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Nassiri M, Ghovvati S, Gharouni M, Tahmoorespur M, Bahrami AR, Dehghani H. Engineering Human Pancreatic RNase 1 as an Immunotherapeutic Agent for Cancer Therapy Through Computational and Experimental Studies. Protein J 2024; 43:316-332. [PMID: 38145445 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Most plant and bacterial toxins are highly immunogenic with non-specific toxic effects. Human ribonucleases are thought to provide a promising basis for reducing the toxic agent's immunogenic properties, which are candidates for cancer therapy. In the cell, the ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) protein binds to the ribonuclease enzyme and forms a tight complex. This study aimed to engineer and provide a gene construct encoding an improved version of Human Pancreatic RNase 1 (HP-RNase 1) to reduce connection to RI and modulate the immunogenic effects of immunotoxins. To further characterize the interaction complex of HP-RNase 1 and RI, we established various in silico and in vitro approaches. These methods allowed us to specifically monitor interactions within native and engineered HP-RNase 1/RI complexes. In silico research involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of native and mutant HP-RNase 1 in their free form and when bound to RI. For HP-RNase 1 engineering, we designed five mutations (K8A/N72A/N89A/R92D/E112/A) based on literature studies, as this combination proved effective for the intended investigation. Then, the cDNA encoding HP-RNase 1 was generated by RT-PCR from blood and cloned into the pSYN2 expression vector. Consequently, wild-type and the engineered HP-RNase 1 were over-expressed in E. coli TG1 and purified using an IMAC column directed against a poly-his tag. The protein products were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. HP-RNase 1 catalytic activity, in the presence of various concentrations of RI, demonstrated that the mutated version of the protein is able to escape the ribonuclease inhibitor and target the RNA substrate 2.5 folds more than that of the wild type. From these data, we tend to suggest the engineered recombinant HP-RNase 1 potentially as a new immunotherapeutic agent for application in human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Ghovvati
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, 41635-1314, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Gharouni
- Department of Biochemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Tahmoorespur
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Applied Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Maharjan A, Park JH. Cell-free protein synthesis system: A new frontier for sustainable biotechnology-based products. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:2136-2149. [PMID: 37735977 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is an innovative technology with a wide range of potential applications that could challenge current thinking and provide solutions to environmental and health issues. CFPS system has been demonstrated to be a successful way of producing biomolecules in a variety of applications, including the biomedical industry. Although there are still obstacles to overcome, its ease of use, versatility, and capacity for integration with other technologies open the door for it to continue serving as a vital instrument in synthetic biology research and industry. In this review, we mainly focus on the cell-free based platform for various product productions. Moreover, the challenges in the bio-therapeutic aspect using cell-free systems and their future prospective for the improvement and sustainability of the cell free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoth Maharjan
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Noro I, Bettin I, Fasoli S, Smania M, Lunardi L, Giannini M, Andreoni L, Montioli R, Gotte G. Human RNase 1 can extensively oligomerize through 3D domain swapping thanks to the crucial contribution of its C-terminus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126110. [PMID: 37536419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Human ribonuclease (RNase) 1 and bovine RNase A are the proto-types of the secretory "pancreatic-type" (pt)-RNase super-family. RNase A can oligomerize through the 3D domain swapping (DS) mechanism upon acetic acid (HAc) lyophilisation, producing enzymatically active oligomeric conformers by swapping both N- and C-termini. Also some RNase 1 mutants were found to self-associate through 3D-DS, however forming only N-swapped dimers. Notably, enzymatically active dimers and larger oligomers of wt-RNase 1 were collected here, in higher amount than RNase A, from HAc lyophilisation. In particular, RNase 1 self-associates through the 3D-DS of its N-terminus and, at a higher extent, of the C-terminus. Since RNase 1 is four-residues longer than RNase A, we further analyzed its oligomerization tendency in a mutant lacking the last four residues. The C-terminus role has been investigated also in amphibian onconase (ONC®), a pt-RNase that can form only a N-swapped dimer, since its C-terminus, that is three-residues longer than RNase A, is locked by a disulfide bond. While ONC mutants designed to unlock or cut this constraint were almost unable to dimerize, the RNase 1 mutant self-associated at a higher extent than the wt, suggesting a specific role of the C-terminus in the oligomerization of different RNases. Overall, RNase 1 reaches here the highest ability, among pt-RNases, to extensively self-associate through 3D-DS, paving the way for new investigations on the structural and biological properties of its oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Noro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bettin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Smania
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Lunardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Giannini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Andreoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Montioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, I-37134 Verona, Italy.
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Mondal P, Dasgupta S, Pathak T. Carboxymethyl tethered poly(disubstituted)triazoles built on nucleoside skeletons: A unique class of ribonuclease A inhibitors designed using chemical logic. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117065. [PMID: 36436488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular docking of N-1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazole tethered carboxymethylated thymidine and uridine with ribonuclease A, indicated their possible binding with the P1, B1 and P2 subsites with varied efficiencies. This theoretical study in combination of our earlier experimental observations was used as the guiding principles for designing a range of 1,4-disubstituted 1, 2, 3- triazole tethered carboxymethylated pyrimidine nucleosides. Triazoles are biologically important molecules and at the same time easily accessible through less complicated synthetic routes as reported about two decades back in the context of "click" reactions. Regioselective propargylation of the nucleosides under controlled conditions followed by the use of CuAAC strategy afforded mono-, bis-, tris- and tetratriazolyl pyrimidine nucleosides. Although the characteristics of nucleosides were lost in these densely functionalized polyheterocycles, the catalytic efficiency of ribonuclease A was significantly reduced by these molecules which were investigated experimentally and by docking studies. Triazoles as linkers helped one or more acidic groups to reach the P1 subsite of ribonuclease A. Enzyme kinetics showed that the efficiency of inhibition reached the highest point with an optimum number of functional groups and were not linearly dependent on the number of triazole tethered carboxymethyl groups. The location of the triazole ring in the molecule affected the efficiency and nature of inhibition which were the result of the overall structure of the modified nucleosides. Thus, the tris-triazolylated thymidine derivative (T-3', 5', N-tris-CH2TzCH2COOH) as opposed to tetra-triazolylated uridine (U-2', 3', 5', N-tetrakis-CH2TzCH2COOH) emerged as the best inhibitor with an inhibition constant value of 2.3 ± 0.05 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pampa Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Tanmaya Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721 302, West Bengal, India.
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Nassiri M, Gopalan V, Vakili-Azghandi M. Modifications of Ribonucleases in Order to Enhance Cytotoxicity in Anticancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:373-387. [PMID: 35240973 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220303101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) are a superfamily of enzymes that have been extensively studied since the 1960s. For a long time, this group of secretory enzymes was studied as an important model for protein chemistry such as folding, stability and enzymatic catalysis. Since it was discovered that RNases displayed cytotoxic activity against several types of malignant cells, recent investigation has focused mainly on the biological functions and medical applications of engineered RNases. In this review, we describe structures, functions and mechanisms of antitumor activity of RNases. They operate at the crossroads of transcription and translation, preferentially degrading tRNA. As a result, this inhibits protein synthesis, induces apoptosis and causes death of cancer cells. This effect can be enhanced thousands of times when RNases are conjugated with monoclonal antibodies. Such combinations, called immunoRNases, have demonstrated selective antitumor activity against cancer cells both in vitro and in animal models. This review summarizes the current status of engineered RNases and immunoRNases as promising novel therapeutic agents for different types of cancer. Also, we describe our experimental results from published or previously unpublished research and compare with other scientific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Zhao S, Feng P, Yu Z, Zhou T, Gao T, Redina MM, Liu P, Li X. NahAa can convert naphthalene and reduce chromate simultaneously and immobilized on functional multiwall carbon nanotubes for wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132934. [PMID: 34808199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas brassicacearum LZ-4 is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, can efficiently degrade naphthalene and reduce chromate simultaneously. In this study, we showed that the naphthalene degradation enzyme NahAa from P. brassicacearum LZ-4 can reduce Cr(VI). Heterologous expression in E. coli S17-1 along with RNA interference of NahAa in strain LZ-4 showed the enzyme can reduce chromate in vivo. In vitro, purified NahAa was identified and can catalyze Cr(VI) reduction by 64.2%. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was identified as a cofactor of NahAa, which Cr(VI) could obtain electrons from NADH through NahAa-associated FAD for reduction. Immobilized NahAa on functional multi walled carbon nanotubes via physical adsorption method to produce a stable, high efficient composite MWCNT-NahAa. The maximum efficiency of MWCNT-NahAa composite was obtained in enzyme concentrations of 6 mg/mL and 20 min immobilization time. The optical reaction conditions for MWCNT-NahAa were pH 7.0 and 30 °C, still retaining 50% of its initial activities after five consecutive cycles. Application of composites in wastewater can reduce 90.4% Cr(VI), higher than free NahAa that was 63.5%. To our best knowledge, this is the first report immobilized enzyme in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-degradation pathway for Cr(VI) wastewater treatment, providing a new insights on combined pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Pengya Feng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zhengsheng Yu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Tuoyu Zhou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Tianpeng Gao
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, 710065, PR China
| | | | - Pu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environment Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Rd, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
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Flachner B, Dobi K, Benedek A, Cseh S, Lőrincz Z, Hajdú I. Robust Recombinant Expression of Human Placental Ribonuclease Inhibitor in Insect Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020273. [PMID: 35204774 PMCID: PMC8961516 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonuclease inhibitors (RIs) are an indispensable biotechnological tool for the detection and manipulation of RNA. Nowadays, due to the outbreak of COVID-19, highly sensitive detection of RNA has become more important than ever. Although the recombinant expression of RNase inhibitors is possible in E. coli, the robust expression is complicated by maintaining the redox potential and solubility by various expression tags. In the present paper we describe the expression of RI in baculovirus-infected High Five cells in large scale utilizing a modified transfer vector combining the beneficial properties of Profinity Exact Tag and pONE system. The recombinant RI is expressed at a high level in a fusion form, which is readily cleaved during on-column chromatography. A subsequent anion exchange chromatography was used as a polishing step to yield 12 mg native RI per liter of culture. RI expressed in insect cells shows higher thermal stability than the commercially available RI products (mainly produced in E. coli) based on temperature-dependent RNase inhibition studies. The endotoxin-free RI variant may also be applied in future therapeutics as a safe additive to increase mRNA stability in mRNA-based vaccines.
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Gotte G, Campagnari R, Loreto D, Bettin I, Calzetti F, Menegazzi M, Merlino A. The crystal structure of the domain-swapped dimer of onconase highlights some catalytic and antitumor activity features of the enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:560-571. [PMID: 34563576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Onconase (ONC) is a monomeric amphibian "pancreatic-type" RNase endowed with remarkable anticancer activity. ONC spontaneously forms traces of a dimer (ONC-D) in solution, while larger amounts can be formed when ONC is lyophilized from mildly acidic solutions. Here, we report the crystal structure of ONC-D and analyze its catalytic and antitumor activities in comparison to ONC. ONC-D forms via the three-dimensional swapping of the N-terminal α-helix between two monomers, but it displays a significantly different quaternary structure from that previously modeled [Fagagnini A et al., 2017, Biochem J 474, 3767-81], and based on the crystal structure of the RNase A N-terminal swapped dimer. ONC-D presents a variable quaternary assembly deriving from a variable open interface, while it retains a catalytic activity that is similar to that of ONC. Notably, ONC-D displays antitumor activity against two human melanoma cell lines, although it exerts a slightly lower cytostatic effect than the monomer. The inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation by ONC or ONC-D is associated with the reduction of the expression of the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), as well as of the total expression and phosphorylation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-3. Phosphorylation is inhibited in both STAT3 Tyr705 and Ser727 key-residues, as well as in its upstream tyrosine-kinase Src. Consequently, both ONC species should exert their anti-cancer action by inhibiting the pro-tumor pleiotropic STAT3 effects deriving either by its phospho-tyrosine activation or by its non-canonical signaling pathways. Both ONC species, indeed, increase the portion of A375 cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. This study expands the variety of RNase domain-swapped dimeric structures, underlining the unpredictability of the open interface arrangement upon domain swapping. Structural data also offer valuable insights to analyze the differences in the measured ONC or ONC-D biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gotte
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Rachele Campagnari
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bettin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Calzetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biological Chemistry Section, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Windsor IW, Dudley DM, O'Connor DH, Raines RT. Ribonuclease zymogen induces cytotoxicity upon HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:77. [PMID: 34702287 PMCID: PMC8549155 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting RNA is a promising yet underdeveloped modality for the selective killing of cells infected with HIV-1. The secretory ribonucleases (RNases) found in vertebrates have cytotoxic ribonucleolytic activity that is kept in check by a cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor protein, RI. METHODS We engineered amino acid substitutions that enable human RNase 1 to evade RI upon its cyclization into a zymogen that is activated by the HIV-1 protease. In effect, the zymogen has an HIV-1 protease cleavage site between the termini of the wild-type enzyme, thereby positioning a cleavable linker over the active site that blocks access to a substrate. RESULTS The amino acid substitutions in RNase 1 diminish its affinity for RI by 106-fold and confer high toxicity for T-cell leukemia cells. Pretreating these cells with the zymogen leads to a substantial drop in their viability upon HIV-1 infection, indicating specific toxicity toward infected cells. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the utility of ribonuclease zymogens as biologic prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Windsor
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dawn M Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Abstract
Ribonucleases are useful as biomarkers and can be the source of contamination in laboratory samples, making ribonuclease detection assays important in life sciences research. With recent developments in DNA-based biosensing, several new techniques are being developed to detect ribonucleases. This review discusses some of these methods, specifically those that utilize G-quadruplex DNA structures, DNA-nanoparticle conjugates and DNA nanostructures, and the advantages and challenges associated with them.
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Tripathy DR, Panda A, Dinda AK, Dasgupta S. Positional preferences in flavonoids for inhibition of ribonuclease A: Where "OH" where? Proteins 2021; 89:577-587. [PMID: 33423292 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenols that possess diverse properties. The structure-activity relationship of certain flavonoids and resveratrol with ribonuclease A (RNase A) has been investigated. The selected flavonoids have a similar skeleton and the positional preferences of the phenolic moieties toward inhibition of the catalytic activity of RNase A have been studied. The results obtained for RNase A inhibition by flavonoids suggest that the planarity of the molecules is necessary for effective inhibitory potency. Agarose gel electrophoresis and precipitation assay experiments along with kinetic studies reveal Ki values for the various flavonoids in the micromolar range. Minor secondary structural changes of RNase A were observed after interaction with the flavonoids. An insight into the specific amino acid involvement in the binding of the substrate using docking studies is also presented. The dipole moment of the flavonoids that depends on the orientation of the hydroxyl groups in the molecule bears direct correlation with the inhibitory potency against RNase A. The direct association of this molecular property with enzyme inhibition can be exploited for the design and development of inhibitors of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debi Ranjan Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Atashi Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Stolwijk JA, Wegener J. Impedance analysis of adherent cells after in situ electroporation-mediated delivery of bioactive proteins, DNA and nanoparticles in µL-volumes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21331. [PMID: 33288771 PMCID: PMC7721805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific intracellular manipulation of animal cells is a persistent goal in experimental cell biology. Such manipulations allow precise and targeted interference with signaling cascades, metabolic pathways, or bi-molecular interactions for subsequent tracking of functional consequences. However, most biomolecules capable of molecular recognition are membrane impermeable. The ability to introduce these molecules into the cytoplasm and then to apply appropriate readouts to monitor the corresponding cell response could prove to be an important research tool. This study describes such an experimental approach combining in situ electroporation (ISE) as a means to efficiently deliver biomolecules to the cytoplasm with an impedance-based, time-resolved analysis of cell status using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). In this approach, gold-film electrodes, deposited on the bottom of regular culture dishes, are used for both electroporation and monitoring. The design of the electrode layout and measurement chamber allows working with sample volumes as small as 10 µL. A miniaturized setup for combined electroporation and impedance sensing (µISE-ECIS) was applied to load different adherent cells with bioactive macromolecules including enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids and quantum dot nanoparticles. The cell response after loading the cytoplasm with RNase A or cytochrome c (in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitors) was tracked by non-invasive impedance readings in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Stolwijk
- Institut fuer Analytische Chemie, Chemo- & Biosensorik, Universität Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Joachim Wegener
- Institut fuer Analytische Chemie, Chemo- & Biosensorik, Universität Regensburg, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Einrichtung fuer Mikrosysteme und Festkörpertechnologien EMFT, Universitaetsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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13
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Lasch M, Kumaraswami K, Nasiscionyte S, Kircher S, van den Heuvel D, Meister S, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Deindl E. RNase A Treatment Interferes With Leukocyte Recruitment, Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation, and Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle Tissue. Front Physiol 2020; 11:576736. [PMID: 33240100 PMCID: PMC7677187 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.576736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: RNase A (the bovine equivalent to human RNase 1) and RNase 5 (angiogenin) are two closely related ribonucleases. RNase 5 is described as a powerful angiogenic factor. Whether RNase A shares the same angiogenic characteristic, or interferes with vessel growth as demonstrated for arteriogenesis, has never been investigated and is the topic of this present study. Methods and Results: To investigate whether RNase A shows a pro‐ or anti-angiogenic effect, we employed a murine hindlimb model, in which femoral artery ligation (FAL) results in arteriogenesis in the upper leg, and, due to provoked ischemia, in angiogenesis in the lower leg. C57BL/6J male mice underwent unilateral FAL, whereas the contralateral leg was sham operated. Two and seven days after the surgery and intravenous injection of RNase A (50 μg/kg dissolved in saline) or saline (control), the gastrocnemius muscles of mice were isolated from the lower legs for (immuno-) histological analyses. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining evidenced that RNase A treatment resulted in a higher degree of ischemic tissue damage. This was, however, associated with reduced angiogenesis, as evidenced by a reduced capillary/muscle fiber ratio. Moreover, RNase A treatment was associated with a significant reduction in leukocyte infiltration as shown by CD45+ (pan-leukocyte marker), Ly6G+ or MPO+ (neutrophils), MPO+/CitH3+ [neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)], and CD68+ (macrophages) staining. CD68/MRC1 double staining revealed that RNase A treated mice showed a reduced percentage of M1-like polarized (CD68+/MRC1−) macrophages whereas the percentage of M2-like polarized (CD68+/MRC1+) macrophages was increased. Conclusion: In contrast to RNase 5, RNase A interferes with angiogenesis, which is linked to reduced leukocyte infiltration and NET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lasch
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konda Kumaraswami
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Simona Nasiscionyte
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Kircher
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominic van den Heuvel
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Meister
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Rangel-Muñoz N, Suarez-Arnedo A, Anguita R, Prats-Ejarque G, Osma JF, Muñoz-Camargo C, Boix E, Cruz JC, Salazar VA. Magnetite Nanoparticles Functionalized with RNases against Intracellular Infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E631. [PMID: 32640506 PMCID: PMC7408537 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments against bacterial infections have severe limitations, mainly due to the emergence of resistance to conventional antibiotics. In the specific case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, they have shown a number of resistance mechanisms to counter most antibiotics. Human secretory RNases from the RNase A superfamily are proteins involved in a wide variety of biological functions, including antimicrobial activity. The objective of this work was to explore the intracellular antimicrobial action of an RNase 3/1 hybrid protein that combines RNase 1 high catalytic and RNase 3 bactericidal activities. To achieve this, we immobilized the RNase 3/1 hybrid on Polyetheramine (PEA)-modified magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). The obtained nanobioconjugates were tested in macrophage-derived THP-1 cells infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. The obtained results show high antimicrobial activity of the functionalized hybrid protein (MNP-RNase 3/1) against the intracellular growth of P. aeruginosa of the functionalized hybrid protein. Moreover, the immobilization of RNase 3/1 enhances its antimicrobial and cell-penetrating activities without generating any significant cell damage. Considering the observed antibacterial activity, the immobilization of the RNase A superfamily and derived proteins represents an innovative approach for the development of new strategies using nanoparticles to deliver antimicrobials that counteract P. aeruginosa intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Rangel-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandra Suarez-Arnedo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Raúl Anguita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Guillem Prats-Ejarque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Johann F. Osma
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (N.R.-M.); (A.S.-A.); (C.M.-C.)
| | - Vivian A. Salazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (R.A.); (G.P.-E.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19a-40, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
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15
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Taghizadegan N, Firozrai M, Nassiri M, Ariannejad H. Use of Molecular Dynamic Tools in Engineering of Onconase Enzyme to Increase Cellular Uptake and Evade RI. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Extracellular RNA released due to shear stress controls natural bypass growth by mediating mechanotransduction in mice. Blood 2020; 134:1469-1479. [PMID: 31501155 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid shear stress in the vasculature is the driving force for natural bypass growth, a fundamental endogenous mechanism to counteract the detrimental consequences of vascular occlusive disease, such as stroke or myocardial infarction. This process, referred to as "arteriogenesis," relies on local recruitment of leukocytes, which supply growth factors to preexisting collateral arterioles enabling them to grow. Although several mechanosensing proteins have been identified, the series of mechanotransduction events resulting in local leukocyte recruitment is not understood. In a mouse model of arteriogenesis (femoral artery ligation), we found that endothelial cells release RNA in response to increased fluid shear stress and that administration of RNase inhibitor blocking plasma RNases improved perfusion recovery. In contrast, treatment with bovine pancreatic RNase A or human recombinant RNase1 interfered with leukocyte recruitment and collateral artery growth. Our results indicated that extracellular RNA (eRNA) regulated leukocyte recruitment by engaging vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which was confirmed by intravital microscopic studies in a murine cremaster model of inflammation. Moreover, we found that release of von Willebrand factor (VWF) as a result of shear stress is dependent on VEGFR2. Blocking VEGFR2, RNase application, or VWF deficiency interfered with platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation, which is essential for initiating the inflammatory process in arteriogenesis. Taken together, the results show that eRNA is released from endothelial cells in response to shear stress. We demonstrate this extracellular nucleic acid as a critical mediator of mechanotransduction by inducing the liberation of VWF, thereby initiating the multistep inflammatory process responsible for arteriogenesis.
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17
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Forouharmehr A, Nassiri M, Ghovvati Roudsari S, Javadmanesh A. Production and introduction of a novel immunotoxin based on engineered RNase A for inducing death to Her1-positive cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4679-4687. [PMID: 31663127 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to design an immunotoxin consisting of engineered RNase A and scFv of Cetuximab. To accomplish this study goal, at first to evade RNase A from its inhibitors in the cytoplasm, six amino acids of RNase A were substituted, then the physicochemical features of engineered RNase A were assessed. To investigate the interaction between the engineered RNase A and the ribonuclease inhibitor, protein-protein docking was performed. After engineering the RNase A, it was theoretically conjugated with scFv of Cetuximab using a cleavable linker to produce scFv-engineered RNase A. Then, wild-RNase A (14 kD), engineered RNase A (14 kD) and scFv-engineered RNase A (42 kDa) were expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA columns. To confirm the expressed proteins, western blot analysis was performed. The functioning of wild-RNase A and engineered RNase A were investigated by RNA fragmentation assay. Finally, to evaluate the cytotoxicity of scFv-engineered RNase A, a dose-response cytotoxicity assay was performed on Her1-positive and Her1-negative cell lines. The results showed that engineered RNase A could maintain its structure and disulfide bonds and evade its inhibitor. Expression and purification were successfully conducted and both enzymes could degrade yeast RNA. The result of cytotoxicity showed that the engineered immunotoxin could induce cell death to Her1-positive cell lines with an IC50 of 50 nM. It appears that scFv-engineered RNase A can be a promising molecule for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Forouharmehr
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Wezler X, Dübel S, Schirrmann T. Antibody fusion proteins with human ribonucleases 1 to 8. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:177-192. [PMID: 29689715 DOI: 10.3233/hab-180337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ImmunoRNases combine tumor targeting by antibodies with the cytotoxic action of ribonucleases from the RNase A superfamily. This study investigated for the first time all catalytic active human RNase A family members (1 to 8) as effector components of antibody fusion proteins. ImmunoRNase fusion proteins were constructed using the CD30-specific bivalent recombinant scFv-Fc antibody SH313-B5. Production of the resulting entirely human immunoRNases 1 to 8 was done in mammalian cells by secretion of active forms. The immunoRNases mediated CD30-specific cell binding and showed ribonucleolytic activity. Interestingly, immunoRNases 1 and 2 were active in the presence of up to 5-/20-fold molar excess of the pancreatic RNase inhibitor (RI), which is supposed to efficiently inhibit all human RNase A activity. ImmunoRNases 3, 4, 6 and 7 were only inhibited by several fold molar excess of RI, whereas immunoRNases 5 and 8 were already completely inactive at equimolar RI concentrations. Compared to free RNases, activity and RI sensitivity were not significantly changed by antibody fusion or dimerisation. ImmunoRNase3 and 5 mediated tumor growth inhibition at low nanomolar concentrations. Anti-tumor activity was antigen-specific and did not show any correlation with ribonucleolytic activity or RI sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Wezler
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Okoh OA, Klahn P. Trimethyl Lock: A Multifunctional Molecular Tool for Drug Delivery, Cellular Imaging, and Stimuli-Responsive Materials. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1668-1694. [PMID: 29888433 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyl lock (TML) systems are based on ortho-hydroxydihydrocinnamic acid derivatives displaying increased lactonization reactivity owing to unfavorable steric interactions of three pendant methyl groups, and this leads to the formation of hydrocoumarins. Protection of the phenolic hydroxy function or masking of the reactivity as benzoquinone derivatives prevents lactonization and provides a trigger for controlled release of molecules attached to the carboxylic acid function through amides, esters, or thioesters. Their easy synthesis and possible chemical adaption to several different triggers make TML a highly versatile module for the development of drug-delivery systems, prodrug approaches, cell-imaging tools, molecular tools for supramolecular chemistry, as well as smart stimuliresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okoh Adeyi Okoh
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Jordaan S, Akinrinmade OA, Nachreiner T, Cremer C, Naran K, Chetty S, Barth S. Updates in the Development of ImmunoRNases for the Selective Killing of Tumor Cells. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010028. [PMID: 29510557 PMCID: PMC5874685 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy includes, amongst others, antibody-based delivery of toxic payloads to selectively eliminate tumor cells. This payload can be either a synthetic small molecule drug composing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) or a cytotoxic protein composing an immunotoxin (IT). Non-human cytotoxic proteins, while potent, have limited clinical efficacy due to their immunogenicity and potential off-target toxicity. Humanization of the cytotoxic payload is essential and requires harnessing of potent apoptosis-inducing human proteins with conditional activity, which rely on targeted delivery to contact their substrate. Ribonucleases are attractive candidates, due to their ability to induce apoptosis by abrogating protein biosynthesis via tRNA degradation. In fact, several RNases of the pancreatic RNase A superfamily have shown potential as anti-cancer agents. Coupling of a human RNase to a humanized antibody or antibody derivative putatively eliminates the immunogenicity of an IT (now known as a human cytolytic fusion protein, hCFP). However, RNases are tightly regulated in vivo by endogenous inhibitors, controlling the ribonucleolytic balance subject to the cell’s metabolic requirements. Endogenous inhibition limits the efficacy with which RNase-based hCFPs induce apoptosis. However, abrogating the natural interaction with the natural inhibitors by mutation has been shown to significantly enhance RNase activity, paving the way toward achieving cytolytic potency comparable to that of bacterial immunotoxins. Here, we review the immunoRNases that have undergone preclinical studies as anti-cancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jordaan
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Olusiji A Akinrinmade
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Nachreiner
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Cremer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Group, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
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21
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Lunova M, Prokhorov A, Jirsa M, Hof M, Olżyńska A, Jurkiewicz P, Kubinová Š, Lunov O, Dejneka A. Nanoparticle core stability and surface functionalization drive the mTOR signaling pathway in hepatocellular cell lines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16049. [PMID: 29167516 PMCID: PMC5700114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specifically designed and functionalized nanoparticles hold great promise for biomedical applications. Yet, the applicability of nanoparticles is critically predetermined by their surface functionalization and biodegradability. Here we demonstrate that amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NH2), but not amino- or hydroxyl-functionalized silica particles, trigger cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7 cells. Importantly, biodegradability of nanoparticles plays a crucial role in regulation of essential cellular processes. Thus, biodegradable silica nanoparticles having the same shape, size and surface functionalization showed opposite cellular effects in comparison with similar polystyrene nanoparticles. At the molecular level, PS-NH2 obstruct and amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles (Si-NH2) activate the mTOR signalling in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. PS-NH2 induced time-dependent lysosomal destabilization associated with damage of the mitochondrial membrane. Solely in PS-NH2-treated cells, permeabilization of lysosomes preceded cell death. Contrary, Si-NH2 nanoparticles enhanced proliferation of HuH7 and HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrate complex cellular responses to functionalized nanoparticles and suggest that nanoparticles can be used to control activation of mTOR signaling with subsequent influence on proliferation and viability of HuH7 cells. The data provide fundamental knowledge which could help in developing safe and efficient nano-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey Prokhorov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Olżyńska
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Kubinová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Copper (II) binding of NAD(P)H- flavin oxidoreductase (NfoR) enhances its Cr (VI)-reducing ability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15481. [PMID: 29133854 PMCID: PMC5684319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes can reduce hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) to the less toxic and soluble trivalent Cr (III). Copper stimulates microbial reduction of Cr (VI) by the Bacillus, Ochrobactrum, and Gluconobacter species; however, the mechanism remains unclear. In our study, the rate of Cr (VI) reduction by Staphylococcus aureus LZ-01 was increased by 210 % when supplemented with 60 μM Cu (II). A putative NAD(P)H-flavin oxidoreductase gene (nfoR) was upregulated under Cr (VI) stress. NfoR-knockout mutant displayed impaired reduction of Cr (VI) and Cu (II)-enhanced Cr (VI) reduction by nfoR isogenic mutant was attenuated in the presence of Cu (II). In vitro tests showed an increased Vmax value of 25.22 μM min−1 mg−1 NfoR in the presence of Cu (II). Together, these results indicate that NfoR is responsible for Cu (II) enhancement. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) assays confirmed the interaction of NfoR with Cu (II) at the dissociation constant of 85.5 μM. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that His100, His128, and Met165 residues may be important for Cu (II) binding, while Cys163 is necessary for the FMN binding of NfoR. These findings show that Cu (II)-enhanced NfoR belongs to a new branch of Cr (VI) reductases and profoundly influences Cr (VI) reduction.
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23
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Onconase dimerization through 3D domain swapping: structural investigations and increase in the apoptotic effect in cancer cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:3767-3781. [PMID: 28963346 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Onconase® (ONC), a protein extracted from the oocytes of the Rana pipiens frog, is a monomeric member of the secretory 'pancreatic-type' RNase superfamily. Interestingly, ONC is the only monomeric ribonuclease endowed with a high cytotoxic activity. In contrast with other monomeric RNases, ONC displays a high cytotoxic activity. In this work, we found that ONC spontaneously forms dimeric traces and that the dimer amount increases about four times after lyophilization from acetic acid solutions. Differently from RNase A (bovine pancreatic ribonuclease) and the bovine seminal ribonuclease, which produce N- and C-terminal domain-swapped conformers, ONC forms only one dimer, here named ONC-D. Cross-linking with divinylsulfone reveals that this dimer forms through the three-dimensional domain swapping of its N-termini, being the C-terminus blocked by a disulfide bond. Also, a homology model is proposed for ONC-D, starting from the well-known structure of RNase A N-swapped dimer and taking into account the results obtained from spectroscopic and stability analyses. Finally, we show that ONC is more cytotoxic and exerts a higher apoptotic effect in its dimeric rather than in its monomeric form, either when administered alone or when accompanied by the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. These results suggest new promising implications in cancer treatment.
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24
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Wang X, Li Y, Li Q, Neufeld CI, Pouli D, Sun S, Yang L, Deng P, Wang M, Georgakoudi I, Tang S, Xu Q. Hyaluronic acid modification of RNase A and its intracellular delivery using lipid-like nanoparticles. J Control Release 2017; 263:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Vert A, Castro J, Ribó M, Benito A, Vilanova M. Activating transcription factor 3 is crucial for antitumor activity and to strengthen the antiviral properties of Onconase. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11692-11707. [PMID: 28035074 PMCID: PMC5355296 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Onconase is a ribonuclease that presents both antitumor and antiviral properties linked to its ribonucleolytic activity and represents a new class of RNA-damaging drugs. It has reached clinical trials for the treatment of several cancers and human papilloma virus warts. Onconase targets different RNAs in the cell cytosol but Onconase-treated cells present features that are different from a simple arrest of protein synthesis. We have used microarray-derived transcriptional profiling to identify Onconase-regulated genes in two ovarian cancer cell lines (NCI/ADR-RES and OVCAR-8). RT-qPCR analyses have confirmed the microarray findings. We have identified a network of up-regulated genes implicated in different signaling pathways that may explain the cytotoxic effects exerted by Onconase. Among these genes, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) plays a central role in the key events triggered by Onconase in treated cancer cells that finally lead to apoptosis. This mechanism, mediated by ATF3, is cell-type independent. Up-regulation of ATF3 may also explain the antiviral properties of this ribonuclease because this factor is involved in halting viral genome replication, keeping virus latency or preventing viral oncogenesis. Finally, Onconase-regulated genes are different from those affected by nuclear-directed ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vert
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Ribó
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Benito
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Vilanova
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
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26
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Kim E, Zwi-Dantsis L, Reznikov N, Hansel CS, Agarwal S, Stevens MM. One-Pot Synthesis of Multiple Protein-Encapsulated DNA Flowers and Their Application in Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201701086. [PMID: 28474844 PMCID: PMC5516917 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by biological systems, many biomimetic methods suggest fabrication of functional materials with unique physicochemical properties. Such methods frequently generate organic-inorganic composites that feature highly ordered hierarchical structures with intriguing properties, distinct from their individual components. A striking example is that of DNA-inorganic hybrid micro/nanostructures, fabricated by the rolling circle technique. Here, a novel concept for the encapsulation of bioactive proteins in DNA flowers (DNF) while maintaining the activity of protein payloads is reported. A wide range of proteins, including enzymes, can be simultaneously associated with the growing DNA strands and Mg2 PPi crystals during the rolling circle process, ultimately leading to the direct immobilization of proteins into DNF. The unique porous structure of this construct, along with the abundance of Mg ions and DNA molecules present, provides many interaction sites for proteins, enabling high loading efficiency and enhanced stability. Further, as a proof of concept, it is demonstrated that the DNF can deliver payloads of cytotoxic protein (i.e., RNase A) to the cells without a loss in its biological function and structural integrity, resulting in highly increased cell death compared to the free protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Kim
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Limor Zwi-Dantsis
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Natalie Reznikov
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Hansel
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute for
Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
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27
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Vert A, Castro J, Ribó M, Benito A, Vilanova M. A nuclear-directed human pancreatic ribonuclease (PE5) targets the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:18309-24. [PMID: 26918450 PMCID: PMC4951290 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases represent a new class of antitumor RNA-damaging drugs. However, many wild-type members of the vertebrate secreted ribonuclease family are not cytotoxic because they are not able to evade the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor. We previously engineered the human pancreatic ribonuclease to direct it to the cell nucleus where the inhibitor is not present. The best characterized variant is PE5 that kills cancer cells through apoptosis mediated by the p21WAF1/CIP1 induction and the inactivation of JNK. Here, we have used microarray-derived transcriptional profiling to identify PE5 regulated genes on the NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer cell line. RT-qPCR analyses have confirmed the expression microarray findings. The results show that PE5 cause pleiotropic effects. Among them, it is remarkable the down-regulation of multiple genes that code for enzymes involved in deregulated metabolic pathways in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vert
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Ribó
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Benito
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Vilanova
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Josep Trueta, (IdIBGi), Girona, Spain
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28
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Lutz S, Williams E, Muthu P. Engineering Therapeutic Enzymes. DIRECTED ENZYME EVOLUTION: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2017:17-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50413-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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29
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Yu M, Gu Z, Ottewell T, Yu C. Silica-based nanoparticles for therapeutic protein delivery. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3241-3252. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in silica-based nanoparticles (SiNPs) as therapeutic protein carriers for disease and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Thomas Ottewell
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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30
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Shen R, Li J, Ye D, Wang Q, Fei J. Combination of onconase and dihydroartemisinin synergistically suppresses growth and angiogenesis of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:894-901. [PMID: 27590062 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Onconase (Onc) is a cytotoxic ribonuclease derived from leopard frog oocytes or early embryos, and has been applied to the treatment of malignant mesothelioma in clinics. Onc also exhibits effective growth suppression of human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Artemisinin (Art) and its derivatives are novel antimalarial drugs that exhibit antitumor and antivirus activities. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effects of combinations of Onc and an Art derivative, dihydroartemisinin (DHA), both in vitro and in vivo Isobologram analyses showed synergistic effects on the proliferation of NSCLC cells under the treatment with Onc and DHA. In vivo experiments also showed that the antitumor effect of Onc was markedly enhanced by DHA in mouse xenograft models. No obvious adverse effect was observed after the treatment. The density of microvasculature in the tumor tissues treated with Onc/DHA combination was lower than those treated with Onc or DHA alone. The above results are consistent with the results of the matrigel plug test for angiogenesis suppression using the Onc/DHA combination. These results imply that the anti-angiogenesis effects may make important contributions to the in vivo antitumor effects of the Onc/DHA combination treatment. The Onc/DHA combination therapy may have the potential to become a novel regimen for NSCLC and mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruling Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Danrong Ye
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingcheng Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China Shanghai Research Center for Model Organisms, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China
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31
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Gao ZS, Zhou X, Yang ZW, Versteeg SA, Gao L, Fu WY, Wang HY, Zhou JY, Akkerdaas JH, van Ree R. IgE-binding potencies of three peach Pru p 1 isoforms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2457-2466. [PMID: 27374664 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Pru p 1, the Bet v 1 homologue from peach, has been identified as a clinically relevant allergen. Three isoforms have been described, two in peach fruit (Pru p 1.0101 and Pru p 1.0201) and one in pollen (Pru p 1.0301). The present study aimed to compare their IgE-binding potencies. METHODS AND RESULTS Three Pru p 1 isoforms were cloned and expressed as soluble proteins with His-tags in Escherichia coli. Protein identity was confirmed by MS, circular dichroism, and RNAse activity. IgE-binding capacity using ELISA and ImmunoCAP was compared. Three Pru p 1 isoforms had quite similar IgE-binding potencies for 60% of the sera, but more than twofold between any two isoforms among 40% of the 47 sera. The mean IgE binding of Pru p 1.0201 was slightly higher than other two isoforms. In a sera pool, homologous ImmunoCAP inhibition was higher than other two heterologous isoforms. Individual serum with diverse IgE values of three isoforms demonstrated the higher IgE inhibition of specific isoform with higher IgE value. CONCLUSION A similar and variable pattern of IgE recognition was observed among three Pru p 1 isoforms. The two new isoforms can be used as more accurate diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Shan Gao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Allergy Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Serge A Versteeg
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Yi Fu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Ying Wang
- Department of Allergy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhou
- Department of Allergy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jaap H Akkerdaas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Hodge T, Draper K, Brasel T, Freiberg A, Squiquera L, Sidransky D, Sulley J, Taxman DJ. Antiviral effect of ranpirnase against Ebola virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:210-8. [PMID: 27350309 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent epidemic of Ebola has intensified the need for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics that prolong and improve survival against deadly viral diseases. We sought to determine whether ranpirnase, an endoribonuclease from Rana pipiens with a demonstrated human safety profile in phase III oncology trials, can reduce titers of Ebola virus (EBOV) in infected cells, protect mice against mouse-adapted EBOV challenge, and reduce virus levels in infected mice. Our results demonstrate that 0.50 μg/ml ranpirnase is potently effective at reducing EBOV Zaire Kikwit infection in cultured Vero E6 cells (Selectivity Index 47.8-70.2). In a prophylactic study, a single intravenous dose of 0.1 mg/kg ranpirnase protected 70% of mice from progressive infection. Additionally, in a post-exposure prophylactic study, 100% of female mice survived infection after intraperitoneal administration of 0.1 mg/kg ranpirnase for ten days beginning 1 h post challenge. Most of the male counterparts were sacrificed due to weight loss by Study Day 8 or 9; however, the Clinical Activity/Behavior scores of these mice remained low and no significant microscopic pathologies could be detected in the kidneys, livers or spleens. Furthermore, live virus could not be detected in the sera of ranpirnase-treated mice by Study Day 8 or in the kidneys, livers or spleens by Study Day 12, and viral RNA levels declined exponentially by Study Day 12. Because ranpirnase is exceptionally stable and has a long track record of safe intravenous administration to humans, this drug provides a promising new candidate for clinical consideration in the treatment of Ebola virus disease alone or in combination with other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hodge
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Ken Draper
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Trevor Brasel
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Alexander Freiberg
- University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), 301University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Luis Squiquera
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - David Sidransky
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Jamie Sulley
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Debra J Taxman
- Tamir Biotechnology, 12625 High Bluff Dr, Suite 113, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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33
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Andersen KA, Smith TP, Lomax JE, Raines RT. Boronic Acid for the Traceless Delivery of Proteins into Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:319-23. [PMID: 26629587 PMCID: PMC4900815 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of exogenous proteins as intracellular probes and therapeutic agents is in its infancy. A major hurdle has been the delivery of native proteins to an intracellular site of action. Herein, we report on a compact delivery vehicle that employs the intrinsic affinity of boronic acids for the carbohydrates that coat the surface of mammalian cells. In the vehicle, benzoxaborole is linked to protein amino groups via a "trimethyl lock." Immolation of this linker is triggered by cellular esterases, releasing native protein. Efficacy is demonstrated by enhanced delivery of green fluorescent protein and a cytotoxic ribonuclease into mammalian cells. This versatile strategy provides new opportunities in chemical biology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Andersen
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas P. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jo E. Lomax
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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Salehi ASM, Smith MT, Bennett AM, Williams JB, Pitt WG, Bundy BC. Cell‐free protein synthesis of a cytotoxic cancer therapeutic: Onconase production and a just‐add‐water cell‐free system. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:274-81. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin S. M. Salehi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Mark Thomas Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Anthony M. Bennett
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jacob B. Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Bradley C. Bundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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35
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Hsu CH, Chang CF, Liao YD, Wu SH, Chen C. Solution structure and base specificity of cytotoxic RC-RNase 2 from Rana catesbeiana. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 584:70-8. [PMID: 26302448 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic ribonucleases found in the oocytes and early embryos of frogs with antitumor activity are well-documented. RC-RNase 2, a cytotoxic ribonuclease isolated from oocytes of bullfrog Rana catesbeiana, consists of 105 residues linked with 4 disulfide bridges and belongs to the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) superfamily. Among the RC-RNases, the base preference for RNase 2 is UpG but CpG for RC-RNase 4; while RC-RNase possesses the base specificity of both UpG and CpG. Interestingly, RC-RNase 2 or 4 has much lower catalytic activity but only three-fold less cytotoxicity than RC-RNase. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of rRC-RNase 2, comprising three alpha-helices and two sets of antiparallel beta-sheets. The differences of side-chain conformations of subsite residues among RNase A, RC-RNase, RC-RNase 4 and rRNase 2 are related to their distinct catalytic activities and base preferences. Furthermore, the substrate-related residues in the base specificity among native RC-RNases are derived using the chemical shift perturbation on ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Fon Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - You-Di Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chinpan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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36
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Eller C, Chao TY, Singarapu KK, Ouerfelli O, Yang G, Markley JL, Danishefsky SJ, Raines RT. Human Cancer Antigen Globo H Is a Cell-Surface Ligand for Human Ribonuclease 1. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2015; 1:181-190. [PMID: 26405690 PMCID: PMC4571170 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases are secretory enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. Recent efforts have endowed the homologues from cow (RNase A) and human (RNase 1) with toxicity for cancer cells, leading to a clinical trial. The basis for the selective toxicity of ribonuclease variants for cancerous versus noncancerous cells has, however, been unclear. A screen for RNase A ligands in an array of mammalian cell-surface glycans revealed strong affinity for a hexasaccharide, Globo H, that is a tumor-associated antigen and the basis for a vaccine in clinical trials. The affinity of RNase A and RNase 1 for immobilized Globo H is in the low micromolar-high nanomolar range. Moreover, reducing the display of Globo H on the surface of human breast adenocarcinoma cells with a small-molecule inhibitor of biosynthesis or a monoclonal antibody antagonist decreases the toxicity of an RNase 1 variant. Finally, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectroscopy showed that RNase 1 interacts with Globo H by using residues that are distal from the enzymic active site. The discovery that a systemic human ribonuclease binds to a moiety displayed on human cancer cells links two clinical paradigms and suggests a mechanism for innate resistance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelcie
H. Eller
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kiran K. Singarapu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Guangbin Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - John L. Markley
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel J. Danishefsky
- Organic Synthesis Core
Facility and Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry, Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, National Magnetic Resonance Facility
at Madison, and Department of Chemistry, University of
Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- E-mail:
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37
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Dubois JLN, Lavignac N. Cationic poly(amidoamine) promotes cytosolic delivery of bovine RNase A in melanoma cells, while maintaining its cellular toxicity. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6501-6508. [PMID: 32262558 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleases are known to cleave ribonucleic acids, inducing cell death. RNase A, a member of the ribonuclease family, generally displayed poor in vitro activity. This has been attributed to factors such as low intracellular delivery. Poly(amidoamine)s have been used to promote the translocation of non-permeant proteins to the cytosol. Our objective was to demonstrate that poly(amidoamine)s could potentially promote the delivery of RNase A to selected cell line. Interactions of three cationic poly(amidoamine)s (P1, P2 and ISA1) with wild-type bovine RNase A were investigated using gel retardation assays, DLS and microcalorimetry. Although the polymers and the protein are essentially cationic at physiological pH, complexation between the PAAs and RNase A was observed. The high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) thermograms demonstrated that the thermal stability of the protein was reduced when complexed with ISA1 (Tmax decreased by 6.5 °C) but was not affected by P1 and P2. All the polymers displayed low cytotoxicity towards non-cancerous cells (IC50 > 3.5 mg mL-1). While RNase A alone was not toxic to mouse melanoma cells (B16F1), P1 was able to promote cytosolic delivery of biologically active RNase A, increasing cell death (IC50 = 0.09 mg mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L N Dubois
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK.
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38
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Chakraborty K, Dasgupta S, Pathak T. Carboxylated acyclonucleosides: synthesis and RNase A inhibition. Molecules 2015; 20:5924-41. [PMID: 25854756 PMCID: PMC6272279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategically designed carboxylated acyclonucleosides have been probed as a new class of RNase A inhibitors. Several experimental and theoretical studies have been performed to compile relevant qualitative and quantitative information regarding the nature and extent of inhibition. The inhibition constant (Ki) values were determined using a UV-based kinetics experiment. The changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme upon binding with the inhibitors were obtained from circular dichroism studies. The binding constants for enzyme-inhibitor interactions were determined with the help of fluorescence spectroscopy. Docking studies were performed to reveal the possible binding sites of the inhibitors within the enzyme. The cytosine analogues were found to possess better inhibitory properties in comparison to the corresponding uracil derivatives. An increment in the number of carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) in the inhibitor backbone was found to result in better inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Tanmaya Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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Tekade RK, Youngren-Ortiz SR, Yang H, Haware R, Chougule MB. Designing hybrid onconase nanocarriers for mesothelioma therapy: a Taguchi orthogonal array and multivariate component driven analysis. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3671-83. [PMID: 25179221 DOI: 10.1021/mp500403b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Onconase (ONC) is a member of a ribonuclease superfamily that has cytostatic activity against malignant mesothelioma (MM). The objective of this investigation was to develop bovine serum albumin (BSA)-chitosan based hybrid nanoformulations for the efficient delivery of ONC to MM while minimizing the exposure to normal tissues. Taguchi orthogonal array L9 type design was used to formulate ONC loaded BSA nanocarriers (ONC-ANC) with a mean particle size of 15.78 ± 0.24 nm (ζ = -21.89 ± 0.11 mV). The ONC-ANC surface was hybridized using varying chitosan concentrations ranging between 0.100 and 0.175% w/v to form various ONC loaded hybrid nanocarriers (ONC-HNC). The obtained data set was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component regressions (PCR) to decode the effects of investigated design variables. PCA showed positive correlations between investigated design variables like BSA, ethanol dilution, and total ethanol with particle size and entrapment efficiency (EE) of formulated nanocarriers. PCR showed that the particle size depends on BSA, ethanol dilution, and total ethanol content, while EE was only influenced by BSA content. Further analysis of chitosan and TPP effects used for coating of ONC-ANC by PCR confirmed their positive impacts on the particle size, zeta potential, and prolongation of ONC release compared to uncoated ONC-ANC. PCR analysis of preliminary stability studies showed increase in the particle size and zeta potential at lower pH. However, particle size, zeta potential, and EE of developed HNC were below 63 nm, 31 mV, and 96%, respectively, indicating their stability under subjected buffer conditions. Out of the developed formulations, HNC showed enhanced inhibition of cell viability with lower IC50 against human MM-REN cells compared to ONC and ONC-ANC. This might be attributed to the better cell uptake of HNC, which was confirmed in the cell uptake fluorescence studies. These studies indicated that a developed nanotherapeutic approach might aid in reducing the therapeutic dose of ONC, minimizing adverse effects by limiting the exposure of ONC to normal tissues, and help in the development of new therapeutic forms and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Tekade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo , Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
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Liu H, Wang Q, Shen G, Zhang C, Li C, Ji W, Wang C, Cui D. A multifunctional ribonuclease A-conjugated carbon dot cluster nanosystem for synchronous cancer imaging and therapy. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:397. [PMID: 25177217 PMCID: PMC4144986 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots exhibit great potential in applications such as molecular imaging and in vivo molecular tracking. However, how to enhance fluorescence intensity of carbon dots has become a great challenge. Herein, we report for the first time a new strategy to synthesize fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) with high quantum yields by using ribonuclease A (RNase A) as a biomolecular templating agent under microwave irradiation. The synthesized RNase A-conjugated carbon dots (RNase A@C-dots) exhibited quantum yields of 24.20%. The fluorescent color of the RNase A@C-dots can easily be adjusted by varying the microwave reaction time and microwave power. Moreover, the emission wavelength and intensity of RNase A@C-dots displayed a marked excitation wavelength-dependent character. As the excitation wavelength alters from 300 to 500 nm, the photoluminescence (PL) peak exhibits gradually redshifts from 450 to 550 nm, and the intensity reaches its maximum at an excitation wavelength of 380 nm. Its Stokes shift is about 80 nm. Notably, the PL intensity is gradually decreasing as the pH increases, almost linearly dependent, and it reaches the maximum at a pH = 2 condition; the emission peaks also show clearly a redshift, which may be caused by the high activity and perfective dispersion of RNase A in a lower pH solution. In high pH solution, RNase A tends to form RNase A warped carbon dot nanoclusters. Cell imaging confirmed that the RNase A@C-dots could enter into the cytoplasm through cell endocytosis. 3D confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy observation confirmed partial RNase A@C-dots located inside the nucleus. MTT and real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) analysis showed that the RNase A@C-dots could effectively inhibit the growth of MGC-803 cells. Intra-tumor injection test of RNase A@C-dots showed that RNase A@C-dots could be used for imaging in vivo gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, the as-prepared RNase A@C-dots are suitable for simultaneous therapy and in vivo fluorescence imaging of nude mice loaded with gastric cancer or other tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxia Shen
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota (Twin Cities), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihang Ji
- Research Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota (Twin Cities), Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Translation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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Arnold U. Stability and folding of amphibian ribonuclease A superfamily members in comparison with mammalian homologues. FEBS J 2014; 281:3559-75. [PMID: 24966023 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Comparative studies on homologous proteins can provide knowledge on how limited changes in the primary structure find their expression in large effects on catalytic activity, stability or the folding behavior. For more than half a century, members of the ribonuclease A superfamily have been the subject of a myriad of studies on protein folding and stability. Both the unfolding and refolding kinetics as well as the structure of several folding intermediates of ribonuclease A have been characterized in detail. Moreover, the RNA-degrading activity of these enzymes provides a basis for their cytotoxicity, which renders them potential tumor therapeutics. Because amphibian ribonuclease A homologues evade the human ribonuclease inhibitor, they emerged as particularly promising candidates. Interestingly, the amphibian ribonuclease A homologues investigated to date are more stable than the mammalian homologues. Nevertheless, despite the generation of numerous genetically engineered variants, knowledge of the folding of amphibian ribonuclease A homologues remains rather limited. An exception is onconase, a ribonuclease A homologue from Rana pipiens, which has been characterized in detail. This review summarizes the data on the unfolding and refolding kinetics and pathways, as well on the stability of amphibian ribonuclease A homologues compared with those of ribonuclease A, the best known member of this superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Arnold
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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Lomax JE, Bianchetti CM, Chang A, Phillips GN, Fox BG, Raines RT. Functional evolution of ribonuclease inhibitor: insights from birds and reptiles. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3041-56. [PMID: 24941155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a conserved protein of the mammalian cytosol. RI binds with high affinity to diverse secretory ribonucleases (RNases) and inhibits their enzymatic activity. Although secretory RNases are found in all vertebrates, the existence of a non-mammalian RI has been uncertain. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of RI homologs from chicken and anole lizard. These proteins bind to RNases from multiple species but exhibit much greater affinity for their cognate RNases than for mammalian RNases. To reveal the basis for this differential affinity, we determined the crystal structure of mouse, bovine, and chicken RI·RNase complexes to a resolution of 2.20, 2.21, and 1.92Å, respectively. A combination of structural, computational, and bioinformatic analyses enabled the identification of two residues that appear to contribute to the differential affinity for RNases. We also found marked differences in oxidative instability between mammalian and non-mammalian RIs, indicating evolution toward greater oxygen sensitivity in RIs from mammalian species. Taken together, our results illuminate the structural and functional evolution of RI, along with its dynamic role in vertebrate biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lomax
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Aram Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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SMOLEWSKI PIOTR, WITKOWSKA MAGDALENA, ZWOLINSKA MALGORZATA, CEBULA-OBRZUT BARBARA, MAJCHRZAK AGATA, JESKE ALEKSANDRA, DARZYNKIEWICZ ZBIGNIEW, ARDELT WOJCIECH, ARDELT BARBARA, ROBAK TADEUSZ. Cytotoxic activity of the amphibian ribonucleases onconase and r-amphinase on tumor cells from B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:419-25. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Linden L, Stelte-Ludwig B, Willuda J, Harrenga A, Dübel S, Müller-Tiemann B, Trautwein M. Evaluation of human pancreatic RNase as effector molecule in a therapeutic antibody platform. MAbs 2014; 6:367-80. [PMID: 24492302 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human antibody-ribonuclease (RNase) fusion proteins, referred to as immunoRNases, have been proposed as an alternative to heterologous immunotoxins, without their immunogenicity and unspecific toxicity issues. In this study, we investigated if human pancreatic RNase will be suitable as effector component in a therapeutic antibody development platform. We generated several fusion proteins consisting of tumor-specific human immunoglobulins (IgGs) and human pancreatic RNase. Transient mammalian cell production was efficient and IgG-RNases were purified to homogeneity. Antigen binding was comparable to the parental antibodies and RNase catalytic activity was retained even in the presence of 50-fold molar excess of human cytosolic RNase inhibitor (RI). Serum stability, cell binding and internalization of IgG-RNases were comparable to the parental IgGs. Despite these promising properties, none of the IgG-RNases revealed significant inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro even when targeting different antigens putatively employing different endocytotic pathways. The introduction of different linkers containing endosomal protease cleavage sites into the IgG-RNase did not enhance cytotoxicity. Similarly, RI evasive human pancreatic RNase variants mediated only small inhibiting effects on tumor cell growth at high concentrations, potentially reflecting inefficient cytosolic translocation. Taken together, human pancreatic RNase and variants did not prove to be generally suitable as effector component for a therapeutic antibody drug development platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirrmann
- University of Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - André Frenzel
- University of Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lars Linden
- Bayer Healthcare AG; Global Biologics; Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Willuda
- Bayer HealthCare AG; Therapeutic Research Group Oncology & Gynecological Therapies; Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Harrenga
- Bayer Healthcare AG; Global Biologics; Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- University of Braunschweig; Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Mark Trautwein
- Bayer Healthcare AG; Global Biologics; Wuppertal, Germany
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Sundlass NK, Eller CH, Cui Q, Raines RT. Contribution of electrostatics to the binding of pancreatic-type ribonucleases to membranes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6304-12. [PMID: 23947917 DOI: 10.1021/bi400619m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic-type ribonucleases show clinical promise as chemotherapeutic agents but are limited in efficacy by the inefficiency of their uptake by human cells. Cellular uptake can be increased by the addition of positive charges to the surface of ribonucleases, either by site-directed mutagenesis or by chemical modification. This observation has led to the hypothesis that ribonuclease uptake by cells depends on electrostatics. Here, we use a combination of experimental and computational methods to ascertain the contribution of electrostatics to the cellular uptake of ribonucleases. We focus on three homologous ribonucleases: Onconase (frog), ribonuclease A (cow), and ribonuclease 1 (human). Our results support the hypothesis that electrostatics are necessary for the cellular uptake of Onconase. In contrast, specific interactions with cell-surface components likely contribute more to the cellular uptake of ribonuclease A and ribonuclease 1 than do electrostatics. These findings provide insight for the design of new cytotoxic ribonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia K Sundlass
- Medical Scientist Training Program and Graduate Program in Biophysics, ‡Department of Biochemistry, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Rutkoski TJ, Kink JA, Strong LE, Raines RT. Human ribonuclease with a pendant poly(ethylene glycol) inhibits tumor growth in mice. Transl Oncol 2013; 6:392-7. [PMID: 23908681 PMCID: PMC3730013 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1) is a small secretory protein that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA. This highly cationic enzyme can enter human cells spontaneously but is removed rapidly from circulation by glomerular filtration. Here, this shortcoming is addressed by attaching a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety to RNase 1. The pendant has no effect on ribonucleolytic activity but does increase persistence in circulation. The RNase 1-PEG conjugates inhibit the growth of tumors in a xenograft mouse model of human lung cancer. Both retention in circulation and tumor growth inhibition correlate with the size of the pendant PEG. A weekly dose of the 60-kDa conjugate at 1 µmol/kg inhibited nearly all tumor growth without affecting body weight. Its molecular efficacy is ∼5000-fold greater than that of erlotinib, which is a small molecule in clinical use for the treatment of lung cancer. These data demonstrate that the addition of a PEG moiety can enhance the in vivo efficacy of human proteins that act within cells and highlight a simple means of converting an endogenous human enzyme into a cytotoxin with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Rutkoski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Hacke M, Gruber T, Schulenburg C, Balbach J, Arnold U. Consequences of proline-to-alanine substitutions for the stability and refolding of onconase. FEBS J 2013; 280:4454-62. [PMID: 23796075 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerization reactions can make for rate-limiting steps in protein folding due to their high activation energy. Onconase, an unusually stable ribonuclease A homologue from the Northern leopard frog, contains four trans proline residues in its native state. During the refolding from its guanidine hydrochloride unfolded state, which includes the formation of a folding intermediate, the slowest of the three phases has earlier been attributed to a cis-to-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerization reaction. We thus substituted all four proline residues individually by alanine and investigated the effect of the amino acid substitutions on the folding and stability of the onconase variants. All onconase variants proved to adopt a tertiary structure comparable with that of the wild-type protein. Although the slow phase was not eliminated for any of the variants, the P43A substitution resulted in an increase in the rate constant of the fast folding phase, i.e. a faster formation of the folding intermediate. This variant also exhibits a significant increase in thermodynamic stability. As residue 43 belongs to those residues that are protected from hydrogen exchange with the solvent in the folding intermediate, the increase in the rate constant and stability of the P43A variant emphasizes the importance of the intermediate for the folding of onconase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Hacke
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Germany
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48
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Solé M, Brandt W, Arnold U. Striking stabilization ofRana catesbeianaribonuclease 3 by guanidine hydrochloride. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:737-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Chao TY, Raines RT. Fluorogenic label to quantify the cytosolic delivery of macromolecules. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:339-42. [PMID: 23340874 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of a macromolecule to the cytosol of human cells is assessed by using a pendant di-O-glycosylated derivative of fluorescein. Its fluorescence is unmasked by Escherichia coliβ-galactosidase installed in the cytosol. Background is diminished by using RNAi to suppress the expression of GLB1, which encodes a lysosomal β-galactosidase. This strategy was used to quantify the cytosolic entry of a highly cationic protein, ribonuclease A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yuan Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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50
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Vert A, Castro J, Ruiz-Martínez S, Tubert P, Escribano D, Ribó M, Vilanova M, Benito A. Generation of new cytotoxic human ribonuclease variants directed to the nucleus. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2894-902. [PMID: 22957849 DOI: 10.1021/mp300217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleases are promising agents for use in anticancer therapy. Engineering a nuclear localization signal into the sequence of the human pancreatic ribonuclease has been revealed as a new strategy to endow this enzyme with cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. We previously described a cytotoxic human pancreatic ribonuclease variant, named PE5, which is able to cleave nuclear RNA, inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing the amount of P-glycoprotein in different multidrug-resistant cell lines. These results open the opportunity to use this ribonuclease in combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this work, we have investigated how to improve the properties of PE5 as an antitumor drug candidate. When attempting to develop a recombinant protein as a drug, two of the main desirable attributes are minimum immunogenicity and maximum potency. The improvements of PE5 have been designed in both senses. First, in order to reduce the potential immunogenicity of the protein, we have studied which residues mutated on PE5 can be reverted to those of the wild-type human pancreatic ribonuclease sequence without affecting its cytotoxicity. Second, we have investigated the effect of introducing an additional nuclear localization signal at different sites of PE5 in an effort to obtain a more cytotoxic enzyme. We show that the nuclear localization signal location is critical for the cytotoxicity. One of these variants, named NLSPE5, presents about a 10-fold increase in cytotoxicity respective to PE5. This variant induces apoptosis and kills the cells using the same mechanism as PE5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vert
- Laboratori d'Enginyeria de Proteïnes, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, M. Aurélia Campmany 69, Girona, Spain
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