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Tscharre M, Michelson AD, Gremmel T. Novel Antiplatelet Agents in Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:191-200. [DOI: 10.1177/1074248419899314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiplatelet therapy reduces atherothrombotic risk and has therefore become a cornerstone in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Aspirin, adenosine diphosphate P2Y12 receptor antagonists, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and the thrombin receptor blocker vorapaxar are effective antiplatelet agents but significantly increase the risk of bleeding. Moreover, atherothrombotic events still impair the prognosis of many patients with cardiovascular disease despite established antiplatelet therapy. Over the last years, advances in the understanding of thrombus formation and hemostasis led to the discovery of various new receptors and signaling pathways of platelet activation. As a consequence, many new antiplatelet agents with high antithrombotic efficacy and supposedly only moderate effects on regular hemostasis have been developed and yielded promising results in preclinical and early clinical studies. Although their long journey from animal studies to randomized clinical trials and finally administration in daily clinical routine has just begun, some of the new agents may in the future become meaningful additions to the pharmacological armamentarium in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Tscharre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Nephrology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Cardiac Electrophysiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, St Poelten, Austria
| | - Alan D. Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Nephrology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Institute of Vascular Medicine and Cardiac Electrophysiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, St Poelten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Carracedo G, Crooke A, Guzman-Aranguez A, Pérez de Lara MJ, Martin-Gil A, Pintor J. The role of dinucleoside polyphosphates on the ocular surface and other eye structures. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:182-205. [PMID: 27421962 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates comprises a group of dinucleotides formed by two nucleosides linked by a variable number of phosphates, abbreviated NpnN (where n represents the number of phosphates). These compounds are naturally occurring substances present in tears, aqueous humour and in the retina. As the consequence of their presence, these dinucleotides contribute to many ocular physiological processes. On the ocular surface, dinucleoside polyphosphates can stimulate tear secretion, mucin release from goblet cells and they help epithelial wound healing by accelerating cell migration rate. These dinucleotides can also stimulate the presence of proteins known to protect the ocular surface against microorganisms, such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. One of the latest discoveries is the ability of some dinucleotides to facilitate the paracellular way on the cornea, therefore allowing the delivery of compounds, such as antiglaucomatous ones, more easily within the eye. The compound Ap4A has been described being abnormally elevated in patient's tears suffering of dry eye, Sjogren syndrome, congenital aniridia, or after refractive surgery, suggesting this molecule as biomarker for dry eye condition. At the intraocular level, some diadenosine polyphosphates are abnormally elevated in glaucoma patients, and this can be related to the stimulation of a P2Y2 receptor that increases the chloride efflux and water movement in the ciliary epithelium. In the retina, the dinucleotide dCp4U, has been proven to be useful to help in the recovery of retinal detachments. Altogether, dinucleoside polyphosphates are a group of compounds which present relevant physiological actions but which also can perform promising therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Carracedo
- Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision), Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Martin-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Gremmel T, Yanachkov IB, Yanachkova MI, Wright GE, Wider J, Undyala VVR, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, Przyklenk K. Synergistic Inhibition of Both P2Y1 and P2Y12 Adenosine Diphosphate Receptors As Novel Approach to Rapidly Attenuate Platelet-Mediated Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:501-9. [PMID: 26743169 PMCID: PMC4767596 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unlike currently approved adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, the new diadenosine tetraphosphate derivative GLS-409 targets not only P2Y12 but also the second human platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor P2Y1 and may, therefore, be a promising antiplatelet drug candidate. The current study is the first to investigate the in vivo antithrombotic effects of GLS-409. APPROACH AND RESULTS We studied (1) the in vivo effects of GLS-409 on agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation in anesthetized rats, (2) the antithrombotic activity of GLS-409 and the associated effect on the bleeding time in a canine model of platelet-mediated coronary artery thrombosis, and (3) the inhibition of agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation by GLS-409 versus selective P2Y1 and P2Y12 inhibition in vitro in samples from healthy human subjects before and 2 hours after aspirin intake. In vivo treatment with GLS-409 significantly inhibited adenosine diphosphate- and collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation in rats. Further, GLS-409 attenuated cyclic flow variation, that is, platelet-mediated thrombosis, in vivo in our canine model of unstable angina. The improvement in coronary patency was accompanied by a nonsignificant 30% increase in bleeding time. Of note, GLS-409 exerted its effects without affecting rat and canine hemodynamics. Finally, in vitro treatment with GLS-409 showed effects similar to that of cangrelor and the combination of cangrelor with the selective P2Y1 inhibitor MRS 2179 on agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma and whole blood before and 2 hours after aspirin intake. CONCLUSIONS Synergistic inhibition of both P2Y1 and P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptors by GLS-409 immediately attenuates platelet-mediated thrombosis and effectively blocks agonist-stimulated platelet aggregation irrespective of concomitant aspirin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gremmel
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.).
| | - Ivan B Yanachkov
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Milka I Yanachkova
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - George E Wright
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Joseph Wider
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Vishnu V R Undyala
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Alan D Michelson
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- From the Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.G., A.D.M., A.L.F.); Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (T.G.); GLSynthesis Inc, Worcester, MA (I.B.Y., M.I.Y., G.E.W.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI (J.W., V.V.R.U., K.P.)
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Yanachkov IB, Chang H, Yanachkova MI, Dix EJ, Berny-Lang MA, Gremmel T, Michelson AD, Wright GE, Frelinger AL. New highly active antiplatelet agents with dual specificity for platelet P2Y1 and P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:204-18. [PMID: 26588064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently approved platelet adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonists target only the platelet P2Y12 receptor. Moreover, especially in patients with acute coronary syndromes, there is a strong need for rapidly acting and reversible antiplatelet agents in order to minimize the risk of thrombotic events and bleeding complications. In this study, a series of new P(1),P(4)-di(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (Ap4A) derivatives with modifications in the base and in the tetraphosphate chain were synthesized and evaluated with respect to their effects on platelet aggregation and function of the platelet P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 receptors. The resulting structure-activity relationships were used to design Ap4A analogs which inhibit human platelet aggregation by simultaneously antagonizing both P2Y1 and P2Y12 platelet receptors. Unlike Ap4A, the analogs do not activate platelet P2X1 receptors. Furthermore, the new compounds exhibit fast onset and offset of action and are significantly more stable than Ap4A to degradation in plasma, thus presenting a new promising class of antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hung Chang
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Hematology Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Michelle A Berny-Lang
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Sherstyuk YV, Abramova TV. How To Form a Phosphate Anhydride Linkage in Nucleotide Derivatives. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2562-70. [PMID: 26420042 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has revealed the key role of 5'-capped RNA and 5',5'-dinucleoside polyphosphates in the regulation of vitally important physiological processes. Last but not least, the commercial potential of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, despite decades of investigation and the obvious topicality of the research on the chemical synthesis of the nucleotide compounds containing phosphate anhydride linkages, none of the existing procedures can be considered an up-to-date "gold standard". However, there are a number of fruitful synthetic approaches to forming phosphate anhydride linkages in satisfactory yield. These are summarized in this concise review, organized by the type of active phosphorous intermediate and reagents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V Sherstyuk
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Avenue, 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Abramova
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Lavrent'ev Avenue, 8, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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One-pot synthesis of symmetrical dinucleoside polyphosphates and analogs via 4,5-dicyanoimidazole-promoted tandem P–O coupling reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chang H, Yanachkov IB, Dix EJ, Yanachkova M, Li Y, Barnard MR, Wright GE, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL. Antiplatelet activity, P2Y₁ and P2Y₁₂ inhibition, and metabolism in plasma of stereoisomers of diadenosine 5',5'″-P¹ ,P⁴-dithio-P²,P³-chloromethylenetetraphosphate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94780. [PMID: 24722456 PMCID: PMC3983250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a constituent of platelet dense granules, and its P1,P4-dithio and/or P2,P3-chloromethylene analogs, inhibit adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. We recently reported that these compounds antagonize both platelet ADP receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12. The most active of those analogs, diadenosine 5′,5″″-P1,P4-dithio-P2,P3-chloromethylenetetraphosphate, (compound 1), exists as a mixture of 4 stereoisomers. Objective To separate the stereoisomers of compound 1 and determine their effects on platelet aggregation, platelet P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor antagonism, and their metabolism in human plasma. Methods We separated the 4 diastereomers of compound 1 by preparative reversed-phase chromatography, and studied their effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation, P2Y1-mediated changes in cytosolic Ca2+, P2Y12-mediated changes in VASP phosphorylation, and metabolism in human plasma. Results The inhibition of ADP-induced human platelet aggregation and human platelet P2Y12 receptor, and stability in human plasma strongly depended on the stereo-configuration of the chiral P1- and P4-phosphorothioate groups, the SPSP diastereomer being the most potent inhibitor and completely resistant to degradation in plasma, and the RPRP diastereomer being the least potent inhibitor and with the lowest plasma stability. The inhibitory activity of SPRP diastereomers depended on the configuration of the pseudo-asymmetric carbon of the P2,P3-chloromethylene group, one of the configurations being significantly more active than the other. Their plasma stability did not differ significantly, being intermediate to that of the SPSP and the RPRP diastereomers. Conclusions The presently-described stereoisomers have utility for structural, mechanistic, and drug development studies of dual antagonists of platelet P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chang
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Hematology Division, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ivan B. Yanachkov
- GLSynthesis Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Dix
- GLSynthesis Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Milka Yanachkova
- GLSynthesis Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - YouFu Li
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc R. Barnard
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George E. Wright
- GLSynthesis Inc., Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan D. Michelson
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chang H, Yanachkov IB, Dix EJ, Li YF, Barnard MR, Wright GE, Michelson AD, Frelinger AL. Modified diadenosine tetraphosphates with dual specificity for P2Y1 and P2Y12 are potent antagonists of ADP-induced platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2573-80. [PMID: 23083103 PMCID: PMC5704993 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)-tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A), a natural compound stored in platelet dense granules, inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Ap(4)A inhibits the platelet ADP receptors P2Y(1) and P2Y(12), is a partial agonist of P2Y(12), and is a full agonist of the platelet ATP-gated ion channel P2X1. Modification of the Ap(4)A tetraphosphate backbone enhances inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. However, the effects of these Ap(4)A analogs on human platelet P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X1 are unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the agonist and antagonist activities of diadenosine tetraphosphate analogs towards P2Y(1), P2Y(12), and P2X1. METHODS We synthesized the following Ap(4)A analogs: P(1),P(4)-dithiotetraphosphate; P(2),P(3)-chloromethylenetetraphosphate; P(1)-thio-P(2),P(3)-chloromethylenetetraphosphate; and P(1),P(4)-dithio-P(2),P(3)-chloromethylenetetraphosphate. We then measured the effects of these analogs on: (i) ADP-induced platelet aggregation; (ii) P2Y(1)-mediated changes in cytosolic Ca(2+); (iii) P2Y(12)-mediated changes in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation; and (iv) P2X1-mediated entry of extracellular Ca(2+). RESULTS Ap(4)A analogs with modifications in the phosphate backbone inhibited both P2Y(1) and P2Y(12), and showed no agonist activity towards these receptors. The dithio modification increased inhibition of P2Y(1), P2Y(12), and platelet aggregation, whereas the chloromethylene modification increased inhibition of P2Y(12) and platelet aggregation, but decreased P2Y(1) inhibition. Combining the dithio and chloromethylene modifications increased P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) inhibition. As compared with Ap(4)A, each modification decreased agonist activity towards P2X1, and the dual modification completely eliminated P2X1 agonist activity. CONCLUSIONS As compared with Ap(4)A, tetraphosphate backbone analogs of Ap(4)A have diminished activity towards P2X1 but inhibit both P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) and, with greater potency, inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Thus, diadenosine tetraphosphate analogs with dual receptor selectivity may have potential as antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Yanachkov IB, Dix EJ, Yanachkova MI, Wright GE. P1,P2-diimidazolyl derivatives of pyrophosphate and bis-phosphonates--synthesis, properties, and use in preparation of dinucleoside tetraphosphates and analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:730-8. [PMID: 21082127 PMCID: PMC5705240 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00542h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
P(1),P(2)-Diimidazolyl derivatives of pyrophosphate and halomethylene-bis-phosphonates have been synthesized and characterized, and the mechanism of their formation was studied. These reagents enable synthesis of dinucleoside tetraphosphates and tetraphosphonates conveniently and in high yields.
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Maruoka H, Barrett MO, Ko H, Tosh DK, Melman A, Burianek LE, Balasubramanian R, Berk B, Costanzi S, Harden TK, Jacobson KA. Pyrimidine ribonucleotides with enhanced selectivity as P2Y(6) receptor agonists: novel 4-alkyloxyimino, (S)-methanocarba, and 5'-triphosphate gamma-ester modifications. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4488-501. [PMID: 20446735 DOI: 10.1021/jm100287t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y(6) receptor is a cytoprotective G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by UDP (EC(50) = 0.30 microM). We compared and combined modifications to enhance P2Y(6) receptor agonist selectivity, including ribose ring constraint, 5-iodo and 4-alkyloxyimino modifications, and phosphate modifications such as alpha,beta-methylene and extension of the terminal phosphate group into gamma-esters of UTP analogues. The conformationally constrained (S)-methanocarba-UDP is a full agonist (EC(50) = 0.042 microM). 4-Methoxyimino modification of pyrimidine enhanced P2Y(6), preserved P2Y(2) and P2Y(4), and abolished P2Y(14) receptor potency, in the appropriate nucleotide. N(4)-Benzyloxy-CDP (15, MRS2964) and N(4)-methoxy-Cp(3)U (23, MRS2957) were potent, selective P2Y(6) receptor agonists (EC(50) of 0.026 and 0.012 microM, respectively). A hydrophobic binding region near the nucleobase was explored with receptor modeling and docking. UTP-gamma-aryl and cycloalkyl phosphoesters displayed only intermediate P2Y(6) receptor potency but had enhanced stability in acid and cell membranes. UTP-glucose was inactive, but its (S)-methanocarba analogue and N(4)-methoxycytidine 5'-triphospho-gamma-[1]glucose were active (EC(50) of 2.47 and 0.18 microM, respectively). Thus, the potency, selectivity, and stability of pyrimidine nucleotides as P2Y(6) receptor agonists may be enhanced by modest structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maruoka
- Molecular Recognition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chang H, Yanachkov IB, Michelson AD, Li Y, Barnard MR, Wright GE, Frelinger AL. Agonist and antagonist effects of diadenosine tetraphosphate, a platelet dense granule constituent, on platelet P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1 receptors. Thromb Res 2009; 125:159-65. [PMID: 19945153 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diadenosine 5',5'''-P(1),P(4)- tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) is stored in platelet dense granules, but its effects on platelet function are not well understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of Ap(4)A on platelet purinergic receptors P2Y(1), P2Y(12) and P2X(1). Flow cytometry was used to measure the effects of Ap(4)A in the presence or absence of ADP on: a) P2Y(12)-mediated decrease in intraplatelet phosphorylated vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), b) P2Y(1)-mediated increase in platelet cytosolic Ca(2+), and c) P2X(1)-mediated intraplatelet entry of extracellular Ca(2+). ADP-stimulated platelet shape change (P2Y(1)-mediated) and aggregation (P2Y(1)- and P2Y(12)-mediated) were measured optically. Ap(4)A inhibited 3 microM ADP-induced: a) platelet aggregation (IC(50) 9.8+/-2.8 microM), b) P2Y(1)-mediated shape change, c) P2Y(1)-mediated increase in platelet cytosolic Ca(2+) (IC(50) 40.8+/-12.3 microM), and d) P2Y(12)-mediated decrease in VASP phosphorylation (IC(50)>250 microM). In the absence of added ADP, Ap(4)A had agonist effects on platelet P2X(1) and P2Y(12), but not P2Y(1), receptors. CONCLUSION Ap(4)A, a constituent of platelet dense granules, is a) an antagonist of platelet P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors, where it inhibits the effects of ADP, and b) an agonist of platelet P2X(1) and P2Y(12) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chang
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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12
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Menéndez-Arias L. Mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside analogue inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Virus Res 2008; 134:124-46. [PMID: 18272247 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors can be classified into nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors. Nucleoside RT inhibitors are converted to active triphosphate analogues and incorporated into the DNA in RT-catalyzed reactions. They act as chain terminators blocking DNA synthesis, since they lack the 3'-OH group required for the phosphodiester bond formation. Unfortunately, available therapies do not completely suppress viral replication, and the emergence of drug-resistant HIV variants is facilitated by the high adaptation capacity of the virus. Mutations in the RT-coding region selected during treatment with nucleoside analogues confer resistance through different mechanisms: (i) altering discrimination between nucleoside RT inhibitors and natural substrates (dNTPs) (e.g. Q151M, M184V, etc.), or (ii) increasing the RT's phosphorolytic activity (e.g. M41L, T215Y and other thymidine analogue resistance mutations), which in the presence of a pyrophosphate donor (usually ATP) allow the removal of chain-terminating inhibitors from the 3' end of the primer. Both mechanisms are implicated in multi-drug resistance. The excision reaction can be modulated by mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside or nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, and by amino acid substitutions that interfere with the proper binding of the template-primer, including mutations that affect RNase H activity. New developments in the field should contribute towards improving the efficacy of current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Douglass JG, Patel RI, Yerxa BR, Shaver SR, Watson PS, Bednarski K, Plourde R, Redick CC, Brubaker K, Jones AC, Boyer JL. Lipophilic modifications to dinucleoside polyphosphates and nucleotides that confer antagonist properties at the platelet P2Y12 receptor. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1007-25. [PMID: 18232657 DOI: 10.1021/jm701348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Platelet P2Y12 receptors play a central role in the regulation of platelet function and inhibition of this receptor by treatment with drugs such as clopidogrel results in a reduction of atherothrombotic events. We discovered that modification of natural and synthetic dinucleoside polyphosphates and nucleotides with lipophilic substituents on the ribose and base conferred P2Y12 receptor antagonist properties to these molecules producing potent inhibitors of ADP-mediated platelet aggregation. We describe methods for the preparation of these functionalized dinucleoside polyphosphates and nucleotides and report their associated activities. By analysis of these results and by deconstruction of the necessary structural elements through selected syntheses, we prepared a series of highly functionalized nucleotides, resulting in the selection of an adenosine monophosphate derivative (62) for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Douglass
- Departments of Chemistry, Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 4222 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 200, Durham, North Carolina 27703-8466, USA.
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14
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Oaknin S, Rodríguez-Ferrer CR, Ramos A, Aguilar JS, Rotllán P. Binding of 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) to rat brain membranes is prevented by diadenosine tetraphosphate and correlates with ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) activity. Neurosci Lett 2007; 432:25-9. [PMID: 18162317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of binding sites for [(35)S]5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) ([(35)S]ADPbetaS), a radioligand of P2Y(1,12,13) receptors, and of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase activity were analyzed in the rat forebrain. Binding sites for the radilogand are widespreadly distributed in the rat forebrain, showing the highest density in hypothalamus. K(d) values were in the range 1-2 nM. Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and diethenoadenosine tetraphosphate, epsilon-(Ap(4)A), displaced the radioligand, indicating dinucleotide binding to ADPbetaS-recognizing P2Y receptors. Activity ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1), able to hydrolyze Ap(4)A and other diadenosine polyphosphates, is also widely distributed through the rat forebrain, with the highest activity in hypothalamus. These results suggests that Ap(4)A signalling mediated by P2Y(1,12,13) receptors and enzymatically regulated by NPP1 activity may be particularly important in hypothalamus and add new support for neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory functions of diadenosine polyphosphates in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Oaknin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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15
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Ahmadibeni Y, Parang K. Solid-phase synthesis of symmetrical 5',5'-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters. Org Lett 2007; 9:4483-6. [PMID: 17915884 DOI: 10.1021/ol7018778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four classes of phosphitylating reagents were subjected to reactions with aminomethyl polystyrene resin-bound p-acetoxybenzyl alcohol to yield the corresponding polymer-bound mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphitylating reagents. The solid-phase reagents were reacted with unprotected nucleosides (e.g., thymidine, adenosine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, cytidine, or inosine) in the presence of 5-(ethylthio)-1H-tetrazole. Polymer-bound nucleosides underwent oxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups with DBU, and the acidic cleavage, respectively, to afford 5',5'-dinucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraphosphodiesters in 59-78% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ahmadibeni
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
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16
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] We report a one-flask route for the synthesis of dinucleoside tetra- and pentaphosphates, in isolated yields of 50-85%. This route relies on a mixture of P(III) and P(V) chemistries, using phosphitylation of a protected nucleoside with 2-chloro-4H-l,3,2-benzo-dioxaphosphorin-4-one (salicylchlorophosphite), followed by sequential reaction with inorganic pyrophosphate and a nucleoside 5' mono- or diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwei Han
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854, USA
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17
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Frelinger AL, Furman MI, Linden MD, Li Y, Fox ML, Barnard MR, Michelson AD. Residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation via an adenosine diphosphate-dependent but cyclooxygenase-1- and cyclooxygenase-2-independent pathway: a 700-patient study of aspirin resistance. Circulation 2006; 113:2888-96. [PMID: 16785341 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.596627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic events still occur in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS To better understand aspirin "resistance," serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and flow cytometric measures of arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation (before and after the ex vivo addition of aspirin and indomethacin) were analyzed in 700 consecutive aspirin-treated patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. In 680 of 682 evaluable patients, serum TXB2 concentrations were reduced compared with nonaspirinated healthy donors. Twelve patients had serum TXB2 that was lower than nonaspirinated healthy donors but >10 ng/mL. Arachidonic acid stimulated greater platelet activation in patients with high serum TXB2 (>10 ng/mL) than in patients with low serum TXB2. Addition of ex vivo aspirin reduced arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation to similar levels regardless of serum TXB2 concentrations, which suggests that patients with high residual serum TXB2 concentrations were either noncompliant or underdosed with aspirin. Among the remaining 98% of patients, ex vivo administration of either aspirin or indomethacin failed to prevent platelet activation across all degrees of arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation and aspirin doses. Although the patients were not randomized with respect to clopidogrel treatment, multivariate analysis showed that arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation was less in patients receiving clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS There is a residual arachidonic acid-induced platelet activation in aspirin-treated patients that (1) is caused by underdosing and/or noncompliance in only approximately 2% of patients and (2) in the remaining patients, occurs via a cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 independent pathway, in direct proportion to the degree of baseline platelet activation, and is mediated in part by adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Function Studies, Department of Pediatrics, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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18
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Abstract
In 1946, (14)C-cyanide made its appearance as an offshoot of the Atomic Energy Program. Our colleague Robert Loftfield built it into (14)C-alanine by the Strecker synthesis, and a lusty program directed toward uncovering the unknown mechanism of protein synthesis grew out of this beginning. The necessity for an undiscovered series of steps and enzymes was soon evident. A cell free system was developed, and a succession of components necessary for this new pathway tumbled out. ATP dependence, amino acid activation, the ribosome as the site of polypeptide formation, discovery of tRNA as the translation molecule linking the gene and protein sequence, and GTP as the essential energy ingredient in peptide chain extension all appeared from our laboratory within the next decade. A little later the AP(4)N family, whose functions remain imperfectly defined, of intracellular molecules was discovered. Isolation of specific species of RNA became a high priority, and we sequenced a small segment of the 3' end of the Rous sarcoma virus, just inside the poly(A) tail, at the same time the Gilbert group at Harvard was sequencing the 5' end. The sequence identity and polarity of the two ends suggested a circular intermediate in replication and predicted correctly that a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide targeted against this sequence might be a specific inhibitor of replication. More recently, we have evolved a technique that appears to achieve a trinucleotide insertion into tissue culture cells bearing a specific Delta508 mRNA triplet deletion, resulting in phenotypic reversion in the tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zamecnik
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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19
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20
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Walkowiak B, Baraniak J, Cierniewski CS, Stec W. Inhibition of ADP-triggered blood platelet aggregation by diadenosine polyphosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1959-62. [PMID: 12113818 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of new diadenosine polyphosphate analogues on blood platelet aggregation are reported. The most active are compounds with a sulfur atom replacing one or both non-bridging oxygens at phosphorus bound to adenosyl residues and hydroxymethyl groups of bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Walkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biophysics, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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21
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Recent Advances in Stereocontrolled Synthesis of P-Chiral Analogues of Biophosphates. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45731-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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22
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Stavrou BM, Beck C, Flores NA. Changes in extracellular pH and myocardial ischaemia alter the cardiac effects of diadenosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:639-47. [PMID: 11588119 PMCID: PMC1572982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The structural conformation of diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) has been reported to alter as pH is reduced. As such, it is possible that the cardiac effects of Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A vary during acidosis and myocardial ischaemia due to changes in ligand structure, receptor proteins or intracellular signalling. 2. We investigated whether the cardiac electrophysiological and coronary vasomotor effects of Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A are preserved under conditions of extracellular acidosis (pH 6.5) and alkalosis (pH 8.5) and whether Ap(4)A has any electrophysiological or antiarrhythmic effects during ischaemia. 3. Transmembrane right ventricular action potentials, refractory periods and coronary perfusion pressure were recorded from isolated, Langendorff-perfused guinea-pig hearts under constant flow conditions. The effects of 1 nM and 1 microM Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A were studied at pH 7.4, 6.5 and 8.5. The effects of 1 microM Ap(4)A were studied during global low-flow ischaemia and reperfusion. 4. At pH 7.4, Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A increased action potential duration (APD(95)) and refractory period (RP) and reduced coronary perfusion pressure. The electrophysiological effects were absent at pH 6.5 while the reductions in perfusion pressure were attenuated. At pH 8.5, Ap(4)A increased RP but the effects of Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A on perfusion pressure were attenuated. During ischaemia, Ap(4)A had no antiarrhythmic or electrophysiological effects. 5. These data demonstrate the importance of extracellular pH in influencing the effects of Ap(4)A and Ap(5)A on the heart and indicate that any potentially cardioprotective effects of these compounds during normal perfusion at physiological pH are absent during ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte M Stavrou
- Academic Cardiology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London
| | - Caroline Beck
- Academic Cardiology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London
| | - Nicholas A Flores
- Academic Cardiology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London
- Author for correspondence:
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23
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Stavrou BM, Lawrence C, Blackburn GM, Cohen T, Sheridan DJ, Flores NA. Coronary vasomotor and cardiac electrophysiologic effects of diadenosine polyphosphates and nonhydrolyzable analogs in the guinea pig. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 37:571-84. [PMID: 11336108 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200105000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation in heart disease is important owing to the effects of platelet-derived compounds on myocardial perfusion and cardiac electrophysiology. Diadenosine polyphosphates are secreted from platelets and present in the myocardium, but their electrophysiologic and vasomotor effects are incompletely understood. We used isolated guinea-pig hearts to study the effects of diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A), tetraphosphate (Ap4A), pentaphosphate (Ap5A), and hexaphosphate (Ap6A) (10 pM-0.1 mM), comparing their actions to those of adenosine, adenosine triphosphate, and non-hydrolyzable Ap4A and Ap5A analogs. Diadenosine polyphosphates (0.1 nM-0.1 microM) transiently reduced coronary perfusion pressure, which recovered during the continued presence of the compounds. At concentrations greater than 0.1 microM effects were maximal and sustained (perfusion pressure decreased from 36.5+/-3.4 to 18.6+/-2.5 mm Hg, p < 0.001, with 1 microM Ap4A). The changes in action potential duration and refractory period developed slowly but were maintained (0.1 nM-1 microM). With 1 nM Ap4A, action potential duration increased from 170.6+/-2.6 to 187.3+/-3.8 ms, p < 0.05, and refractory period increased from 138.5+/-1.6 to 147.9+/-2.0 ms, p < 0.05. Ap4A and its analog reduced QRS duration (from 24.7+/-1.1 to 13.9+/-1.6 ms with 1 microM Ap4A, p < 0.05). P2-purinergic (adenosine triphosphate) receptor antagonism (suramin) reduced perfusion pressure but was without electrophysiologic effect. Other changes in coronary perfusion pressure and electrophysiologic variables associated with Ap4A were not seen in the presence of suramin. P1-(adenosine) antagonism (8-[p-sulfophenyl]theophylline) attenuated the electrophysiologic effects only. Diadenosine polyphosphates have potent cardiac electrophysiologic and coronary vasomotor effects via purinergic receptors, suggesting an important role during platelet activation in acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Stavrou
- Academic Cardiology Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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24
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Swarbrick JD, Bashtannyk T, Maksel D, Zhang XR, Blackburn GM, Gayler KR, Gooley PR. The three-dimensional structure of the Nudix enzyme diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase from Lupinus angustifolius L. J Mol Biol 2000; 302:1165-77. [PMID: 11183782 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The solution structure of diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate hydrolase from Lupinus angustifolius L., an enzyme of the Nudix family, has been determined by heteronuclear NMR, using a torsion angle dynamics/simulated annealing protocol based on approximately 12 interresidue NOEs per residue. The structure represents the first Ap4A hydrolase to be determined, and sequence homology suggests that other members will have the same fold. The family of structures shows a well-defined fold comprised of a central four-stranded mixed beta-sheet, a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and three helices (alphaI, alphaIII, alphaIV). The root-mean-squared deviation for the backbone (C',O,N,Calpha) of the rigid parts (residues 9 to 75, 97 to 115, 125 to 160) of the protein is 0.32 A. Several regions, however, show lower definition, particularly an isolated helix (alphaII) that connects two strands of the central sheet. This poor definition is mainly due to a lack of long-range NOEs between alphaII and other parts of the protein. Mapping conserved residues outside of the Nudix signature and those sensitive to an Ap4A analogue suggests that the adenosine-ribose moiety of the substrate binds into a large cleft above the four-stranded beta-sheet. Four conserved glutamate residues (Glu55, Glu58, Glu59 and Glu125) form a cluster that most likely ligates an essential magnesium ion, however, Gly41 also an expected magnesium ligand, is distant from this cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Swarbrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Abstract
Despite being known for over 30 years, the functions of the dinucleoside polyphosphates, such as diadenosine 5',5"'-P(1), P(4)-tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A) and diadenosine 5',5"'-P(1), P(3)-triphosphate (Ap(3)A), are still unclear. On the one hand, they may have important signalling functions, both inside and outside the cell (friend), while on the other hand, they may simply be the unavoidable by-products of certain biochemical reactions, which, if allowed to accumulate, would be potentially toxic through their structural similarity to ATP and other essential mononucleotides (foe). Here, the occurrence, synthesis, degradation, and proposed functions of these compounds are briefly reviewed, along with some new data and recent evidence supporting roles for Ap(3)A and Ap(4)A in the cellular decision making processes leading to proliferation, quiescence, differentiation, and apoptosis. Hypotheses are forwarded for the involvement of Ap(4)A in the intra-S phase DNA damage checkpoint and for Ap(3)A and the pFhit (fragile histidine triad gene product) protein in tumour suppression. It is concluded that the roles of friend and foe are not incompatible, but are distinguished by the concentration range of nucleotide achieved under different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G McLennan
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB, Liverpool, UK.
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26
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Zimmermann N, Nacke PR, Neumann J, Winter J, Gams E. Inotropic effects of diadenosine monophosphate (AP1A) in isolated human cardiac preparations. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000; 35:881-6. [PMID: 10836721 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200006000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dependent on the number of phosphate residues, diadenosine polyphosphates (APnP) exert divergent inotropic effects in the human heart. We studied the inotropic effects of the smallest member of this family, diadenosine monophosphate (AP1A). Force of contraction was measured in an isometric setup in isolated electrically driven (0.5 Hz) preparations from human atria. AP1A exerted a concentration-dependent negative inotropic effect. The IC50 value was 20.2 microM and the IC50 value was 3.1 microM (n = 5-8). At 100 microM AP1A, force of contraction declined to 50% of the predrug value after 2.5 +/- 0.5 min of incubation (n = 8). AP1A antagonized the positive inotropic effect of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (10 nM). For 100 microM AP1A, the time to 50% of the predrug force in the presence of isoprenaline amounted to 2.3 +/- 0.2 min (n = 5). The positive inotropic and lusitropic effects of isoprenaline were antagonized by AP1A. The direct (AP1A alone) and indirect (AP1A in the presence of isoprenaline) negative inotropic effects of AP1A were blocked by the A1-adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-cyclopentyl-xanthine (DPCPX, 0.3 microM). The inotropic effect of AP1A was not blocked by adenosine deaminase. In conclusion, AP1A exerts indirect and direct negative inotropic effects in the human heart through A1-adenosine receptors. These effects might protect the heart against excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zimmermann
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Fontes R, Günther Sillero MA, Sillero A. Acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of diadenosine hexaphosphate (Ap6A). Biochimie 1999; 81:229-33. [PMID: 10385004 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(99)80056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of diadenosine hexaphosphate (Ap6A), a potent vasoconstrictor, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase from Pseudomonas fragi. In a first step AMP is transferred from ATP to tetrapolyphosphate (P4) originating adenosine pentaphosphate (p5A) which, subsequently, is the acceptor of another AMP moiety from ATP generating diadenosine hexaphosphate (Ap6A). Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A) and diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) were also synthesized in the course of the reaction. In view of the variety of biological effects described for these compounds the potential capacity of synthesis of diadenosine polyphosphates by the mammalian acyl-CoA synthetases may be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fontes
- Serviço de Química Fisiológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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28
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Gasmi L, Cartwright JL, McLennan AG. The hydrolytic activity of bovine adrenal medullary plasma membranes towards diadenosine polyphosphates is due to alkaline phosphodiesterase-I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1405:121-7. [PMID: 9784621 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A hydrolase activity directed against diadenosine 5',5"'-P1, P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) has been solubilised and partially purified from the plasma membrane fraction of bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin tissue in order to determine its relationship to alkaline phosphodiesterase-I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase (PDase-I, EC 3.1.4.1). Activity with the specific dinucleoside tetraphosphatase (EC 3.6.1. 17) substrate Ap4A and with the non-specific PDase-I substrate thymidine 5'-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester had Km and Vmax values of 2.0 microM and 600 pmol/min/mg protein and 0.2 mM and 26 nmol/min/mg protein respectively and co-chromatographed upon gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. Activity with the fluorescent substrates etheno-Ap4A and 4-methylumbelliferyl phenylphosphonate co-electrophoresed on native polyacrylamide gels. No activity was detected which exclusively hydrolysed Ap4A. Immunoblotting of the most purified fraction with an antibody against mouse PC-1, one of the major PDase-I family members, detected bands of 240, 120 and 62 kDa corresponding to PC-1 dimer, monomer and proteolytic fragment. Therefore, the activity previously described as bovine adrenal chromaffin cell ecto(diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase) (ecto-ApnAase) is a PDase-I, probably bovine PC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gasmi
- Cellular Regulation and Signalling Group, School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Madrid O, Martín D, Atencia EA, Sillero A, Günther Sillero MA. T4 DNA ligase synthesizes dinucleoside polyphosphates. FEBS Lett 1998; 433:283-6. [PMID: 9744812 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T4 DNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.1), one of the most widely used enzymes in genetic engineering, transfers AMP from the E-AMP complex to tripolyphosphate, ADP, ATP, GTP or dATP producing p4A, Ap3A, Ap4A, Ap4G and Ap4dA, respectively. Nicked DNA competes very effectively with GTP for the synthesis of Ap4G and, conversely, tripolyphosphate (or GTP) inhibits the ligation of DNA by the ligase. As T4 DNA ligase has similar requirements for ATP as the mammalian DNA ligase(s), the latter enzyme(s) could also synthesize dinucleoside polyphosphates. The present report may be related to the recent finding that human Fhit (fragile histidine triad) protein, encoded by the FHIT putative tumor suppressor gene, is a typical dinucleoside 5',5''-P1,P3-triphosphate (Ap3A) hydrolase (EC 3.6.1.29).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Madrid
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Player MR, Torrence PF. The 2-5A system: modulation of viral and cellular processes through acceleration of RNA degradation. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 78:55-113. [PMID: 9623881 PMCID: PMC7157933 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2-5A system is an RNA degradation pathway that can be induced by the interferons (IFNs). Treatment of cells with IFN activates genes encoding several double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent synthetases. These enzymes generate 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. The effects of 2-5A in cells are transient since 2-5A is unstable in cells due to the activities of phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. 2-5A activates the endoribonuclease 2-5A-dependent RNase L, causing degradation of single-stranded RNA with moderate specificity. The human 2-5A-dependent RNase is an 83.5 kDa polypeptide that has little, if any, RNase activity, unless 2-5A is present. 2-5A binding to RNase L switches the enzyme from its off-state to its on-state. At least three 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and a single 5'-phosphoryl group are required for maximal activation of the RNase. Even though the constitutive presence of 2-5A-dependent RNase is observed in nearly all mammalian cell types, cellular amounts of 2-5A-dependent mRNA and activity can increase after IFN treatment. One well-established role of the 2-5A system is as a host defense against some types of viruses. Since virus infection of cells results in the production and secretion of IFNs, and since dsRNA is both a frequent product of virus infection and an activator of 2-5A synthesis, the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, which produces dsRNA during its life cycle, is greatly suppressed in IFN-treated cells as a direct result of RNA decay by the activated 2-5A-dependent RNase. This review covers the organic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of 2-5A and its associated enzymes. Additional possible biological roles of the 2-5A system, such as in cell growth and differentiation, human immunodeficiency virus replication, heat shock, atherosclerotic plaque, pathogenesis of Type I diabetes, and apoptosis, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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Elmaleh DR, Narula J, Babich JW, Petrov A, Fischman AJ, Khaw BA, Rapaport E, Zamecnik PC. Rapid noninvasive detection of experimental atherosclerotic lesions with novel 99mTc-labeled diadenosine tetraphosphates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:691-5. [PMID: 9435254 PMCID: PMC18482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a noninvasive imaging procedure for identifying atherosclerotic lesions is extremely important for the clinical management of patients with coronary artery and peripheral vascular disease. Although numerous radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed for this purpose, none has demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy required to replace invasive angiography. In this report, we used the radiolabeled purine analog, 99mTc diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A; AppppA, P1,P4-di(adenosine-5')-tetraphosphate) and its analogue 99mTc AppCHClppA for imaging experimental atherosclerotic lesions in New Zealand White rabbits. Serial gamma camera images were obtained after intravenous injection of the radiolabeled dinucleotides. After acquiring the final images, the animals were sacrificed, ex vivo images of the aortas were recorded, and biodistribution was measured. 99mTc-Ap4A and 99mTc AppCHClppA accumulated rapidly in atherosclerotic abdominal aorta, and lesions were clearly visible within 30 min after injection in all animals that were studied. Both radiopharmaceuticals were retained in the lesions for 3 hr, and the peak lesion to normal vessel ratio was 7.4 to 1. Neither of the purine analogs showed significant accumulation in the abdominal aorta of normal (control) rabbits. The excised aortas showed lesion patterns that were highly correlated with the in vivo and ex vivo imaging results. The present study demonstrates that purine receptors are up-regulated in experimental atherosclerotic lesions and 99mTc-labeled purine analogs have potential for rapid noninvasive detection of plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Elmaleh
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Blackburn GM, Liu X, Rösler A, Brenner C. Two hydrolase resistant analogues of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate for studies with Fhit, the human fragile histidine triad protein. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:301-8. [PMID: 9708352 PMCID: PMC2556045 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808005178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of analogues of diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate that are resistant to pyrophosphate hydrolysis is described in relation to their rôle in signalling and tumorigenesis involving the Fhit protein, the human fragile histidine triad protein, which is a novel Ap3A binding/cleaving protein.
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