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Xu J, Ye W, Yang TT, Yan T, Cai H, Zhou A, Yang Y. DNA accelerates the protease inhibition of a bacterial serpin chloropin. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1157186. [PMID: 37065444 PMCID: PMC10090351 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1157186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (Serpins) are the most widely distributed protease inhibitors in nature and have been identified from all kingdoms of life. Eukaryotic serpins are most abundant with their activities often subject to modulation by cofactors; however, little is known about the regulation of prokaryotic serpins. To address this, here we prepared a recombinant bacteria serpin, termed chloropin, derived from green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium limicola and solved its crystal structure at 2.2 Å resolution. This showed a canonical inhibitory serpin conformation of native chloropin with a surface-exposed reactive loop and a large central beta-sheet. Enzyme activity analysis showed that chloropin could inhibit multiple proteases, such as thrombin and KLK7 with second order inhibition rate constants at 2.5×104 M−1s−1 and 4.5×104 M−1s−1 respectively, consistent with its P1 arginine residue. Heparin could accelerate the thrombin inhibition by ∼17-fold with a bell-shaped dose-dependent curve as seen with heparin-mediated thrombin inhibition by antithrombin. Interestingly, supercoiled DNA could accelerate the inhibition of thrombin by chloropin by 74-fold, while linear DNA accelerated the reaction by 142-fold through a heparin-like template mechanism. In contrast, DNA did not affect the inhibition of thrombin by antithrombin. These results indicate that DNA is likely a natural modulator of chloropin protecting the cell from endogenous or exogenous environmental proteases, and prokaryotic serpins have diverged during evolution to use different surface subsites for activity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, The Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Ting Yang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, The Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Cai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Cai, ; Aiwu Zhou, ; Yufeng Yang,
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Cai, ; Aiwu Zhou, ; Yufeng Yang,
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyan Cai, ; Aiwu Zhou, ; Yufeng Yang,
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2
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Tang S, Ling Z, Jiang J, Gu X, Leng Y, Wei C, Cheng H, Li X. Integrating the tumor-suppressive activity of Maspin with p53 in retuning the epithelial homeostasis: A working hypothesis and applicable prospects. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1037794. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1037794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial malignant transformation and tumorous development were believed to be closely associated with the loss of its microenvironment integrity and homeostasis. The tumor-suppressive molecules Maspin and p53 were demonstrated to play a crucial role in body epithelial and immune homeostasis. Downregulation of Maspin and mutation of p53 were frequently associated with malignant transformation and poor prognosis in various human cancers. In this review, we focused on summarizing the progress of the molecular network of Maspin in studying epithelial tumorous development and its response to clinic treatment and try to clarify the underlying antitumor mechanism. Notably, Maspin expression was reported to be transcriptionally activated by p53, and the transcriptional activity of p53 was demonstrated to be enhanced by its acetylation through inhibition of HDAC1. As an endogenous inhibitor of HDAC1, Maspin possibly potentiates the transcriptional activity of p53 by acetylating the p53 protein. Hereby, it could form a “self-propelling” antitumor mechanism. Thus, we summarized that, upon stimulation of cellular stress and by integrating with p53, the aroused Maspin played the epigenetic surveillant role to prevent the epithelial digressional process and retune the epithelial homeostasis, which is involved in activating host immune surveillance, regulating the inflammatory factors, and fine-tuning its associated cell signaling pathways. Consequentially, in a normal physiological condition, activation of the above “self-propelling” antitumor mechanism of Maspin and p53 could reduce cellular stress (e.g., chronic infection/inflammation, oxidative stress, transformation) effectively and achieve cancer prevention. Meanwhile, designing a strategy of mimicking Maspin’s epigenetic regulation activity with integrating p53 tumor-suppressive activity could enhance the chemotherapy efficacy theoretically in a pathological condition of cancer.
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3
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Miller KJ, Asim M. Unravelling the Role of Kinases That Underpin Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060952. [PMID: 35326402 PMCID: PMC8946764 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is the key driver in most prostate cancers (PCa), and is underpinned by several kinases both upstream and downstream of the AR. Many popular therapies for PCa that target the AR directly, however, have been circumvented by AR mutation, such as androgen receptor variants. Some upstream kinases promote AR signalling, including those which phosphorylate the AR and others that are AR-regulated, and androgen regulated kinase that can also form feed-forward activation circuits to promotes AR function. All of these kinases represent potentially druggable targets for PCa. There has generally been a divide in reviews reporting on pathways upstream of the AR and those reporting on AR-regulated genes despite the overlap that constitutes the promotion of AR signalling and PCa progression. In this review, we aim to elucidate which kinases—both upstream and AR-regulated—may be therapeutic targets and require future investigation and ongoing trials in developing kinase inhibitors for PCa.
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4
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Tang S, Lian X, Jiang J, Cheng H, Guo J, Huang C, Meng H, Li X. Tumor Suppressive Maspin-Sensitized Prostate Cancer to Drug Treatment Through Negative Regulating Androgen Receptor Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573820. [PMID: 33195208 PMCID: PMC7649228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signal has been extensively implicated in prostate cancer (CaP) development, progression, and recurrence, which makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Meanwhile, as an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC 1), tumor-suppressive mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) was reported to sensitize drug-induced apoptosis with a better therapeutic outcome in CaP, but the relationship between AR and maspin remains unclear. In the current study, treatment of 5'-Aza or MS-275/enzalutamide induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and p-H2A.X in CaP cells with an increase of maspin expression but a decrease of AR. Then, treatment with protease inhibitor MG132 did not rescue the above drug-induced loss of AR. In addition, modulation of maspin expression by gene recombinant or siRNA technology showed an inverse correlation between expression of maspin and AR, consequently affecting the AR-regulated downstream gene transcription (e.g., NKX3.1 and TMPRSS2). Bioinformatics analysis of the data extracted from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI GEO) database also revealed an inverse correlation between low maspin expression and high AR level in advanced CaP. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using anti-maspin antibody identified that a portion of AR promoter sequence was co-precipitated and presented in the immunoprecipitated complex. Finally, maspin-mediated repression of AR was induced by treatment of MS-275, which promoted enzalutamide treatment efficacy with decrease of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in LNCaP and 22RV1 cells. Taken together, the data not only demonstrated maspin-mediated repression of AR to augment drug anti-tumor activity but also provided in-depth support for combination of HDAC inhibitors with AR antagonist in CaP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqi Lian
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiying Cheng
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Guo
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Can Huang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xiaohua Li
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- The Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Hefei KingMed Diagnostics Laboratory, Hefei, China
- National Center for Gene Testing Technology Application & Demonstration (Anhui), Hefei, China
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5
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Edelsztein NY, Racine C, di Clemente N, Schteingart HF, Rey RA. Androgens downregulate anti-Müllerian hormone promoter activity in the Sertoli cell through the androgen receptor and intact steroidogenic factor 1 sites. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:1303-1312. [PMID: 29985989 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) production is inhibited by androgens around pubertal onset, as observed under normal physiological conditions and in patients with precocious puberty. In agreement, AMH downregulation is absent in patients with androgen insensitivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of AMH by androgens remain unknown. Our aim was to elucidate the mechanisms through which androgens downregulate AMH expression in the testis. A direct negative effect of androgens on the transcriptional activity of the AMH promoter was found using luciferase reporter assays in the mouse prepubertal Sertoli cell line SMAT1. A strong inhibition of AMH promoter activity was seen in the presence of both testosterone and DHT and of the androgen receptor. By site-directed mutagenesis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that androgen-mediated inhibition involved the binding sites for steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) present in the proximal promoter of the AMH gene. In this study, we describe for the first time the mechanism behind AMH inhibition by androgens, as seen in physiological and pathological conditions in males. Inhibition of AMH promoter activity by androgens could be due to protein-protein interactions between the ligand-bound androgen receptor and SF1 or by blockage of SF1 binding to its sites on the AMH promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Y Edelsztein
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chrystèle Racine
- Sorbonne Universitté, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), IHU ICAN, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie di Clemente
- Sorbonne Universitté, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine (CRSA), IHU ICAN, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Helena F Schteingart
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Histología, Biología Celular, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Kriaa A, Abraham AL, Jablaoui A, Soussou S, Mokdad-Gargouri R, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine protease inhibitors and human wellbeing interplay: new insights for old friends. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7224. [PMID: 31531264 PMCID: PMC6718151 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) control tightly regulated physiological processes and their dysfunction is associated to various diseases. Thus, increasing interest is given to these proteins as new therapeutic targets. Several studies provided functional and structural data about human serpins. By comparison, only little knowledge regarding bacterial serpins exists. Through the emergence of metagenomic studies, many bacterial serpins were identified from numerous ecological niches including the human gut microbiota. The origin, distribution and function of these proteins remain to be established. In this report, we shed light on the key role of human and bacterial serpins in health and disease. Moreover, we analyze their function, phylogeny and ecological distribution. This review highlights the potential use of bacterial serpins to set out new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Mkaouar
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Amin Jablaoui
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Souha Soussou
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raja Mokdad-Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Edelsztein NY, Rey RA. Importance of the Androgen Receptor Signaling in Gene Transactivation and Transrepression for Pubertal Maturation of the Testis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080861. [PMID: 31404977 PMCID: PMC6721648 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are key for pubertal development of the mammalian testis, a phenomenon that is tightly linked to Sertoli cell maturation. In this review, we discuss how androgen signaling affects Sertoli cell function and morphology by concomitantly inhibiting some processes and promoting others that contribute jointly to the completion of spermatogenesis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms that underlie anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) inhibition by androgens at puberty, as well as on the role androgens have on Sertoli cell tight junction formation and maintenance and, consequently, on its effect on proper germ cell differentiation and meiotic onset during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Y Edelsztein
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) - CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina.
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) - CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina.
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina.
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8
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Roell D, Rösler TW, Hessenkemper W, Kraft F, Hauschild M, Bartsch S, Abraham TE, Houtsmuller AB, Matusch R, van Royen ME, Baniahmad A. Halogen-substituted anthranilic acid derivatives provide a novel chemical platform for androgen receptor antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:59-70. [PMID: 30615932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists are used for hormone therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). However resistance to the treatment occurs eventually. One possible reason is the occurrence of AR mutations that prevent inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation by antagonists. To offer in future more options to inhibit AR signaling, novel chemical lead structures for new AR antagonists would be beneficial. Here we analyzed structure-activity relationships of a battery of 36 non-steroidal structural variants of methyl anthranilate including 23 synthesized compounds. We identified structural requirements that lead to more potent AR antagonists. Specific compounds inhibit the transactivation of wild-type AR as well as AR mutants that render treatment resistance to hydroxyflutamide, bicalutamide and the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide. This suggests a distinct mode of inhibiting the AR compared to the clinically used compounds. Competition assays suggest binding of these compounds to the AR ligand binding domain and inhibit PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, active compounds induce cellular senescence despite inhibition of AR-mediated transactivation indicating a transactivation-independent AR-pathway. In line with this, fluorescence resonance after photobleaching (FRAP) - assays reveal higher mobility of the AR in the cell nuclei. Mechanistically, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) - assays indicate that the amino-carboxy (N/C)-interaction of the AR is not affected, which is in contrast to known AR-antagonists. This suggests a mechanistically novel mode of AR-antagonism. Together, these findings indicate the identification of a novel chemical platform as a new lead structure that extends the diversity of known AR antagonists and possesses a distinct mode of antagonizing AR-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Roell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas W Rösler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Monique Hauschild
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tsion E Abraham
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rudolf Matusch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology and Erasmus Optical Imaging Center OIC, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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9
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Cocchiola R, Lopreiato M, Guazzo R, de Santi MM, Eufemi M, Scandurra R, Scotto d’Abusco A. The induction of Maspin expression by a glucosamine-derivative has an antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 300:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Saied EM, Alshenawy HA. Prostatic Carcinogenesis: More Insights. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2018; 6:11-16. [PMID: 30023262 PMCID: PMC6014248 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_11_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic carcinoma ranks as the second most common malignant tumor and the fifth cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Many studies now focus on the different molecules involved in prostatic carcinogenesis. Maspin and prohibitin (PHB) are suggested to play crucial roles in the development and progression of many cancers; however, their roles in prostatic carcinogenesis have not been fully elucidated. AIM This work was designed to study the immunohistochemical expression of maspin and PHB in prostatic carcinoma in comparison to their expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to give more insights about their roles in prostatic carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Archival blocks of 30 cases of prostatic adenocarcinomas and 15 cases of BPH were subjected to histopathological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation of maspin and PHB expression. RESULTS Maspin showed higher expression in prostatic carcinoma (88.9% of cases) compared to BPH (20% of cases). PHB expression was detected only in prostatic carcinoma (84.4% of cases), while all cases of BPH were negative. The expression of both maspin and PHB showed statistically significant increase with increasing Gleason score (P = 0.0125 and 0.0065 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of maspin and PHB in prostatic carcinoma reflects their vital roles in prostatic carcinogenesis. Their upregulation with increasing Gleason score indicates their prognostic significance. Moreover, PHB may differentiate between prostatic carcinoma and BPH being expressed only by malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M. Saied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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11
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Liu S, Kumari S, Hu Q, Senapati D, Venkadakrishnan VB, Wang D, DePriest AD, Schlanger SE, Ben-Salem S, Valenzuela MM, Willard B, Mudambi S, Swetzig WM, Das GM, Shourideh M, Koochekpour S, Falzarano SM, Magi-Galluzzi C, Yadav N, Chen X, Lao C, Wang J, Billaud JN, Heemers HV. A comprehensive analysis of coregulator recruitment, androgen receptor function and gene expression in prostate cancer. eLife 2017; 6:28482. [PMID: 28826481 PMCID: PMC5608510 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (CaP) prevents ligand-activation of androgen receptor (AR). Despite initial remission, CaP progresses while relying on AR. AR transcriptional output controls CaP behavior and is an alternative therapeutic target, but its molecular regulation is poorly understood. Here, we show that action of activated AR partitions into fractions that are controlled preferentially by different coregulators. In a 452-AR-target gene panel, each of 18 clinically relevant coregulators mediates androgen-responsiveness of 0–57% genes and acts as a coactivator or corepressor in a gene-specific manner. Selectivity in coregulator-dependent AR action is reflected in differential AR binding site composition and involvement with CaP biology and progression. Isolation of a novel transcriptional mechanism in which WDR77 unites the actions of AR and p53, the major genomic drivers of lethal CaP, to control cell cycle progression provides proof-of-principle for treatment via selective interference with AR action by exploiting AR dependence on coregulators. Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the Western world. Almost all of these deaths happen when the main treatment for advanced prostate cancers stops working. The treatment, known as androgen deprivation therapy, targets a protein called the androgen receptor. This receptor is activated when it binds to signaling molecules and, once active, it switches on genes that encourage the cancer cells to grow. Androgen deprivation therapy blocks the androgen receptor from interacting with the signaling molecules; however, this treatment eventually fails because the receptor finds other ways to remain active in prostate cancer. Increasing the survival of patients with prostate cancer will depend on new treatments that can inhibit androgen receptors that no longer respond to androgen deprivation therapy. The androgen receptor’s ability to switch on genes could be another target for prostate cancer therapy – though not enough was known about the way this ability is regulated and how it controls the progression of prostate cancer. Liu, Kumari et al. set out to better define how this ability drives the growth of prostate cancer. The androgen receptor needs to interact with other proteins, known as coregulators, to work, and Liu, Kumari et al. developed an assay that examines, all at the same time, how important 18 such coregulators are for more than 400 genes that are regulated by the androgen receptor. This revealed that the coregulators did not all affect the same genes and that each coregulator tended to help activate sets of genes associated with a specific aspect of the biology of prostate cancer cells. Liu, Kumari et al. also discovered previously unknown interactions between androgen receptors, coregulators and other proteins that were responsible for the specific associations between genes and corregulators. The most important of these new interactions was one between the androgen receptor, the coregulator WDR77, and a protein called p53. These interactions are enriched in prostate cancers, including those that do not respond to androgen deprivation therapy, where they promote cancer growth. These findings lay the foundation to develop new drugs that interfere with the interactions between the androgen receptor and other proteins that are most important for the progression of advanced prostate cancers. Other researchers have already shown that it is possible to develop such drugs – though further testing is needed before any new treatments begin to help prostate cancer patients who no longer respond to androgen deprivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | | | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Adam D DePriest
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Simon E Schlanger
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Salma Ben-Salem
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | | | - Belinda Willard
- Department of Research Core Services, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Shaila Mudambi
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Wendy M Swetzig
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Mojgan Shourideh
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Shahriah Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | | | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | - Changshi Lao
- Institute for Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, United States
| | | | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
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12
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Saied EM, Alshenawy HA. Prostatic carcinogenesis: More insights. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Karimi M, Babaahmadi-Rezaei H, Mohammadzadeh G, ghaffari MA. Effect of Silibinin on Maspin and ERα Gene Expression in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12. [PMID: 29515635 PMCID: PMC5831069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE According to reports, a serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) suppresses metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Silibinin is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid with anti-cancer activity. We assessed the effects of silibinin on cell viability, maspin and ERα gene expression in MCF-7 cell line. METHODS The human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and treated with different concentrations of silibinin (100-600 μg/mL) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The cytotoxic effect of silibinin on MCF-7 viability was determined using Methyl-Thiazolyl-Tetrazolium (MTT) assay by IC50 determination. The fold changes of Maspin and ERα expression were determined by reverse-transcription real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All experiments on the cells were performed in triplicates. RESULTS The maximum inhibitory effect of silibinin on cell viability was observed at 600 μg/mL after 72-hour incubation (p = 0.001). Incubation of the cells with silibinin for 48 and 72 hours significantly decreased IC50 values to 250 and 207 μg/mL (p = 0.005 and p= 0.006), respectively. The expression of maspin and ERα in the treated cells compared to controls was significantly decreased following treatment with different concentrations of silibinin during a 24-hour period. CONCLUSIONS Silibinin reduces both maspin and ERα gene expression in MCF-7 cell line. The therapeutic effect of silibinin on the treatment of breast cancer may be mediated by the reduction of ERα expression. For verifying this hypothesis and the possible therapeutic implication of silibinin on breast cancer, further studies in this direction are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi-Rezaei
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ghorban Mohammadzadeh
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Correspondence information: Ghorban Mohammadzadeh, Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,E-Mail : , Tell: +98-0911-3436812
| | - Mohammad-Ali ghaffari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Leopizzi M, Cocchiola R, Milanetti E, Raimondo D, Politi L, Giordano C, Scandurra R, Scotto d'Abusco A. IKKα inibition by a glucosamine derivative enhances Maspin expression in osteosarcoma cell line. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 262:19-28. [PMID: 27931795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been associated to cancer development by the alteration of several inflammatory pathways, such as Nuclear Factor-κB pathway. In particular, IκB kinase α (IKKα), one of two catalytic subunit of IKK complex, has been described to be associated to cancer progression and metastasis in a number of cancers. The molecular mechanism by which IKKα affects cancer progression is not yet completely clarified, anyway an association between IKKα and the expression of Maspin (Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor or SerpinB5), a tumor suppressor protein, has been described. IKKα shuttles between cytoplasm and nucleus, and when is localized into the nuclei, IKKα regulates the expression of several genes, among them Maspin gene, whose expression is repressed by high amount of nuclear IKKα. Considering that high levels of Maspin have been associated with reduced metastatic progression, it could be hypothesized that the repression of IKKα nuclear translocation could be associated with the repression of metastatic phenotype. The present study is aimed to explore the ability of a glucosamine derivative, 2-(N-Carbobenzyloxy)l-phenylalanylamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucose (NCPA), synthesized in our laboratory, to stimulate the production of Maspin in an osteosarcoma cell line, 143B. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting experiments showed that NCPA is able to inhibit IKKα nuclear translocation, and to stimulate Maspin production. Moreover, in association with stimulation of Maspin production we found the decrease of β1 Integrin expression, the down-regulation of metalloproteases MMP-9 and MMP-13 production and cell migration inhibition. Taking in account that β1 Integrin and MMP-9 and -13 have been correlated with the invasiveness of osteosarcoma, considering that NCPA affects the invasiveness of 143B cell line, we suggest that this molecule could affect the osteosarcoma metastatic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Leopizzi
- Dept of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sapienza University, Polo Pontino, Corso Della Repubblica 79, Latina, Italy
| | - Rossana Cocchiola
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Dept. of Physics, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Politi
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Cesare Giordano
- Biomolecular Chemistry CNR Institute, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Scandurra
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Scotto d'Abusco
- Dept. of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Shi X, Chen P, Liu H, Qiao F, Liu H, Gong X, Li Y, Du H, Liu W, Tang G, Cao J, Wu Y. Decitabine Improves the Clinical Manifestations of Rats With l-NAME-Induced Pre-eclampsia: A Potential Approach to Studying Pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2015; 34:464-473. [PMID: 26389732 DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2015.1074245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Conditions with low oxygen tension are regarded as a key factor. Decitabine can partly attenuate the effects of hypoxia. This research was designed to investigate the effects of decitabine in rats with NG-Nitro-L-arginine Methyl Eater (L-NAME) induced pre-eclampsia and to explore the molecular mechanisms. METHODS A Wistar rat model of pre-eclampsia was established by intraperitoneal injection of L-NAME, and the intervention reagent was decitabine. Blood pressure (BP) and 24-h urinary protein were monitored. The expression of Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor (SERPINB5, maspin) in the placenta was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS Systolic BP in the tail artery of pregnant rats was increased by more than 30 mm Hg, and 24-h urinary protein was significantly increased after L-NAME was added. After decitabine treatment, blood pressure and 24-h urinary protein were significantly decreased. The expression of SERPINB5 in the placenta significantly increased after L-NAME was added. Decitabine significantly elevated the expression of SERPINB5 in the placenta of rats with L-NAME-induced preeclampsia. CONCLUSION Decitabine reduced 24-h urinary protein and partly decreased blood pressure of pre-eclampsia in late pregnancy in rats with L-NAME-induced pre-eclampsia and increased the expression of SERPINB5, but the molecular mechanism of decitabine's effect remains unknown. This research provided a potential approach to studying the pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Shi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Ping Chen
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Shenzhen , China
| | - Hao Liu
- c Department of Urology , Wuhan Third Hospital , Guanggu Campus , Wuhan , China
| | - Fuyuan Qiao
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xun Gong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuqi Li
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Hui Du
- d Department of Obstetrics , Hubei Women and Children Hospital , Wuhan , China , and
| | - Wanlu Liu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Guiju Tang
- e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wuhan Women and Children Medical Care Center , Wuhan , China
| | - Jing Cao
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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Lin HR. Triterpenes from Alisma orientalis act as androgen receptor agonists, progesterone receptor antagonists, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dzinic SH, Kaplun A, Li X, Bernardo M, Meng Y, Dean I, Krass D, Stemmer P, Shin N, Lonardo F, Sheng S. Identification of an intrinsic determinant critical for maspin subcellular localization and function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74502. [PMID: 24278104 PMCID: PMC3837015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin, a multifaceted tumor suppressor, belongs to the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, but only inhibits serine protease-like enzymes such as histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Maspin is specifically expressed in epithelial cells and it is differentially regulated during tumor progression. A new emerging consensus suggests that a shift in maspin subcellular localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm stratifies with poor cancer prognosis. In the current study, we employed a rational mutagenesis approach and showed that maspin reactive center loop (RCL) and its neighboring sequence are critical for maspin stability. Further, when expressed in multiple tumor cell lines, single point mutation of Aspartate(346) (D(346)) to Glutamate (E(346)), maspin(D346E), was predominantly nuclear, whereas wild type maspin (maspin(WT)) was both cytoplasmic and nuclear. Evidence from cellular fractionation followed by immunological and proteomic protein identification, combined with the evidence from fluorescent imaging of endogenous proteins, fluorescent protein fusion constructs, as well as bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) showed that the increased nuclear enrichment of maspin(D346E) was, at least in part, due to its increased affinity to HDAC1. Maspin(D346E) was also more potent than maspin(WT) as an HDAC inhibitor. Taken together, our evidence demonstrates that D(346) is a critical cis-element in maspin sequence that determines the molecular context and subcellular localization of maspin. A mechanistic model derived from our evidence suggests a new window of opportunity for the development of maspin-based biologically competent HDAC inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijana H. Dzinic
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kaplun
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Margarida Bernardo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yonghong Meng
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ivory Dean
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Krass
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paul Stemmer
- The Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Namhee Shin
- The Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Fulvio Lonardo
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Proteomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Tumor and Microenvironment Program of the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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18
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Sabherwal Y, Mahajan N, Zhang M. Epigenetic modifications of prostate-derived Ets transcription factor in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1985-8. [PMID: 23921628 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, histone modification and nucleosome remodeling in breast cancer is well established. Epigenetic alterations are reversible, and much research has been focused on understanding these alterations with the aim of developing effective therapies. Prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) is a member of the Ets family of transcription factors and has long been under investigation for its key role in tumor development and progression. To date, no studies have been conducted to elucidate the epigenetic modifications of PDEF in cancer progression. Using breast and prostate cancer cells, we investigated the effect of the methylation inhibitor 5' azacytidine (AZA) on the expression of PDEF in these cells. The inhibition of methylation observed was specific to breast cancer cells as experiments with prostate cells did not exhibit any significant change. Notably, the expression of p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor 1 and also a target gene of PDEF, was found to be positively correlated with PDEF expression following 5'AZA treatment. Inhibition of methylation led to a decrease in the proliferation rate of MDA-MB-468 cells as revealed by MTT proliferation assay. Other epigenetic alterations such as histone modifications were not observed in these breast cancer cells following treatment with specific HDAC inhibitors. Our data suggest the possibility of epigenetic modification of PDEF due to DNA methylation and involvement of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Future studies on the epigenetic alterations of PDEF in correlation with p21 or other targets may facilitate the development of effective therapies for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Sabherwal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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19
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Bodenstine TM, Seftor REB, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Seftor EA, Pemberton PA, Hendrix MJC. Maspin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:529-51. [PMID: 22752408 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer types. Among the established anti-tumor effects of Maspin are the inhibition of cancer cell invasion, attachment to extracellular matrices, increased sensitivity to apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. However, while significant experimental data support the role of Maspin as a tumor suppressor, clinical data regarding the prognostic implications of Maspin expression have led to conflicting results. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the context dependencies of Maspin in normal biology and how these are perturbed in the context of cancer. In this review, we outline the regulation and roles of Maspin in normal and developmental biology while discussing novel evidence and emerging theories related to its functions in cancer. We provide insight into the immense therapeutic potential of Maspin and the challenges related to its successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor), is a member of the serine protease inhibitor/non-inhibitor superfamily. Its expression is down-regulated in breast, prostate, gastric and melanoma cancers but over-expressed in pancreatic, gallbladder, colorectal, and thyroid cancers suggesting that maspin may play different activities in different cell types. However, maspin expression seems to be correlated with better prognosis in prostate, bladder, lung, gastric, colorectal, head and neck, thyroid and melanoma cancer. In breast and ovarian cancer maspin significance is associated with its subcellular localization: nucleus maspin expression correlates with a good prognosis, whilst in pancreatic cancer it predicts a poor prognosis. Since tumor metastasis requires the detachment and invasion of tumor cells through the basement membrane and stroma, a selectively increased adhesion by the presence of maspin may contribute to the inhibition of tumor metastasis. Furthermore the different position of maspin inside the cell or its epigenetic modifications may explain the different behavior of the expression of maspin between tumors. The expression of maspin might be useful as a prognostic and possibly predictive factor for patients with particular types of cancer and data can guide physicians in selecting therapy. Its expression in circulating tumor cells especially in breast cancer, could be also useful in clinical practice along with other factors, such as age, comorbidities, blood examinations in order to select the best therapy to be carried out. Focusing on the malignancies in which maspin showed a positive prognostic value, therapeutic approaches studied so far aimed to re-activate a dormant tumor suppressor gene by designed transcription factors, to hit the system that inhibits the expression of maspin, to identify natural substances that can determine the activation and the expression of maspin or possible “molecules binds” to introduce maspin in cancer cell and gene therapy capable of up-regulating the maspin in an attempt to reduce primarily the risk of metastasis. Further studies in these directions are necessary to better define the therapeutic implication of maspin.
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21
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Neal CL, Henderson V, Smith BN, McKeithen D, Graham T, Vo BT, Odero-Marah VA. Snail transcription factor negatively regulates maspin tumor suppressor in human prostate cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:336. [PMID: 22857708 PMCID: PMC3437215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maspin, a putative tumor suppressor that is down-regulated in breast and prostate cancer, has been associated with decreased cell motility. Snail transcription factor is a zinc finger protein that is increased in breast cancer and is associated with increased tumor motility and invasion by induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated the molecular mechanisms by which Snail increases tumor motility and invasion utilizing prostate cancer cells. METHODS Expression levels were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cell motility and invasion assays were performed, while Snail regulation and binding to maspin promoter was analyzed by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. RESULTS Snail protein expression was higher in different prostate cancer cells lines as compared to normal prostate epithelial cells, which correlated inversely with maspin expression. Snail overexpression in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells inhibited maspin expression and led to increased migration and invasion. Knockdown of Snail in DU145 and C4-2 cancer cells resulted in up-regulation of maspin expression, concomitant with decreased migration. Transfection of Snail into 22Rv1 or LNCaP cells inhibited maspin promoter activity, while stable knockdown of Snail in C4-2 cells increased promoter activity. ChIP analysis showed that Snail is recruited to the maspin promoter in 22Rv1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this is the first report showing that Snail can negatively regulate maspin expression by directly repressing maspin promoter activity, leading to increased cell migration and invasion. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of Snail may be useful to re-induce expression of maspin tumor suppressor and prevent prostate cancer tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Neal
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development and Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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22
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Grosse A, Bartsch S, Baniahmad A. Androgen receptor-mediated gene repression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:46-56. [PMID: 21784131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Androgens have an essential role in inducing the genetic program for masculinization during development. Androgens mediate their effect through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-controlled transcription factor and regulator of rapid signaling. Inactivated AR results in complete feminization. Androgens are also essential in later life for reproduction, behavior, muscle development, breast, and prostate growth. In general, androgens inhibit breast and promote prostate growth. In the latter context the AR is a major drug target. On the one hand, many insights have been obtained how the AR mediates gene activation on a molecular level. Gene activation is mediated by a battery of factors including coactivators, chromatin remodeling complex proteins and transcription factors which either directly or indirectly interact with the AR at DNA binding sites. On the other hand, there are important AR target genes that are repressed by androgen-bound AR. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood although genes repressed by AR are key factors involved in cell proliferation and invasion. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms of AR-mediated gene repression, thereby differentiating between direct and indirect DNA/chromatin recruitment and between genomic and non-genomic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grosse
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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23
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Liu W, Zhou J, Geng G, Shi Q, Sauriol F, Wu JH. Antiandrogenic, maspin induction, and antiprostate cancer activities of tanshinone IIA and its novel derivatives with modification in ring A. J Med Chem 2012; 55:971-5. [PMID: 22175694 DOI: 10.1021/jm2015292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of metastatic suppressor maspin is lost in advanced prostate cancer. Clinically relevant mutations in androgen receptor (AR) convert antiandrogens into AR agonists, promoting prostate tumor growth. We discovered tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) is a potent antagonist of mutated ARs and induces maspin expression through AR. TS-IIA suppressed AR expression and induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Syntheses of TS-IIA derivatives (1-9) revealed that the 4,4-dimethyl group at ring A is important for TS-IIA's antiandrogenic and maspin induction activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Liu
- Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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24
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Li J, Ding Z, Wang Z, Lu JF, Maity SN, Navone NM, Logothetis CJ, Mills GB, Kim J. Androgen regulation of 5α-reductase isoenzymes in prostate cancer: implications for prostate cancer prevention. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28840. [PMID: 22194926 PMCID: PMC3237548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), performs key functions in the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. The three isoenzymes of 5α-reductase identified to date are encoded by different genes: SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3. In this study, we investigated mechanisms underlying androgen regulation of 5α-reductase isoenzyme expression in human prostate cells. We found that androgen regulates the mRNA level of 5α-reductase isoenzymes in a cell type-specific manner, that such regulation occurs at the transcriptional level, and that AR is necessary for this regulation. In addition, our results suggest that AR is recruited to a negative androgen response element (nARE) on the promoter of SRD5A3 in vivo and directly binds to the nARE in vitro. The different expression levels of 5α-reductase isoenzymes may confer response or resistance to 5α-reductase inhibitors and thus may have importance in prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing-Fang Lu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sankar N. Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeri Kim
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Liu C, Nadiminty N, Tummala R, Chun JY, Lou W, Zhu Y, Sun M, Evans CP, Zhou Q, Gao AC. Andrographolide targets androgen receptor pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:151-9. [PMID: 21779488 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911409744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling not only plays a pivotal role in the development of androgen-dependent prostate cancer but is also important in the growth and survival of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The first line of treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer is the use of androgen deprivation therapy. However, most patients will eventually relapse due to development of CRPC. Thus, development of a strategy to target AR for treatment of CRPC is urgently needed. The authors have previously identified andrographolide as an inhibitor of interleukin-6, which can suppress tumor growth of prostate cancer cells by screening compounds from the Prestwick Natural compound library. In this study, they identified that andrographolide can inhibit AR expression and prostate cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis. Andrographolide is able to down-regulate AR expression at both mRNA and protein levels, prevents its nuclear translocation, and inhibits transactivation of its target genes. Andrographolide prevents the binding of Hsp90 to AR, resulting in proteasome-mediated AR degradation. Furthermore, andrographolide inhibits castration-resistant C4-2 cell growth by reducing AR expression and activity. Thus, andrographolide can be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for prostate cancer by inhibition of androgen receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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26
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Bernardo MM, Meng Y, Lockett J, Dyson G, Dombkowski A, Kaplun A, Li X, Yin S, Dzinic S, Olive M, Dean I, Krass D, Moin K, Bonfil RD, Cher M, Sakr W, Sheng S. Maspin reprograms the gene expression profile of prostate carcinoma cells for differentiation. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:1009-22. [PMID: 22737267 PMCID: PMC3379563 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912440170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin is an epithelial-specific tumor suppressor gene. Previous data suggest that maspin expression may redirect poorly differentiated tumor cells to better differentiated phenotypes. Further, maspin is the first and only endogenous polypeptide inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) identified thus far. In the current study, to address what central program of tumor cell redifferentiation is regulated by maspin and how tumor microenvironments further define the effects of maspin, we conducted a systematic and extensive comparison of prostate tumor cells grown in 2-dimensional culture, in 3-dimensional collagen I culture, and as in vivo bone tumors. We showed that maspin was sufficient to drive prostate tumor cells through a spectrum of temporally and spatially polarized cellular processes of redifferentiation, a reversal of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Genes commonly regulated by maspin were a small subset of HDAC target genes that are closely associated with epithelial differentiation and TGFβ signaling. These results suggest that a specific endogenous HDAC inhibitor may regulate one functionally related subset of HDAC target genes, although additional maspin-induced changes of gene expression may result from tumor interaction with its specific microenvironments. Currently, EMT is recognized as a critical step in tumor progression. To this end, our current study uncovered a link between maspin and a specific mechanism of prostate epithelial differentiation that can reverse EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonghong Meng
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaron Lockett
- The National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaohua Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shuping Yin
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sijana Dzinic
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mary Olive
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ivory Dean
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Krass
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kamiar Moin
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael Cher
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wael Sakr
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Hollenhorst PC, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. Genomic and biochemical insights into the specificity of ETS transcription factors. Annu Rev Biochem 2011; 80:437-71. [PMID: 21548782 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.79.081507.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ETS proteins are a group of evolutionarily related, DNA-binding transcriptional factors. These proteins direct gene expression in diverse normal and disease states by binding to specific promoters and enhancers and facilitating assembly of other components of the transcriptional machinery. The highly conserved DNA-binding ETS domain defines the family and is responsible for specific recognition of a common sequence motif, 5'-GGA(A/T)-3'. Attaining specificity for biological regulation in such a family is thus a conundrum. We present the current knowledge of routes to functional diversity and DNA binding specificity, including divergent properties of the conserved ETS and PNT domains, the involvement of flanking structured and unstructured regions appended to these dynamic domains, posttranslational modifications, and protein partnerships with other DNA-binding proteins and coregulators. The review emphasizes recent advances from biochemical and biophysical approaches, as well as insights from genomic studies that detect ETS-factor occupancy in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hollenhorst
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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28
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Guo F, Kang S, Zhou P, Guo L, Ma L, Hou J. Maspin expression is regulated by the non-canonical NF-κB subunit in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Alvarez Secord A, Darcy KM, Hutson A, Huang Z, Lee PS, Jewell EL, Havrilesky LJ, Markman M, Muggia F, Murphy SK. The regulation of MASPIN expression in epithelial ovarian cancer: association with p53 status, and MASPIN promoter methylation: a gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:314-9. [PMID: 21903246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the regulation of MASPIN expression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and associations with p53 status and MASPIN promoter methylation. METHODS Seven EOC cell lines and 110 advanced stage EOC specimens were analyzed for MASPIN promoter methylation. The cell lines were treated with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) and evaluated for MASPIN promoter methylation, protein, and mRNA expression. Wild-type (wt) p53 was transiently transfected into the mutant p53 (m p53) SKOV3 cells which were treated with 5-azaC. Phosphor imager analysis quantified the percent methylation of the MASPIN promoter. RESULTS Of the 3 MASPIN-low m p53 cell lines 2 had greater than 5% MASPIN methylation whereas only 1 of 4 MASPIN-high wt p53 cell lines had greater than 5% MASPIN methylation. Despite the presence of aberrant MASPIN promoter methylation in SKOV3 cells, wt p53-transfection alone resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in MASPIN mRNA. The combination of 5-azaC and wt p53-transfection produced a 36% reduction in MASPIN promoter methylation and 4.5-fold increase in MASPIN transcription. Among the 110 ovarian cancer specimens analyzed for methylation of the MASPIN promoter, 81.8% were weakly methylated, 14.5% were heavily methylated and 3.6% were fully methylated. There was no relationship between promoter methylation and p53 status or MASPIN protein expression. However, MASPIN protein was 6 times more likely to be detected in cancer specimens that harbor a p53 mutation relative to cancer specimens with a wt p53 gene. CONCLUSION The regulation of MASPIN is a complex multifactorial process that may be controlled by both p53-dependent and -independent epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Alvarez Secord
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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30
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Beltran AS, Blancafort P. Reactivation of MASPIN in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells by artificial transcription factors (ATFs). Epigenetics 2011; 6:224-35. [PMID: 20948306 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.2.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes have antiproliferative and antimetastatic functions, and thus, they negatively affect tumor progression. Reactivating specific tumor suppressor genes would offer an important therapeutic strategy to block tumor progression. Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor (MASPIN) is a tumor suppressor gene that is not mutated or rearranged in tumor cells, but is silenced during metastatic progression by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. In this work, we have investigated the ability of Artificial Transcription Factors (ATFs) to reactivate MASPIN expression and to reduce tumor growth and metastatic dissemination in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines carrying a hypermethylated MASPIN promoter. We found that the ATFs linked to transactivator domains were able to demethylate the MASPIN promoter. Consistently, we observed that co-treatment of ATF-transduced cells with methyltransferase inhibitors enhanced MASPIN expression as well as induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to tumor suppressive functions, restoration of endogenous MASPIN expression was accompanied by inhibition of metastatic dissemination in nude mice. ATF-mediated reactivation of MASPIN lead to changes in cell motility and to induction of E-CADHERIN. These data suggest that ATFs are able to reprogram aggressive lung tumor cells towards a more epithelial, differentiated phenotype, and thus, represent novel therapeutic agents for metastatic lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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31
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Sang QXA. Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1026-77. [PMID: 22886631 DOI: 10.1002/med.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg-1, E-cadherin, KAI-1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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32
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Qin L, Zhang M. Maspin regulates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through an integrin signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32360-9. [PMID: 20713357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin has been identified as a potent angiogenesis inhibitor. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for its anti-angiogenic property is unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of maspin on endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and migration in a cell culture system. We found that maspin was expressed in blood vessels ECs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Maspin significantly enhanced HUVEC cell adhesion to various matrix proteins. This effect was dependent on the activation of integrin β(1), which subsequently led to distribution pattern changes of vinculin and F-actin. These results indicated that maspin affects cell adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization through an integrin signal transduction pathway. Analysis of HUVECs following maspin treatment revealed increased integrin-linked kinase activities and phosphorylated FAK levels, consistent with increased cell adhesion. Interestingly, when HUVECs were induced to migrate by migration stimulatory factor bFGF, active Rac1 and cdc42 small GTPase levels were decreased dramatically at 30 min following maspin treatment. Using phosphorylated FAK at Tyr(397) as an indicator of focal adhesion disassembly, maspin-treated HUVECs had elevated FAK phosphorylation compared with the mock treated control. The results were a reduction in focal adhesion disassembly and the retardation in EC migration. This study uncovers a mechanism by which maspin exerts its effect on EC adhesion and migration through an integrin signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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33
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Schaefer JS, Sabherwal Y, Shi HY, Sriraman V, Richards J, Minella A, Turner DP, Watson DK, Zhang M. Transcriptional regulation of p21/CIP1 cell cycle inhibitor by PDEF controls cell proliferation and mammary tumor progression. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11258-69. [PMID: 20139077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.073932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ets family of transcription factors control a myriad of cellular processes and contribute to the underlying genetic loss of cellular homeostasis resulting in cancer. PDEF (prostate-derived Ets factor) has been under investigation for its role in tumor development and progression. However, the role of PDEF in cancer development has been controversial. Some reports link PDEF to tumor promoter, and others show tumor-suppressing functions in various systems under different conditions. So far, there has been no conclusive evidence from in vivo experiments to prove the role of PDEF. We have used both in vitro and in vivo systems to provide a conclusive role of PDEF in the progression process. PDEF-expressing cells block the cell growth rate, and this retardation was reversible when PDEF expression was silenced with PDEF-specific small interfering RNA. When these PDEF-expressing cells were orthotopically implanted into the mouse mammary gland, tumor incidence and growth rate were significantly retarded. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PDEF expression partially blocked cell cycle progression at G(1)/S without an effect on apoptosis. PDEF overexpression resulted in an increase in p21/CIP1 at both the mRNA and protein levels, resulting in decreased Cdk2 activity. Promoter deletion analysis, electrophoresis mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified the functional Ets DNA binding site at -2118 bp of the p21/CIP1 gene promoter. This site is capable of binding and responding to PDEF. Furthermore, we silenced p21/CIP1 expression in PDEF-overexpressing cells by small interfering RNA. p21-silenced PDEF cells exhibited significantly increased cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating the p21 regulation by PDEF as a key player. These experiments identified PDEF as a new transcription factor that directly regulates p21/CIP1 expression under non-stressed conditions. This study conclusively proves that PDEF is a breast tumor suppressor for the first time using both in vitro and in vivo systems. PDEF can be further developed as a target for designing therapeutic intervention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Schaefer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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34
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BRCA1 185delAG mutant protein, BRAt, up-regulates maspin in ovarian epithelial cells. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 116:262-8. [PMID: 19906413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggressive clinical course and difficult detection of ovarian cancer are major challenges to improving patient survival and necessitate avid investigation into more effective therapeutic approaches. Understanding early molecular and pathological changes in high risk patients, such as BRCA1 mutation carriers, can provide candidates for molecular profiling and novel targets for effective therapies. METHODS Using a culture model system for normal human ovarian surface epithelial cells with and without the BRCA1 185delAG frameshift mutation for the truncated protein product, BRAt, we investigated the role of BRAt in enhanced chemosensitivity. We used MTS, Western immunoblot, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, luciferase reporter and siRNA assays, to identify novel downstream targets of BRAt that promote apoptosis following chemotherapeutic treatment. RESULTS We identified maspin as a novel downstream target of BRAt. BRAt increases maspin expression with preferential nuclear localization of maspin. Further, Brat-mediated maspin expression is transcriptionally regulated through an AP1 site within the (-520) to (-297) region of the promoter. Lastly, BRAt, enhances chemosensitivity in normal ovarian surface epithelial cells through c-Jun by a mechanism that may involve maspin. CONCLUSIONS BRAt-mediated enhanced chemosensitivity correlates clinically with enhanced chemotherapeutic response in BRCA1 mutation carriers. BRAt-mediated maspin expression also correlates with improved prognostic outlook for ovarian tumors with high levels of nuclear maspin. Consequently, understanding early genotypic and phenotypic changes in the context of high risk disease may provide a better understanding of the mechanism of mutation-associated ovarian cancer and provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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35
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The severity of epithelial dysplasia is associated with loss of maspin expression in actinic cheilitis. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:1151-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Abstract
TGF (transforming growth factor)-beta1 is a multifunctional cytokine that influences homoeostatic processes of various tissues. TGF-beta1 expression is inhibited by androgens in the prostate gland, whereas its expression is enhanced by androgens in highly metastatic prostate cancer cells. Here, we examined regulation of human TGF-beta1 promoter activity by androgen in prostate cancer cells. The full-length (-3363 to +110) promoter showed a high level of activity in response to androgen in PC3mm2 cells expressing AR (androgen receptor). Further deletion analysis revealed three distal and three proximal AREs (androgen-response elements) in the promoter. Gel-shift and footprint assays show that these AREs physically interact with the DNA-binding domain of AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed the androgen-dependent recruitment of AR to the ARE-containing regions of the TGF-beta1 gene. More importantly, a negative ARE was detected in the TGF-beta1 promoter. Both positive and negative AREs are functional in the androgen-regulated transcription of the TGF-beta1 promoter. These findings imply that androgen signalling may positively or negatively regulate TGF-beta1 expression in response to various signals or under different environmental conditions.
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37
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Limaye AM, Desai KV, Chavalmane AK, Kondaiah P. Regulation of mRNAs encoding MMP-9 and MMP-2, and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 by androgens in the rat ventral prostate. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 294:10-8. [PMID: 18675881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relative activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMPs) determine the extent of matrix degradation in any tissue. Their identification and characterization is key towards understanding remodeling of the prostate in the context of both castration induced atrophy and tumor invasion and metastasis. Although the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in prostate tumors has been reported, their regulation by androgens has not been studied. Here, we show that androgen ablation by castration increases the steady state mRNA levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Blockade of the androgen receptor using flutamide, however, has differential effects on the steady state mRNA expressions of these genes. We also show that both castration and flutamide treatment cause enhanced expression of a high molecular weight gelatinolytic activity in the rat ventral prostate (RVP). Actinomycin D does not affect the increase in steady state mRNA levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Furthermore we show that actinomycin D alone enhances the steady state mRNA and protein levels of these genes. Using RNA gel shift assay with 3'-UTR of TIMP-1, we show that an RNA binding protein is induced following castration. Taken together our data suggest that the induction of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 mRNAs post-castration could be at least in part due to post-transcriptional stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil M Limaye
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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38
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Vered M, Allon I, Dayan D. Maspin, p53, p63, and Ki-67 in epithelial lesions of the tongue: from hyperplasia through dysplasia to carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:314-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Beltran AS, Sun X, Lizardi PM, Blancafort P. Reprogramming epigenetic silencing: artificial transcription factors synergize with chromatin remodeling drugs to reactivate the tumor suppressor mammary serine protease inhibitor. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1080-90. [PMID: 18483297 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) is an important tumor suppressor gene whose expression is associated not only with tumor growth inhibition but also with decreased angiogenesis and metastasis. Maspin expression is down-regulated in metastatic tumors by epigenetic mechanisms, including aberrant promoter hypermethylation. We have constructed artificial transcription factors (ATFs) as novel therapeutic effectors able to bind 18-bp sites in the maspin promoter and reactivate maspin expression in cell lines that harbor an epigenetically silenced promoter. In this article, we have investigated the influence of epigenetic modifications on ATF-mediated regulation of maspin by challenging MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, comprising a methylated maspin promoter, with different doses of ATFs and chromatin remodeling drugs: the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. We found that the ATFs synergized with both inhibitors in reactivating endogenous maspin expression. The strongest synergy was observed with the triple treatment ATF-126 + 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine + suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, in which the tumor suppressor was reactivated by 600-fold. Furthermore, this combination inhibited tumor cell proliferation by 95%. Our data suggest that ATFs enhance the efficiency of chromatin remodeling drugs in reactivating silenced tumor suppressors. Our results document the power of a novel therapeutic approach that combines both epigenetic and genetic (sequence-specific ATFs) strategies to reactivate specifically silenced regions of the genome and reprogram cellular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Beltran
- Department of Pharmacology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
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40
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Dehm SM, Schmidt LJ, Heemers HV, Vessella RL, Tindall DJ. Splicing of a novel androgen receptor exon generates a constitutively active androgen receptor that mediates prostate cancer therapy resistance. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5469-77. [PMID: 18593950 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The standard systemic treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) is androgen ablation, which causes tumor regression by inhibiting activity of the androgen receptor (AR). Invariably, PCa recurs with a fatal androgen-refractory phenotype. Importantly, the growth of androgen-refractory PCa remains dependent on the AR through various mechanisms of aberrant AR activation. Here, we studied the 22Rv1 PCa cell line, which was derived from a CWR22 xenograft that relapsed during androgen ablation. Three AR isoforms are expressed in 22Rv1 cells: a full-length version with duplicated exon 3 and two truncated versions lacking the COOH terminal domain (CTD). We found that CTD-truncated AR isoforms are encoded by mRNAs that have a novel exon 2b at their 3' end. Functionally, these AR isoforms are constitutively active and promote the expression of endogenous AR-dependent genes, as well as the proliferation of 22Rv1 cells in a ligand-independent manner. AR mRNAs containing exon 2b and their protein products are expressed in commonly studied PCa cell lines. Moreover, exon 2b-derived species are enriched in xenograft-based models of therapy-resistant PCa. Together, our data describe a simple and effective mechanism by which PCa cells can synthesize a constitutively active AR and thus circumvent androgen ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Dehm
- Department of Urology and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinical College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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41
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Kaarbø M, Klokk TI, Saatcioglu F. Androgen signaling and its interactions with other signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Bioessays 2008; 29:1227-38. [PMID: 18008377 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in men. In the initial stages, prostate cancer is dependent on androgens for growth, which is the basis for androgen ablation therapy. However, in most cases, prostate cancer progresses to a hormone refractory phenotype for which there is no effective therapy available at present. The androgen receptor (AR) is required for prostate cancer growth in all stages, including the relapsed, "androgen-independent" tumors in the presence of very low levels of androgens. This review focuses on AR function and AR-target genes and summarizes the major signaling pathways implicated in prostate cancer progression, their crosstalk with each other and with AR signaling. This complex network of interactions is providing a deeper insight into prostate carcinogenesis and may form the basis for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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42
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Deng W, Yi YF, Yang YY, Liu DD, Lin X. Expression of maspin, uPA and MMP-7 in human gastric carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-008-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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43
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Maspin and Mutant p53 expression in malignant melanoma and carcinoma: use of tissue microarray. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2008; 16:19-23. [PMID: 18091325 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31815d0fca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor), a member of the serpin family, has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Previous studies suggest a p53-dependent regulatory pathway of maspin protein expression. Its loss correlates with progression of disease in both breast and prostate cancer. We studied the in vivo correlation of maspin expression with p53 mutation in malignant melanoma (MM) with and without use of tissue microarray (TMA). Seventy-seven MMs were immunostained on individual slides for maspin and p53 expression. Results were validated in 1 slide for each marker on a TMA system (TARP-2) with 498 tissue cores (0.6-mm diameter) from MM, other tumors, and normal tissue. The relationship between maspin and p53 in MM and carcinomas of other sites (breast, ovary, colon, lung, and prostate) was delineated using Pearson chi analysis. The inverse relationship between maspin and p53 expression predicted by hypothesized p53 regulation of maspin transcription, or any other correlation between these 2 markers, is not demonstrated in MM cases, using either classic individual slide (P=0.20) or TMA (P=0.85) methods when cutoffs for both markers are set at 10% or greater of cells staining. Even when cutoffs are altered with respect to either intensity or percentage of cells staining, no relationship is demonstrated between these markers, with either TMA or the conventional slide method. TMA immunostaining also showed no such relationship in carcinomas of the various other sites sampled-including breast and prostate, where previous studies have suggested a linkage. Despite published experimental evidence linking these 2 markers, this study failed to demonstrate correlation between maspin loss and p53 expression in MM using both individual slides and TMA, or in TMA of other carcinomas. Use of TMA is a quick, easy, and inexpensive method of immunohistochemical analysis of large numbers of cases, both to validate results obtained from individual slides and to assess specificity in a variety of neoplasms. However, heterogeneity and minimal tumor may lead to variable results.
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Horswill MA, Narayan M, Warejcka DJ, Cirillo LA, Twining SS. Epigenetic silencing of maspin expression occurs early in the conversion of keratocytes to fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:586-600. [PMID: 18291368 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, a 42 kDa non-classical serpin (serine protease inhibitor) that controls cell migration and invasion, is mainly expressed by epithelial-derived cells but is also expressed in corneal stromal keratocytes. Upon culture of stromal keratocytes in the presence of FBS, maspin is down-regulated to nearly undetectable levels by passage two. DNA methylation is one of several processes that controls gene expression during cell differentiation, development, genetic imprinting, and carcinogenesis but has not been studied in corneal stromal cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether DNA methylation of the maspin promoter and histone H3 dimethylation is involved in the mechanism of down-regulation of maspin synthesis in human corneal stromal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Human donor corneal stroma cells were immediately placed into serum-free defined medium or cultured in the presence of FBS and passed into serum-free medium or medium containing FBS or FGF-2 to induce the fibroblast phenotype or TGF-beta1 for the myofibroblast phenotype. These cell types are found in wounded corneas. The cells were used to prepare RNA for semi-quantitative or quantitative RT-PCR or to extract protein for Western analysis. In addition, P4 FBS cultured fibroblasts were treated with the DNA demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), and the histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). Cells with and without treatment were harvested and assayed for DNA methylation using sodium bisulfite sequencing. The methylation state of histone H3 associated with the maspin gene in the P4 fibroblast cells was determined using a ChIP assay. Freshly harvested corneal stromal cells expressed maspin but upon phenotypic differentiation, maspin mRNA and protein were dramatically down-regulated. Sodium bisulfite sequencing revealed that the maspin promoter in the freshly isolated stromal keratocytes was hypomethylated while both the P0 stromal cells and the P1 cells cultured in the presence of serum-free defined medium, FGF-2 and TGF-beta1 were hypermethylated. Down-regulation of maspin synthesis was also associated with histone H3 dimethylation at lysine 9. Both maspin mRNA and protein were re-expressed at low levels with 5-Aza-dC but not TSA treatment. Addition of TSA to 5-Aza-dC treated cells did not increase maspin expression. Treatment with 5-Aza-dC did not significantly alter demethylation of the maspin promoter but did demethylate histone H3. These results show maspin promoter hypermethylation and histone methylation occur with down-regulation of maspin synthesis in corneal stromal cells and suggest regulation of genes upon conversion of keratocytes to wound healing fibroblasts can involve promoter and histone methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Horswill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Prescott J, Jariwala U, Jia L, Cogan JP, Barski A, Pregizer S, Shen HC, Arasheben A, Neilson JJ, Frenkel B, Coetzee GA. Androgen receptor-mediated repression of novel target genes. Prostate 2007; 67:1371-83. [PMID: 17624924 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression. To date, studies have focused disproportionately on androgen-stimulated genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), while repressed genes have gained little attention, even though they too may be involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. METHODS ChIP Display was used to identify putative AR target genes in the ablation-resistant human PCa cell line, C4-2B. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis was used to measure gene expression in cells subjected to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) timecourse and dose-response, as well as AR knock-down and bicalutamide-treatments. RESULTS We report on three genes, KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28, which were newly identified in a screen for AR-occupied regions in C4-2B PCa cells, and which were repressed by treatment with DHT. AR knock-down resulted in increased KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 mRNA, indicating that, like PSA stimulation, AR represses these three genes even in the absence of added ligand. DHT decreased KIAA1217 and CHRM1 pre-mRNA levels, suggesting AR-mediated transcriptional inhibition. Cycloheximide attenuated DHT-mediated repression of CHRM1, suggesting the requirement of new protein synthesis. Furthermore, bicalutamide treatment did not mimic, but rather antagonized DHT-mediated KIAA1217 repression. Unlike the handful of androgen-repressed genes studied thus far, AR occupancy at KIAA1217, CHRM1, and WBSCR28 was mapped outside their respective 5'-promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS Many more genes likely share AR-mediated gene repression through distal regulatory elements. Further study of such targets and their transcriptional regulation may help explain the receptor's tumorigenicity in PCa.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Anilides/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M1
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Muscarinic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Muscarinic/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tosyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Prescott
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Li X, Chen D, Yin S, Meng Y, Yang H, Landis-Piwowar KR, Li Y, Sarkar FH, Reddy GPV, Dou QP, Sheng S. Maspin augments proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:298-306. [PMID: 17458898 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are known to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. On the other hand, maspin, a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor, is shown to sensitize cancer cells to therapeutic agents that induce apoptosis. We examined the consequence of maspin expression in prostate cancer cells targeted for treatment with various proteasome inhibitors. We observed that proteasome inhibitors induced apoptosis more effectively in maspin transfected human prostate cancer DU145 cells than in control cells. Interestingly, increased apoptosis in these cells was associated with a significant induction of maspin expression. MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, induced endogenous and ectopic [cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV)-driven] maspin expression, and maspin siRNA attenuated MG-132-induced apoptosis. Proteasome inhibitor-induced maspin expression was inhibited by actinomycin D (Act D) and cyclohexamide (CHX), and by the inhibitors of p38MAPK, but not ERK1/2 or NF-kappaB. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) and promoter-reporter activity analyses suggested that p38MAPK activated transcription factor AP-1 is responsible for proteasome inhibitor-induced maspin expression. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that proteasome inhibitors induce maspin expression by activating p38MAPK pathway, and that maspin thus expressed, in turn, augments proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that gene therapy involving ectopic maspin expression may dramatically improve the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Wang SE, Narasanna A, Whitell CW, Wu FY, Friedman DB, Arteaga CL. Convergence of p53 and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling on activating expression of the tumor suppressor gene maspin in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5661-9. [PMID: 17204482 PMCID: PMC4015524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608499200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, we identified the tumor suppressor gene maspin as a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) target gene in human mammary epithelial cells. TGFbeta up-regulatesMaspin expression both at the RNA and protein levels. This up-regulation required Smad2/3 function and intact p53-binding elements in the Maspin promoter. DNA affinity immunoblot and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed the presence of both Smads and p53 at the Maspin promoter in TGFbeta-treated cells, suggesting that both transcription factors cooperate to induce Maspin transcription. TGFbeta did not activate Maspin-luciferase reporter in p53-mutant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which exhibit methylation of the endogenous Maspin promoter. Expression of ectopic p53, however, restored ligand-induced association of Smad2/3 with a transfected Maspin promoter. Stable transfection of Maspin inhibited basal and TGFbeta-stimulated MDA-MB-231 cell motility. Finally, knockdown of endogenous Maspin in p53 wild-type MCF10A/HER2 cells enhanced basal and TGFbeta-stimulated motility. Taken together, these data support cooperation between the p53 and TGFbeta tumor suppressor pathways in the induction of Maspin expression, thus leading to inhibition of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Emily Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Archana Narasanna
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Corbin W. Whitell
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Frederick Y. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - David B. Friedman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Carlos L. Arteaga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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Sheng S. A role of novel serpin maspin in tumor progression: the divergence revealed through efforts to converge. J Cell Physiol 2007; 209:631-5. [PMID: 17001674 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, a 42 kDa protein, belongs to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily and is more closely related to the ovalbumin-like serpin subfamily (ov-serpins). More than a decade after the discovery of the maspin gene, our pursuit of the molecular mechanisms of maspin revealed a significant divergence of maspin from other serpins. This review article summarizes recent advances in the identification of maspin-binding proteins and the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of maspin in tumor progression. Specifically, the molecular interactions of maspin with the cell surface-associated pro-urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) and intracellular histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) are highlighted. Our new evidence suggests a new paradigm that maspin acts as a serpin-like molecule to inhibit serine protease-like targets. From an evolution point of view, the uniquely important function of maspin in development and tumor progression is likely due to its ancestral sequence code, and accordingly, its novel "meta"-serpin structure. It is reasonable to hypothesize that the conservation of a serine protease-like catalytic center in many molecules requires the co-existence of endogenous antagonists. The unique inhibitory interaction of maspin with both HDAC1 and pro-uPA might not be substituted by other serpins that have evolved to acquire higher target specificities. Thus, tumor suppressive maspin offers a unique therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, The Proteases and Cancer Program of the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor) was identified in 1994 by subtractive hybridization analysis of normal mammary tissue and breast cancer cell lines. Subsequently, emerging evidence portrays maspin as a multifaceted protein, interacting with diverse group of intercellular and extracellular proteins, regulating cell adhesion, motility, apoptosis, and angiogenesis and critically involved in mammary gland development. The tissue-specific expression of maspin is epigenetically controlled, and aberrant methylation of maspin promoter is closely associated with maspin gene silencing. Identification of new tissue sites expressing maspin and novel maspin-binding partners has expanded the horizon for maspin research and promises maspin-based therapeutic approaches for combating cancer. This perspective briefly outlines the past and present strides in deciphering this unique molecule and speculates on new frontiers in maspin research and prospects of maspin as a diagnostic/prognostic indicator in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Khalkhali-Ellis
- Children's Memorial Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60614-3394, USA.
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Qi W, Wu H, Yang L, Boyd DD, Wang Z. A novel function of caspase-8 in the regulation of androgen-receptor-driven gene expression. EMBO J 2006; 26:65-75. [PMID: 17170703 PMCID: PMC1782381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR) is critical for male sexual development and prostate cancer. In this study, we used an expression cloning strategy to identify molecules that regulate AR-driven transcription. Screening of a human cDNA library resulted in isolation of caspase-8 (Casp8), an initiator caspase that mediates death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Casp8 repressed AR-dependent gene expression independently of its apoptotic protease activity by disrupting AR amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal (N/C) interaction and inhibiting androgen-induced AR nuclear localization. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that three motifs in Casp8 specifically interacted with the motifs that are known to be involved in AR N/C interaction. Substitutions of the amino-acid residues critical for AR-Casp8 interactions abolished the Casp8-mediated inhibition of AR transactivation. In addition, knockdown of Casp8 by RNA interference specifically affected the androgen-dependent expression of AR-targeting genes in LNCaP cells. These results indicate that Casp8 has a novel function beyond its known role in the mediation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Douglas D Boyd
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 173, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA. Tel.: +1 713 794 1035; Fax: +1 713 792 8747; E-mail:
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