID: 35288938 PMCID: PMC9540002 DOI: 10.1111/php.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis maintains a cellular calcium gradient that supports keratinocyte differentiation from its basal layers (low) to outer layers (high) leading to the development of the stratum corneum, which resists penetration of UV radiation. The calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in keratinocytes responds to the calcium gradient with signals that promote differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether the CaSR is involved more directly in protection from UV damage in studies of human keratinocytes in primary culture and in mouse skin studied in vivo. siRNA‐directed reductions in CaSR protein levels in human keratinocytes significantly reduced UV‐induced direct cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) by ~80% and oxidative DNA damage (8‐OHdG) by ~65% compared with control transfected cells. Similarly, in untransfected cells, the CaSR negative modulator, NPS‐2143 (500 nm), reduced UV‐induced CPD and 8‐OHdG by ~70%. NPS‐2143 also enhanced DNA repair and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ~35% in UV‐exposed keratinocytes, consistent with reduced DNA damage after UV exposure. Topical application of NPS‐2143 also protected hairless Skh:hr1 mice from UV‐induced CPD, oxidative DNA damage and inflammation, similar to the reductions observed in response to the well‐known photoprotection agent 1,25(OH)2D3 (calcitriol). Thus, negative modulators of the CaSR offer a new approach to reducing UV‐induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | | | - Jim Matthews
- Sydney Informatics Hub, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Douglas Cohen Department of Paediatric Surgery, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arthur David Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (D17), University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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18
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Goodenow D, Greer AJ, Cone SJ, Gaddameedhi S. Circadian effects on UV-induced damage and mutations. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108413. [PMID: 35690416 PMCID: PMC9188652 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most diagnosed type of cancer in the United States, and while most of these malignancies are highly treatable, treatment costs still exceed $8 billion annually. Over the last 50 years, the annual incidence of skin cancer has steadily grown; therefore, understanding the environmental factors driving these types of cancer is a prominent research-focus. A causality between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and skin cancer is well-established, but exposure to UVR alone is not necessarily sufficient to induce carcinogenesis. The emerging field of circadian biology intersects strongly with the physiological systems of the mammalian body and introduces a unique opportunity for analyzing mechanisms of homeostatic disruption. The circadian clock refers to the approximate 24-hour cycle, in which protein levels of specific clock-controlled genes (CCGs) fluctuate based on the time of day. Though these CCGs are tissue specific, the skin has been observed to have a robust circadian clock that plays a role in its response to UVR exposure. This in-depth review will detail the mechanisms of the circadian clock and its role in cellular homeostasis. Next, the skin's response to UVR exposure and its induction of DNA damage and mutations will be covered - with an additional focus placed on how the circadian clock influences this response through nucleotide excision repair. Lastly, this review will discuss current models for studying UVR-induced skin lesions and perturbations of the circadian clock, as well as the impact of these factors on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Goodenow
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Adam J Greer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Sean J Cone
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Shobhan Gaddameedhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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19
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Park S, Kim IS, Park SY, Seo SA, Yang JE, Hwang E. The Protective Effect of Edible Bird's Nest against the Immune-senescence Process of UVB-irradiated Hairless Mice †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:949-957. [PMID: 34808003 DOI: 10.1111/php.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a nutritious food with many beneficial effects, including protecting cells against oxidation and infection due to wounds, bacteria or viruses. EBN has shown antiaging, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties in skin cells. Here, we investigated whether EBN has protective effects against photoaging, inflammation and immune-senescence in hairless mice treated with UVB irradiation. The skin thickness was lower in mice on an EBN diet than in mice treated with UVB alone. The level of hydration was significantly increased, while the index of transepidermal water loss decreased, in groups on the EBN diet. EBN also reduced erythema index in UVB-irradiated mice. At the molecular level, skin elasticity and antiaging are associated with high expression of elastin, collagen and filaggrin and low expression of the membrane metalloproteinases, MMP-1 and MMP-2. Inflammatory markers such as interleukins, IL-1β and IL-6, and TNF-α decreased significantly in the EBN groups. Caspase-3, an important factor in the apoptotic pathway and in congenital and adaptive immune responses, decreased in the EBN groups. Moreover, EBN diminished the overexpression of immunoglobulin E and elevated mast cell counts in UVB-irradiated mice. Overall, these findings suggest that EBN protects skin against aging and alleviates inflammation in UVB-irradiated hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seul A Seo
- SD Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Ganseo-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Tse BCY, Ireland RA, Lee JY, Marsh-Wakefield F, Kok LF, Don AS, Byrne SN. Exposure to Systemic Immunosuppressive Ultraviolet Radiation Alters T Cell Recirculation through Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2278-2287. [PMID: 34561229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic suppression of adaptive immune responses is a major way in which UV radiation contributes to skin cancer development. Immune suppression is also likely to explain how UV protects from some autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated systemic immune suppression are not well understood. Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to doses of UV known to suppress systemic autoimmunity led to the accumulation of cells within the skin-draining lymph nodes and away from non-skin-draining lymph nodes. Transfer of CD45.1+ cells from nonirradiated donors into CD45.2+ UV-irradiated recipients resulted in preferential accumulation of donor naive T cells and a decrease in activated T cells within skin-draining lymph nodes. A single dose of immune-suppressive UV was all that was required to cause a redistribution of naive and central memory T cells from peripheral blood to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Specifically, CD69-independent increases in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1-negative naive and central memory T cells occurred in these lymph nodes. Mass spectrometry analysis showed UV-mediated activation of sphingosine kinase 1 activity, resulting in an increase in S1P levels within the lymph nodes. Topical application of a sphingosine kinase inhibitor on the skin prior to UV irradiation eliminated the UV-induced increase in lymph node S1P and T cell numbers. Thus, exposure to immunosuppressive UV disrupts T cell recirculation by manipulating the S1P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C Y Tse
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachael A Ireland
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Jun Yup Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felix Marsh-Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lai Fong Kok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; .,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; and
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21
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Faßbender S, Sondenheimer K, Majora M, Schindler J, Opitz FV, Pollet M, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Krutmann J, Weighardt H. Keratinocytes Counteract UVB-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice Via HIF-1a Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1183-1193. [PMID: 34571000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1a) regulates cellular metabolism under hypoxia but also immune responses and UVB-induced skin reactions. In keratinocytes, HIF-1a is an environmental sensor orchestrating the adaptation to environmental changes. Here, we investigated the role of HIF-1a in keratinocytes for skin reactions to acute and chronic UVB exposure in mice. The function of HIF-1a in keratinocytes under UVB exposure was analyzed in conditional keratinocyte-specific HIF-1a-KO (in short "cKO") mice. cKO mice were hypersensitive to acute high-dose UVB irradiation compared to wildtype (WT), displaying increased cell death and delayed barrier repair. After chronic low-dose UVB treatment, cKO mice also had stronger epidermal damage but reduced infiltration of dermal macrophages and T helper cells compared to WT mice. Irradiated cKO mice revealed accumulation of regulatory lymphocytes in dorsal skin-draining lymph nodes compared to WT and unirradiated mice. This was reflected by augmented IL-10 release of lymph node cells and a weaker contact hypersensitivity reaction to DNFB in UVB-exposed cKO mice compared to WT and unirradiated controls. In summary, we found that keratinocyte-specific HIF-1a expression is crucial for adaptation to UVB exposure and inhibits the development of UVB-induced immunosuppression in mice. Therefore, HIF-1a signaling in keratinocytes could ameliorate photoaging-related skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Faßbender
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Kevin Sondenheimer
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Majora
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schindler
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike V Opitz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marius Pollet
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmann-Stemmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Strasse 31, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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22
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Szabla R, Zdrowowicz M, Spisz P, Green NJ, Stadlbauer P, Kruse H, Šponer J, Rak J. 2,6-diaminopurine promotes repair of DNA lesions under prebiotic conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3018. [PMID: 34021158 PMCID: PMC8139960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-yielding and selective prebiotic syntheses of RNA and DNA nucleotides involve UV irradiation to promote the key reaction steps and eradicate biologically irrelevant isomers. While these syntheses were likely enabled by UV-rich prebiotic environment, UV-induced formation of photodamages in polymeric nucleic acids, such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), remains the key unresolved issue for the origins of RNA and DNA on Earth. Here, we demonstrate that substitution of adenine with 2,6-diaminopurine enables repair of CPDs with yields reaching 92%. This substantial self-repairing activity originates from excellent electron donating properties of 2,6-diaminopurine in nucleic acid strands. We also show that the deoxyribonucleosides of 2,6-diaminopurine and adenine can be formed under the same prebiotic conditions. Considering that 2,6-diaminopurine was previously shown to increase the rate of nonenzymatic RNA replication, this nucleobase could have played critical roles in the formation of functional and photostable RNA/DNA oligomers in UV-rich prebiotic environments. UV-induced photodamage that likely occurred during the prebiotic synthesis of DNA and RNA is still an untackled issue for their origin on early Earth. Here, the authors show that substitution of 2,6-diaminopurine for adenine enables repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers with high yields, and demonstrate that both 2,6-diaminopurine and adenine nucleosides can be formed under the same prebiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Szabla
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Paulina Spisz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Petr Stadlbauer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Holger Kruse
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janusz Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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23
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Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Douki T. Wavelengths and temporal effects on the response of mammalian cells to UV radiation: Limitations of action spectra illustrated by genotoxicity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 217:112169. [PMID: 33713895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All photobiological events depend on the wavelength of the incident radiation. In real-life situations and in the vast majority of laboratory experiments, exposure always involves sources with various emission spectra spreading over a wide wavelength range. Action spectra are often used to describe the efficiency of a process at different wavelengths and to predict the effects of a given light source by summation of the individual effects at each wavelength. However, a full understanding of the biological effects of complex sources requires more than considering these concomitant events at each specific wavelength. Indeed, photons of different energies may not have additive but synergistic or inhibitory effects on photochemical processes and cellular responses. The evolution of a photobiological response with post-irradiation time must also be considered. These two aspects may represent some limitations to the use of action spectra. The present review, focused on mammalian cells, illustrates the concept of action spectrum and discusses its drawbacks using theoretical considerations and examples taken from the literature. Emphasis is placed on genotoxicity for which wavelength effects have been extensively studied. Other effects of UV exposure are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
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25
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Tongkao-on W, Yang C, McCarthy BY, De Silva WGM, Rybchyn MS, Gordon-Thomson C, Dixon KM, Halliday GM, Reeve VE, Mason RS. Sex Differences in Photoprotective Responses to 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Mice Are Modulated by the Estrogen Receptor-β. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1962. [PMID: 33669452 PMCID: PMC7920427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to photoimmune suppression and photocarcinogenesis is greater in male than in female humans and mice and is exacerbated in female estrogen receptor-beta knockout (ER-β-/-) mice. We previously reported that the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), applied topically protects against the ultraviolet radiation (UV) induction of cutaneous cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in female mice. Here, we compare these responses in female versus male Skh:hr1 mice, in ER-β-/-/-- versus wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in female ER-blockaded Skh:hr1 mice. The induction of CPDs was significantly greater in male than female Skh:hr1 mice and was more effectively reduced by 1,25(OH)2D in female Skh:hr1 and C57BL/6 mice than in male Skh:hr1 or ER-β-/- mice, respectively. This correlated with the reduced sunburn inflammation due to 1,25(OH)2D in female but not male Skh:hr1 mice. Furthermore, although 1,25(OH)2D alone dose-dependently suppressed basal CHS responses in male Skh:hr1 and ER-β-/- mice, UV-induced immunosuppression was universally observed. In female Skh:hr1 and C57BL/6 mice, the immunosuppression was decreased by 1,25(OH)2D dose-dependently, but not in male Skh:hr1, ER-β-/-, or ER-blockaded mice. These results reveal a sex bias in genetic, inflammatory, and immune photoprotection by 1,25(OH)2D favoring female mice that is dependent on the presence of ER-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannit Tongkao-on
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Bianca Y. McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Warusavithana G. Manori De Silva
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Mark S. Rybchyn
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Clare Gordon-Thomson
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Gary M. Halliday
- Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Vivienne E. Reeve
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (W.T.-o.); (C.Y.); (B.Y.M.); (W.G.M.D.S.); (M.S.R.); (C.G.-T.)
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26
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Piipponen M, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. Long non-coding RNAs in cutaneous biology and keratinocyte carcinomas. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4601-4614. [PMID: 32462404 PMCID: PMC7599158 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a largely uncharacterized group of non-coding RNAs with diverse regulatory roles in various biological processes. Recent observations have elucidated the functional roles of lncRNAs in cutaneous biology, e.g. in proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and in cutaneous wound repair. Furthermore, the role of lncRNAs in keratinocyte-derived skin cancers is emerging, especially in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), which presents a significant burden to health care services worldwide and causes high mortality as metastatic disease. Elucidation of the functions of keratinocyte-specific lncRNAs will improve understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of epidermal disorders and skin cancers and can be exploited in development of new diagnostic and therapeutic applications for keratinocyte carcinomas. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of functionally important lncRNAs in cutaneous biology and in keratinocyte carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Western Cancer Centre of the Cancer Center Finland (FICAN West), University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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27
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Snaidr VA, Damian DL, Halliday GM. Nicotinamide for photoprotection and skin cancer chemoprevention: A review of efficacy and safety. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28 Suppl 1:15-22. [PMID: 30698874 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin B3 derivative that has many roles in medicine. This review examines the role of nicotinamide in dermatology and its actions in preventing photoageing and skin cancers in humans. Nicotinamide prevents ultraviolet radiation (UV) from reducing ATP levels and inhibiting glycolysis, thus preventing the UV radiation-induced energy crisis. This enhances DNA repair and reduces UV-induced suppression of immunity. Randomised controlled clinical trials have also shown that nicotinamide reduces transepidermal water loss and the development of new non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk humans. This review also examines nicotinamide's safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Snaidr
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diona L Damian
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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28
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Morifuji M. The beneficial role of functional food components in mitigating ultraviolet-induced skin damage. Exp Dermatol 2020; 28 Suppl 1:28-31. [PMID: 30698876 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can chemically alter biological molecules and is one of the major environmental health risks with potential to damage the structure and function of the skin. Numerous dietary supplements are known to optimize the skin's defenses against radiation exposure. Several studies in which the beneficial roles of functional food components, that can protect against UV-induced skin damage, have been demonstrated. Supplemental dietary sphingomyelin maintains covalently bound ω-hydroxy ceramides to avert skin barrier defects after UVB irradiation. The oral administration of collagen hydrolysates has been shown to limit decreases in skin elasticity via increases in the dermal hyaluronic acid content. Milk fermented with lactic acid bacteria has been shown to augment DNA repair mechanisms and improve skin immunity in the aftermath of UVB damage. Furthermore, long-term ingestion of fermented milk containing lactic acid bacteria, collagen hydrolysates and sphingomyelin increases the minimal erythema dose (MED) in human subjects with moderate sunburn or redness and tanned skin after exposure to UV solar radiation. Thus, products containing these functional food components are one means by which the adverse effects of UV radiation on the skin can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morifuji
- Food Microbiology Research Labs, Meiji Co., Ltd., Meiji Innovation Center, Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Protection from Ultraviolet Damage and Photocarcinogenesis by Vitamin D Compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:227-253. [PMID: 32918222 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of skin cells to UV radiation results in DNA damage, which if inadequately repaired, may cause mutations. UV-induced DNA damage and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species also cause local and systemic suppression of the adaptive immune system. Together, these changes underpin the development of skin tumours. The hormone derived from vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and other related compounds, working via the vitamin D receptor and at least in part through endoplasmic reticulum protein 57 (ERp57), reduce cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidative DNA damage in keratinocytes and other skin cell types after UV. Calcitriol and related compounds enhance DNA repair in keratinocytes, in part through decreased reactive oxygen species, increased p53 expression and/or activation, increased repair proteins and increased energy availability in the cell when calcitriol is present after UV exposure. There is mitochondrial damage in keratinocytes after UV. In the presence of calcitriol, but not vehicle, glycolysis is increased after UV, along with increased energy-conserving autophagy and changes consistent with enhanced mitophagy. Reduced DNA damage and reduced ROS/RNS should help reduce UV-induced immune suppression. Reduced UV immune suppression is observed after topical treatment with calcitriol and related compounds in hairless mice. These protective effects of calcitriol and related compounds presumably contribute to the observed reduction in skin tumour formation in mice after chronic exposure to UV followed by topical post-irradiation treatment with calcitriol and some, though not all, related compounds.
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30
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Malesu R, Martin AJ, Lyons JG, Scolyer RA, Chen AC, McKenzie CA, Madore J, Halliday GM, Damian DL. Nicotinamide for skin cancer chemoprevention: effects of nicotinamide on melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:171-179. [PMID: 31942903 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00388f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), an amide form of vitamin B3, replenishes cellular energy after ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, thereby enhancing DNA repair and reducing UVR's immunosuppressive effects. NAM reduces actinic keratoses and new keratinocyte cancers in high risk individuals, but its effects on melanoma are unknown. Melanomas arising on NAM or placebo within the ONTRAC skin cancer chemoprevention trial (Oral Nicotinamide To Reduce Actinic Cancer) were examined by immunohistochemistry. The effects of NAM (50 μM, 5 mM and 20 mM) on the viability, proliferation and invasiveness of four human melanoma cell lines and on the viability and proliferation of two human melanocyte lines, with and without UV irradiation were also investigated. 50 μM NAM did not affect viability, proliferation or invasion of melanoma or melanocyte cell lines, whereas concentrations too high to be achievable in vivo reduced viability and proliferation. Nicotinamide did not enhance melanoma viability, proliferation or invasiveness in vitro, providing additional confidence in its safety for use in clinical trials in high risk patients. Peritumoral and tumour infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly increased in melanomas arising on NAM compared to those arising on placebo. Given the chemopreventive activity of nicotinamide against keratinocyte cancers, its DNA repair enhancing effects in melanocytes and now its potential enhancement of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and lack of adverse effects on melanoma cell growth and proliferation, clinical trials of nicotinamide for melanoma chemoprevention are now indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Malesu
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia.
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31
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Morison SA, Cramp RL, Alton LA, Franklin CE. Cooler temperatures slow the repair of DNA damage in tadpoles exposed to ultraviolet radiation: Implications for amphibian declines at high altitude. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1225-1234. [PMID: 31518484 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) damages the DNA of exposed cells, causing dimers to form between adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides. These dimers block DNA replication, causing mutations and apoptosis. Most organisms utilize biochemical or biophysical DNA repair strategies to restore DNA structure; however, as with most biological reactions, these processes are likely to be thermally sensitive. Tadpoles exposed to elevated UVBR at low environmental temperatures have significantly higher rates of mortality and developmental deformities compared with tadpoles exposed to the same levels of UVBR at higher environmental temperatures. We hypothesized that low environmental temperatures impair the primary enzymatic (photolyase) DNA repair pathway in amphibians, leading to the accumulation of DNA damage. To test this hypothesis, we compared DNA repair rates and photolyase gene expression patterns in Limnodynastes peronii. Tadpoles were acutely exposed to UVBR for 1 hr at either 20 or 30°C, and we measured DNA damage and photolyase expression levels at intervals following this exposure. Temperature had a significant effect on the rate of DNA repair, with repair at 30°C occurring twice as fast as repair at 20°C. Photolyase gene expression (6-4 PP and CPD) was significantly upregulated by UVBR exposure, with expression levels increasing within 6 hr of UVBR exposure. CPD expression levels were not significantly affected by temperature, but 6-4 PP expression was significantly higher in tadpoles in the 30°C treatment within 12 hr of UVBR exposure. These data support the hypothesis that DNA repair rates are thermally sensitive in tadpoles and may explain why enigmatic amphibian declines are higher in montane regions where UVBR levels are naturally elevated and environmental temperatures are lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Morison
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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Lundsgaard NU, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on physiology, immune function and survival is dependent on temperature: implications for amphibian declines. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa002. [PMID: 32467758 PMCID: PMC7245394 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple environmental changes are thought to be contributing to the widespread decline of amphibians in montane regions, but interactions between drivers of decline are not well understood. It has been proposed previously that elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UBVR) and low temperatures may interact in their negative effects on health, immune function and disease susceptibility in exposed amphibians. In the present study, we chronically exposed larvae of the striped-marsh frog (Limnodynastes peronii) to a factorial combination of high and low UVBR and high and low temperature to assess interactive effects on growth, survival and indices of immune function. The high UVBR treatment reduced growth and survival of larvae compared to the low UVBR treatment at both temperatures, but the effects were significantly enhanced at low temperature. High UVBR exposure also induced a chronic inflammatory response as evidenced by an increase in the leucocyte proportion of total cells and altered the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes in the blood, highlighting a potential mechanistic basis for increased disease susceptibility in amphibians living at high altitudes. Our findings stress the importance of investigating environmental factors in combination when assessing their effects and highlight the mechanistic basis for how key environmental drivers in montane regions affect amphibian health. Continuation of this work is necessary for the development of targeted conservation strategies that tackle the root causes of montane amphibian declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas U Lundsgaard
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- Corresponding author: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia. Tel: +61 416 801 116;
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Reichrath J, Reichrath S, Vogt T, Römer K. Crosstalk Between Vitamin D and p53 Signaling in Cancer: An Update. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:307-318. [PMID: 32918225 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has now been convincingly shown that vitamin D and p53 signaling protect against spontaneous or carcinogen-induced malignant transformation of cells. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the p53/p63/p73 proteins (the p53 family hereafter) exert their effects as receptors/sensors that turn into transcriptional regulators upon stimulus. While the p53 clan, mostly in the nucleoplasm, responds to a large and still growing number of alterations in cellular homeostasis commonly referred to as stress, the nuclear VDR is transcriptionally activated after binding its naturally occurring biologically active ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with high affinity. Interestingly, a crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling has been demonstrated that occurs at different levels, has genome-wide implications, and is of high importance for many malignancies, including non-melanoma skin cancer. These interactions include the ability of p53 to upregulate skin pigmentation via POMC derivatives including alpha-MSH and ACTH. Increased pigmentation protects the skin against UV-induced DNA damage and skin photocarcinogenesis, but also inhibits cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D. A second level of interaction is characterized by binding of VDR and p53 protein, an observation that may be of relevance for the ability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to increase the survival of skin cells after UV irradiation. UV irradiation-surviving cells show significant reductions in thymine dimers in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D that are associated with increased nuclear p53 protein expression and significantly reduced NO products. A third level of interaction is documented by the ability of vitamin D compounds to regulate the expression of the murine double minute (MDM2) gene in dependence of the presence of wild-type p53. MDM2 has a well-established role as a key negative regulator of p53 activity. Finally, p53 and its family members have been implicated in the direct regulation of the VDR. This review gives an update on some of the implications of the crosstalk between vitamin D and p53 signaling for carcinogenesis in the skin and other tissues, focusing on a genome-wide perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Sandra Reichrath
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Römer
- José Carreras Centre and Internal Medicine I, University of Saarland Medical Centre, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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34
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Tse BCY, Byrne SN. Lipids in ultraviolet radiation-induced immune modulation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:870-878. [DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00146e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation modulates cutaneous lipids which in turn mediates immune suppression – a key mechanism conferring both detrimental and beneficial impacts of sun exposure on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita C. Y. Tse
- The University of Sydney
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Scott N. Byrne
- The University of Sydney
- School of Medical Sciences
- Faculty of Medicine and Health
- Sydney
- Australia
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35
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Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Environmentally Induced Skin Aging and Skin Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236005. [PMID: 31795255 PMCID: PMC6928879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is constantly exposed to a variety of environmental threats, including solar electromagnetic radiation, microbes, airborne particulate matter, and chemicals. Acute exposure to these environmental factors results in the activation of different signaling pathways that orchestrate adaptive stress responses to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis. Chronic exposure of skin to these factors, however, may lead to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and loss of cell and tissue integrity, which, over time, may facilitate aging processes and the development of aging-related malignancies. One transcription factor that is expressed in all cutaneous cells and activated by various environmental stressors, including dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and ultraviolet radiation, is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). By regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, epidermal barrier function, melanogenesis, and immunity, a certain degree of AHR activity is critical to maintain skin integrity and to adapt to acute stress situations. In contrast, a chronic activation of cutaneous AHR signaling critically contributes to premature aging and the development of neoplasms by affecting metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, pigmentation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This article provides an overview of the detrimental effects associated with sustained AHR activity in chronically stressed skin and pinpoints AHR as a promising target for chemoprevention.
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36
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Bernard JJ, Gallo RL, Krutmann J. Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:688-701. [PMID: 31213673 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a ubiquitous component of the environment that has important effects on a wide range of cell functions. Short-wavelength UVB radiation induces sunburn and is a potent immunomodulator, yet longer-wavelength, lower-energy UVA radiation also has effects on mammalian immunity. This Review discusses current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which UV radiation can modify innate and adaptive immune responses and how this immunomodulatory capacity can be both beneficial in the case of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and detrimental in the case of skin cancer and the response to several infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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37
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So CC, Ramachandran S, Martin A. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases RNF20 and RNF40 Are Required for Double-Stranded Break (DSB) Repair: Evidence for Monoubiquitination of Histone H2B Lysine 120 as a Novel Axis of DSB Signaling and Repair. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:e00488-18. [PMID: 30692271 PMCID: PMC6447412 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00488-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone posttranslational modifications play fundamental roles in the regulation of double-stranded DNA break (DSB) repair. RNF20/RNF40-mediated monoubiquitination of histone H2B on lysine 120 (H2Bub) has been suggested as a potential mediator of DSB repair, although the nature and function of this posttranslational modification remain enigmatic. In this report, we demonstrate that RNF20 and RNF40 are required for DSB repair leading to homologous recombination (HR) and class switch recombination, a process driven by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), in mouse B cells. These findings suggest a role for RNF20 and RNF40 in DSB repair proximal to NHEJ/HR pathway choice and likely in the signaling of DSBs. We found that DSBs led to a global increase in H2Bub but not the transcription-associated posttranslational modifications H3K4me3 and H3K79me2. We also found that H2AX phosphorylation was dispensable for H2Bub and that ATM and ATR jointly regulate ionizing radiation (IR)-induced H2Bub. Together, our results suggest that RNF20, RNF40, and H2Bub may represent a novel pathway for DSB sensing and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare C So
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Calzavara-Pinton P, Arisi M, Wolf P. Sunbeds and carcinogenesis: the need for new regulations and restrictions in Europe from the Euromelanoma perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33 Suppl 2:104-109. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.G. Calzavara-Pinton
- Dermatology Department; University of Brescia; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - M. Arisi
- Dermatology Department; University of Brescia; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia; Brescia Italy
| | - P. Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology; Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
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39
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García Forero A, Villamizar Mantilla DA, Núñez LA, Ocazionez RE, Stashenko EE, Fuentes JL. Photoprotective and Antigenotoxic Effects of the Flavonoids Apigenin, Naringenin and Pinocembrin. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1010-1018. [PMID: 30636010 DOI: 10.1111/php.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the photoprotective and antigenotoxic effects against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation of flavonoid compounds apigenin, naringenin and pinocembrin. The photoprotective efficacy of these compounds was estimated using in vitro photoprotection indices, and the antigenotoxicity against UVB radiation was evaluated using the SOS chromotest and an enzymatic (proteinase K/T4 endonuclease V enzyme) comet assay in UV-treated Escherichia coli and human (HEK-293) cells, respectively. Naringenin and pinocembrin showed maximum UV-absorption peak in UVC and UVB zones, while apigenin showed UV-absorption capability from UVC to UVA range. These compounds acted as UV filters reducing UV-induced genotoxicity, both in bacteria and in human cells. The enzymatic comet assay resulted highly sensitive for detection of UVB-induced DNA damage in HEK-293 cells. In this work, the photoprotective potential of these flavonoids was widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana García Forero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Diego Armando Villamizar Mantilla
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luis A Núñez
- Escuela de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Raquel Elvira Ocazionez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CINTROP), Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Elena E Stashenko
- Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Jorge Luis Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Mutagénesis Ambiental, Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Centro de Investigación en Biomoléculas, Centro de Investigación de Excelencia, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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40
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Duffy DJ, Martindale MQ. Perspectives on the expansion of human precision oncology and genomic approaches to sea turtle fibropapillomatosis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:54. [PMID: 30775456 PMCID: PMC6367449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent Communications Biology research article revealed the genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis tumors. Fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating tumorous disease afflicting populations of green sea turtles globally. While a virus is involved in the development of this disease, it is increasingly understood that the key trigger is linked to anthropogenic disturbances of the environment. The specific environmental co-trigger(s) has yet to be functionally confirmed. Here we outline the next steps required to advance our understanding of this enigmatic disease, to enable us to more effectively clinically combat it and to ultimately tackle its environmental co-trigger to halt and hopefully reverse the spread of fibropapillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Duffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Mark Q. Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
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41
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Narbutt J, Philipsen PA, Harrison GI, Morgan KA, Lawrence KP, Baczynska KA, Grys K, Rogowski-Tylman M, Olejniczak-Staruch I, Tewari A, Bell M, O'Connor C, Wulf HC, Lesiak A, Young AR. Sunscreen applied at ≥ 2 mg cm -2 during a sunny holiday prevents erythema, a biomarker of ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage and suppression of acquired immunity. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:604-614. [PMID: 30307614 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sun protection factor (SPF) is assessed with sunscreen applied at 2 mg cm-2 . People typically apply around 0·8 mg cm-2 and use sunscreen daily for holidays. Such use results in erythema, which is a risk factor for skin cancer. OBJECTIVES To determine (i) whether typical sunscreen use resulted in erythema, epidermal DNA damage and photoimmunosuppression during a sunny holiday, (ii) whether optimal sunscreen use inhibited erythema and (iii) whether erythema is a biomarker for photoimmunosuppression in a laboratory study. METHODS Holidaymakers (n = 22) spent a week in Tenerife (very high ultraviolet index) using their own sunscreens without instruction (typical sunscreen use). Others (n = 40) were given SPF 15 sunscreens with instructions on how to achieve the labelled SPF (sunscreen intervention). Personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure was monitored electronically as the standard erythemal dose (SED) and erythema was quantified. Epidermal cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) were determined by immunostaining, and immunosuppression was assessed by contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. RESULTS There was no difference between personal UVR exposure in the typical sunscreen use and sunscreen intervention groups (P = 0·08). The former had daily erythema on five UVR-exposed body sites, increased CPDs (P < 0·001) and complete CHS suppression (20 of 22). In comparison, erythema was virtually absent (P < 0·001) when sunscreens were used at ≥ 2 mg cm-2 . A laboratory study showed that 3 SED from three very different spectra suppressed CHS by around ~50%. CONCLUSIONS Optimal sunscreen use prevents erythema during a sunny holiday. Erythema predicts suppression of CHS (implying a shared action spectrum). Given that erythema and CPDs share action spectra, the data strongly suggest that optimal sunscreen use will also reduce CPD formation and UVR-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - G I Harrison
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K A Morgan
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K P Lawrence
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - K A Baczynska
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, U.K
| | - K Grys
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | | | - I Olejniczak-Staruch
- Dermoklinika Centrum Medyczne, Łódź, 90-436, Poland.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - A Tewari
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - M Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - C O'Connor
- Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., Nottingham, NG90 5EF, U.K
| | - H C Wulf
- University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatological Research, Copenhagen, 2400, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - A R Young
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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42
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Minocha R, Martin AJ, Chen AC, Scolyer RA, Lyons JG, McKenzie CA, Madore J, Halliday GM, Damian DL. A Reduction in Inflammatory Macrophages May Contribute to Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Nicotinamide. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:467-469. [PMID: 30244097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Minocha
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J Martin
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew C Chen
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Guy Lyons
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia; Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catriona A McKenzie
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Madore
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary M Halliday
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diona L Damian
- Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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43
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Brand RM, Wipf P, Durham A, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS, Falo LD. Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress to Mitigate UV-Induced Skin Damage. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:920. [PMID: 30177881 PMCID: PMC6110189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unmitigated UV radiation (UVR) induces skin photoaging and multiple forms of cutaneous carcinoma by complex pathways that include those mediated by UV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Upon UVR exposure, a cascade of events is induced that overwhelms the skin’s natural antioxidant defenses and results in DNA damage, intracellular lipid and protein peroxidation, and the dysregulation of pathways that modulate inflammatory and apoptotic responses. To this end, natural products with potent antioxidant properties have been developed to prevent, mitigate, or reverse this damage with varying degrees of success. Mitochondria are particularly susceptible to ROS and subsequent DNA damage as they are a major intracellular source of oxidants. Therefore, the development of mitochondrially targeted agents to mitigate mitochondrial oxidative stress and resulting DNA damage is a logical approach to prevent and treat UV-induced skin damage. We summarize evidence that some existing natural products may reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and support for synthetically generated mitochondrial targeted cyclic nitroxides as potential alternatives for the prevention and mitigation of UVR-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Brand
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Austin Durham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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44
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Narbutt J, Philipsen PA, Lesiak A, Sandberg Liljendahl T, Segerbäck D, Heydenreich J, Chlebna-Sokol D, Olsen P, Harrison GI, Pearson A, Baczynska K, Rogowski-Tylman M, Wulf HC, Young AR. Children sustain high levels of skin DNA photodamage, with a modest increase of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 , after a summer holiday in Northern Europe. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:940-950. [PMID: 29691848 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure increases the risk of skin cancer in adulthood, which is associated with mutations caused by UVR-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). Solar UVR is also the main source of vitamin D, essential for healthy bone development in children. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of a 12-day Baltic Sea (54° N) beach holiday on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3 ] and CPD in 32 healthy Polish children (skin types I-IV). METHODS Blood and urine were collected before and after the holiday and assessed for 25(OH)D3 and excreted CPD, respectively, and personal UVR exposure was measured. Diaries were used to record sunbathing, sunburn and sunscreen use. Before- and after-holiday skin redness and pigmentation were measured by reflectance spectroscopy. RESULTS The average ± SD daily exposure UVR dose was 2·4 ± 1·5 standard erythema doses (SEDs), which is borderline erythemal. The mean concentration of 25(OH)D3 increased (× 1·24 ± 0·19) from 64·7 ± 13·3 to 79·3 ± 18·7 nmol L-1 (P < 0·001). Mean CPD increased 12·6 ± 10·0-fold from 26·9 ± 17·9 to 248·9 ± 113·4 fmol μmol-1 creatinine (P < 0·001). Increased 25(OH)D3 was accompanied by a very much greater increase in DNA damage associated with carcinogenic potential. Overall, skin type had no significant effects on behavioural, clinical or analytical outcomes, but skin types I/II had more CPD (unadjusted P = 0·0496) than skin types III/IV at the end of the holiday. CONCLUSIONS Careful consideration must be given to the health outcomes of childhood solar exposure, and a much better understanding of the risk-benefit relationships of such exposure is required. Rigorous photoprotection is necessary for children, even in Northern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P A Philipsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A Lesiak
- Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Dermatological Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - T Sandberg Liljendahl
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - D Segerbäck
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - J Heydenreich
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - D Chlebna-Sokol
- Department of Paediatric Propedeutics and Bone Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Łódź, 90-419, Łódź, Poland
| | - P Olsen
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - G I Harrison
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - A Pearson
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | - K Baczynska
- Public Health England, Laser and Optical Radiation Dosimetry Group, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 ORQ, U.K
| | | | - H C Wulf
- Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Dermatology D92, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400, Copenhagen, NV, Denmark
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, U.K
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Duffy DJ, Schnitzler C, Karpinski L, Thomas R, Whilde J, Eastman C, Yang C, Krstic A, Rollinson D, Zirkelbach B, Yetsko K, Burkhalter B, Martindale MQ. Sea turtle fibropapilloma tumors share genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities with human cancers. Commun Biol 2018; 1:63. [PMID: 30271945 PMCID: PMC6123702 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife populations are under intense anthropogenic pressures, with the geographic range of many species shrinking, dramatic reductions in population numbers and undisturbed habitats, and biodiversity loss. It is postulated that we are in the midst of a sixth (Anthropocene) mass extinction event, the first to be induced by human activity. Further, threatening vulnerable species is the increased rate of emerging diseases, another consequence of anthropogenic activities. Innovative approaches are required to help maintain healthy populations until the chronic underlying causes of these issues can be addressed. Fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles is one such wildlife disease. Here, we applied precision-medicine-based approaches to profile fibropapillomatosis tumors to better understand their biology, identify novel therapeutics, and gain insights into viral and environmental triggers for fibropapillomatosis. We show that fibropapillomatosis tumors share genetic vulnerabilities with human cancer types, revealing that they are amenable to treatment with human anti-cancer therapeutics. David Duffy et al. use a precision-medicine-based approach to study fibropapillomatosis tumors in sea turtles to identify environmental triggers and potential therapeutics. They show that these tumors share genetic similarities with human cancer types, and may be treatable using human anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA. .,Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK. .,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lorraine Karpinski
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA.,Pinecrest Veterinary Hospital, 12125 South Dixie Highway, Pinecrest, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Catherine Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Calvin Yang
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Devon Rollinson
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Bette Zirkelbach
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA
| | - Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Yacout SM, McIlwain KL, Mirza SP, Gaillard ER. Characterization of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Melanin and Degraded Synthetic Melanin Using Mass Spectrometry and In Vitro Biochemical Diagnostics. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:183-191. [PMID: 29752877 DOI: 10.1111/php.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With increasing age, there is an observable loss of melanin in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. It is possible that degradation of the pigment contributes to the pathogenesis of retinal disease, as the cellular antioxidant material is depleted. Functionally, intact melanin maintains protective qualities, while oxidative degradation of melanin promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and formation of metabolic byproducts, such as melanolipofuscin. Understanding the structural and functional changes to RPE melanin with increasing age may contribute to a better understanding of disease progression and risk factors for conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, human donor RPE melanin is characterized using MALDI mass spectrometry to follow melanin degradation trends. In vitro models using ARPE-19 cells are used to assess photo-reactivity in repigmented cells. Significant protection against intracellular ROS produced by blue light is observed in calf melanin-pigmented cells versus unpigmented and black latex bead controls (P < 0.0001). UV-B exposure to aged human melanin-pigmented cells results in a significant increase in nitric oxide production versus control cells (P < 0.001). Peroxide-treated synthetic melanin is characterized to elucidate degradation products that may contribute to RPE cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Yacout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Kelsey L McIlwain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
| | - Shama P Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elizabeth R Gaillard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL
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47
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Khan AQ, Travers JB, Kemp MG. Roles of UVA radiation and DNA damage responses in melanoma pathogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:438-460. [PMID: 29466611 PMCID: PMC6031472 DOI: 10.1002/em.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The growing incidence of melanoma is a serious public health issue that merits a thorough understanding of potential causative risk factors, which includes exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Though UVR has been classified as a complete carcinogen and has long been recognized for its ability to damage genomic DNA through both direct and indirect means, the precise mechanisms by which the UVA and UVB components of UVR contribute to the pathogenesis of melanoma have not been clearly defined. In this review, we therefore highlight recent studies that have addressed roles for UVA radiation in the generation of DNA damage and in modulating the subsequent cellular responses to DNA damage in melanocytes, which are the cell type that gives rise to melanoma. Recent research suggests that UVA not only contributes to the direct formation of DNA lesions but also impairs the removal of UV photoproducts from genomic DNA through oxidation and damage to DNA repair proteins. Moreover, the melanocyte microenvironment within the epidermis of the skin is also expected to impact melanomagenesis, and we therefore discuss several paracrine signaling pathways that have been shown to impact the DNA damage response in UV-irradiated melanocytes. Lastly, we examine how alterations to the immune microenvironment by UVA-associated DNA damage responses may contribute to melanoma development. Thus, there appear to be multiple avenues by which UVA may elevate the risk of melanoma. Protective strategies against excess exposure to UVA wavelengths of light therefore have the potential to decrease the incidence of melanoma. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:438-460, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Q Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
- Dayton Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
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Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inactivate regulatory T cells by promoting NER-dependent DNA repair in dendritic cells in UVB-exposed skin. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49625-49636. [PMID: 28548949 PMCID: PMC5564793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and depletion of these Treg cells alleviates immunosuppression and inhibits photocarcinogenesis in mice. Here, we determined the effects of dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on the development and activity of UVB-induced Treg cells. C3H/HeN mice fed a GSPs (0.5%, w/w)-supplemented or control diet were exposed to UVB (150 mJ/cm2) radiation, sensitized to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and sacrificed 5 days later. FACS analysis indicated that dietary GSPs decrease the numbers of UVB-induced Treg cells. ELISA analysis of cultured sorted Treg cells indicated that secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (interleukin-10, TGF-β) was significantly lower in Treg cells from GSPs-fed mice. Dietary GSPs also enhanced the ability of Treg cells from wild-type mice to stimulate production of IFNγ by T cells. These effects of dietary GSPs on Treg cell function were not found in XPA-deficient mice, which are incapable of repairing UVB-induced DNA damage. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that naïve recipients that received Treg cells from GSPs-fed UVB-irradiated wild-type donors that had been sensitized to DNFB exhibited a significantly higher contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response to DNFB than mice that received Treg cells from UVB-exposed mice fed the control diet. There was no significant difference in the CHS response between mice that received Treg cells from UVB-irradiated XPA-deficient donors fed GSPs or the control diet. Furthermore, dietary GSPs significantly inhibited UVB-induced skin tumor development in wild-type mice but not in XPA-deficient mice. These results suggest that GSPs inactivate Treg cells by promoting DNA repair in dendritic cells in UVB-exposed skin.
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Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Exploring the link between ultraviolet B radiation and immune function in amphibians: implications for emerging infectious diseases. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy035. [PMID: 29992023 PMCID: PMC6022628 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations the world over are under threat of extinction, with as many as 40% of assessed species listed as threatened under IUCN Red List criteria (a significantly higher proportion than other vertebrate group). Amongst the key threats to amphibian species is the emergence of novel infectious diseases, which have been implicated in the catastrophic amphibian population declines and extinctions seen in many parts of the world. The recent emergence of these diseases coincides with increased ambient levels of ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) due to anthropogenic thinning of the Earth's protective ozone layer, raising questions about potential interactions between UVBR exposure and disease in amphibians. While reasonably well documented in other vertebrate groups (particularly mammals), the immunosuppressive capacity of UVBR and the potential for it to influence disease outcomes has been largely overlooked in amphibians. Herein, we review the evidence for UVBR-associated immune system disruption in amphibians and identify a number of direct and indirect pathways through which UVBR may influence immune function and disease susceptibility in amphibians. By exploring the physiological mechanisms through which UVBR may affect host immune function, we demonstrate how ambient UVBR could increase amphibian susceptibility to disease. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of elevated UVBR for inter and intraspecific differences in disease dynamics and discuss how future research in this field may be directed to improve our understanding of the role that UVBR plays in amphibian immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Corresponding author: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Yokoyama S. Ultraviolet B eye irradiation aggravates atopic dermatitis via adrenocorticotropic hormone and NLRP3 inflammasome in NC/Nga mice. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:200-210. [PMID: 29235163 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation has been shown to improve atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the relationship between UVB eye irradiation and AD is not known. This issue was addressed using a mouse model of AD. METHODS The eyes of NC/Nga mice were irradiated with UVB at a dose of 1.0 kJ/m2 using a 20SE sunlamp for the duration of the experimental period. RESULTS AD symptoms deteriorated upon UVB eye irradiation. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the plasma and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing (NLRP)3 and neutrophil markers in the skin were increased in UVB-irradiated mice. Treatment with inhibitors of ACTH, caspase-1, interleukin-18, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) partly reversed the effects of irradiation, with the greatest improvement observed upon ACTH inhibition. The NLRP3 inflammasome was implicated in the effects of UVB irradiation. CONCLUSIONS UVB eye irradiation causes AD symptom deterioration, which is likely mediated by ACTH and the activity of the inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hiramoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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