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Xie G, Si Q, Zhang G, Fan Y, Li Q, Leng P, Qiao F, Liang S, Yu R, Wang Y. The role of imprinting genes' loss of imprints in cancers and their clinical implications. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1365474. [PMID: 38812777 PMCID: PMC11133587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1365474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting plays an important role in the growth and development of mammals. When the original imprint status of these genes is lost, known as loss of imprinting (LOI), it may affect growth, neurocognitive development, metabolism, and even tumor susceptibility. The LOI of imprint genes has gradually been found not only as an early event in tumorigenesis, but also to be involved in progression. More than 120 imprinted genes had been identified in humans. In this review, we summarized the most studied LOI of two gene clusters and 13 single genes in cancers. We focused on the roles they played, that is, as growth suppressors and anti-apoptosis agents, sustaining proliferative signaling or inducing angiogenesis; the molecular pathways they regulated; and especially their clinical significance. It is notable that 12 combined forms of multi-genes' LOI, 3 of which have already been used as diagnostic models, achieved good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. In addition, the methods used for LOI detection in existing research are classified into detection of biallelic expression (BAE), differentially methylated regions (DMRs), methylation, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These all indicated that the detection of imprinting genes' LOI has potential clinical significance in cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Si
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Leng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengling Qiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Simin Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingshuang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Testing, Chengdu, China
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Geissler F, Nesic K, Kondrashova O, Dobrovic A, Swisher EM, Scott CL, J. Wakefield M. The role of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer initiation and clinical impacts. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359231220511. [PMID: 38293277 PMCID: PMC10826407 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231220511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation, are now recognized as bone fide hallmarks of cancer, which can contribute to cancer initiation, progression, therapy responses and therapy resistance. Methylation of gene promoters can have a range of impacts on cancer risk, clinical stratification and therapeutic outcomes. We provide several important examples of genes, which can be silenced or activated by promoter methylation and highlight their clinical implications. These include the mismatch DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2, homologous recombination DNA repair genes BRCA1 and RAD51C, the TERT oncogene and genes within the P15/P16/RB1/E2F tumour suppressor axis. We also discuss how these methylation changes might occur in the first place - whether in the context of the CpG island methylator phenotype or constitutional DNA methylation. The choice of assay used to measure methylation can have a significant impact on interpretation of methylation states, and some examples where this can influence clinical decision-making are presented. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) are also showing great promise in the context of non-invasive cancer detection and monitoring using liquid biopsies; however, caution must be taken in interpreting these results in cases where constitutional methylation may be present. Thus, this review aims to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive summary of this broad, but important subject, illustrating the potentials and pitfalls of assessing aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geissler
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ksenija Nesic
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Clare L. Scott
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y. Human IGF2 Gene Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation: At the Core of Developmental Growth and Tumorigenic Behavior. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1655. [PMID: 37371750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the human IGF2 gene displays multiple layers of control, which secures a genetically and epigenetically predetermined gene expression pattern throughout embryonal growth and postnatal life. These predominantly nuclear regulatory mechanisms converge on the function of the IGF2-H19 gene cluster on Chromosome 11 and ultimately affect IGF2 gene expression. Deregulation of such control checkpoints leads to the enhancement of IGF2 gene transcription and/or transcript stabilization, ultimately leading to IGF-II peptide overproduction. This type of anomaly is responsible for the effects observed in terms of both abnormal fetal growth and increased cell proliferation, typically observed in pediatric overgrowth syndromes and cancer. We performed a review of relevant experimental work on the mechanisms affecting the human IGF2 gene at the epigenetic, transcriptional and transcript regulatory levels. The result of our work, indeed, provides a wider and diversified scenario for IGF2 gene activation than previously envisioned by shedding new light on its extended regulation. Overall, we focused on the functional integration between the epigenetic and genetic machinery driving its overexpression in overgrowth syndromes and malignancy, independently of the underlying presence of loss of imprinting (LOI). The molecular landscape provided at last strengthens the role of IGF2 in cancer initiation, progression and malignant phenotype maintenance. Finally, this review suggests potential actionable targets for IGF2 gene- and regulatory protein target-degradation therapies.
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Key Words
- (IGF2/H19) IG-DMR, intergenic differentially methylated region
- BWS, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
- CCD, centrally conserved domain
- CNV, copy number variation
- CTCF, CCCTC binding factor
- DMD, differentially methylated domain
- DMR, differentially methylated region
- GOM, gain of methylation
- ICR1, imprinting control region 1
- IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor-2 peptide
- IGF2, insulin-like growth factor 2 gene
- LOI, loss of imprinting
- LOM, loss of methylation
- MOI, maintenance of imprinting
- SRS, Silver Russel Syndrome
- TF: transcription factor
- UPD, uniparental disomy
- WT1, Wilms Tumor protein 1
- mRNA transcript
- p0–p4: IGF2 promoters 0–4
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen J Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA, and 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Cancer Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, CST, Biology Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Yoko Fujita-Yamaguchi
- Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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IGF2: Development, Genetic and Epigenetic Abnormalities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121886. [PMID: 35741015 PMCID: PMC9221339 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 30 years since the first report of parental imprinting in insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) knockout mouse models, we have learnt much about the structure of this protein, its role and regulation. Indeed, many animal and human studies involving innovative techniques have shed light on the complex regulation of IGF2 expression. The physiological roles of IGF-II have also been documented, revealing pleiotropic tissue-specific and developmental-stage-dependent action. Furthermore, in recent years, animal studies have highlighted important interspecies differences in IGF-II function, gene expression and regulation. The identification of human disorders due to impaired IGF2 gene expression has also helped to elucidate the major role of IGF-II in growth and in tumor proliferation. The Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes are the most representative imprinted disorders, as they constitute both phenotypic and molecular mirrors of IGF2-linked abnormalities. The characterization of patients with either epigenetic or genetic defects altering IGF2 expression has confirmed the central role of IGF-II in human growth regulation, particularly before birth, and its effects on broader body functions, such as metabolism or tumor susceptibility. Given the long-term health impact of these rare disorders, it is important to understand the consequences of IGF2 defects in these patients.
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LncRNA H19 mediates BMP9-induced angiogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells by promoting the p53-Notch1 angiogenic signaling axis. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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The Role of DNA Methylation and DNA Methyltransferases in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:317-348. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, characterized by the enlargement of cardiomyocytes, is initially an adaptive response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Decompensated cardiac hypertrophy is related to fibrosis, inflammatory cytokine, maladaptive remodeling, and heart failure. Although pathological myocardial hypertrophy is the main cause of hypertrophy-related morbidity and mortality, our understanding of its mechanism is still poor. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate various physiological and pathological processes through multiple molecular mechanisms. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that lncRNA-H19 is a potent regulator of the progression of cardiac hypertrophy. For the first time, this review summarizes the current studies about the role of lncRNA-H19 in cardiac hypertrophy, including its pathophysiological processes and underlying pathological mechanism, including calcium regulation, fibrosis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and methylation. The context within which lncRNA-H19 might be developed as a target for cardiac hypertrophy treatment is then discussed to gain better insight into the possible biological functions of lncRNA-H19 in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Liao J, Zeng TB, Pierce N, Tran DA, Singh P, Mann JR, Szabó PE. Prenatal correction of IGF2 to rescue the growth phenotypes in mouse models of Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108729. [PMID: 33567274 PMCID: PMC7968144 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are imprinting disorders manifesting as aberrant fetal growth and severe postnatal-growth-related complications. Based on the insulator model, one-third of BWS cases and two-thirds of SRS cases are consistent with misexpression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), an important facilitator of fetal growth. We propose that the IGF2-dependent BWS and SRS cases can be identified by prenatal diagnosis and can be prevented by prenatal intervention targeting IGF2. We test this hypothesis using our mouse models of IGF2-dependent BWS and SRS. We find that genetically normalizing IGF2 levels in a double rescue experiment corrects the fetal overgrowth phenotype in the BWS model and the growth retardation in the SRS model. In addition, we pharmacologically rescue the BWS growth phenotype by reducing IGF2 signaling during late gestation. This animal study encourages clinical investigations to target IGF2 for prenatal diagnosis and prenatal prevention in human BWS and SRS. Liao et al. use mouse models to test a prenatal approach for correcting growth anomalies in two imprinting diseases, BWS and SRS. They find that cases where the fetal growth factor IGF2 is misregulated can be diagnosed, and growth can be corrected by prenatally adjusting IGF2 or its signaling output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liao
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Tie-Bo Zeng
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Nicholas Pierce
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Diana A Tran
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Purnima Singh
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Mann
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Piroska E Szabó
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Dai G, Xiao H, Zhao C, Chen H, Liao J, Huang W. LncRNA H19 Regulates BMP2-Induced Hypertrophic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Promoting Runx2 Phosphorylation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580. [PMID: 32903671 PMCID: PMC7438821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) triggers hypertrophic differentiation after chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which blocked the further application of BMP2-mediated cartilage tissue engineering. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of BMP2-mediated hypertrophic differentiation of MSCs. Materials and Methods In vitro and in vivo chondrogenic differentiation models of MSCs were constructed. The expression of H19 in mouse limb was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Transgenes BMP2, H19 silencing, and overexpression were expressed by adenoviral vectors. Gene expression was determined by reverse transcription and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Correlations between H19 expressions and other parameters were calculated with Spearman’s correlation coefficients. The combination of H19 and Runx2 was identified by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) analysis. Results We identified that H19 expression level was highest in proliferative zone and decreased gradually from prehypertrophic zone to hypertrophic zone in mouse limbs. With the stimulation of BMP2, the highest expression level of H19 was followed after the peak expression level of Sox9; meanwhile, H19 expression levels were positively correlated with chondrogenic differentiation markers, especially in the late stage of BMP2 stimulation, and negatively correlated with hypertrophic differentiation markers. Our further experiments found that silencing H19 promoted BMP2-triggered hypertrophic differentiation through in vitro and in vivo tests, which indicated the essential role of H19 for maintaining the phenotype of BMP2-induced chondrocytes. In mechanism, we characterized that H19 regulated BMP2-mediated hypertrophic differentiation of MSCs by promoting the phosphorylation of Runx2. Conclusion These findings suggested that H19 regulates BMP2-induced hypertrophic differentiation of MSCs by promoting the phosphorylation of Runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haozhuo Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junyi Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a debilitating inherited tumor syndrome affecting around 1 in 3000 people. Patients present with a variety of tumors caused by biallelic loss of the tumor suppressor neurofibromin (NF1), a negative regulator of Ras signaling. While the mechanism of tumor formation is similar in the majority of NF1 cases, the clinical spectrum of tumors can vary depending on spatiotemporal loss of heterozygosity of NF1 in cells derived from the neural crest during development. The hallmark lesions that give NF1 its namesake are neurofibromas, which are benign Schwann cell tumors composed of nervous and fibrous tissue. Neurofibromas can be found in the skin (cutaneous neurofibroma) or deeper in body near nerve plexuses (plexiform neurofibroma). While neurofibromas have been known to be Schwann cell tumors for many years, the exact timing and initiating cell has remained elusive. This has led to difficulties in developing animal models and successful therapies for NF1. A culmination of recent genetic studies has finally begun to shed light on the detailed cellular origins of neurofibromatosis. In this review, we will examine the hunt for neurofibroma tumor cells of origin through a historical lens, detailing the genetic systems used to delineate the source of plexiform and cutaneous neurofibromas. Through these novel findings, we can better understand the cellular, temporal, and developmental context during tumor initiation. By leveraging this data, we hope to uncover new therapeutic targets and mechanisms to treat NF1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Lu Q Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.,Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Liao J, Xiao H, Dai G, He T, Huang W. Recombinant adenovirus (AdEasy system) mediated exogenous expression of long non-coding RNA H19 (lncRNA H19) biphasic regulating osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:1700-1713. [PMID: 32509170 PMCID: PMC7269984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously constructed AdEasy system for rapid generation of recombinant adenovirus expressing coding genes. However, it is unclear if AdEasy system could be used for exogenously expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here we investigated how to overexpress lncRNA H19 with AdEasy system and identified the effect of overexpression H19 on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) osteogenic differentiation. METHODS H19 fragment 1 and H19 fragment 2 were amplified from mouse genomic DNA separately and then connected for full-length H19. H19 was firstly subcloned to homemade pMOK plasmid, then H19 was cut off from pMOK-H19 and subcloned to recombinant adenovirus plasmid. After homologous recombination in AdEasier cells (BJ5183 cell), packing in mammalian packaging cell line and amplification in 293pTP cells, high titer AdH19 was obtained. Immortalized mouse adipose-derived progenitors (iMADs) were infected by AdH19 with different infection rate, the expression of H19, H19 related microRNAs (miRs) and osteogenic differentiation markers were determined by TqPCR. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and matrix mineralization were determined by ALP assays and Alizarin red S staining respectively. RESULTS AdEasy system was suitable for rapid generation and production of H19, AdH19 can effectively overexpress H19 and serve as functional lncRNA in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Higher dosage of AdH19 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, however, lower dosage of AdH19 promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. CONCLUSIONS We firstly reported the method for the generation of functional lncRNA with AdEasy system, and identified the biphasic effect of H19 on MSCs osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical CenterChicago, IL 60737, USA
| | - Haozhuo Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Guangming Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, The University of Chicago Medical CenterChicago, IL 60737, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
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Brioude F, Toutain A, Giabicani E, Cottereau E, Cormier-Daire V, Netchine I. Overgrowth syndromes - clinical and molecular aspects and tumour risk. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:299-311. [PMID: 30842651 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by generalized or segmental excessive growth commonly associated with additional features, such as visceromegaly, macrocephaly and a large range of various symptoms. These syndromes are caused by either genetic or epigenetic anomalies affecting factors involved in cell proliferation and/or the regulation of epigenetic markers. Some of these conditions are associated with neurological anomalies, such as cognitive impairment or autism. Overgrowth syndromes are frequently associated with an increased risk of cancer (embryonic tumours during infancy or carcinomas during adulthood), but with a highly variable prevalence. Given this risk, syndrome-specific tumour screening protocols have recently been established for some of these conditions. Certain specific clinical traits make it possible to discriminate between different syndromes and orient molecular explorations to determine which molecular tests to conduct, despite the syndromes having overlapping clinical features. Recent advances in molecular techniques using next-generation sequencing approaches have increased the number of patients with an identified molecular defect (especially patients with segmental overgrowth). This Review discusses the clinical and molecular diagnosis, tumour risk and recommendations for tumour screening for the most prevalent generalized and segmental overgrowth syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Brioude
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, AP-HP Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France.
| | - Annick Toutain
- CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Génétique, INSERM UMR1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Eloise Giabicani
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, AP-HP Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Cottereau
- CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Service de génétique clinique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Irene Netchine
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, AP-HP Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
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Pietryk EW, Clement K, Elnagheeb M, Kuster R, Kilpatrick K, Love MI, Ideraabdullah FY. Intergenerational response to the endocrine disruptor vinclozolin is influenced by maternal genotype and crossing scheme. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [PMID: 29535025 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In utero exposure to vinclozolin (VIN), an antiandrogenic fungicide, is linked to multigenerational phenotypic and epigenetic effects. Mechanisms remain unclear. We assessed the role of antiandrogenic activity and DNA sequence context by comparing effects of VIN vs. M2 (metabolite with greater antiandrogenic activity) and wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice vs. mice carrying mutations at the previously reported VIN-responsive H19/Igf2 locus. First generation offspring from VIN-treated 8nrCG mutant dams exhibited increased body weight and decreased sperm ICR methylation. Second generation pups sired by affected males exhibited decreased neonatal body weight but only when dam was unexposed. Offspring from M2 treatments, B6 dams, 8nrCG sires or additional mutant lines were not similarly affected. Therefore, pup response to VIN over two generations detected here was an 8nrCG-specific maternal effect, independent of antiandrogenic activity. These findings demonstrate that maternal effects and crossing scheme play a major role in multigenerational response to in utero exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward W Pietryk
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, CB#7264, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kiristin Clement
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States
| | - Marwa Elnagheeb
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, CB#7264, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ryan Kuster
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States
| | - Kayla Kilpatrick
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, CB#7264, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Folami Y Ideraabdullah
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Rd, CB#7264, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States; Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Long noncoding RNA BX357664 regulates cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via inhibition of TGF-β1/p38/HSP27 signaling in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81410-81422. [PMID: 27806310 PMCID: PMC5348402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to play a regulating role in carcinogenesis of various human malignancies. However, the function of lncRNAs and their underlying mechanism in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still unknown. The aims of this study are to investigate the expression of lncRNA BX357664 in RCC and to explore its function in RCC cell lines. As a result, BX357664 was downregulated in RCC according to previous microarray analysis and qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. After the upregulation of BX357664, reduced migration, invasion, and proliferation capabilities in RCC cells were detected. Furthermore, Western blot analysis was conducted to identify the influence of BX357664 on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, matrix metalloproteinase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)/p38/HSP27 signaling pathway in RCC. Subsequently, upregulating the protein level of TGF-β1 in the presence of BX357664 could rescue the suppression of the malignant behavior mediated by BX357664, indicating that BX357664 attributed its inhibitory role to the suppression of TGF-β1. Therefore, we investigated a novel lncRNA BX357664, which might exhibit its inhibitory role in RCC metastasis and progression by blocking the TGF-β1/p38/HSP27 pathway.
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Lakshminarasimhan R, Liang G. The Role of DNA Methylation in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:151-172. [PMID: 27826838 PMCID: PMC7409375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The malignant transformation of normal cells is driven by both genetic and epigenetic changes. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and large-scale multinational consortium studies, it has become possible to profile the genomes and epigenomes of thousands of primary tumors from nearly every cancer type. From these genome-wide studies, it became clear that the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression. Proper control of DNA methylation is not only crucial for regulating gene transcription, but its broader consequences include maintaining the integrity of the genome and modulating immune response. Here, we describe the aberrant DNA methylation changes that take place in cancer and how they contribute to the disease phenotype. Further, we highlight potential clinical implications of these changes in the context of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gangning Liang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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16
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Brioude F, Lacoste A, Netchine I, Vazquez MP, Auber F, Audry G, Gauthier-Villars M, Brugieres L, Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Rossignol S. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: growth pattern and tumor risk according to molecular mechanism, and guidelines for tumor surveillance. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:457-65. [PMID: 24335096 DOI: 10.1159/000355544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with an increased risk of pediatric tumors. The underlying molecular abnormalities may be genetic (CDKN1C mutations or 11p15 paternal uniparental isodisomy, pUPD) or epigenetic (imprinting center region 1, ICR1, gain of methylation, ICR1 GOM, or ICR2 loss of methylation, ICR2 LOM). AIM We aimed to describe a cohort of 407 BWS patients with molecular defects of the 11p15 domain followed prospectively after molecular diagnosis. RESULTS Birth weight and length were significantly higher in patients with ICR1 GOM than in the other groups. ICR2 LOM and CDKN1C mutations were associated with a higher prevalence of exomphalos. Mean adult height (regardless of molecular subtype, n = 35) was 1.8 ± 1.2 SDS, with 18 patients having a final height above +2 SDS. The prevalence of tumors was 8.6% in the whole population; 28.6 and 17.3% of the patients with ICR1 GOM (all Wilms tumors) and 11p15 pUPD, respectively, developed a tumor during infancy. Conversely, the prevalence of tumors in patients with ICR2 LOM and CDKN1C mutations were 3.1 and 8.8%, respectively, with no Wilms tumors. CONCLUSION Based on these results for a large cohort, we formulated guidelines for the follow-up of these patients according to the molecular subtype of BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
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17
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Gene–environment interactions in heavy metal and pesticide carcinogenesis. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 760:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Rancourt RC, Harris HR, Barault L, Michels KB. The prevalence of loss of imprinting of H19 and IGF2 at birth. FASEB J 2013; 27:3335-43. [PMID: 23620526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Imprinted genes are monoallelically expressed according to the parent of origin and are critical for proper placental and embryonic development. Disruption of methylation patterns at imprinted loci resulting in loss of imprinting (LOI) may lead to serious imprinting disorders (e.g., Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome) and is described in some cancers (e.g., Wilms' tumor). As most research has focused on children with cancer or other abnormal phenotypes, the imprinting status in healthy infants at birth has not been characterized. We examined the prevalence of H19 and IGF2 LOI at birth by allele-specific expression assays analysis on 114 human individuals. Overall expression and methylation analyses were performed on a subset of samples. We found that LOI of H19 was observed for 4% of individuals in cord blood and 3.3% in placenta, and for IGF2 of 22% of individuals in the cord blood and 0% in placenta. Interestingly, LOI status did not correspond to aberrant methylation levels of the imprinted DMRs or with changes in overall gene expression for the majority of individuals. Our observations suggest that LOI is present in phenotypically healthy infants. Determining a "normal" human epigenotype range is important for discovering factors required to maintain a healthy pregnancy and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Rancourt
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Jacob KJ, Robinson WP, Lefebvre L. Beckwith-Wiedemann and Silver-Russell syndromes: opposite developmental imbalances in imprinted regulators of placental function and embryonic growth. Clin Genet 2013; 84:326-34. [PMID: 23495910 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) are two congenital disorders with opposite outcomes on fetal growth, overgrowth and growth restriction, respectively. Although both disorders are heterogeneous, most cases of BWS and SRS are associated with opposite epigenetic or genetic abnormalities on 11p15.5 leading to opposite imbalances in the expression levels of imprinted genes. In this article, we review evidence implicating these genes in the developmental regulation of embryonic growth and placental function in mouse models. The emerging picture suggests that both SRS and BWS can be caused by the simultaneous and opposite deregulation of two groups of imprinted genes on 11p15.5. A detailed description of the phenotypic abnormalities associated with each syndrome must take into consideration the developmental functions of each gene involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Jacob
- Department of Medical Genetics; Life Sciences Institute, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Carbon M, Raymond D, Ozelius L, Saunders-Pullman R, Frucht S, Dhawan V, Bressman S, Eidelberg D. Metabolic changes in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia. Neurology 2013; 80:385-91. [PMID: 23284065 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31827f0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify brain regions with metabolic changes in DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia (DYT11-MD) relative to control subjects and to compare metabolic abnormalities in DYT11-MD with those found in other forms of hereditary dystonia and in posthypoxic myoclonus. METHODS [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET was performed in 6 subjects with DYT11-MD (age 30.5 ± 10.1 years) and in 6 nonmanifesting DYT11 mutation carriers (NM-DYT11; age 59.1 ± 8.9 years) representing the parental generation of the affected individuals. These data were compared to scan data from age-matched healthy control subjects using voxel-based whole brain searches and group differences were considered significant at p < 0.05 (corrected, statistical parametric mapping). As a secondary analysis, overlapping abnormalities were identified by comparisons to hereditary dystonias (DYT1, DYT6, dopa-responsive dystonia) and to posthypoxic myoclonus. RESULTS We found significant DYT11 genotype-specific metabolic increases in the inferior pons and in the posterior thalamus as well as reductions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Significant phenotype-related increases were present in the parasagittal cerebellum. This latter abnormality was shared with posthypoxic myoclonus, but not with other forms of dystonia. By contrast, all dystonia cohorts exhibited significant metabolic increases in the superior parietal lobule. CONCLUSIONS The findings are consistent with a subcortical myoclonus generator in DYT11-MD, likely involving the cerebellum. By contrast, subtle increases in the superior parietal cortex relate to the additional presence of dystonic symptoms. Although reduced penetrance in DYT11-MD has been attributed to the maternal imprinting epsilon-sarcoglycan mutations, NM-DYT11 carriers showed significant metabolic abnormalities that are not explained by this genetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Carbon
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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21
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Yajima M, Fairbrother WG, Wessel GM. ISWI contributes to ArsI insulator function in development of the sea urchin. Development 2012; 139:3613-22. [PMID: 22949616 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulators are genomic elements that regulate transcriptional activity by forming chromatin boundaries. Various DNA insulators have been identified or are postulated in many organisms, and the paradigmatic CTCF-dependent insulators are perhaps the best understood and most widespread in function. The diversity of DNA insulators is, however, understudied, especially in the context of embryonic development, when many new gene territories undergo transitions in functionality. Here we report the functional analysis of the arylsulfatase insulator (ArsI) derived from the sea urchin, which has conserved insulator activity throughout the many metazoans tested, but for which the molecular mechanism of function is unknown. Using a rapid in vivo assay system and a high-throughput mega-shift assay, we identified a minimal region in ArsI that is responsible for its insulator function. We discovered a small set of proteins specifically bound to the minimal ArsI region, including ISWI, a known chromatin-remodeling protein. During embryogenesis, ISWI was found to interact with select ArsI sites throughout the genome, and when inactivated led to misregulation of select gene expression, loss of insulator activity and aberrant morphogenesis. These studies reveal a mechanistic basis for ArsI function in the gene regulatory network of early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yajima
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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22
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Cardoso LCA, Tenorio Castaño JA, Pereira HS, Lima MADFD, Dos Santos ACE, de Faria PS, Ferman S, Seuánez HN, Nevado JB, de Almeida JCC, Lapunzina P, Vargas FR. Constitutional and somatic methylation status of DMRH19 and KvDMR in Wilms tumor patients. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:714-24. [PMID: 23271929 PMCID: PMC3526076 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent epigenetic alterations in Wilms tumor (WT) occur at WT2, assigned to 11p15. WT2 consists of two domains: telomeric domain 1 (DMRH19) that contains the IGF2 gene and an imprinted maternally expressed transcript (H19) and centromeric domain 2 (KvDMR) that contains the genes KCNQ1, KCNQ1OT1 and CDKN1C. In this work, we used pyrosequencing and MS-MLPA to compare the methylation patterns of DMRH19/KvDMR in blood and tumor samples from 40 WT patients. Normal constitutional KvDMR methylation indicated that most of the epigenetic alterations in WT occur at DMRH19. Constitutional DMRH19 hypermethylation (HM DMRH19) was observed in two patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Pyrosequencing and MS-MLPA showed HM DMRH19 in 28/34 tumor samples: 16/34 with isolated HM DMRH19 and 12/34 with concomitant HM DMRH19 and KvDMR hypomethylation, indicating paternal uniparental disomy. With the exception of one blood sample, the MS-MLPA and pyrosequencing findings were concordant. Diffuse or focal anaplasia was present in five tumor samples and was associated with isolated somatic HM DMRH19 in four of them. Constitutional 11p15 methylation abnormalities were present in 5% of the samples and somatic abnormalities in the majority of tumors. Combined analysis of DMRH19/KvDMR by pyrosequencing and MS-MLPA is beneficial for characterizing epigenetic anomalies in WT, and MS-MLPA is useful and reliable for estimation of DNA methylation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila C A Cardoso
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. ; Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Hepatic hemangiopericytoma/solitary fibrous tumor: a review of our current understanding and case study. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:2170-6. [PMID: 22854953 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-1947-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2002, the World Health Organization reclassified the soft tissue tumors known as hemangiopericytoma (HPC) as a variant of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT). As this classification system is still debated and has not been universally applied, the following account will provide an updated review of our understanding of those tumors still classified as HPC in the literature with special emphasis on hepatic HPC/SFT. HPC is a soft tissue neoplasm of mesenchymal origin first described by Stout and Murray in 1942. HPC constitutes 1 % of all vascular neoplasms and has been thought to coexist with trauma, prolonged steroid use, and hypertension. CLINICAL OVERVIEW Although its presentation may be variable, intrahepatic HPC often presents with the patient's increasing awareness of a painless mass. Marked hypoglycemia may also accompany the neoplasm. Recent evidence suggests that uncontrolled growth may result from a loss of imprinting with overproduction of IGF-II in addition to alternative promoter usage. Diagnostic modalities including imaging, biopsy, and biochemical assays may be used to detect the presence of HPC. As most lesions are benign and slow growing, the prognosis is relatively favorable with 10-year survival between 54 and 70 %. MANAGEMENT Current mainstays of treatment include hepatic resection when possible especially with the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. Chemotherapeutic approaches have been poorly studied and are generally reserved for inoperable cases. Antiangiogenic compounds such as temozolomide and bevacizumab provide an exciting avenue of treatment. Finally, a case study will be reviewed highlighting diagnosis, treatment, and spectrum nature of hepatic HPC.
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Tran VG, Court F, Duputié A, Antoine E, Aptel N, Milligan L, Carbonell F, Lelay-Taha MN, Piette J, Weber M, Montarras D, Pinset C, Dandolo L, Forné T, Cathala G. H19 antisense RNA can up-regulate Igf2 transcription by activation of a novel promoter in mouse myoblasts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37923. [PMID: 22662250 PMCID: PMC3360672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), that we named the 91H RNA (i.e. antisense H19 transcript), is overexpressed in human breast tumours and contributes in trans to the expression of the Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) gene on the paternal chromosome. Our preliminary experiments suggested that an H19 antisense transcript having a similar function may also be conserved in the mouse. In the present work, we further characterise the mouse 91H RNA and, using a genetic complementation approach in H19 KO myoblast cells, we show that ectopic expression of the mouse 91H RNA can up-regulate Igf2 expression in trans despite almost complete unmethylation of the Imprinting-Control Region (ICR). We then demonstrate that this activation occurs at the transcriptional level by activation of a previously unknown Igf2 promoter which displays, in mouse tissues, a preferential mesodermic expression (Pm promoter). Finally, our experiments indicate that a large excess of the H19 transcript can counteract 91H-mediated Igf2 activation. Our work contributes, in conjunction with other recent findings, to open new horizons to our understanding of Igf2 gene regulation and functions of the 91H/H19 RNAs in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Giang Tran
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Court
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Duputié
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Antoine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Aptel
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Milligan
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Françoise Carbonell
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lelay-Taha
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Piette
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Michaël Weber
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montarras
- Molecular Genetics of Development Unit, Department of Development Biology, URA CNRS 2578, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Luisa Dandolo
- Genetics and Development Department, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, University Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Forné
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (TF); (GC)
| | - Guy Cathala
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (TF); (GC)
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25
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Murphy SK, Adigun A, Huang Z, Overcash F, Wang F, Jirtle RL, Schildkraut JM, Murtha AP, Iversen ES, Hoyo C. Gender-specific methylation differences in relation to prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke. Gene 2011; 494:36-43. [PMID: 22202639 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations may mechanistically explain the developmental origins of adult disease, namely the hypothesis that many complex adult chronic diseases originate as a result of conditions encountered in utero. If true, epigenetically regulated imprinted genes, critical to normal growth and development, may partially mediate these outcomes. We determined the influence of in utero exposure to cigarette smoking on methylation at two differentially methylated regions (DMRs) regulating Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 (IGF2) and H19, and how this might relate to birth weight of infants born to 418 pregnant women. Smoking status was ascertained through self-report and medical records. Bisulfite pyrosequencing was used to measure methylation in umbilical cord blood DNAs. Least squares DNA methylation means at each DMR and birth weight were compared between infants of smokers and non-smokers, using generalized linear models. While there were no significant differences at the H19 DMR, infants born to smokers had higher methylation at the IGF2 DMR than those born to never smokers or those who quit during pregnancy (49.5%, SD=8.0 versus 46.6%, SD=5.6 and 45.8%, SD=6.3, respectively; p=0.0002). The smoking-related increase in methylation was most pronounced in male offspring (p for sex interaction=0.03), for whom approximately 20% of smoking-related low birth weight was mediated by DNA methylation at the IGF2 DMR. Our findings suggest that IGF2 DMR plasticity is an important mechanism by which in utero adjustments to environmental toxicants are conferred. Larger studies to replicate these findings are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Evaluation of allelic expression of imprinted genes in adult human blood. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13556. [PMID: 21042416 PMCID: PMC2958851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imprinted genes are expressed from only one allele in a parent-of-origin dependent manner. Loss of imprinted (LOI) expression can result in a variety of human disorders and is frequently reported in cancer. Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in adult blood has been suggested as a useful biomarker and is currently being investigated in colorectal cancer. In general, the expression profiles of imprinted genes are well characterised during human and mouse fetal development, but not in human adults. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated quantitative expression of 36 imprinted genes in adult human peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from healthy individuals. Allelic expression was also investigated in B and T lymphocytes and myeloid cells. We found that 21 genes were essentially undetectable in adult blood. Only six genes were demonstrably monoallelic, and most importantly, we found that nine genes were either biallelic or showed variable expression in different individuals. Separated leukocyte populations showed the same expression patterns as whole blood. Differential methylation at each of the imprinting control loci analysed was maintained, including regions that contained biallelically expressed genes. This suggests in some cases methylation has become uncoupled from its role in regulating gene expression. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that only a limited set of imprinted genes, including IGF2 and SNRPN, may be useful for LOI cancer biomarker studies. In addition, blood is not a good tissue to use for the discovery of new imprinted genes. Finally, lymphocyte DNA methylation status in the adult may not always be a reliable indicator of monoallelic gene expression.
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Klibanski A. Isolation and characterization of novel pituitary tumor related genes: a cDNA representational difference approach. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 326:40-7. [PMID: 20211686 PMCID: PMC2904873 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, progress has been made in understanding human pituitary tumor pathogenesis by the investigation of differences in gene expression between normal pituitary tissue and pituitary tumors. A number of approaches, including differential display (DD), representational difference analysis (RDA), and microarray analysis have been used and several molecular targets potentially associated with pituitary tumor development and invasion have been identified. We have used RDA to compare gene expression patterns between normal human pituitary and clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas, and identified genes with growth suppression function which are expressed in the normal pituitary but not in pituitary tumors. In particular, we have focused on an imprinted gene, Maternally Expressed Gene 3 (MEG3), which is specifically associated with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas of a gonadotroph lineage. MEG3 functions to suppress tumor cell growth, increase protein expression of the tumor suppressor p53, and selectively activate p53 target genes. Interestingly, MEG3 does not encode a protein but a non-coding RNA. Therefore, these studies have revealed novel mechanisms for the function of a non-coding RNA in pituitary physiology and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Chu A, Heck JE, Ribeiro KB, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Buffler P, Hung RJ. Wilms' tumour: a systematic review of risk factors and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010; 24:449-69. [PMID: 20670226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumour comprises 95% of all renal cancers among children less than 15 years of age. The purpose of this review is to examine the existing literature on perinatal and environmental risk factors for Wilms' tumour. A search for epidemiological studies that examined risk factors for Wilms' tumour was undertaken in Medline, LILACS, ISI Web of Science and Dissertation Abstracts. A total of 37 studies, including 14 cohort, 21 case-control and 2 case-cohort studies, were identified that examined environmental and perinatal risk factors. Most studies were from Western Europe and North America, and among case-control studies, 16 used randomly selected population-based controls. We observed a significantly increased risk of Wilms' tumour with maternal exposure to pesticides prior to the child's birth (OR = 1.37 [95% CI 1.09, 1.73]), high birthweight (OR = 1.36 [95% CI 1.12, 1.64]) and preterm birth (OR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.14, 1.81]), although the results regarding pesticide exposure may be subject to publication bias (Egger's test, P = 0.09). Further analyses to adjust for the heterogeneity in the results for high birthweight and preterm birth did not statistically change the significance of the results. Additionally, an increased though not statistically significant risk of Wilms' tumour was associated with maternal hypertension (OR = 1.30 [95% CI 0.99, 1.72]), and, compared with the first born, being a second or later birth was associated with a significantly decreased risk (OR = 0.82 [95% CI 0.71, 0.95]). This review suggests a role for several perinatal and environmental risk factors in the aetiology of Wilms' tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lennerz JK, Timmerman RJ, Grange DK, DeBaun MR, Feinberg AP, Zehnbauer BA. Addition of H19 'loss of methylation testing' for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) increases the diagnostic yield. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:576-88. [PMID: 20616360 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular confirmation via abnormal methylation of DMR2(LIT1) and/or DMR1(H19) has clinical utility due to epigenotype-tumor association. Despite the strong link between H19 hypermethylation and tumor risk, several diagnostic laboratories only test for hypomethylation of LIT1. We assessed the added diagnostic value of combined LIT1 and H19 testing in a large series of referred samples from 1298 patients, including 53 well-characterized patients from the St. Louis Children's Hospital BWS-Registry (validation samples) and 1245 consecutive nationwide referrals (practice samples). Methylation-sensitive enzymatic digestion with Southern hybridization assessed loss of normal imprinting. In the validation group, abnormal LIT1 hypomethylation was detected in 60% (32/52) of patients but LIT1/H19-combined testing was abnormal in 68% (36/53); sensitivity in the practice setting demonstrated 27% (342/1245) abnormal LIT1 and 32% (404/1245) abnormal LIT1/H19-combined. In addition, H19 methylation was abnormal in 7% of LIT1-normal patients. We observed absence of uniparental disomy (UPD) in 27% of combined LIT1/H19-abnormal samples, diagnostic of multilocus methylation abnormalities; in contrast to studies implicating that combined LIT1/H19 abnormalities are diagnostic of UPD. The overall low detection rate, even in validated patient samples and despite characterization of both loci and UPD status, emphasizes the importance of clinical diagnosis in BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lawson EA, Zhang X, Crocker JT, Wang WL, Klibanski A. Hypoglycemia from IGF2 overexpression associated with activation of fetal promoters and loss of imprinting in a metastatic hemangiopericytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:2226-31. [PMID: 19383775 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The mechanism of IGF2 overexpression in non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia is not understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the imprinting control and promoter usage for IGF2 expression to identify a mechanism for increased IGF-II production in non-islet-cell tumor hypoglycemia. PATIENT AND METHODS A patient with metastatic hemangiopericytoma was studied. Tissue from the original hemangiopericytoma, metastatic tumor, and uninvolved liver was analyzed for IGF-II immunohistochemistry. IGF2, a paternally imprinted gene, shares a control region with maternally imprinted H19, a putative tumor suppressor. IGF-II and H19 mRNA expression was compared in metastatic tumor and uninvolved liver by quantitative RT-PCR. Imprinting of IGF2/H19 genes and IGF2 promoter usage in metastatic tumor was investigated by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, and the methylation pattern in the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region was analyzed. RESULTS IGF-II protein expression was increased in metastatic tumor vs. uninvolved liver and original tumor. In the metastatic tumor, IGF-II mRNA was increased 60-fold, but H19 mRNA was comparable to uninvolved liver; loss of imprinting of IGF2, but not H19, was identified; no major change in methylation of the IGF2/H19 imprinting control regions was observed; and transcripts from four different IGF2 promoters were detected, compared to two in uninvolved liver. CONCLUSIONS IGF-2 overexpression, newly acquired in the metastatic tumor, was associated with loss of IGF2 gene imprinting and different promoter usage. The imprinting control mechanism governing the IGF2/H19 locus was intact, as evidenced by normal levels of H19, maintenance of H19 imprinting, and no major change in methylation of the imprinting control regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Edwards TM, Myers JP. Environmental exposures and gene regulation in disease etiology. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 13:269-81. [PMID: 18813540 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can lead to disease are being explored in a fruitful new approach to environmental health research, representative studies of which are reviewed here. We searched Web of Science and references of relevant publications to understand the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms affected by environmental exposures with disease implications. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, air pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, nutrition, and behavior can change gene expression through a broad array of gene regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, chemically induced changes in gene regulation are associated with serious and complex human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity, infertility, respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. The reviewed studies indicate that genetic predisposition for disease is best predicted in the context of environmental exposures. And the genetic mechanisms investigated in these studies offer new avenues for risk assessment research. Finally, we are likely to witness dramatic improvements in human health, and reductions in medical costs, if environmental pollution is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea M Edwards
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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LIANG QJ, LIU LN, PENG J, SUN ZD, JIANG SW. Determination and Difference Analysis of DNA Methylation Content Both in Blood and Muscle Tissue of Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(08)60140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Edwards TM, Myers JP. Environmental exposures and gene regulation in disease etiology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1264-70. [PMID: 17805414 PMCID: PMC1964917 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can lead to disease are being explored in a fruitful new approach to environmental health research, representative studies of which are reviewed here. DATA SOURCES We searched Web of Science and references of relevant publications to understand the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms affected by environmental exposures with disease implications. DATA SYNTHESIS Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, air pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, nutrition, and behavior can change gene expression through a broad array of gene regulatory mechanisms. Mechanisms include regulation of gene translocation, histone modifications, DNA methylation, DNA repair, transcription, RNA stability, alternative RNA splicing, protein degradation, gene copy number, and transposon activation. Furthermore, chemically induced changes in gene regulation are associated with serious and complex human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity, infertility, respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. One of the best-studied areas of gene regulation is epigenetics, especially DNA methylation. Our examples of environmentally induced changes in DNA methylation are presented in the context of early development, when methylation patterns are initially laid down. This approach highlights the potential role for altered DNA methylation in fetal origins of adult disease and inheritance of acquired genetic change. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies indicate that genetic predisposition for disease is best predicted in the context of environmental exposures. Second, the genetic mechanisms investigated in these studies offer new avenues for risk assessment research. Finally, we are likely to witness dramatic improvements in human health, and reductions in medical costs, if environmental pollution is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea M Edwards
- Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Abstract
Imprinting is defined as the parental allele-specific expression of a very limited set of genes (about 50-80). This regulation depends upon an epigenetic marking of parental alleles during gametogenesis. Monoallelic expression ensures that the levels of the proteins encoded by imprinted genes, important factors of embryonic growth, placental growth or adult metabolism, are assured. Without precise control of their expression, developmental abnormalities result, as is shown by a number of hereditary over-growth syndromes, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The regulation of imprinted genes is largely dependent on methylation marks, which are laid down during embryological development of germ cells. Once in place, the methylation status of precise chromosomal regions, Imprinting Control Regions (ICRs), is read by either of two mechanisms, chromatin barrier formation or untranslated RNAs, thereby ensuring that only the maternal or paternal allele is expressed. Each imprinted gene is classified as maternal or paternal according to the expressed allele. The stability of the marked regions in somatic cells is maintained through each cellular replication by a methylation enzyme complex containing Dnmt1. Although the major reading mechanisms of imprinted status are known, chromatin boundary formation by CTCF and untranslated RNAs, the molecules elaborating the initial ICR methylation, are just being uncovered. Mis-regulation of imprinted gene expression (loss of imprinting [LOI]) is seen frequently and precociously in a large variety of human tumours, making LOI a potentially valuable tool for both diagnosis and treatment. In fact, LOI is presently considered the most abundant and most precocious alteration in cancer. The present review proposes a mechanism responsible for LOI, as well as its eventual value in tumour diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jelinic
- Division of Experimental Pathology, University Institute of Pathology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mitalipov S, Clepper L, Sritanaudomchai H, Fujimoto A, Wolf D. Methylation status of imprinting centers for H19/IGF2 and SNURF/SNRPN in primate embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2006; 25:581-8. [PMID: 17170068 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold promise for cell and tissue replacement approaches to treating human diseases based on their capacity to differentiate into a wide variety of somatic cells and tissues. However, long-term in vitro culture and manipulations of ESCs may adversely affect their epigenetic integrity, including imprinting. We have recently reported aberrant biallelic expression of IGF2 and H19 in several rhesus monkey ESC lines, whereas SNRPN and NDN were normally imprinted and expressed predominantly from the paternal allele. The dysregulation of IGF2 and H19 that is associated with tumorigenesis in humans may result from improper maintenance of allele-specific methylation patterns at an imprinting center (IC) upstream of H19. To test this possibility, we performed methylation analysis of several monkey ESC lines by genomic bisulfite sequencing. We investigated methylation profiles of CpG islands within the IGF2/H19 IC harboring the CTCF-6 binding site. In addition, the methylation status of the IC within the promoter/exon 1 of SNURF/SNRPN known as the Prader-Willi syndrome IC was examined. Our results demonstrate abnormal hypermethylation within the IGF2/H19 IC in all analyzed ESC lines, whereas the SNURF/SNRPN IC was differentially methylated, consistent with monoallelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Grbesa I, Ivkic M, Pegan B, Gall-Troselj K. Loss of imprinting and promoter usage of the IGF2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2006; 238:224-9. [PMID: 16111804 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene for insulin-like growth factor two, IGF2 is maternally imprinted. Fifteen heterozygous samples were analyzed for the IGF2 imprinting status and promoter usage. IGF2 LOI was detected in four non-tumorous tissues and in six laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tumors. There was no clear pattern of specific promoter activity in LSCC tumors and the adjacent normal tissues. P1 promoter usage was active in eight LSCCs, among them four with LOI. As it was activated in four tumors with maintenance of imprinting (MOI) and four non-tumors, we concluded that P1 promoter is not exclusively connected with IGF2 LOI in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Grbesa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
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El-Maarri O, Slim R. Familial hydatidiform molar pregnancy: the germline imprinting defect hypothesis? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 301:229-41. [PMID: 16570850 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31390-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Imprinting is the uniparental expression of a set of genes. Somatic cells carry two haploid sets of chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal, while germ cells contain only one of the two forms of chromosomes, male or female. This implies that during early embryogenesis the cells committed for developing the future germ cell lineage, the primordial germ cells, which are diploid, have to undergo a total chromosome reprogramming process. This process is delicately controlled during gametogenesis to ensure that males and females have only their respective form of gametes. The machinery involved in this process is yet poorly defined. Familial hydatidiform molar (HM) pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy characterized by hydropic degeneration of placental villi and abnormal, or absence of, embryonic development. To date, the molecular defect causing this condition is unknown. However, in a few studied cases, the presence of paternal methylation patterns on the maternal chromosomes was observed. In this chapter, we summarize what is known about methylation aberrations in HMs and examine more closely the proposed hypothesis of a maternal germline imprinting defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- O El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany.
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Kawakami T, Chano T, Minami K, Okabe H, Okada Y, Okamoto K. Imprinted DLK1 is a putative tumor suppressor gene and inactivated by epimutation at the region upstream of GTL2 in human renal cell carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:821-30. [PMID: 16439445 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A common deletion at chromosomal arm 14q32 in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prompted us to explore a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) in this region. We report that imprinted DLK1 at 14q32, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, is a candidate TSG in RCCs. DLK1 expression was lost in 39 out of 50 (78%) primary RCC tissues, whereas expression of DLK1 was maintained in every normal kidney tissue examined. DLK1 was expressed in only one of 15 (7%) RCC-derived cell lines. In order to see the biological significance of DLK1 inactivation in RCCs, we tested the effect of restoration of DLK1 in RCC cell lines, using a recombinant retrovirus containing the gene. Reintroduction of DLK1 into DLK1-null RCC cell lines markedly increased anchorage-independent cell death, anoikis and suppressed tumor growth in nude mice. We then investigated the underlying mechanisms for DLK1 inactivation in RCCs. We found loss of heterozygosity at this region in 12 out of 50 RCC tissues (24%). To explore the role of epigenetic regulation of DLK1 inactivation in RCCs, we conducted methylation analysis of the upstream region and the gene body of DLK1. We could not find a differentially methylated region in either the upstream region or the gene body of DLK1. However, we found that gain of methylation upstream of GTL2, a reciprocal imprinted gene for DLK1, is a critical epigenetic alteration for the inactivation of DLK1 in RCCs. The present data have shown that gain of methylation upstream of the untranslated GTL2 leads to pathological downregulation of DLK1 in RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kawakami
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
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Kawakami T, Zhang C, Okada Y, Okamoto K. Erasure of methylation imprint at the promoter and CTCF-binding site upstream of H19 in human testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents indicate their fetal germ cell origin. Oncogene 2006; 25:3225-36. [PMID: 16434968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide epigenetic modification plays a crucial role in regulating genome functions at critical stages of development. In particular, DNA methylation is known to be reprogrammed on a genome-wide level in germ cells and in preimplantation embryos, although it is relatively stable in somatic cells. In this reprogramming process, the genome becomes demethylated, and methylated de novo during later stages of development. Reprogramming of DNA methylation in male germ cells has not been fully investigated. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) possess a pluripotential nature and display protean histology from germ cells to embryonal and somatic cell differentiation. These properties make TGCT a unique model for studying germ cell development and gametogenesis in respect of DNA reprogramming. In order to obtain an insight into the epigenetic dynamics of TGCTs, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of differential methylated regions (DMRs) on H19 and IGF2 in TGCTs compared with testicular malignant lymphomas. In the present study, we show that methylation imprint at the promoter and CTCF-binding site upstream of H19 was completely erased in both seiminomatous and non-seminomatous TGCTs, whereas differential methylation was observed in testicular lymphomas. The erasure of methylation imprint was also observed in TGCTs with malignant transformation. We found biallelic unmethylation at the promoter and the CTCF-binding site upstream of H19 is required, but not sufficient for the biallelic expression of H19 in TGCTs. These data suggest that factors other than methylation contribute to transcriptional regulation of imprinted genes in TGCTs. The present data have shown that TGCTs carry distinctive epigenetic profiles at the core-imprinting domain of H19/IGF2 from other neoplasms of somatic cell origin. The data also suggest that both seminomatous and non-seminomatous TGCTs carry methylation profiles similar to fetal germ cells, but not adult germ cells, indicating the origin of TGCTs as fetal germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kawakami
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Fellig Y, Ariel I, Ohana P, Schachter P, Sinelnikov I, Birman T, Ayesh S, Schneider T, de Groot N, Czerniak A, Hochberg A. H19 expression in hepatic metastases from a range of human carcinomas. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1064-8. [PMID: 16189152 PMCID: PMC1770739 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.023648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the expression of the imprinted oncofetal H19 gene in hepatic metastases derived from a range of human carcinomas and assess its prognostic value with the view of developing a DNA based treatment for such metastases. METHODS Non-radioactive in situ hybridisation for H19 RNA was performed on paraffin wax embedded sections of liver biopsies or partial hepatectomy specimens, taken from 80 patients with hepatic metastases derived from carcinomas from several medical centres in Israel. The degree of expression was graded qualitatively according to the number of cells expressing H19 and the intensity of staining. The medical files were searched for demographic data and survival times before and after diagnosis of hepatic metastases. RESULTS H19 expression was found in the hepatic metastases of 64 of 80 patients. High expression (higher staining grades) of H19 in the metastases was found in 43 of 80 patients. However, H19 expression status in the hepatic metastases did not correlate with either the length of time to development of metastasis or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS H19 is highly expressed in more than half of hepatic metastases derived from a range of carcinomas. Thus, these metastases may be suitable candidates for H19 DNA based treatment. Further studies are needed to determine whether H19 expression has prognostic value in metastatic liver disease using larger numbers of specific subtypes of primary carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fellig
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Organization, Ein-Kerem and Mount Scopus Branches, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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El-Maarri O, Seoud M, Rivière JB, Oldenburg J, Walter J, Rouleau G, Slim R. Patients with familial biparental hydatidiform moles have normal methylation at imprinted genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:486-90. [PMID: 15657620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In molar tissues from patients with recurrent biparental hydatidiform moles, we could previously demonstrate that differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of four imprinted genes are abnormally methylated on the maternal alleles. It remained unclear if this abnormal methylation originated de novo in the molar tissues or if it is even recognizable in the patient somatic tissues. To address this question, we investigated the DNA methylation of four imprinted genes in total blood from the two sister-patients. Here, we show that both patients retain normal methylation levels at the DMRs of the four genes in blood tissues. For two maternally expressed genes, we could use informative SNPs to follow the inheritance of the abnormally methylated maternal alleles in the molar tissues. We find that the transmitted abnormally methylated maternal alleles to the moles originated from the maternal grandmother and that the same alleles are not methylated in the patients. Our data suggest that the abnormal methylation in familial biparental molar tissues was acquired de novo in the patients'germline as a result of a false reprogramming or during the postzygotic development of the conceptuses that led to moles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Bonn, Germany
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Lottin S, Adriaenssens E, Berteaux N, Leprêtre A, Vilain MO, Denhez E, Coll J, Dugimont T, Curgy JJ. The human H19 gene is frequently overexpressed in myometrium and stroma during pathological endometrial proliferative events. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:168-77. [PMID: 15618002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the patterns of H19 expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human uterine tissues. H19 RNAs were detected by an in situ hybridisation technique (ISH). In both normal and pathological conditions, H19 was expressed in stromal and myometrial cells, but never in epithelial cells. 34/48 carcinomas overexpressed H19 compared with the expression in normal tissues. This high expression was frequently observed in the vicinity of malignant epithelial cells. This suggests that the level of H19 RNA synthesis could be the result of epithelium/stroma interactions. We also demonstrated that several cancerous or immortalised breast epithelial cells release factors into the culture medium, which in turn stimulate H19 expression in stromal cells. The level of H19 expression, estimated by ISH, was not significantly correlated with histological type when all types were considered together (P = 0.108), but was highly correlated to one type of cancer, i.e. carcinomas with an epidermoid component (P = 0.0015). The level of H19 expression was also strongly correlated with tumour invasion of the reproductive organs (P = 0.006) and significantly correlated with neoplastic cell invasion of the myometrium (P = 0.048). In conclusion, our results indicate that H19 overexpression is correlated with the progression of the disease and we propose that this frequent overexpression of the gene in the myometrium and in stroma is a reaction to pathological cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lottin
- INSERM ERI-8: Signalisation des Facteurs de Croissance dans le Cancer du Sein, Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (UPRES 1033), Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Fu VX, Schwarze SR, Kenowski ML, Leblanc S, Svaren J, Jarrard DF. A Loss of Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 Imprinting Is Modulated by CCCTC-binding Factor Down-regulation at Senescence in Human Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52218-26. [PMID: 15471867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405015200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The imprinted insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) gene is an auto/paracrine growth factor expressed only from the paternal allele in adult tissues. In tissues susceptible to aging-related cancers, including the prostate, a relaxation of IGF2 imprinting is found, suggesting a permissive role for epigenetic alterations in cancer development. To determine whether IGF2 imprinting is altered in cellular aging and senescence, human prostate epithelial and urothelial cells were passaged serially in culture to senescence. Allelic analyses using an IGF2 polymorphism demonstrated a complete conversion of the IGF2 imprint status from monoallelic to biallelic, in which the development of senescence was associated with a 10-fold increase in IGF2 expression. As a mechanism, a 2-fold decrease in the binding of the enhancer-blocking element CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) within the intergenic IGF2-H19 region was found to underlie this switch to biallelic IGF2 expression in senescent cells. This decrease in CTCF binding was associated with reduced CTCF expression in senescent cells. No de novo increases in methylation at the IGF2 CTCF binding site were seen. The forced down-regulation of CTCF expression using small interfering RNA in imprinted prostate cell lines resulted in an increase in IGF2 expression and a relaxation of imprinting. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for IGF2 imprinting regulation, that is, the reduction of CTCF expression in the control of IGF2 imprinting. We also demonstrate that altered imprinting patterns contribute to changes in gene expression in aging cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian X Fu
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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Astuti D, da Silva NF, Dallol A, Gentle D, Martinsson T, Kogner P, Grundy R, Kishida T, Yao M, Latif F, Maher ER. SLIT2 promoter methylation analysis in neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumour and renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:515-21. [PMID: 14735202 PMCID: PMC2409544 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3p21.3 RASSF1A tumour suppressor gene (TSG) provides a paradigm for TSGs inactivated by promoter methylation rather than somatic mutations. Recently, we identified frequent promoter methylation without somatic mutations of SLIT2 in lung and breast cancers, suggesting similarities between SLIT2 and RASSF1A TSGs. Epigenetic inactivation of RASSF1A was first described in lung and breast cancers and subsequently in a wide range of human cancers including neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumour and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These findings prompted us to investigate SLIT2 methylation in these three human cancers. We analysed 49 neuroblastomas (NBs), 37 Wilms' tumours and 48 RCC, and detected SLIT2 promoter methylation in 29% of NB, 38% of Wilms' tumours and 25% of RCC. Previously, we had demonstrated frequent RASSF1A methylation in the same tumour series and frequent CASP8 methylation in the NB and Wilms' tumour samples. However, there was no significant association between SLIT2 promoter methylation and RASSF1A or CASP8 methylation in NB and RCC. In Wilms' tumour, there was a trend for a negative association between RASSF1A and SLIT2 methylation, although this did not reach statistical significance. No associations were detected between SLIT2 promoter methylation and specific clinicopathological features in the tumours analysed. These findings implicate SLIT2 promoter methylation in the pathogenesis of both paediatric and adult cancers and suggest that further investigations of SLIT2 in other tumour types should be pursued. However, epigenetic inactivation of SLIT2 is less frequent than RASSF1A in the tumour types analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Astuti
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - N F da Silva
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Dallol
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - D Gentle
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - T Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, S-416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Kogner
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Grundy
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK
| | - T Kishida
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M Yao
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - F Latif
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E R Maher
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Renal Molecular Oncology Research Group, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, The Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. E-mail:
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Fukuzawa R, Breslow NE, Morison IM, Dwyer P, Kusafuka T, Kobayashi Y, Becroft DM, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, Reeve AE. Epigenetic differences between Wilms' tumours in white and east-Asian children. Lancet 2004; 363:446-51. [PMID: 14962525 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the international incidence of Wilms' tumour might be due to genetic factors. The maternal insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF2) is imprinted in normal tissues, whereas in some Wilms' tumours and other tumour types the imprint is lost, leading to biallelic transcription of IGF2. We investigated whether the difference in incidence of Wilms' tumour between children of east-Asian descent and white children is due to variations in proportion of tumours with loss of IGF2 imprinting (IGF2 LOI). METHODS We assessed IGF2 LOI by use of an ApaI polymorphism in IGF2 exon 9 or quantitative PCR measuring DNA methylation of the H19 and KvDMR1 alleles. The frequencies of perilobar nephrogenic rests associated with Wilms' tumour were assessed histologically in Japanese children and children of white and east-Asian descent. FINDINGS IGF2 LOI was present in Wilms' tumours from predominantly white children from New Zealand (13 of 41 tumours) but absent in tumours from Japanese children (0 of 21 tumours; difference in proportions 0.32, 95% CI 0.07-0.52). Frequency of perilobar nephrogenic rests accompanying tumours from white American children (1192 of 5002, 24%) was significantly higher than in Japanese (one of 56, 1%, difference in proportions 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.25) and east-Asian American children (seven of 92, 8%, 0.16, 0.09-0.21). INTERPRETATION Wilms' tumours in the east-Asian population rarely arise from the IGF2 LOI mechanism frequently noted in white patients. Our findings that IGF2 LOI and perilobar nephrogenic rests associated with this mechanism arise at low frequency in Japanese and east-Asian American children lend support to this conclusion. Variation in frequency of this epigenetic mechanism provides one explanation for the difference in incidence of Wilms' tumour between populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Fukuzawa
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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46
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Morris MR, Hesson LB, Wagner KJ, Morgan NV, Astuti D, Lees RD, Cooper WN, Lee J, Gentle D, Macdonald F, Kishida T, Grundy R, Yao M, Latif F, Maher ER. Multigene methylation analysis of Wilms' tumour and adult renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2003; 22:6794-801. [PMID: 14555992 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of epigenetic gene silencing in the pathogenesis of Wilms' tumour and renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we determined their methylation profile using a candidate gene approach. Thus, 40 Wilms' tumours and up to 49 adult RCC were analysed by methylation-specific PCR for promoter methylation at CASP8, CDH1, CDH13, DAPK, MGMT, NORE1A, p14ARF and RARB2 in primary Wilms' tumours and CASP8, CDH1, CDH13, CRBP1, DAPK, MGMT, MT1G, NORE1A, p16INK4a, SDHB and RARB2 in primary RCC. Both tumour sample sets had previously been analysed for RASSF1A promoter methylation, and p16INK4a methylation results were also available for the Wilms' tumour samples. Wilms' tumours demonstrated a high incidence of methylation at CASP8 (43%) and MGMT (30%), intermediate frequencies at NORE1A (15%), p14ARF (15%), p16INK4a (10%), DAPK (11%) and CRBP1 (9%), but promoter methylation was rare or absent at RARB2 (0%), CDH13 (0%) and CDH1 (3%). No association was detected between methylation of RASSF1A, CASP8 or MGMT in individual tumours. The frequency of MGMT methylation was higher in stage 1 and 2 tumours (50%) than in stage 3 and 4 tumours (17%) but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.06). RCC were most frequently methylated at DAPK (24%), MT1G (20%), NORE1A (19%), CDH1 (16%) and MGMT (9%) and not or rarely at SDHB (4%), RARB2 (0%), p16INK4a (0%) and CDH13 (3%). There were no associations between methylation of RASSF1A, DAPK and CDH1 in individual tumours. Papillary RCC demonstrated a higher frequency of DAPK methylation (43%) than clear cell tumours (19%) (P=0.14). We have demonstrated that de novo promoter methylation is frequent in Wilms' tumour and RCC, and these data enable methylation profiles to be constructed for each tumour type. Thus, combining our results with data published previously, it appears that promoter methylation occurs frequently (> or =20% of primary tumours) at CASP8, SLIT2 and RASSF1A in Wilms' tumour and at RASSF1A, TIMP3, DAPK, SLIT2, MT1G and GSTP1 in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Morris
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Ulaner GA, Yang Y, Hu JF, Li T, Vu TH, Hoffman AR. CTCF binding at the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF2)/H19 imprinting control region is insufficient to regulate IGF2/H19 expression in human tissues. Endocrinology 2003; 144:4420-6. [PMID: 12960026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adjacent IGF2 and H19 genes are imprinted in most normal mouse and human tissues, but imprinting is often lost in tumors. Mouse models suggest that parental-allele specific CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding at the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region (ICR) regulates the expression of these two genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR, we show that in several normal and neoplastic human tissues, CTCF consistently binds unmethylated ICR elements, but CTCF binding does not result in predictable gene expression. In the fetal brain, CTCF binding is monoallelic and specific for the unmethylated ICR, yet IGF2/H19 expression is biallelic. In osteosarcoma tumors, aberrant methylation of the IGF2/H19 ICR results in equally aberrant CTCF binding, yet expression of these genes does not correlate with CTCF binding. This is the first description of chromatin immunoprecipitation for CTCF binding at the human IGF2/H19 ICR, and the results demonstrate that CTCF binding at the IGF2/H19 ICR is insufficient to regulate the expression of IGF2/H19 in many human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Ulaner
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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48
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Schuster AE, Schneider DT, Fritsch MK, Grundy P, Perlman EJ. Genetic and genetic expression analyses of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1293-9. [PMID: 13679437 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000087850.69363.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) represents a significant diagnostic and clinical challenge. In search of diagnostically useful or biologically significant genetic abnormalities, we screened 30 CCSKs from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Genetic gains and losses were analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization; loss of heterozygosity at 11p15 was studied using microsatellite analysis. Loss of imprinting (LOI) was studied using allele-specific expression or methylation analysis at the ApaI polymorphic site for IGF2, AluI and RsaI sites for H19, and Cfo I site for SNRPN. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed quantitative abnormalities in only 4 of 30 CCSKs. Two showed gain of 1q, one also showed loss of 10q, and the other also showed loss of terminal 4p. The other two cases demonstrated chromosome 19 loss and chromosome 19p gain, respectively. All 22 cases informative for 11p15 showed retention of both alleles. Of 14 CCSKs informative for IGF2, six showed biallelic expression; all three CCSKs informative for H19 exhibited monoallelic expression. The normal imprint pattern was present in all six CCSKs analyzed for SNRPN methylation. These data demonstrate an absence of consistent genetic gains or losses in CCSKs using these methods. The high frequency of LOI for IGF2 in CCSKs (43%) is comparable to that reported in Wilms tumors. The retention of imprinting at the SNRPN and H19 loci confirm that LOI is not a ubiquitous epigenetic change. This suggests that IGF2, a potent growth factor, may play a role in the development or progression of CCSK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Schuster
- The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Goldberg M, Wei M, Yuan L, Murty VV, Tycko B. Biallelic expression of HRAS and MUCDHL in human and mouse. Hum Genet 2003; 112:334-42. [PMID: 12589428 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-0907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2002] [Accepted: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
At least eight genes clustered in 1 Mb of DNA on human chromosome (Chr) 11p15.5 are subject to parental imprinting, with monoallelic expression in one or more tissues. Orthologues of these genes show conserved linkage and imprinting on distal Chr 7 of mice. The extended imprinted region has a bipartite structure, with at least two differentially methylated DNA elements (DMRs) controlling the imprinting of two sub-domains. We previously described three biallelically expressed genes ( MRPL23, 2G7 and TNNT3) in 100 kb of DNA immediately downstream of the imprinted H19 gene, suggesting that H19 marks one border of the imprinted region. Here we extend this analysis to two additional downstream genes, HRAS and MUCDHL (mu-protocadherin). We find that these genes are biallelically expressed in multiple fetal and adult tissues, both in humans and in mice. The mouse orthologue of a third gene, DUSP8, located between H19 and MUCDHL, is also expressed biallelically. The DMR immediately upstream of H19 frequently shows a net gain of methylation in Wilms tumors, either via Chr 11p15.5 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or loss of imprinting (LOI), but changes in methylation in CpG-rich sequences upstream and within the MUCDHL gene are rare in these tumors and do not correlate with LOH or LOI. These findings are further evidence for a border of the imprinted region immediately downstream of H19, and the data allow the construction of an imprinting map that includes more than 20 genes, distributed over 3 Mb of DNA on Chr 11p15.5.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Cadherin Related Proteins
- Cadherins/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- DNA Methylation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Genetic Linkage
- Genomic Imprinting
- Humans
- Mice
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Protocadherins
- RNA, Long Noncoding
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sulfites/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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50
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Ng A, Tang JP, Goh CHK, Hui KM. Regulation of the H19 imprinting gene expression in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma by methylation. Int J Cancer 2003; 104:179-87. [PMID: 12569573 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In East Asia and Singapore, the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) presented clinically is mainly of the undifferentiated type. In contrast, the well-differentiated squamous NPC is more commonly detected in the West. To study the potential differences in carcinogenesis between undifferentiated and differentiated human NPC, we employed cDNA microarrays to isolate genes that might be specific for human undifferentiated NPC. One of the genes identified to be specifically upregulated in the undifferentiated human NPC cell line CNE-2 is the human imprinting gene H19. Interestingly, H19 is not expressed in the well-differentiated human HK1 NPC cells. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses also confirmed that the H19 gene is strongly expressed in the undifferentiated CNE-2 human NPC cell line but not in the well-differentiated HK1 human NPC cell line. In situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated that H19 is specifically expressed in NPC biopsies and not in non-NPC human tissue biopsies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that deregulation of H19 gene expression in the well-differentiated human HK1 NPC cells could be induced by the hypomethylation of CpG sites of the H19 promoter region. Hypermethylation of gene promoter regions might therefore be an important epigenetic event that plays a role in the differentiation of human NPC cells and the transcriptional silencing of imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylwin Ng
- Laboratory of Gene Structure and Expression, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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