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Chan JYH, Clow F, Pearson V, Langley RJ, Fraser JD, Radcliff FJ. Feasibility of using a combination of staphylococcal superantigen-like proteins 3, 7 and 11 in a fusion vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:365-380. [PMID: 38572664 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen in both community and hospital settings, and the escalation of antimicrobial-resistant strains is of immense global concern. Vaccination is an inviting long-term strategy to curb staphylococcal disease, but identification of an effective vaccine has proved to be challenging. Three well-characterized, ubiquitous, secreted immune evasion factors from the staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) protein family were selected for the development of a vaccine. Wild-type SSL3, 7 and 11, which inhibit signaling through Toll-like receptor 2, cleavage of complement component 5 and neutrophil function, respectively, were successfully combined into a stable, active fusion protein (PolySSL7311). Vaccination of mice with an attenuated form of the PolySSL7311 protein stimulated significantly elevated specific immunoglobulin G and splenocyte proliferation responses to each component relative to adjuvant-only controls. Vaccination with PolySSL7311, but not a mixture of the individual proteins, led to a > 102 reduction in S. aureus tissue burden compared with controls after peritoneal challenge. Comparable antibody responses were elicited after coadministration of the vaccine in either AddaVax (an analog of MF59) or an Alum-based adjuvant; but only AddaVax conferred a significant reduction in bacterial load, aligning with other studies that suggest both cellular and humoral immune responses are necessary for protective immunity to S. aureus. Anti-sera from mice immunized with PolySSL7311, but not individual proteins, partially neutralized the functional activities of SSL7. This study confirms the importance of these SSLs for the survival of S. aureus in vivo and suggests that PolySSL7311 is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janlin Ying Hui Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Victoria Pearson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ries J Langley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John D Fraser
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J Radcliff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tomino T, Harada N, Toshida K, Tomiyama T, Kosai Y, Kurihara T, Yoshiya S, Takeishi K, Toshima T, Nagao Y, Morita K, Iguchi T, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T. Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition on Graft Loss After Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2164-2170. [PMID: 37778930 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate the effect of early enteral nutrition on graft loss within 12 h after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using propensity score-matching analysis and subsequently examine the risk factors for graft loss after LDLT. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of 467 LDLT patients who were assigned to the early and non-early groups based on the optimal cutoff value of 12 h for the starting time of early enteral nutrition after LDLT to predict graft loss. RESULTS The 1-year graft survival rate of the early group before propensity score-matching was 92.1%, whereas the 1-year graft survival rate of the non-early group was 86.2%. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .067). The incidences of early allograft dysfunction (EAD), small-for-size graft (SFSG) syndrome, acute cellular rejection (ACR), and sepsis were not statistically different between the 2 groups (P = .12, .91, .46, and .056, respectively). After propensity score-matching, the 1-year graft survival rate of the early group was 94.4%, whereas the 1-year graft survival rate of the non-early group was 85.4% (P = .034). The incidences of EAD, SFSG syndrome, and ACR were not statistically different between the 2 groups (P = .43, .81, and .24, respectively). However, the incidence of sepsis was statistically different between the 2 groups (non-early: 10.7% vs early: 3.6%, P = .038). CONCLUSION Early enteral nutrition within 12 h after LDLT may contribute to better graft survival in LDLT patients by preventing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tomino
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kosai
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshiya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutoyo Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Iguchi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nasogastric enteral feeding tubes modulate preterm colonization in early life. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:838-847. [PMID: 34845351 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants are generally fed through nasogastric enteral feeding tubes (NEFTs). The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of NEFTs in the initial colonization of the preterm gut and its evolution within the first 2 weeks after birth. METHODS For this purpose, fecal and NEFT-derived samples from 30 preterm infants hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were collected from birth to the second week of life. Samples were cultivated in ten culture media, including three for the isolation of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. RESULTS Isolates (561) were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Although the first NEFTs inserted into the neonates after birth were rarely colonized, analysis of NEFTs and fecal samples over time revealed a significant increase in bacterial abundance, diversity, and detection frequency. Results showed a parallel colonization between time-matched NEFTs and fecal samples, suggesting an ongoing bidirectional transfer of bacteria from the neonatal gut to the NEFTs and vice versa. CONCLUSIONS In short-term hospitalization, length is by far the determinant factor for the early colonization of preterm infants. As NEFT populations reflect the bacterial populations that are colonizing the preterm in a precise moment, their knowledge could be useful to prevent the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains. IMPACT The hospital environment modulates preterm colonization immediately after birth. The colonization of preterm feces and NEFTs occurs in parallel. There is an ongoing bidirectional transfer of microorganisms from the neonatal gut to the NEFTs and vice versa. Bacterial communities inside NEFTs could act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes. NEFT populations reflect the bacteria that are colonizing the preterm at a precise moment.
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Mann A, Nehra K, Rana J, Dahiya T. Antibiotic resistance in agriculture: Perspectives on upcoming strategies to overcome upsurge in resistance. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100030. [PMID: 34841321 PMCID: PMC8610298 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a massive problem rising constantly and spreading rapidly since the past decade. The major underlying mechanism responsible for this problem is an overuse or severe misuse of antibiotics. Regardless of this emerging global threat, antibiotics are still being widely used, not only for treatment of human infections, but also to a great extent in agriculture, livestock and animal husbandry. If the current scenario persists, we might enter into a post-antibiotic era where drugs might not be able to treat even the simplest of infections. This review discusses the current status of antibiotic utilization and molecular basis of antibiotic resistance mechanisms acquired by bacteria, along with the modes of transmittance of the resultant resistant genes into human pathogens through their cycling among different ecosystems. The main focus of the article is to provide an insight into the different molecular and other strategies currently being studied worldwide for their use as an alternate to antibiotics with an overall aim to overcome or minimize the global problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Hu Y, Zou X, Shi W, Ma C, Chen F, Li J, Jiao S, Pan G, Lan L, Huang W, Tang F, Zhang F. A facile method for vancomycin C-terminus functionalization and derivatization through hydrazide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 42:128027. [PMID: 33839255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over 60-year clinical use of vancomycin led to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant bacteria and threatened our health. To combat vancomycin-resistant strains, numerous vancomycin analogues were developed, such as Telavancin, Oritavancin and Dalbavancin. Extra structures embedded on C-terminus has been proved to be an effective strategy to promote antibacterial activity of vancomycin against vancomycin-resistant strains. Here, we reported a facile strategy, inspired by native chemical ligation, for vancomycin C-terminus functionalization and derivatization. The introduction of C-terminal hydrazide on vancomycin not only provided us an accessible method for C-terminus functionalization through carbonyl azide and thioester, also acted as an efficient site for vancomycin structure modifications. Based on hydrazide-vancomycin, we effectively conjugated cysteine and cysteine containing peptides onto vancomycin C-terminus, and two fluorescent FITC-vancomycin were prepared through Cys-Maleimide conjugation. Meanwhile, we introduced lipophilic structures onto vancomycin C-terminus via the hydrazide moiety. The obtained vancomycin derivatives were evaluated against both Gram-positive and negative bacteria strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiangman Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Feifei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shang Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lefu Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou, Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, PR China
| | - Feng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, PR China.
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Ma C, He N, Ou Y, Feng W. Design and Synthesis of New Vancomycin Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Ma
- Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia MedicalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Na He
- Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia MedicalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Yangyan Ou
- Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia MedicalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
| | - Wenhua Feng
- Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia MedicalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100050 China
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Rauschenbach M, Lawrenson SB, Taresco V, Pearce AK, O'Reilly RK. Antimicrobial Hyperbranched Polymer-Usnic Acid Complexes through a Combined ROP-RAFT Strategy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000190. [PMID: 32400917 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-drug conjugates have received considerable attention over the last decades due to their potential for improving the clinical outcomes for a range of diseases. It is of importance to develop methods for their preparation that have simple synthesis and purification requirements but maintain high therapeutic efficacy and utilize macromolecules that can be cleared via natural excretory pathways upon breakdown. Herein, the combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization is described for the straightforward synthesis of amphiphilic, stimuli-responsive, biodegradable, and highly functionalizable hyperbranched polymers. These unimolecular nanoparticles demonstrate a versatile platform for the synthesis of polymer-drug conjugates owing to the inclusion of a Boc-protected polycarbonate moiety in either a block or random copolymer formation. A proof-of-concept study on the complexation of the poorly water-soluble antimicrobial drug usnic acid results in polymer-drug complexes with powerful antimicrobial properties against gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, this work highlights the potential of amphiphilic and biodegradable hyperbranched polymers for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Rauschenbach
- M. Rauschenbach, Dr. S. B. Lawrenson, Dr. A. K. Pearce, Prof. R. K. O'Reilly, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stefan B Lawrenson
- M. Rauschenbach, Dr. S. B. Lawrenson, Dr. A. K. Pearce, Prof. R. K. O'Reilly, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vincenzo Taresco
- Dr. V. Taresco, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Amanda K Pearce
- M. Rauschenbach, Dr. S. B. Lawrenson, Dr. A. K. Pearce, Prof. R. K. O'Reilly, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- M. Rauschenbach, Dr. S. B. Lawrenson, Dr. A. K. Pearce, Prof. R. K. O'Reilly, School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Troidle L, Kliger AS, Goldie SJ, Gorban-Brennan N, Brown E, Fikrig M, Finkelstein FO. Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis of Nosocomial Origin. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686089601600513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe our experience with nosocomial continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD)-associated peritonitis focusing on the incidence, possible risk factors, spectrum of organisms, and outcome. Design Retrospective review of the medical records of our CPD patients admitted to an acute-care hospital between November, 1993 and December, 1994. Setting University-associated acute-care hospitals in New Haven, Connecticut. Patients One hundred and eighty-eight patients maintained on CPD therapy and admitted to an acute-care hospital. Results Nineteen patients (5%) developing nosocomial peritonitis (NP) were identified from the 408 admissions occurring during the study period. Patients developing NP were older than the hospitalized CPD patients not developing NP(65.5± 14.6vs58.4± 14.7years, p<0.05). Comorbid diseases including diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, cardiovascular disease, and human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity were not more common in the patients developing NP. Patients developing NP were hospitalized significantly longer than the CPD patients not developing NP (39.5 ± 46.5 days vs 12.7 ± 12.4 days, p < 0.001). The mean serum albumin was lower in the NP patients than in the CPD patients not developing NP (2.35 ± 0.52 g/dL vs 3.02 ± 0.60 g/dL, p < 0.001). Antecedent antibiotic use and performance of invasive procedures were noted in 89% and 68% of the patients developing NP, respectively. Staphylococcal species, enterococcal species, and gram-negative organisms accounted for 26%, 21 %, and 53% of the episodes of NP, respectively. Furthermore, two strains of Enterococcus resistant to vancomycin were cultured. Eight patients developing NP expired, 8 patients continued CPD therapy, 2 patients transferred to hemodialysis, and one patient recovered renal function. Conclusion We conclude that NP is uncommon. Increased age, increased length of hospital stay, and hypoalbuminemia may predispose patients to the development of NP. Further studies with case controls should help to clarify whether antecedent antibiotics or prior performance of invasive procedures predispose patients to the development of nosocomial peritonitis. The spectrum of organisms accounting for NP is different than the spectrum of organisms causing community-acquired CPD-associated peritonitis. Some of these organisms may be resistant to standard antibiotic therapies. Patients developing NP do poorly, with 42% expiring while being treated for NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Troidle
- New Haven CPD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of St. Raphael
| | - Alan S. Kliger
- New Haven CPD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of St. Raphael
| | - Sue J. Goldie
- New Haven CPD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of St. Raphael
| | | | - Eric Brown
- Yale University School of Medicine, and Stamford Nephrology, P.C., Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Margaret Fikrig
- New Haven CPD, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of St. Raphael
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Wang C, Zolotarskaya O, Ashraf KM, Wen X, Ohman DE, Wynne KJ. Surface Characterization, Antimicrobial Effectiveness, and Human Cell Response for a Biomedical Grade Polyurethane Blended with a Mixed Soft Block PTMO-Quat/PEG Copolyoxetane Polyurethane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20699-20714. [PMID: 31117452 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection is a serious medical complication associated with health care environments. Despite advances, the 5-10% incidence of infections for hospital patients is well documented. Sources of pathogenic organisms include medical devices such as catheters and endotracheal tubes. Offering guidance for curbing the spread of such infections, a model antimicrobial coating is described herein that kills bacteria on contact but is compatible with human cells. To achieve these characteristics, a novel blend of a conventional biomedical grade polyurethane (Tecoflex) with mixed soft block polyurethane is described. The functional polyurethane (UP-C12-50-T) has a copolyoxetane soft block P-C12-50 with quaternary ammonium (C12) and PEG-like side chains and a conventional poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO, T) soft block. DSC and DMA data point to limited miscibility of UP-C12-50-T with Tecoflex. The blend of Tecoflex with 10 wt % UP-C12-50-T designated UP-C12-50-T-10 radically changed surface properties. Evidence for surface concentration of the P-C12-50 soft block was obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic contact angles (DCAs), zeta potentials (ζ), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The antimicrobial effectiveness of the blend coatings was established by the ASTM E2149 "shake flask" test for challenges of E. coli and a methicillin resistant strain of S. epidermidis. Cytocompatibility was demonstrated with an in vitro test designed for direct contact (ISO 10993-5). Growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) beside and under UP-C12-50-T-10 indicated remarkable biocompatibility for a composition that is also strongly antimicrobial. Overall, the results point to a model coating with a level of P-C12-50 that combines high antimicrobial effectiveness and low toxicity to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Biotech8, 737 North Fifth Street , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
| | - Olga Zolotarskaya
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Biotech8, 737 North Fifth Street , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
| | - Kayesh M Ashraf
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Biotech8, 737 North Fifth Street , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Biotech8, 737 North Fifth Street , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
- Institute for Engineering and Medicine, Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , 601 West Main Street, Room # 403 , Richmond , Virginia 23284-3028 , United States
| | - Dennis E Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , VCU School of Medicine , 1101 East Marshall Street , Richmond , Virginia 23298 , United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Richmond , Virginia 23249 , United States
| | - Kenneth J Wynne
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Biotech8, 737 North Fifth Street , Richmond , Virginia 23219 , United States
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10
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Specific detection and effective inhibition of a single bacterial species in situ using peptide mineralized Au cluster probes. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Guan D, Chen F, Xiong L, Tang F, Faridoon, Qiu Y, Zhang N, Gong L, Li J, Lan L, Huang W. Extra Sugar on Vancomycin: New Analogues for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. J Med Chem 2018; 61:286-304. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Guan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Lun Xiong
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Tang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Yunguang Qiu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Likun Gong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Avilamycin and evernimicin induce structural changes in rProteins uL16 and CTC that enhance the inhibition of A-site tRNA binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6796-E6805. [PMID: 27791159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614297113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two structurally unique ribosomal antibiotics belonging to the orthosomycin family, avilamycin and evernimicin, possess activity against Enterococci, Staphylococci, and Streptococci, and other Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we describe the high-resolution crystal structures of the eubacterial large ribosomal subunit in complex with them. Their extended binding sites span the A-tRNA entrance corridor, thus inhibiting protein biosynthesis by blocking the binding site of the A-tRNA elbow, a mechanism not shared with other known antibiotics. Along with using the ribosomal components that bind and discriminate the A-tRNA-namely, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helices H89, H91, and ribosomal proteins (rProtein) uL16-these structures revealed novel interactions with domain 2 of the CTC protein, a feature typical to various Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, analysis of these structures explained how single nucleotide mutations and methylations in helices H89 and H91 confer resistance to orthosomycins and revealed the sequence variations in 23S rRNA nucleotides alongside the difference in the lengths of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic α1 helix of protein uL16 that play a key role in the selectivity of those drugs. The accurate interpretation of the crystal structures that could be performed beyond that recently reported in cryo-EM models provide structural insights that may be useful for the design of novel pathogen-specific antibiotics, and for improving the potency of orthosomycins. Because both drugs are extensively metabolized in vivo, their environmental toxicity is very low, thus placing them at the frontline of drugs with reduced ecological hazards.
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Revankar N, Ward AJ, Pelligra CG, Kongnakorn T, Fan W, LaPensee KT. Modeling economic implications of alternative treatment strategies for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. J Med Econ 2014; 17:730-40. [PMID: 25019580 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2014.941065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The economic implications from the US Medicare perspective of adopting alternative treatment strategies for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) are substantial. The objective of this study is to describe a modeling framework that explores the impact of decisions related to both the location of care and switching to different antibiotics at discharge. METHODS A discrete event simulation (DES) was developed to model the treatment pathway of each patient through various locations (emergency department [ED], inpatient, and outpatient) and the treatments prescribed (empiric antibiotic, switching to a different antibiotic at discharge, or a second antibiotic). Costs are reported in 2012 USD. RESULTS The mean number of days on antibiotic in a cohort assigned to a full course of vancomycin was 11.2 days, with 64% of the treatment course being administered in the outpatient setting. Mean total costs per patient were $8671, with inpatient care accounting for 58% of the costs accrued. The majority of outpatient costs were associated with parenteral administration rather than drug acquisition or monitoring. Scenarios modifying the treatment pathway to increase the proportion of patients receiving the first dose in the ED, and then managing them in the outpatient setting or prescribing an oral antibiotic at discharge to avoid the cost associated with administering parenteral therapy, therefore have a major impact and lower the typical cost per patient by 11-20%. Since vancomycin is commonly used as empiric therapy in clinical practice, based on these analyses, a shift in treatment practice could result in substantial savings from the Medicare perspective. CONCLUSIONS The choice of antibiotic and location of care influence the costs and resource use associated with the management of ABSSSIs. The DES framework presented here can provide insight into the potential economic implications of decisions that modify the treatment pathway.
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de Leeuw EPH. Efficacy of the small molecule inhibitor of Lipid II BAS00127538 against Acinetobacter baumannii. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1061-4. [PMID: 25143710 PMCID: PMC4134019 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s68020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective To test the activity of a small molecule compound that targets Lipid II against Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods Susceptibility to small molecule Lipid II inhibitor BAS00127538 was assessed using carbapenem- and colistin-resistant clinical isolates of A. baumannii. In addition, synergy between colisitin and this compound was assessed. Results Small molecule Lipid II inhibitor BAS00127538 potently acts against A. baumannii and acts synergistically with colistin. Conclusion For the first time, a compound that targets Lipid II is described that acts against multi-drug resistant isolates of A. baumannii. The synergy with colistin warrants further lead development of BAS00127538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik P H de Leeuw
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Platts-Mills TF, Owens ST, McBride JM. A modern-day purgatory: older adults in the emergency department with nonoperative injuries. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014; 62:525-8. [PMID: 24617946 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Older adults frequently present to the emergency department (ED) with injuries that do not require operative treatment but are sufficiently severe to make it unsafe for them to return home. These individuals typically do not meet criteria for hospital admission, but because of limited reimbursement for observation, admitting physicians are often reluctant to accept these individuals for observation. Admission to a skilled nursing or assisted living facility from the ED or rapid access to additional in-home care is also often difficult or impossible. As a result, older adults with nonoperative injuries often spend a long time in the ED waiting for an appropriate disposition. The challenges of identifying an appropriate disposition for these individuals, the consequences for patients, and some potential solutions to this commonly encountered problem are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Platts-Mills
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Bansal AK. Role of bioinformatics in the development of new antibacterial therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:51-65. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Varney KM, Bonvin AMJJ, Pazgier M, Malin J, Yu W, Ateh E, Oashi T, Lu W, Huang J, Diepeveen-de Buin M, Bryant J, Breukink E, MacKerell AD, de Leeuw EPH. Turning defense into offense: defensin mimetics as novel antibiotics targeting lipid II. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003732. [PMID: 24244161 PMCID: PMC3820767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the functional interaction of Lipid II with human alpha-defensins, a class of antimicrobial peptides. Lipid II is an essential precursor for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and an ideal and validated target for natural antibiotic compounds. Using a combination of structural, functional and in silico analyses, we present here the molecular basis for defensin-Lipid II binding. Based on the complex of Lipid II with Human Neutrophil peptide-1, we could identify and characterize chemically diverse low-molecular weight compounds that mimic the interactions between HNP-1 and Lipid II. Lead compound BAS00127538 was further characterized structurally and functionally; it specifically interacts with the N-acetyl muramic acid moiety and isoprenyl tail of Lipid II, targets cell wall synthesis and was protective in an in vivo model for sepsis. For the first time, we have identified and characterized low molecular weight synthetic compounds that target Lipid II with high specificity and affinity. Optimization of these compounds may allow for their development as novel, next generation therapeutic agents for the treatment of Gram-positive pathogenic infections. Every year, an increasing number of people are at risk for bacterial infections that cannot be effectively treated. This is because many bacteria are becoming more resistant to antibiotics. Of particular concern is the rise in hospital-acquired infections. Infection caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacterium or MRSA is the cause of many fatalities and puts a burden on health care systems in many countries. The antibiotic of choice for treatment of S. aureus infections is vancomycin, an antimicrobial peptide that kills bacteria by binding to the bacterial cell wall component Lipid II. Here, we have identified for the first time, small synthetic compounds that also bind Lipid II with the aim to develop new antibiotic drugs to fight against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Varney
- NMR Facility, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin
- Utrecht University, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science-Chemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jakob Malin
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eugene Ateh
- Institute of Human Virology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taiji Oashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marlies Diepeveen-de Buin
- Utrecht University, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science-Chemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Utrecht University, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science-Chemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik P. H. de Leeuw
- Institute of Human Virology & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang YC, Yang CY, Sun RL, Cheng YF, Kao WC, Yang PC. Rapid single cell detection of Staphylococcus aureus by aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1863. [PMID: 23689505 PMCID: PMC3659324 DOI: 10.1038/srep01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, causing more than 500,000 infections in the United States each year. Traditional methods for bacterial culture and identification take several days, wasting precious time for patients who are suffering severe bacterial infections. Numerous nucleic acid-based detection methods have been introduced to address this deficiency; however, the costs and requirement for expensive equipment may limit the widespread use of such technologies. Thus, there is an unmet demand of new platform technology to improve the bacterial detection and identification in clinical practice. In this study, we developed a rapid, ultra-sensitive, low cost, and non-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for bacterial identification. Using this method, which measures the resonance light-scattering signal of aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles, we successfully detected single S. aureus cell within 1.5 hours. This new platform technology may have potential to develop a rapid and sensitive bacterial testing at point-of-care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chung Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115, ROC
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Antimicrobial resistance: Implications for therapy of infections with common childhood pathogens. Can J Infect Dis 2012; 7:169-73. [PMID: 22514433 DOI: 10.1155/1996/431214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Lall MS, Hoge G, Tran TP, Kissel W, Murphy ST, Taylor C, Hutchings K, Samas B, Ellsworth EL, Curran T, Showalter HDH. Stereoselective Synthesis of (S)-3-(Methylamino)-3-((R)-pyrrolidin-3-yl)propanenitrile. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4732-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Garrett Hoge
- Dr. Reddy’s, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
CB40PE, U.K
| | - Tuan P. Tran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William Kissel
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02142, United States
| | - Sean T. Murphy
- Takeda California, San Diego, California 92121, United
States
| | - Clarke Taylor
- Lycera Corp., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kim Hutchings
- AstraZeneca,
Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edmund L. Ellsworth
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Portage Street, Kalamazoo,
Michigan 49007, United States
| | - Timothy Curran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
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Bacterial sepsis after living donor liver transplantation: the impact of early enteral nutrition. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 214:288-95. [PMID: 22244203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial sepsis is a significant problem that must be addressed after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). STUDY DESIGN A retrospective analysis of 346 adult-to-adult LDLT patients was performed. RESULTS Forty-six patients (13.3%) experienced bacterial sepsis, with primary and secondary origins in 23.9% and 76.1%, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 71.7% of the bacteria isolated. The 2-year cumulative graft survival rate in patients with bacterial sepsis was 45.7%. Patients with bacterial sepsis secondary to pneumonia (n = 12) had poorer 2-year graft survival rates (16.7%) than did those with primary or other types of secondary sepsis (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed that intraoperative massive blood loss >10L (p < 0.001) and no enteral feeding started within 48 hours after transplantation (p = 0.005) were significant risk factors for bacterial sepsis. Among patients who received enteral nutrition, the incidences of bacterial sepsis in patients who received enteral nutrition within 48 hours (n = 135) or later than 48 hours (n = 57) were 5.9% and 21.0%, respectively (p = 0.002). The incidence of early graft loss was 8-fold higher in recipients with massive intraoperative blood loss without early enteral nutrition (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early enteral nutrition was associated with significantly reduced risk of developing bacterial sepsis after LDLT.
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Alcaide B, Almendros P, Alonso JM. Gold-catalyzed cyclizations of alkynol-based compounds: synthesis of natural products and derivatives. Molecules 2011; 16:7815-43. [PMID: 22143545 PMCID: PMC6264458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed dramatic growth in the number of reactions catalyzed by gold complexes because of their powerful soft Lewis acid nature. In particular, the gold-catalyzed activation of propargylic compounds has progressively emerged in recent years. Some of these gold-catalyzed reactions in alkynes have been optimized and show significant utility in organic synthesis. Thus, apart from significant methodology work, in the meantime gold-catalyzed cyclizations in alkynol derivatives have become an efficient tool in total synthesis. However, there is a lack of specific review articles covering the joined importance of both gold salts and alkynol-based compounds for the synthesis of natural products and derivatives. The aim of this Review is to survey the chemistry of alkynol derivatives under gold-catalyzed cyclization conditions and its utility in total synthesis, concentrating on the advances that have been made in the last decade, and in particular in the last quinquennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Alcaide
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Almendros
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Alonso
- Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Khera MK, Cliffe IA, Prakash O. Synthesis and in vitro activity of novel 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Part II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dunbar LM, Tang DM, Manausa RM. A review of telavancin in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 4:235-44. [PMID: 18728713 PMCID: PMC2503659 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Telavancin is a novel antibiotic being investigated for the treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) and pneumonia. This once-daily intravenous lipoglycopeptide exerts rapid bactericidal activity via a dual mechanism of action. It is intended for use to combat infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-intermediate strains of S. aureus (MRSA and VISA, respectively). Vancomycin is the current gold standard in treating serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, especially MRSA. In recent clinical trials, telavancin has shown excellent efficacy in phase II and III multinational, randomized, double-blinded studies of cSSSI. In the phase II FAST 2 study, which compared telavancin 10 mg/kg intravenously q 24 h vs standard therapy (an antistaphylococcal penicillin at 2 g IV q 6 h or vancomycin 1 gm IV q 12 h), the clinical success rate in the telavancin-treated group was 96% vs 94% in the standard therapy group. In two identical phase III trials comparing telavancin versus vancomycin at the doses of the FAST 2 study for cSSSI, the clinical cure rates were 88.3% and 87.1%, respectively. Two additional phase III clinical trials investigating telavancin for use in hospital-acquired pneumonia, caused by Gram-positive bacteria are currently ongoing. Telavancin is currently under regulatory review in both the United States and Europe for the indication of treatment of cSSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala M Dunbar
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, USA
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25
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Bounthavong M, Zargarzadeh A, Hsu DI, Vanness DJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: complicated skin and skin structure infection using Bayesian methods for evidence synthesis. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2011; 14:631-639. [PMID: 21839399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI) is a prominent infection encountered in hospital and outpatient settings that is associated with high resource use for the health-care system. OBJECTIVE A decision analytic (DA) model was developed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin in MRSA cSSSI. METHODS Bayesian methods for evidence synthesis were used to generate efficacy and safety parameters for a DA model using published clinical trials. CEA was done from the US health-care perspective. Efficacy was defined as a successfully treated patient at the test of cure without any adverse reaction. Primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio between linezolid and vancomycin, daptomycin and vancomycin, and linezolid and daptomycin in MRSA cSSSI. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model. RESULTS The total direct costs of linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin were $18,057, $20,698, and $23,671, respectively. The cost-effectiveness ratios for linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin were $37,604, $44,086, and $52,663 per successfully treated patient, respectively. Linezolid and daptomycin were dominant strategies compared to vancomycin. However, linezolid was dominant when compared to daptomycin. The model was sensitive to the duration of daptomycin and linezolid treatment. CONCLUSION Linezolid and daptomycin are potentially cost-effective based on the assumptions of the DA model; however, linezolid appears to be more cost-effective compared to daptomycin and vancomycin for MRSA cSSSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bounthavong
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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Synthesis and in vitro activity of novel 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2887-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stratton TR, Applegate BM, Youngblood JP. Effect of Steric Hindrance on the Properties of Antibacterial and Biocompatible Copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2010; 12:50-6. [PMID: 21158441 DOI: 10.1021/bm1009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Stratton
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States, and Departments of Food Science and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bruce M. Applegate
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States, and Departments of Food Science and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey P. Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States, and Departments of Food Science and Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Hassan M, Tuckman HP, Patrick RH, Kountz DS, Kohn JL. Hospital length of stay and probability of acquiring infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/17506121011095182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen J, Su Z, Liu Y, Sandoghchian S, Zheng D, Wang S, Xu H. Herbaspirillum Species: A Potential Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patient. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:331-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, Hidaka M, Soyama A, Ichikawa T, Kanematsu T. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent infectious complications in patients after elective living donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized study. Am J Surg 2010; 201:498-502. [PMID: 20619394 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the effect of synbiotic therapy using prebiotics and probiotics has been reported in hepatobiliary surgery, there are no reports of the effect on elective living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). METHODS Fifty adult patients undergoing LDLT between September 2005 and June 2009 were randomized into a group receiving 2 days of preoperative and 2 weeks of postoperative synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium breve, Lactobacillus casei, and galactooligosaccharides [the BLO group]) and a group without synbiotic therapy (the control group). Postoperative infectious complications were recorded as well as fecal microflora before and after LDLT in each group. RESULTS Only 1 systemic infection occurred in the BLO group (4%), whereas the control group showed 6 infectious complications (24%), with 3 cases of sepsis and 3 urinary tract infections with Enterococcus spp (P = .033 vs BLO group). No other type of complication showed any difference between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Infectious complications after elective LDLT significantly decreased with the perioperative administration of synbiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
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Nosocomial infections prevalence study in a Serbian university hospital. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2010; 66:868-75. [PMID: 20017416 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0911868i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Nosocomial infections (NI) are a serious health problem resulting in an enromous burden of excess morbidity and mortaliti rates, and health care costs. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of NI and to identify groups of patients at special risk for NI in the University Clinical Center, Kragujevac, Serbia. METHODS A period prevalence study design was used in this study. A survey of NI included all patients hospitalized in all departments in the University Clinical Center, Kragujevac. RESULTS Among 764 patients surveyed, the global prevalence rate of patients with at least one NI was 6.2% (95% CI = 5.6-6.8), while the prevalence of NI was 7.1%. The most frequent infections were surgical site infections (14.1%; 95% CI = 12.9-15.3), followed by pneumonia (2.3%; 95% CI = 2.1-2.5) in surgical patients. In medical wards, the most common NI were skin and subcutaneous tissue infections (1.6%; 95% CI = 1.4-1.8), and urinary infections (1.4%; 95% CI = 1.3-1.5). Overall, 85.1% NI were culture-proven; the leading pathogens were Pseudomonas species (40.0%), followed by Staphylococcus species (25.0%), Escherichia coli (22.5%), Proteus mirabilis (17.5%) and Klebsiella-Enterobacter (12.5%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified 3 risk factors independently associated with NI appearance: hospital stay > or =8 days (p = 0.0015), urinary catheter (p = 0.0022) and antibiotic use (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study showed that NI are a serious health problem in our hospital. The most common infections were surgical site infections, followed by skin and subcutaneous tissue infection and urinary tract infections. Nosocomial infections were most common in patients in urological and orthopedic departments, and then in intensive care units. Prolonged hospital stay, urinary catheter and antibiotic exposure were risk factors independently associated with NI appearance.
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Stratton TR, Rickus JL, Youngblood JP. In Vitro Biocompatibility Studies of Antibacterial Quaternary Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2550-5. [PMID: 19708685 DOI: 10.1021/bm9005003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Stratton
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2044, and Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032
| | - Jenna L. Rickus
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2044, and Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032
| | - Jeffrey P. Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2044, and Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2032
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A crystal structure of a dimer of the antibiotic ramoplanin illustrates membrane positioning and a potential Lipid II docking interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13759-64. [PMID: 19666597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904686106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycodepsipeptide antibiotic ramoplanin A2 is in late stage clinical development for the treatment of infections from Gram-positive pathogens, especially those that are resistant to first line antibiotics such as vancomycin. Ramoplanin A2 achieves its antibacterial effects by interfering with production of the bacterial cell wall; it indirectly inhibits the transglycosylases responsible for peptidoglycan biosynthesis by sequestering their Lipid II substrate. Lipid II recognition and sequestration occur at the interface between the extracellular environment and the bacterial membrane. Therefore, we determined the structure of ramoplanin A2 in an amphipathic environment, using detergents as membrane mimetics, to provide the most physiologically relevant structural context for mechanistic and pharmacological studies. We report here the X-ray crystal structure of ramoplanin A2 at a resolution of 1.4 A. This structure reveals that ramoplanin A2 forms an intimate and highly amphipathic dimer and illustrates the potential means by which it interacts with bacterial target membranes. The structure also suggests a mechanism by which ramoplanin A2 recognizes its Lipid II ligand.
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Kim SY, Park HB, Cho JH, Yoo KH, Oh CH. Synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel oxazolidinones having spiro[2,4]heptane moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2558-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Krouit M, Granet R, Krausz P. Photobactericidal films from porphyrins grafted to alkylated cellulose – synthesis and bactericidal properties. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kim SJ, Jung MH, Yoo KH, Cho JH, Oh CH. Synthesis and antibacterial activities of novel oxazolidinones having cyclic sulfonamide moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5815-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or beta-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:53-66. [PMID: 18156089 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid has been approved for the treatment of patients with infections caused by Gram-positive cocci that are resistant to traditionally used antibiotics, including glycopeptides. This oxazolidinone antibiotic has been reported to have excellent pharmacokinetics and effectiveness. We did a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to clarify whether linezolid is superior to glycopeptides or beta-lactams for the treatment of Gram-positive infections. 12 RCTs, involving 6093 patients, were included. Overall, with respect to treatment success, linezolid was more effective than glycopeptides or beta-lactams (odds ratio [OR] 1.41 [95% CI 1.11-1.81]). Mortality was similar between the groups (OR 0.97 [0.79-1.19]). Linezolid was more effective than comparators in patients with skin and soft-tissue infections (OR 1.67 [1.31-2.12]) and bacteraemia (OR 2.07 [1.13-3.78]). However, there was no difference in treatment success for patients with pneumonia (OR 1.03 [0.75-1.42]). Treatment with linezolid was not associated with more adverse effects in general (OR 1.40 [0.95-2.06]); however, thrombocytopenia was recorded more commonly in patients receiving linezolid (OR 11.72 [3.66-37.57]). Although linezolid is more effective than its comparators for the empirical treatment of selected patients, several points, such as the use of less potent antistaphylococcal beta-lactams, the same all-cause mortality, and the higher probability of thrombocytopenia, should be taken into account and may limit the use of linezolid to specific patient populations or infections that are difficult to treat with other antibiotics.
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Selvakumar N, Rajulu GG, Reddy KCS, Chary BC, Kumar PK, Madhavi T, Praveena K, Reddy KHP, Takhi M, Mallick A, Amarnath P, Kandepu S, Iqbal J. Synthesis, SAR, and antibacterial activity of novel oxazolidinone analogues possessing urea functionality. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:856-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Selvakumar N, Kumar GS, Azhagan AM, Rajulu GG, Sharma S, Kumar MS, Das J, Iqbal J, Trehan S. Synthesis, SAR and antibacterial studies on novel chalcone oxazolidinone hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:538-43. [PMID: 17150281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With an intention to synergise the antibacterial activity of chalcones and oxazolidinones, several hybrid compounds possessing both chalcone and oxazolidinone moieties were synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity. The hybrid molecules containing heterocycles instead of aromatic ring were found to be active. A SAR study with various heterocycles resulted in a lead molecule 20, which was converted to one of the potent antibacterial compounds 27.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Selvakumar
- Anti-infectives Discovery Group, Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad 500 049, India.
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Shimbashi A, Nishiyama S. Synthesis of chloroquinocin, a pyranonaphthoquinone antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Selvakumar N, Yadi Reddy B, Sunil Kumar G, Khera MK, Srinivas D, Sitaram Kumar M, Das J, Iqbal J, Trehan S. Synthesis of novel tricyclic oxazolidinones by a tandem SN2 and SNAr reaction: SAR studies on conformationally constrained analogues of Linezolid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4416-9. [PMID: 16781153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally constrained analogues of Linezolid were synthesised by employing a tandem SN(2) and SNAr reaction as the key step and tested for antibacterial activity. While the hexahydroazolo-quinoxaline compounds were inactive, the tetrahydroazolo-benzothiazine compounds exhibited interesting antibacterial activity. The introduction of fluorine in the aromatic ring further made the compounds more potent in acetamide compounds resulting in an interesting analogue 32. However, the introduction of fluorine (analogue 34) on the already potent non-fluorine thiocarbamate 21 did not have any influence on the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Selvakumar
- Anti-infectives Discovery Group, Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India.
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Abstract
Surgical and medical emergencies and treatments are still affected by an unacceptably high rate of morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the most common medical and surgical complication and the tenth most common cause of death. Antibiotics and antagonists and inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines have not met expectations. Selective bowel decontamination is no longer a treatment option. After more than 30 randomized clinical trials and 30 years of dedicated efforts to combat sepsis by the use of various combinations of antibiotics, we seem ready to conclude that the vigorous use of antibiotics does not significantly reduce mortality in critically ill patients. Side effects and price constitute important obstacles, especially when it comes to use of cytokine antagonists and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Bengmark
- Institute of Hepatology, University College London Medical School, 69-75 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Galagan JE, Henn MR, Ma LJ, Cuomo CA, Birren B. Genomics of the fungal kingdom: Insights into eukaryotic biology. Genome Res 2005; 15:1620-31. [PMID: 16339359 DOI: 10.1101/gr.3767105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a revolution in the genomics of the fungal kingdom. Since the sequencing of the first fungus in 1996, the number of available fungal genome sequences has increased by an order of magnitude. Over 40 complete fungal genomes have been publicly released with an equal number currently being sequenced--representing the widest sampling of genomes from any eukaryotic kingdom. Moreover, many of these sequenced species form clusters of related organisms designed to enable comparative studies. These data provide an unparalleled opportunity to study the biology and evolution of this medically, industrially, and environmentally important kingdom. In addition, fungi also serve as model organisms for all eukaryotes. The available fungal genomic resource, coupled with the experimental tractability of the fungi, is accelerating research into the fundamental aspects of eukaryotic biology. We provide here an overview of available fungal genomes and highlight some of the biological insights that have been derived through their analysis. We also discuss insights into the fundamental cellular biology shared between fungi and other eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Galagan
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.
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Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, Lau W, Dryden M, Knirsch C. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2260-6. [PMID: 15917519 PMCID: PMC1140485 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2260-2266.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common cause of morbidity in both the community and the hospital. An SSTI is classified as complicated if the infection has spread to the deeper soft tissues, if surgical intervention is necessary, or if the patient has a comorbid condition hindering treatment response (e.g., diabetes mellitus or human immunodeficiency virus). The purpose of this study was to compare linezolid to vancomycin in the treatment of suspected or proven methicillin-resistant gram-positive complicated SSTIs (CSSTIs) requiring hospitalization. This was a randomized, open-label, comparator-controlled, multicenter, multinational study that included patients with suspected or proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections that involved substantial areas of skin or deeper soft tissues, such as cellulitis, abscesses, infected ulcers, or burns (<10% of total body surface area). Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive linezolid (600 mg) every 12 h either intravenously (i.v.) or orally or vancomycin (1 g) every 12 h i.v. In the intent-to-treat population, 92.2% and 88.5% of patients treated with linezolid and vancomycin, respectively, were clinically cured at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit (P=0.057). Linezolid outcomes (124/140 patients or 88.6%) were superior to vancomycin outcomes (97/145 patients or 66.9%) at the TOC visit for patients with MRSA infections (P<0.001). Drug-related adverse events were reported in similar numbers in both the linezolid and the vancomycin arms of the trial. The results of this study demonstrate that linezolid therapy is well tolerated, equivalent to vancomycin in treating CSSTIs, and superior to vancomycin in the treatment of CSSTIs due to MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Weigelt
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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Kallel H, Bahoul M, Ksibi H, Dammak H, Chelly H, Hamida CB, Chaari A, Rekik N, Bouaziz M. Prevalence of hospital-acquired infection in a Tunisian hospital. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59:343-7. [PMID: 15749323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the prevalence of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) and research factors associated with its occurrence, a one-day prevalence survey was conducted at the Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, Tunisia. We studied 280 patients who had been present in the same ward for at least 48 h, and who had occupied a hospital bed between 17 April 2002 (midnight) and 18 April 2002 (midnight). The overall prevalence of HAI was 17.9%. The most frequently infected sites were the lungs (32%), surgical wounds (28%) and the urinary tract (20%). Microbiological documentation was available in only 28% of HAIs, and the most frequently isolated organisms were Gram-negative rods (80.8%). Results of multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that HAI is linked to the medical category, the use of intravascular devices and antibiotic prophylaxis. This survey provided information on the prevalence of HAI in Tunisian hospitals, the breakdown of infections, and HAI predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kallel
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Route el Ain Km 1, Sfax 3029, Tunisia.
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Linares-Rodríguez JF, Martínez-Menéndez JL. [Antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2005; 23:86-93. [PMID: 15743580 DOI: 10.1157/13071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hospitals are places with high selective pressure by antimicrobial agents. For this reason, bacteria producing nosocomial infections need to be not only virulent, but also resistant to antimicrobial agents. In the present review we analyse the effect of the acquisition of an antibiotic resistance phenotype in bacterial fitness and virulence. Besides that, we review as well the existence of common mechanisms for resistance to antimicrobial agents and bacterial virulence. In this line, we highlight the role of multidrug efflux pumps on bacterial virulence. Since opportunistic pathogens frequently have an environmental origin, we also discuss the role of natural ecosystems, as well as their potential contamination, on the selection of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents.
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