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Huang H, Tu L. Expression of S100 family proteins in neonatal rats with sepsis and its significance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:1631-1639. [PMID: 25973048 PMCID: PMC4396268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to study the expression changes of S100 family proteins in neonatal rats with sepsis and investigate the effect and significance of S100 family proteins in pathogenesis and development of sepsis. METHODS The functions of S100 family proteins were analyzed with bioinformatics. The immune-associated proteins were chosen as the candidate proteins. Twenty neonatal SPF SD rats were randomly divided into two groups: sepsis model group and control group. The liver sample was stained with HE to evaluate the establishment of sepsis model. The expression amount of proinflammatory factor IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected with ELISA. The expression changes of S100A8, S100A9, S100A11 and S100A12 in sepsis model rats were detected with real-time PCR and Western blotting. After shRNA plasmid was transfected into THP-1 cells and the expression of S100A12 was silenced, the expression changes of proinflammatory factor IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced inflammation were studied in order to investigate the S100A12 mediated inflammatory process. RESULTS IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of rats with sepsis induced by LPS were 55.79 ± 3.80 ng/l, 48.76 ± 1.03 ng/l and 29.98 ± 2.27 ng/l respectively. S100A8, S100A9, S100A11 and S100A12 detected with real-time PCR in sepsis model group were 14.4 ± 1.37, 10.23 ± 1.81, 5.5 ± 1.64 and 9.97 ± 1.82 respectively. Compared with the control group, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were significantly up-regulated. The shRNA silenced the expression of S100A12 which reduced the expression of proinflammatory factors after LPS stimulated the cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared with the control group, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 were significantly up-regulated in rat sepsis model group. After the expression of S100A12 in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA) induced human macrophages was silenced, the expression of proinflammatory factor IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α was down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Zhejiang University 3 East Qingchun Rd. Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoyang Tu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated School of Medicine, Zhejiang University 3 East Qingchun Rd. Jianggan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Leśniak W. Epigenetic regulation of S100 protein expression. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:77-83. [PMID: 21949546 PMCID: PMC3156319 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins are small, calcium-binding proteins whose genes are localized in a cluster on human chromosome 1. Through their ability to interact with various protein partners in a calcium-dependent manner, the S100 proteins exert their influence on many vital cellular processes such as cell cycle, cytoskeleton activity and cell motility, differentiation, etc. The characteristic feature of S100 proteins is their cell-specific expression, which is frequently up- or downregulated in various pathological states, including cancer. Changes in S100 protein expression are usually characteristic for a given type of cancer and are therefore often considered as markers of a malignant state. Recent results indicate that changes in S100 protein expression may depend on the extent of DNA methylation in the S100 gene regulatory regions. The range of epigenetic changes occurring within the S100 gene cluster has not been defined. This article reviews published data on the involvement of epigenetic factors in the control of S100 protein expression in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Leśniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang R, Fu H, Chen D, Hua J, Hu Y, Sun K, Sun X. Subcellular distribution of S100A4 and its transcriptional regulation under hypoxic conditions in gastric cancer cell line BGC823. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1141-6. [PMID: 20367639 PMCID: PMC11158214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that S100A4 is overexpressed in many tumors and involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. But the regulation of it is ill understood. We previously found that hypoxia mimicking cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) enhanced the mRNA and protein expressions of the S100A4 gene in the gastric cancer cell line BGC823. In this study we found that S100A4 also displayed increased expression in BGC823 cells after exposure to real hypoxia (2.5% O(2)) as that by CoCl(2) treatment. Moreover, S100A4 protein showed different subcellular distribution under real hypoxia compared with that by CoCl(2) treatment or in normoxic conditions. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanism by which hypoxia regulates the expression of S100A4, we analyzed the regulatory sequences of the genes by bioinformatics and found a putative hypoxia responsive element (HRE) motif in the first intron of S1004. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay showed that it is responsive to hypoxia. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) binds to the functional HRE in vitro and in vivo. The results provide evidence that S100A4 is a hypoxia-inducible gene, whose transcription is stimulated at least partly through the interaction of HIF-1 and HRE located at +329 to +334 of S100A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiu Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Chen M, Sinha M, Luxon BA, Bresnick AR, O'Connor KL. Integrin alpha6beta4 controls the expression of genes associated with cell motility, invasion, and metastasis, including S100A4/metastasin. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1484-94. [PMID: 19011242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin alpha6beta4 is associated with carcinoma progression by contributing to apoptosis resistance, invasion, and metastasis, due in part to the activation of select transcription factors. To identify genes regulated by the alpha6beta4 integrin, we compared gene expression profiles of MDA-MB-435 cells that stably express integrin alpha6beta4 (MDA/beta4) and vector-only-transfected cells (MDA/mock) using Affymetrix GeneChip analysis. Our results show that integrin alpha6beta4 altered the expression of 538 genes (p < 0.01). Of these genes, 36 are associated with pathways implicated in cell motility and metastasis, including S100A4/metastasin. S100A4 expression correlated well with integrin alpha6beta4 expression in established cell lines. Suppression of S100A4 by small interference RNA resulted in a reduced capacity of alpha6beta4-expressing cells to invade a reconstituted basement membrane in response to lysophosphatidic acid. Using small interference RNA, promoter analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that S100A4 is regulated by NFAT5, thus identifying the first target of NFAT5 in cancer. In addition, several genes that are known to be regulated by DNA methylation were up-regulated dramatically by integrin alpha6beta4 expression, including S100A4, FST, PDLIM4, CAPG, and Nkx2.2. Notably, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases stimulated expression of these genes in cells lacking the alpha6beta4 integrin, whereas demethylase inhibitors suppressed expression in alpha6beta4 integrin-expressing cells. Alterations in DNA methylation were confirmed by bisulfate sequencing, thus suggesting that integrin alpha6beta4 signaling can lead to the demethylation of select promoters. In summary, our data suggest that integrin alpha6beta4 confers a motile and invasive phenotype to breast carcinoma cells by regulating proinvasive and prometastatic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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5
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Koshelev YA, Georgiev GP, Kibardin AV. Functions of protein MTS1 (S100A4) in normal and tumor cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Xie R, Loose DS, Shipley GL, Xie S, Bassett RL, Broaddus RR. Hypomethylation-induced expression of S100A4 in endometrial carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:1045-54. [PMID: 17673926 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expression of various S100 genes has been associated with clinically aggressive subtypes in a variety of different cancers. We hypothesized that S100A4 would be overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma compared to benign endometrium. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify the mRNA level of S100A4 in benign endometrium (n=19), endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n=87), and non-endometrioid tumors (n=21). Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the results of qRT-PCR and to assess protein localization. Possible mechanisms of S100A4 gene regulation were also examined. S100A4 was overexpressed in the grade 3 endometrioid tumors, uterine papillary serous carcinoma, and uterine malignant mixed müllerian tumor. Expression in grade 1 and grade 2 endometrioid tumors was comparable to that of normal endometrium, which was quite low. Expression was significantly higher in stage III and IV tumors compared with stage I. By immunohistochemistry, S100A4 was expressed in the tumor cell cytoplasm of poorly differentiated tumors, but was not detected in normal endometrial glandular epithelium. In benign endometrium, S100A4 expression was confined to stromal cells. S100A4 was not regulated by estrogen or progesterone, and its expression in tumors was not significantly correlated to estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor content. However, methylation of the S100A4 gene was detected in benign endometrium and grade 1 tumors with low S100A4 expression. In contrast, grade 3 endometrioid tumors with high S100A4 mRNA and protein expression showed no methylation of the gene. These methylation results were verified in endometrial cancer cell lines with differential baseline levels of S100A4 protein. These results suggest that hypomethylation is an important mechanism of regulating the expression of the S100A4 gene. These results support the emerging concept that hypomethylation may play a role in the upregulation of genes during later stages of tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/metabolism
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA Methylation
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Endometrium/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Mixed Tumor, Mullerian/genetics
- Mixed Tumor, Mullerian/metabolism
- Mixed Tumor, Mullerian/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4
- S100 Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xie
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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7
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Garrett SC, Varney KM, Weber DJ, Bresnick AR. S100A4, a mediator of metastasis. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:677-80. [PMID: 16243835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r500017200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Garrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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8
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Mazzucchelli L. Protein S100A4: too long overlooked by pathologists? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:7-13. [PMID: 11786392 PMCID: PMC1867142 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Cohn MA, Hjelmsø I, Wu LC, Guldberg P, Lukanidin EM, Tulchinsky EM. Characterization of Sp1, AP-1, CBF and KRC binding sites and minisatellite DNA as functional elements of the metastasis-associated mts1/S100A4 gene intronic enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:3335-46. [PMID: 11504871 PMCID: PMC55845 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.16.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2001] [Revised: 06/29/2001] [Accepted: 06/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mts1/S100A4 gene encodes a small acidic calcium-binding protein that is expressed in a cell-specific manner in development, tumorigenesis and certain tissues of adult mice. A composite enhancer that is active in murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells was previously identified in the first intron of the mts1/S100A4 gene. Here we present a detailed analysis of the structure and function of this enhancer in the Mts1/S100A4-expressing CSML100 and non-expressing CSML0 mouse adenocarcinoma cell lines. In CSML100 cells the enhancer activity is composed of at least six cis-elements interacting with Sp1 and AP-1 family members and CBF/AML/PEBP2 and KRC transcription factors. In addition, a minisatellite-like DNA sequence significantly contributes to the enhancer activity via interaction with abundant proteins, which likely have been described previously under the name minisatellite-binding proteins. Extensive mutational analysis of the mts1/S100A4 enhancer revealed a cooperative function of KRC and the factors binding minisatellite DNA. This is the first example of an enhancer where two nuclear factors earlier implicated in different recombination processes cooperate to activate transcription. In Mts1/S100A4-negative CSML0 cells the strength of the enhancer was 7- to 12.5-fold lower compared to that in CSML100 cells, when referred to the activities of three viral promoters. In CSML0 cells the enhancer could be activated by exogenous AP-1 and CBF transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cohn
- Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer Biology, The Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Hjelmsoe I, Allen CE, Cohn MA, Tulchinsky EM, Wu LC. The kappaB and V(D)J recombination signal sequence binding protein KRC regulates transcription of the mouse metastasis-associated gene S100A4/mts1. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:913-20. [PMID: 10625627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A kappaB-like sequence, Sb, is integral to the composite enhancer located in the first intron of the metastasis-associated gene, S100A4/mts1. Oligonucleotides containing this sequence form three specific complexes with nuclear proteins prepared from S100A4/mts1-expressing CSML100 adenocarcinoma cells. Protein studies show the Sb-interacting complexes include NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, p50.p50 and p50.p65 dimers. Additionally, the Sb sequence was bound by an unrelated approximately 200-kDa protein, p200. Site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with transient transfections indicate that p200, but not the NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, transactivates S100A4/mts1. To identify candidate genes for p200, double-stranded DNA probes containing multiple copies of Sb were used to screen a randomly primed lambdagt11 cDNA expression library made from CSML100 poly(A)(+) RNA. Two clones corresponding to the DNA-binding proteins KRC and Alf1 were identified. KRC encodes a large zinc finger protein that binds to the kappaB motif and to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination. In vitro DNA binding assays using bacterially expressed KRC fusion proteins, demonstrate specific binding of KRC to the Sb sequence. In addition, introduction of KRC expression vectors into mammalian cells induces expression of S100A4/mts1 and reporter genes driven by S100A4/mts1 gene regulatory sequences. These data indicate that KRC positively regulates transcription of S100A4/mts1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hjelmsoe
- Danish Cancer Society, Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Briand P, Lundholt BK, Skouv J, Lykkesfeldt AE. Growth response of breast epithelial cells to estrogen is influenced by EGF. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 153:1-9. [PMID: 10459848 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(99)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-induced growth stimulation has not previously been demonstrated in estrogen receptor (ER) cDNA transfected human cell lines in contrast to breast cancer cell lines expressing endogenous ER. On the contrary, estrogen usually inhibits cell growth of ER transfected cell lines. Growth inhibition by estrogen has also been demonstrated in our cell line, F9, which is an ER transfected subline of HMT-3522 breast epithelial cells derived from fibrocystic disease and propagated in chemically defined medium. By omitting EGF in the medium, we have demonstrated not only an increased transcriptional activity of the ER but also--after an adaptation period--estrogen-dependent growth of the cells, and we have succeeded in establishing a new subline, S3B, that requires 17beta-estradiol (E2) for growth. This is the first example of a nonmalignant, human breast epithelial cell line which is dependent on estrogen for continued growth. The S3B cells express functional ER as measured by transcriptional activity. ER-E2 induced transcription was not inhibited by EGF as in F9 cells. We propose that a growth-stimulatory response of breast epithelial cells in vitro to E2 is dependent on an inactive or down-regulated EGF receptor signaling pathway and it is possible that the effect of estrogen on normal breast epithelium in vivo also is modulated by the EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Briand
- Department of Tumor Endocrinology, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen.
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12
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Chen D, Rudland PS, Chen HL, Barraclough R. Differential reactivity of the rat S100A4(p9Ka) gene to sodium bisulfite is associated with differential levels of the S100A4 (p9Ka) mRNA in rat mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2483-91. [PMID: 9891019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intracellular levels of S100A4, an S100-related calcium-binding protein, induce metastatic capability in benign mammary tumor-derived epithelial cells and in transgenic mice bearing oncogene-induced benign mammary tumors. The S100A4(p9Ka) gene in rat mammary epithelial cells expressing low levels of S100A4 yields a reduced number of fragments upon digestion with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, HpaII, compared with the gene from high S100A4-expressing cells. Genomic sequencing of two potential regulatory elements in the S100A4 gene, an intronic enhancer and TATA box region, revealed that in low S100A4-expressing cells, most cytosine bases exhibited high levels of resistance to conversion to thymine by sodium bisulfite. In derivative cell lines, which express high levels of S100A4, only a small number of cytosine bases were resistant to treatment with sodium bisulfite. In contrast, cytosine bases in the DNA surrounding an upstream regulatory region, which binds inhibitory GC factor in the low-expressing cell lines, are sensitive to conversion to thymine by sodium bisulfite in both low- and high-expressing cell lines. The results suggest that the rat S100A4 gene is maintained in a different state in the low-expressing cell lines and that this state might be a consequence of the pattern of methylation in this regulated gene that does not contain a CpG island.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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13
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Barraclough R. Calcium-binding protein S100A4 in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1448:190-9. [PMID: 9920410 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The S100 proteins contain two EF-hand motifs and are of generally unknown function. One of these proteins, S100A4, is an intracellular calcium-binding protein that is present in normal rodent and human cells. In cultured rodent mammary cells, S100A4 is expressed at a higher level in some metastatic epithelial cells than in non-metastatic counterparts. Similarly, in human breast cell lines, S100A4 is present at a higher level in cultured cells from the more malignant, than in those from the more benign tumours. Gene transfer experiments have shown that rodent or human S100A4 is able to induce metastatic capability in otherwise non-metastatic breast tumour cells. Furthermore, expression of rodent S100A4 transgenes can induce metastasis of benign tumours arising in transgenic model systems. Possible mechanisms for the metastasis-inducing effect of S100A4 and the relevance of these observations to human cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barraclough
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
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14
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Fischer DF, van Drunen CM, Winkler GS, van de Putte P, Backendorf C. Involvement of a nuclear matrix association region in the regulation of the SPRR2A keratinocyte terminal differentiation marker. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:5288-94. [PMID: 9826750 PMCID: PMC147987 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.23.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small proline-rich protein genes ( SPRRs ) code for precursors of the cornified cell envelope, and are specifically expressed during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. The single intron of SPRR2A enhanced the activity of the SPRR2A promoter in transient transfection assays. This enhancement was position dependent, and did not function in combination with a heterologous promoter, indicating that the intron does not contain a classical enhancer, and that the enhancement was not due to the splicing reaction per se. Mild DNAse-I digestion of nuclei showed the SPRR2 genes to be tightly associated with the nuclear matrix, in contrast to the other cornified envelope precursor genes mapping to the same chromosomal location (epidermal differentiation complex). In vitro binding studies indicated that both the proximal promoter and the intron of SPRR2A are required for optimal association of this gene with nuclear matrices. Neither nuclear matrix association nor the relative transcriptional enhancement by the intron changed during keratinocyte differentiation. Apparently, the association of the SPRR2A gene with the nuclear matrix results in a general, differentiation-independent enhancement of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Fischer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Okada H, Danoff TM, Fischer A, Lopez-Guisa JM, Strutz F, Neilson EG. Identification of a novel cis-acting element for fibroblast-specific transcription of the FSP1 gene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:F306-14. [PMID: 9691022 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.2.f306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The FSP1 gene encodes a filament-binding S100 protein with paired EF hands that is specifically expressed in fibroblasts. This led us to look for cis-acting elements in the FSP1 promoter that might engage nuclear transcription factors unique to fibroblasts. The first exon of FSP1 is noncoding, therefore, a series of luciferase reporter minigenes were created containing varying lengths of 5'-flanking sequence, the first intron, and the noncoding region of the second exon. A position and promoter-dependent proximal element between -187 and -88 bp was shown to be active in fibroblasts but not in epithelium. Sequence in the first intron from +777 to +964 had an enhancing effect that was not cell type specific. Hsv TK reporter constructs driven by this promoter/intron cassette in transgenic mice were coexpressed appropriately with FSP1 in tissue fibroblasts. Gel mobility shift competitor assays identified a novel domain, FTS-1 (fibroblast transcription site-1; TTGAT from -177 to -173 bp), that specifically interacts with nuclear extracts from fibroblasts. The necessity of this binding site was confirmed by site-specific mutagenesis. Database searches also turned up putative FTS-1 sites in the early promoter regions of other fibroblast expressed proteins, including the alpha1 and alpha2(I), and alpha1(III) collagens and the alphaSM-actin gene. We hypothesize that the selective engagement of FTS-1 elements may contribute to the mesenchymal phenotype of fibroblasts and perhaps other dedifferentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okada
- Penn Center for the Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA
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16
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Prokhortchouk EB, Prokhortchouk AV, Rouzov AS, Kiselev SL, Lukanidin EM, Georgiev GP. A minisatellite "core" element constitutes a novel, chromatin-specific activator of mts1 gene transcription. J Mol Biol 1998; 280:227-36. [PMID: 9654447 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the mts1 gene is often associated with malignant transformation of tumor cells. Transcription of the gene is controlled by a number of positive and negative regulatory elements, all of them being localized in the first intron (+38 to +1215) of the mts1 gene. Through analysis of the distribution of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the first intron of the gene we revealed a structurally conserved region that consisted of a non-canonical NFkB binding site and a minisatellite "core" element. Deletion of the minisatellite core DNA in the context of the first intron had no effect on its regulatory capacity when assayed in transient transfections, while a fivefold decrease was observed in a pool of stably transfected cells. The minisatellite core sequence CTGGGCAGGCAG is involved in DNA-protein interactions in vivo, and is similar to a binding site for the previously identified minisatellite DNA sequence binding protein (Msbp-1). The core DNA interacted in vitro with a protein that had an apparent molecular mass of 40 kDa. These data indicate that the minisatellite DNA represents the novel, chromatin-specific element in the mts1 complex enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Prokhortchouk
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Genetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Vavilova 34/5, Moscow, 117334, Russia
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Nakamura N, Takenaga K. Hypomethylation of the metastasis-associated S100A4 gene correlates with gene activation in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 1998; 16:471-9. [PMID: 10091942 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006589626307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA methylation status of the metastasis-associated S100A4 gene in S100A4-positive and -negative human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines was examined. Northern and Western blot analyses revealed that HT-29, SW480, SW620, WiDr and Colo201 cells expressed S100A4, whereas SW837, LoVo and DLD-1 cells expressed little S100A4. Using CpG methylation-sensitive and -insensitive restriction enzymes and PCR-based methylation assay, it was found that the S100A4 gene in HT-29, SW480, SW620, WiDr and Colo201 cells, but not in SW837, LoVo and DLD-1 cells, was hypomethylated and that the hypomethylation of the second intron was correlated well with the expression of S100A4. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of the eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase, induced the expression of the S100A4 gene in SW837, LoVo and DLD-1 cells, while it showed no effect on the expression of the gene in WiDr cells. These results indicate that hypomethylation of the S100A4 gene results in the expression of the gene in colon adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakamura
- Division of Chemotherapy, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Japan
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Chen D, Davies MP, Rudland PS, Barraclough R. Transcriptional down-regulation of the metastasis-inducing S100A4 (p9Ka) in benign but not in malignant rat mammary epithelial cells by GC-factor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20283-90. [PMID: 9242709 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.32.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The S100-related calcium-binding protein S100A4 (p9Ka) is expressed at a low level in rat mammary epithelial cells from normal mammary gland and benign mammary tumors. In transgenic mice, expressed rat S100A4 transgenes co-operate with the activated c-erbB-2 oncogene, neu, to form metastatic mammary tumors. Elevated levels of S100A4 (p9Ka) in cultured benign rat or mouse mammary epithelial cells are associated with the induction of metastatic capability. A cis-acting sequence related to the consensus recognition sequence of GC-factor, 1,300 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription of the rat S100A4 gene, acts as a cis-acting inhibitor of transcription of the S100A4 (p9Ka) gene in a low S100A4 (p9Ka)-expressing benign rat mammary epithelial cell line, but not in highly expressing rat mammary epithelial cell lines. There is an inverse relationship between the level of S100A4 (p9Ka) mRNA and the level of GC-factor mRNA in a range of rat mammary cell lines. The results suggest a novel mechanism for regulating the expression of the mRNA encoding an S100 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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19
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Tulchinsky E, Prokhortchouk E, Georgiev G, Lukanidin E. A kappaB-related binding site is an integral part of the mts1 gene composite enhancer element located in the first intron of the gene. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4828-35. [PMID: 9030539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription of the mts1 gene correlates with the metastatic potential of mouse adenocarcinomas. Here we describe strong enhancer whose location coincides with the DNase I hypersensitivity area in the first intron of the mts1 gene. The investigation of the transcriptional activity of a series of plasmids bearing deletions in the first intron sequences revealed that the observed enhancer has a composite structure. The enhancer activity is partially formed by the kappaB-related element: GGGGTTTTTCCAC. This sequence element was able to form several sequence-specific complexes with nuclear proteins extracted from both Mts1-expressing CSML100 and Mts1-non-expressing CSML0 adenocarcinoma cells. Two of these complexes were identified as NF-kappaB/Rel-specific p50.p50 homo- and p50.p65 heterodimers. The third complex was formed by the 200-kDa protein. Even though the synthetic kappaB-responsible promoter was active in mouse adenocarcinoma cells, a mutation preventing NF-kappaB binding had no effect on the mts1 natural enhancer activity. On the contrary, the mutation in the kappaB-related element, which abolished the binding of the 200-kDa protein, led to the functional inactivation of this site in the mts1 first intron. The mts1 kappaB-like element activated transcription from its own mts1 gene promoter, as well as from the heterologous promoter in both CSML0 and CSML100 cells. However, in vivo occupancy of this site was observed only in Mts1-expressing CSML100 cells, suggesting the involvement of the described element in positive control of mts1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tulchinsky
- Danish Cancer Society, Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Zhang M, Sheng S, Maass N, Sager R. mMaspin: The Mouse Homolog of a Human Tumor Suppressor Gene Inhibits Mammary Tumor Invasion and Motility. Mol Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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21
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22
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Davies M, Harris S, Rudland P, Barraclough R. Expression of the rat, S-100-related, calcium-binding protein gene, p9Ka, in transgenic mice demonstrates different patterns of expression between these two species. DNA Cell Biol 1995; 14:825-32. [PMID: 7546288 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1995.14.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
p9Ka (also known as mts1/18A2/calvasculin/CAPL) is a member of the S-100-related family of small, calcium-binding proteins. Previous studies suggest apparent discrepancies between the expression of the p9Ka gene in rat, mouse, and human tissues. Here we demonstrate that the natural p9Ka gene is expressed at lower levels in mouse than in rat, and that, in mouse but not in rat, p9Ka mRNA is more highly expressed in cells of lymphoid origin. Transgenic mouse strains express rat-p9Ka transgenes in a gene copy-number-dependent manner. The rat p9Ka transgene mRNA shows the same tissue distribution in several lines of transgenic mice, a distribution that is characteristic of the rat, from which the transgenes were derived. These results show that there is a difference in the pattern of expression of the same gene in two closely related species, and that the pattern of expression found in rat is specified by the DNA in the rat gene itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, UK
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23
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Grigorian M, Tulchinsky E, Burrone O, Tarabykina S, Georgiev G, Lukanidin E. Modulation of mts1 expression in mouse and human normal and tumor cells. Electrophoresis 1994; 15:463-8. [PMID: 8055872 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The mts1 gene, encoding small Ca(2+)-binding protein of the S100-family, is considered as a gene whose activity correlates with the manifestation of a metastatic phenotype of tumor cells. It was shown before that the mts1 is expressed not only in metastatic tumor cells but also in some normal tissues, namely in so-called "lymphoid" organs: spleen, thymus, bone marrow. In this work we analyzed in more detail the expression of mts1 in human and mouse hematopoietic cells and cell lines. A high level of mts1 RNA was observed in T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and in corresponding cell lines. Controversially, the mts1 gene was silent in B-lymphocytes as well as in myeloma and erythroleukemia cell lines. The possibility of modulating the mts1 gene expression by the action of different agents was demonstrated. Mitogens, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), interferon (IFN gamma), and concanavalin A (Con A), modulate the level of the mts1 gene expression in hematopoietic cells differently. Calcium ionophore, A23187, can also be regarded as a modulator of the mts1 gene expression, since its addition to the cells results in a substantial decrease of the mts1 RNA level. It was shown that the mts1 RNA's half-life is relatively long, more than 24 h. We therefore believe that calcium ionophore can activate some ribonucleases which degrade the mts1 RNA. Cycloheximide prevents the effect of A23187 and stabilizes the mts1 RNA, probably by blocking the synthesis of these nucleases. Thus, the obtained data indicate that the agents which are capable of changing the physiological status of the cells also modulate the mts1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grigorian
- Danish Cancer Society, Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Copenhagen
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