1
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Kayhanian H, Cross W, van der Horst SEM, Barmpoutis P, Lakatos E, Caravagna G, Zapata L, Van Hoeck A, Middelkamp S, Litchfield K, Steele C, Waddingham W, Patel D, Milite S, Jin C, Baker AM, Alexander DC, Khan K, Hochhauser D, Novelli M, Werner B, van Boxtel R, Hageman JH, Buissant des Amorie JR, Linares J, Ligtenberg MJL, Nagtegaal ID, Laclé MM, Moons LMG, Brosens LAA, Pillay N, Sottoriva A, Graham TA, Rodriguez-Justo M, Shiu KK, Snippert HJG, Jansen M. Homopolymer switches mediate adaptive mutability in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 2024; 56:1420-1433. [PMID: 38956208 PMCID: PMC11250277 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancer evolves through the stepwise erosion of coding homopolymers in target genes. Curiously, the MMR genes MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) and MutS homolog 3 (MSH3) also contain coding homopolymers, and these are frequent mutational targets in MMR-deficient cancers. The impact of incremental MMR mutations on MMR-deficient cancer evolution is unknown. Here we show that microsatellite instability modulates DNA repair by toggling hypermutable mononucleotide homopolymer runs in MSH6 and MSH3 through stochastic frameshift switching. Spontaneous mutation and reversion modulate subclonal mutation rate, mutation bias and HLA and neoantigen diversity. Patient-derived organoids corroborate these observations and show that MMR homopolymer sequences drift back into reading frame in the absence of immune selection, suggesting a fitness cost of elevated mutation rates. Combined experimental and simulation studies demonstrate that subclonal immune selection favors incremental MMR mutations. Overall, our data demonstrate that MMR-deficient colorectal cancers fuel intratumor heterogeneity by adapting subclonal mutation rate and diversity to immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Cross
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarker Discovery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Suzanne E M van der Horst
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Barmpoutis
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eszter Lakatos
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giulio Caravagna
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luis Zapata
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Arne Van Hoeck
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjors Middelkamp
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Dominic Patel
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Salvatore Milite
- Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Geosciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chen Jin
- UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Khurum Khan
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Novelli
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Werner
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris H Hageman
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miangela M Laclé
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon M G Moons
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Justo
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kai-Keen Shiu
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hugo J G Snippert
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marnix Jansen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Pathology, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
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2
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Bowen MB, Melendez B, Zhang Q, Moreno D, Peralta L, Chan WK, Jeter C, Tan L, Zal MA, Lorenzi PL, Dunner K, Yang RK, Broaddus RR, Celestino J, Gokul N, Whitley E, Schmandt R, Lu K, Kim HE, Yates MS. Mitochondrial defects and metabolic vulnerabilities in Lynch syndrome-associated MSH2-deficient endometrial cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.10.596841. [PMID: 38915709 PMCID: PMC11195112 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.596841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is defined by inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, including MSH2, and carries 60% lifetime risk of developing endometrial cancer (EC). Beyond hypermutability, specific mechanisms for LS-associated endometrial carcinogenesis are not well understood. Here, we assessed the effects of MSH2 loss on EC pathogenesis using a novel mouse model (PR-Cre Msh2 flox/flox , abbreviated Msh2KO), primary cell lines established from this model, human tissues, and human EC cell lines with isogenic MSH2 knockdown. Beginning at eight months of age, 30% of Msh2KO mice exhibited endometrial atypical hyperplasia (AH), a precancerous lesion. At 12 to 16 months of age, 47% of Msh2KO mice exhibited either AH or ECs with histologic features similar to human LS-related ECs. Transcriptomic profiling of EC from Msh2KO mice revealed a transcriptomic signature for mitochondrial dysfunction. Studies in vitro and in vivo revealed mitochondrial dysfunction based upon two mechanisms: marked mitochondrial content reduction, along with pronounced disruptions to the integrity of retained mitochondria. Human LS-related ECs also exhibited mitochondrial content reduction compared with non-LS-related ECs. Functional studies revealed metabolic reprogramming of MSH2-deficient EC cells in vitro , including reduced oxidative phosphorylation and increased susceptibility to glycolysis suppression. We are the first to identify mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic disruption as a consequence of MSH2 deficiency-related EC. Mitochondrial and metabolic aberrations should be evaluated as novel biomarkers for endometrial carcinogenesis or risk stratification and could serve as targets for cancer interception in women with LS. Significance This is the first study to report mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to MSH2-deficient endometrial cancer development, identifying a noncanonical pathway for MSH2 deficient carcinogenesis, which also imparts vulnerability to metabolic targeting.
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3
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Rona G, Miwatani-Minter B, Zhang Q, Goldberg HV, Kerzhnerman MA, Howard JB, Simoneschi D, Lane E, Hobbs JW, Sassani E, Wang AA, Keegan S, Laverty DJ, Piett CG, Pongor LS, Xu ML, Andrade J, Thomas A, Sicinski P, Askenazi M, Ueberheide B, Fenyö D, Nagel ZD, Pagano M. CDK-independent role of D-type cyclins in regulating DNA mismatch repair. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1224-1242.e13. [PMID: 38458201 PMCID: PMC10997477 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Although mismatch repair (MMR) is essential for correcting DNA replication errors, it can also recognize other lesions, such as oxidized bases. In G0 and G1, MMR is kept in check through unknown mechanisms as it is error-prone during these cell cycle phases. We show that in mammalian cells, D-type cyclins are recruited to sites of oxidative DNA damage in a PCNA- and p21-dependent manner. D-type cyclins inhibit the proteasomal degradation of p21, which competes with MMR proteins for binding to PCNA, thereby inhibiting MMR. The ability of D-type cyclins to limit MMR is CDK4- and CDK6-independent and is conserved in G0 and G1. At the G1/S transition, the timely, cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL)-dependent degradation of D-type cyclins and p21 enables MMR activity to efficiently repair DNA replication errors. Persistent expression of D-type cyclins during S-phase inhibits the binding of MMR proteins to PCNA, increases the mutational burden, and promotes microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Rona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bearach Miwatani-Minter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qingyue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hailey V Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marc A Kerzhnerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jesse B Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniele Simoneschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ethan Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John W Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew A Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel J Laverty
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lorinc S Pongor
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Cancer Genomics and Epigenetics Core Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Szeged 6728, Hungary
| | - Miranda Li Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua Andrade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biomedical Hosting LLC, 33 Lewis Avenue, Arlington, MA 02474, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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4
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Rona G, Miwatani-Minter B, Zhang Q, Goldberg HV, Kerzhnerman MA, Howard JB, Simoneschi D, Lane E, Hobbs JW, Sassani E, Wang AA, Keegan S, Laverty DJ, Piett CG, Pongor LS, Xu ML, Andrade J, Thomas A, Sicinski P, Askenazi M, Ueberheide B, Fenyö D, Nagel ZD, Pagano M. D-type cyclins regulate DNA mismatch repair in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, maintaining genome stability. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575420. [PMID: 38260436 PMCID: PMC10802603 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The large majority of oxidative DNA lesions occurring in the G1 phase of the cell cycle are repaired by base excision repair (BER) rather than mismatch repair (MMR) to avoid long resections that can lead to genomic instability and cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms dictating pathway choice between MMR and BER have remained unknown. Here, we show that, during G1, D-type cyclins are recruited to sites of oxidative DNA damage in a PCNA- and p21-dependent manner. D-type cyclins shield p21 from its two ubiquitin ligases CRL1SKP2 and CRL4CDT2 in a CDK4/6-independent manner. In turn, p21 competes through its PCNA-interacting protein degron with MMR components for their binding to PCNA. This inhibits MMR while not affecting BER. At the G1/S transition, the CRL4AMBRA1-dependent degradation of D-type cyclins renders p21 susceptible to proteolysis. These timely degradation events allow the proper binding of MMR proteins to PCNA, enabling the repair of DNA replication errors. Persistent expression of cyclin D1 during S-phase increases the mutational burden and promotes microsatellite instability. Thus, the expression of D-type cyclins inhibits MMR in G1, whereas their degradation is necessary for proper MMR function in S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Rona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bearach Miwatani-Minter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qingyue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hailey V. Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marc A. Kerzhnerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jesse B. Howard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniele Simoneschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ethan Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John W. Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew A. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Cortt G. Piett
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lorinc S. Pongor
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, H-6728, Hungary
| | - Miranda Li Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua Andrade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center for Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biomedical Hosting LLC, 33 Lewis Avenue, Arlington, MA 02474, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zachary D. Nagel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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5
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Tichy ED. Specialized Circuitry of Embryonic Stem Cells Promotes Genomic Integrity. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 27:1-15. [PMID: 36734869 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) give rise to all cell types of the organism. Given the importance of these cells in this process, ESCs must employ robust mechanisms to protect genomic integrity or risk catastrophic propagation of mutations throughout the organism. Should such an event occur in daughter cells that will eventually contribute to the germline, the overall species health could dramatically decline. This review describes several key mechanisms employed by ESCs that are unique to these cells, in order to maintain their genomic integrity. Additionally, the contributions of cell cycle regulators in modulating ESC differentiation, after DNA damage exposure, are also examined. Where data are available, findings reported in ESCs are extended to include observations described in induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 371 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
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6
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Madden-Hennessey K, Gupta D, Radecki AA, Guild C, Rath A, Heinen CD. Loss of mismatch repair promotes a direct selective advantage in human stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2661-2673. [PMID: 36368329 PMCID: PMC9768573 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary form of colon cancer, resulting from a germline mutation in a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene. Loss of MMR in cells establishes a mutator phenotype, which may underlie its link to cancer. Acquired downstream mutations that provide the cell a selective advantage would contribute to tumorigenesis. It is unclear, however, whether loss of MMR has other consequences that would directly result in a selective advantage. We found that knockout of the MMR gene MSH2 results in an immediate survival advantage in human stem cells grown under standard cell culture conditions. This advantage results, in part, from an MMR-dependent response to oxidative stress. We also found that loss of MMR gives rise to enhanced formation and growth of human colonic organoids. These results suggest that loss of MMR may affect cells in ways beyond just increasing mutation frequency that could influence tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
| | | | - Caroline Guild
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
| | - Abhijit Rath
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
| | - Christopher D. Heinen
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA,Corresponding author
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7
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Interplay between H3K36me3, methyltransferase SETD2, and mismatch recognition protein MutSα facilitates processing of oxidative DNA damage in human cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102102. [PMID: 35667440 PMCID: PMC9241034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage contributes to aging and the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases including cancer. 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) is the major product of oxidative DNA lesions. Although OGG1-mediated base excision repair is the primary mechanism for 8-oxoG removal, DNA mismatch repair has also been implicated in processing oxidative DNA damage. However, the mechanism of the latter is not fully understood. Here, we treated human cells defective in various 8-oxoG repair factors with H2O2 and performed biochemical, live cell imaging, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses to determine their response to the treatment. We show that the mismatch repair processing of oxidative DNA damage involves cohesive interactions between mismatch recognition protein MutSα, histone mark H3K36me3, and H3K36 trimethyltransferase SETD2, which activates the ATM DNA damage signaling pathway. We found that cells depleted of MutSα or SETD2 accumulate 8-oxoG adducts and fail to trigger H2O2-induced ATM activation. Furthermore, we show that SETD2 physically interacts with both MutSα and ATM, which suggests a role for SETD2 in transducing DNA damage signals from lesion-bound MutSα to ATM. Consistently, MutSα and SETD2 are highly coenriched at oxidative damage sites. The data presented here support a model wherein MutSα, SETD2, ATM, and H3K36me3 constitute a positive feedback loop to help cells cope with oxidative DNA damage.
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8
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De Rosa M, Johnson SA, Opresko PL. Roles for the 8-Oxoguanine DNA Repair System in Protecting Telomeres From Oxidative Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758402. [PMID: 34869348 PMCID: PMC8640134 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are protective nucleoprotein structures that cap linear chromosome ends and safeguard genome stability. Progressive telomere shortening at each somatic cell division eventually leads to critically short and dysfunctional telomeres, which can contribute to either cellular senescence and aging, or tumorigenesis. Human reproductive cells, some stem cells, and most cancer cells, express the enzyme telomerase to restore telomeric DNA. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress caused by excess reactive oxygen species is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Telomeric repeat sequences are remarkably susceptible to oxidative damage and are preferred sites for the production of the mutagenic base lesion 8-oxoguanine, which can alter telomere length homeostasis and integrity. Therefore, knowledge of the repair pathways involved in the processing of 8-oxoguanine at telomeres is important for advancing understanding of the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and cancer associated with telomere instability. The highly conserved guanine oxidation (GO) system involves three specialized enzymes that initiate distinct pathways to specifically mitigate the adverse effects of 8-oxoguanine. Here we introduce the GO system and review the studies focused on investigating how telomeric 8-oxoguanine processing affects telomere integrity and overall genome stability. We also discuss newly developed technologies that target oxidative damage selectively to telomeres to investigate roles for the GO system in telomere stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria De Rosa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel A Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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9
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Zhang X, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. A Role for N6-Methyladenine in DNA Damage Repair. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:175-183. [PMID: 33077363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of mutation due to oxidative damage is 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG) mispairing with adenine (Ade), which can occur in two ways. First, guanine of a G:C DNA base pair can be oxidized. If not repaired in time, DNA polymerases can mispair Ade with 8-oxoG in the template. This 8-oxoG:A can be repaired by enzymes that remove Ade opposite to template 8-oxoG, or 8-oxoG opposite to Cyt. Second, free 8-oxo-dGTP can be misincorporated by DNA polymerases into DNA opposite template Ade. However, there is no known repair activity that removes 8-oxoG opposite to template Ade. We suggest that a major role of N6-methyladenine in mammalian DNA is minimizing incorporation of 8-oxoG opposite to Ade by DNA polymerases following adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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10
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Ijsselsteijn R, Jansen JG, de Wind N. DNA mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage responses and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 93:102923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Aussem A, Ludwig K. The Potential for Reducing Lynch Syndrome Cancer Risk with Nutritional Nrf2 Activators. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:404-419. [PMID: 32281399 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1751215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS), is an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing patients to multiple cancers, predominantly colorectal (CRC) and endometrial, and is implicated in 2-4% of all CRC cases. LS is characterized by mutations of four mismatch repair (MMR) genes which code for proteins responsible for recognizing and repairing DNA lesions occurring through multiple mechanisms including oxidative stress (OS). Increased OS can cause DNA mutations and is considered carcinogenic. Due to reduced MMR activity, LS patients have an increased risk of cancer as a result of a decreased ability to recognize and repair DNA lesions caused by OS. Due to its carcinogenic properties, reducing the level of OS may reduce the risk of cancer. Nutritional Nrf2 activators have been shown to reduce the risk of carcinogenesis in the general population through activation of the endogenous antioxidant system. Common nutritional Nrf2 activators include sulforaphane, curcumin, DATS, quercetin, resveratrol, and EGCG. Since LS patients are more susceptible to carcinogenesis caused by OS, it is hypothesized that nutritional Nrf2 activators may have the potential to reduce the risk of cancer in those with LS by modulating OS and inflammation. The purpose of this paper is to review the available evidence in support of this statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Aussem
- Hawthorn University, Whitethorn, California, USA.,McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kirsten Ludwig
- Hawthorn University, Whitethorn, California, USA.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behaviour, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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12
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Xicola RM, Clark JR, Carroll T, Alvikas J, Marwaha P, Regan MR, Lopez-Giraldez F, Choi J, Emmadi R, Alagiozian-Angelova V, Kupfer SS, Ellis NA, Llor X. Implication of DNA repair genes in Lynch-like syndrome. Fam Cancer 2019; 18:331-342. [PMID: 30989425 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-019-00128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many colorectal cancers (CRCs) that exhibit microsatellite instability (MSI) are not explained by MLH1 promoter methylation or germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, which cause Lynch syndrome (LS). Instead, these Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) patients have somatic mutations in MMR genes. However, many of these patients are young and have relatives with cancer, suggesting a hereditary entity. We performed germline sequence analysis in LLS patients and determined their tumor's mutational profiles using FFPE DNA. Six hundred and fifty-four consecutive CRC patients were screened for suspected LS using MSI and absence of MLH1 methylation. Suspected LS cases were exome sequenced to identify germline and somatic mutations. Single nucleotide variants were used to characterize mutational signatures. We identified 23 suspected LS cases. Germline sequence analysis of 16 available samples identified five cases with LS mutations and 11 cases without LS mutations, LLS. Most LLS tumors had a combination of somatic MMR gene mutation and loss of heterozygosity. LLS patients were relatively young and had excess first-degree relatives with cancer. Four of the 11 LLS patients had rare likely pathogenic variants in genes that maintain genome integrity. Moreover, tumors from this group had a distinct mutational signature compared to tumors from LLS patients lacking germline mutations in these genes. In summary, more than a third of the LLS patients studied had germline mutations in genes that maintain genome integrity and their tumors had a distinct mutational signature. The possibility of hereditary factors in LLS warrants further studies so counseling can be properly informed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Xicola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 208019, 333 Cedar Street/LMP 1080, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA
| | - Julia R Clark
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Timothy Carroll
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jurgis Alvikas
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Priti Marwaha
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Maureen R Regan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1020N CSB, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Francesc Lopez-Giraldez
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, 830 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics and Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, 830 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA
| | - Rajyasree Emmadi
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Nathan A Ellis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
| | - Xavier Llor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 208019, 333 Cedar Street/LMP 1080, New Haven, CT, 06520-8019, USA.
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13
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da Silva Sergio LP, Mencalha AL, de Souza da Fonseca A, de Paoli F. DNA repair and genomic stability in lungs affected by acute injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109412. [PMID: 31514069 PMCID: PMC9170240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary injury, or acute respiratory distress syndrome, has a high incidence in elderly individuals and high mortality in its most severe degree, becoming a challenge to public health due to pathophysiological complications and increased economic burden. Acute pulmonary injury can develop from sepsis, septic shock, and pancreatitis causing reduction of alveolar airspace due to hyperinflammatory response. Oxidative stress acts directly on the maintenance of inflammation, resulting in tissue injury, as well as inducing DNA damages. Once the DNA is damaged, enzymatic DNA repair mechanisms act on lesions in order to maintain genomic stability and, consequently, contribute to cell viability and homeostasis. Although palliative treatment based on mechanical ventilation and antibiotic using have a kind of efficacy, therapies based on modulation of DNA repair and genomic stability could be effective for improving repair and recovery of lung tissue in patients with acute pulmonary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Philippe da Silva Sergio
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil.
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Boulevard Vinte e Oito de Setembro, 87, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, 20551030, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Rio de Janeiro, 20211040, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Avenida Alberto Torres, 111, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25964004, Brazil
| | - Flavia de Paoli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer - s/n, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036900, Brazil
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14
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Bakhtiari E, Monfared AS, Niaki HA, Borzoueisileh S, Niksirat F, Fattahi S, Monfared MK, Gorji KE. The expression of MLH1 and MSH2 genes among inhabitants of high background radiation area of Ramsar, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 208-209:106012. [PMID: 31323602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies evidenced the critical role of the mismatch repair system in DNA damage recognition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. MLH1 and MSH2 genes belong to repairing complexes of mismatch repair system. The side effects of ionizing radiation on the human health were proved, but researches on the inhabitants of high background radiation areas, with extra-ordinary radiation exposure, showed that the prevalence of cancer or radiation-related diseases is not significantly higher than normal background areas. The city of Ramsar, in northern Iran, has the highest level of natural background radiation in the world and in this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of MLH1 and MSH2 genes among the inhabitants of high background radiation areas of Ramsar compared to normal background radiation areas. In the present study, 60 blood sample from high and normal background inhabitants were collected and we MLH1, and MSH2 genes expressions in residents of high background radiation area compared with normal background radiation area were evaluated by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Our results showed a significant upregulation of MLH1 in residents of high background radiation area. Also, there is a significant association between MLH1 and MSH2 gene expression in both sexes. Also, the increased expression of MLH1 in HBRA is notable. There is an increased expression of MLH1 in age above 50 and a decreased expression of MSH2 in ages under 50 years (P < 0.0001). These findings are suggesting the triggering of Mismatch Repair system in response to high-level of natural background radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Bakhtiari
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Hale Akhavan Niaki
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran
| | - Sajad Borzoueisileh
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Fatemeh Niksirat
- Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran
| | - Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran; North Research Centre of Pasteur Institute, Amol, I.R.Iran
| | - Mohadese Kosari Monfared
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R.Iran
| | - Kourosh Ebrahimnejad Gorji
- Department of Medical Physics Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, I.R Iran.
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15
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Kompella P, Vasquez KM. Obesity and cancer: A mechanistic overview of metabolic changes in obesity that impact genetic instability. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1531-1550. [PMID: 31168912 PMCID: PMC6692207 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as a state of positive energy balance with a body mass index exceeding 30 kg/m2 in adults and 95th percentile in children, is an increasing global concern. Approximately one-third of the world's population is overweight or obese, and in the United States alone, obesity affects one in six children. Meta-analysis studies suggest that obesity increases the likelihood of developing several types of cancer, and with poorer outcomes, especially in children. The contribution of obesity to cancer risk requires a better understanding of the association between obesity-induced metabolic changes and its impact on genomic instability, which is a major driving force of tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss how molecular changes during adipose tissue dysregulation can result in oxidative stress and subsequent DNA damage. This represents one of the many critical steps connecting obesity and cancer since oxidative DNA lesions can result in cancer-associated genetic instability. In addition, the by-products of the oxidative degradation of lipids (e.g., malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and acrolein), and gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acid metabolites (e.g., deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid), can function as genotoxic agents and tumor promoters. We also discuss how obesity can impact DNA repair efficiency, potentially contributing to cancer initiation and progression. Finally, we outline obesity-related epigenetic changes and identify the gaps in knowledge to be addressed for the development of better therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kompella
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Karen M. Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX 78723, USA
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16
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Lee SE, Lee HS, Kim KY, Park JH, Roh H, Park HY, Kim WS. High prevalence of the MLH1 V384D germline mutation in patients with HER2-positive luminal B breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10966. [PMID: 31358837 PMCID: PMC6662670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive luminal B breast cancer (BC), a subset of the luminal B subtype, is ER-positive and HER2-positive BC which is approximately 10% of all BC. However, HER2-positive luminal B BC has received less attention and is less represented in previous molecular analyses than other subtypes. Hence, it is important to elucidate the molecular biology of HER2-positive luminal B BC to stratify patients in a way that allows them to receive their respective optimal treatment. We performed molecular profiling using targeted next-generation sequencing on 94 HER2-positive luminal B BC to identify its molecular characteristics. A total of 134 somatic nonsynonymous mutations, including 131 nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants and three coding insertions/deletions were identified in 30 genes of 75 samples. PIK3CA was most frequently mutated (38/94, 40.4%), followed by TP53 (31/94, 33.0%), and others were detected at lower frequencies. Recurrent germline mutations of MLH1 V384D were found in 13.8% (13/94), with a significantly high TP53 mutations rate. The frequency of MLH1 V384D germline mutation in individuals with HER2-positive luminal B BC was significantly higher than that observed in the controls. All 13 cases were classified as microsatellite stable tumors. Tumor mutation burdens (TMB) were not significantly different between MLH1 V384D carrier and wild type. The concordant results of microsatellite instability (MSI) and TMB suggest that the haploinsufficiency of MLH1 plays a role as a tumor predisposition factor rather than a direct oncogenic driver. Our study identified, for the first time, that MLH1 V384D germline variant is frequently detected in HER2-positive luminal B BC. MLH1 V384D germline variant may not only contribute to gastrointestinal cancer predisposition but may also contribute to BC in East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Precision Medicine Institute, Macrogen, Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hanseong Roh
- Precision Medicine Institute, Macrogen, Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha Young Park
- Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
| | - Wan-Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Gupta D, Heinen CD. The mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage response: Mechanisms and implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:60-69. [PMID: 30959407 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important role for the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in maintaining genomic stability is embodied in its conservation through evolution and the link between loss of MMR function and tumorigenesis. The latter is evident as inheritance of mutations within the major MMR genes give rise to the cancer predisposition condition, Lynch syndrome. Nonetheless, how MMR loss contributes to tumorigenesis is not completely understood. In addition to preventing the accumulation of mutations, MMR also directs cellular responses, such as cell cycle checkpoint or apoptosis activation, to different forms of DNA damage. Understanding this MMR-dependent DNA damage response may provide insight into the full tumor suppressing capabilities of the MMR pathway. Here, we delve into the proposed mechanisms for the MMR-dependent response to DNA damaging agents. We discuss how these pre-clinical findings extend to the clinical treatment of cancers, emphasizing MMR status as a crucial variable in selection of chemotherapeutic regimens. Also, we discuss how loss of the MMR-dependent damage response could promote tumorigenesis via the establishment of a survival advantage to endogenous levels of stress in MMR-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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18
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Düzenli U, Altun Z, Olgun Y, Aktaş S, Pamukoğlu A, Çetinayak HO, Bayrak AF, Olgun L. Role of N-acetyl cysteine and acetyl-l-carnitine combination treatment on DNA-damage-related genes induced by radiation in HEI-OC1 cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:298-306. [PMID: 30496017 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1547847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cytotoxicity and change in DNA damage-related genes in House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells. METHODS HEI-OC1 cells were irradiated with 5 Gy radiation and treated by eight combinations of NAC and/or ALC: control, NAC, ALC, IR, NAC + IR, ALC + NAC, ALC + IR, and ALC + NAC + IR. Cell viability, apoptotic cell death, and DNA damage were measured at the 72nd hour. Eighty-four IR-induced DNA-damage-related genes were determined by RT-PCR gene array and >10-fold changes were considered significant. RESULTS IR decreased cell viability by about 50% at 72 hours of incubation. In particular, the ALC and/or NAC combination before IR protected the HEI-OC1 cells (p < .05). Single and combination treatment prior to IR led to lower apoptotic cell death (p < .05). There was a significant lower DNA damage in ALC + NAC + IR group compared to IR group (p < .05). Expressions of Brca2, Xpc, Mlh3, Rad51, Xrcc2, Hus1, Rad9a, Cdkn1a, Gadd45a which are the DNA-repair genes were found to be significantly higher in NAC + ALC + IR group than those in individual treatment of ALC or NAC. CONCLUSIONS ALC and/or NAC treatment prior to IR led to higher cell viability and lower apoptotic cell damage compared to the IR group. The results of the study show that the ALC + NAC combination treatment inhibits DNA damage and induces DNA-repair genes to repair radiation damage, and this combination treatment is more effective against radiation-induced DNA damage than NAC or ALC therapy individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Düzenli
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Bozyaka Teaching and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Zekiye Altun
- b Department of Basic Oncology , Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Oncology , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Yüksel Olgun
- c Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine , Dokuz Eylül University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Safiye Aktaş
- b Department of Basic Oncology , Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Oncology , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ayça Pamukoğlu
- b Department of Basic Oncology , Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Oncology , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Hasan Oğuz Çetinayak
- d Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine , Dokuz Eylül University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Asuman Feda Bayrak
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Bozyaka Teaching and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Levent Olgun
- a Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Bozyaka Teaching and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey
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19
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Senescent stromal cell-induced divergence and therapeutic resistance in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:83514-83529. [PMID: 27835864 PMCID: PMC5347785 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) is a precursor T cell leukemia/lymphoma that represents approximately 15% of all childhood and 25% of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although a high cure rate is observed in children, therapy resistance is often observed in adults and mechanisms leading to this resistance remain elusive. Utilizing public gene expression datasets, a fibrotic signature was detected in T-LBL but not T-ALL biopsies. Further, using a T-ALL cell line, CCRF-CEM (CEM) cells, we show that CEM cells induce pulmonary remodeling in immunocompromised mice, suggesting potential interaction between these cells and lung fibroblasts. Co-culture studies suggested that fibroblasts-induced phenotypic and genotypic divergence in co-cultured CEM cells leading to diminished therapeutic responses in vitro. Senescent rather than proliferating stromal cells induced these effects in CEM cells, due, in part, to the enhanced production of oxidative radicals and exosomes containing miRNAs targeting BRCA1 and components of the Mismatch Repair pathway (MMR). Collectively, our studies demonstrate that there may be bidirectional interaction between leukemic cells and stroma, where leukemic cells induce stromal development in vivo and senescent stromal cells generates genomic alterations in the leukemic cells rendering them therapeutic resistant. Thus, targeting senescent stroma might prove beneficial in T-ALL/LBL patients.
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20
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DNA mismatch repair and its many roles in eukaryotic cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:174-187. [PMID: 28927527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an important DNA repair pathway that plays critical roles in DNA replication fidelity, mutation avoidance and genome stability, all of which contribute significantly to the viability of cells and organisms. MMR is widely-used as a diagnostic biomarker for human cancers in the clinic, and as a biomarker of cancer susceptibility in animal model systems. Prokaryotic MMR is well-characterized at the molecular and mechanistic level; however, MMR is considerably more complex in eukaryotic cells than in prokaryotic cells, and in recent years, it has become evident that MMR plays novel roles in eukaryotic cells, several of which are not yet well-defined or understood. Many MMR-deficient human cancer cells lack mutations in known human MMR genes, which strongly suggests that essential eukaryotic MMR components/cofactors remain unidentified and uncharacterized. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the eukaryotic MMR machinery discriminates between the parental (template) and the daughter (nascent) DNA strand is incompletely understood and how cells choose between the EXO1-dependent and the EXO1-independent subpathways of MMR is not known. This review summarizes recent literature on eukaryotic MMR, with emphasis on the diverse cellular roles of eukaryotic MMR proteins, the mechanism of strand discrimination and cross-talk/interactions between and co-regulation of MMR and other DNA repair pathways in eukaryotic cells. The main conclusion of the review is that MMR proteins contribute to genome stability through their ability to recognize and promote an appropriate cellular response to aberrant DNA structures, especially when they arise during DNA replication. Although the molecular mechanism of MMR in the eukaryotic cell is still not completely understood, increased used of single-molecule analyses in the future may yield new insight into these unsolved questions.
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Abstract
Artificially modified nucleotides, in the form of nucleoside analogues, are widely used in the treatment of cancers and various other diseases, and have become important tools in the laboratory to characterise DNA repair pathways. In contrast, the role of endogenously occurring nucleotide modifications in genome stability is little understood. This is despite the demonstration over three decades ago that the cellular DNA precursor pool is orders of magnitude more susceptible to modification than the DNA molecule itself. More recently, underscoring the importance of this topic, oxidation of the cellular nucleotide pool achieved through targeting the sanitation enzyme MTH1, appears to be a promising anti-cancer strategy. This article reviews our current understanding of modified DNA precursors in genome stability, with a particular focus upon oxidised nucleotides, and outlines some important outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nicholas C K Valerie
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mian OY, Khattab MH, Hedayati M, Coulter J, Abubaker-Sharif B, Schwaninger JM, Veeraswamy RK, Brooks JD, Hopkins L, Shinohara DB, Cornblatt B, Nelson WG, Yegnasubramanian S, DeWeese TL. GSTP1 Loss results in accumulation of oxidative DNA base damage and promotes prostate cancer cell survival following exposure to protracted oxidative stress. Prostate 2016; 76:199-206. [PMID: 26447830 PMCID: PMC4734373 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic silencing of glutathione S-transferase π (GSTP1) is a hallmark of transformation from normal prostatic epithelium to adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The functional significance of this loss is incompletely understood. The present study explores the effects of restored GSTP1 expression on glutathione levels, accumulation of oxidative DNA damage, and prostate cancer cell survival following oxidative stress induced by protracted, low dose rate ionizing radiation (LDR). METHODS GSTP1 protein expression was stably restored in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The effect of GSTP1 restoration on protracted LDR-induced oxidative DNA damage was measured by GC-MS quantitation of modified bases. Reduced and oxidized glutathione levels were measured in control and GSTP1 expressing populations. Clonogenic survival studies of GSTP1- transfected LNCaP cells after exposure to protracted LDR were performed. Global gene expression profiling and pathway analysis were performed. RESULTS GSTP1 expressing cells accumulated less oxidized DNA base damage and exhibited decreased survival compared to control LNCaP-Neo cells following oxidative injury induced by protracted LDR. Restoration of GSTP1 expression resulted in changes in modified glutathione levels that correlated with GSTP1 protein levels in response to protracted LDR-induced oxidative stress. Survival differences were not attributable to depletion of cellular glutathione stores. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis following GSTP1 restoration suggests this protein plays a key role in regulating prostate cancer cell survival. CONCLUSIONS The ubiquitous epigenetic silencing of GSTP1 in prostate cancer results in enhanced survival and accumulation of potentially promutagenic DNA adducts following exposure of cells to protracted oxidative injury suggesting a protective, anti-neoplastic function of GSTP1. The present work provides mechanistic backing to the tumor suppressor function of GSTP1 and its role in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y. Mian
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohamed H. Khattab
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Hedayati
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Coulter
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Budri Abubaker-Sharif
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lisa Hopkins
- St. Peters University Hospital Breast Center in New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Debika Biswal Shinohara
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - William G. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Theodore L. DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- School of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Theodore L. DeWeese, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-5678.
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Machado-Silva A, Cerqueira PG, Grazielle-Silva V, Gadelha FR, Peloso EDF, Teixeira SMR, Machado CR. How Trypanosoma cruzi deals with oxidative stress: Antioxidant defence and DNA repair pathways. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:8-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ding N, Bonham EM, Hannon BE, Amick TR, Baylin SB, O'Hagan HM. Mismatch repair proteins recruit DNA methyltransferase 1 to sites of oxidative DNA damage. J Mol Cell Biol 2015; 8:244-54. [PMID: 26186941 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
At sites of chronic inflammation, epithelial cells are exposed to high levels of reactive oxygen species and undergo cancer-associated DNA methylation changes, suggesting that inflammation may initiate epigenetic alterations. Previously, we demonstrated that oxidative damage causes epigenetic silencing proteins to become part of a large complex that is localized to GC-rich regions of the genome, including promoter CpG islands that are epigenetically silenced in cancer. However, whether these proteins were recruited directly to damaged DNA or during the DNA repair process was unknown. Here we demonstrate that the mismatch repair protein heterodimer MSH2-MSH6 participates in the oxidative damage-induced recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to chromatin. Hydrogen peroxide treatment induces the interaction of MSH2-MSH6 with DNMT1, suggesting that the recruitment is through a protein-protein interaction. Importantly, the reduction in transcription for genes with CpG island-containing promoters caused by oxidative damage is abrogated by knockdown of MSH6 and/or DNMT1. Our findings provide evidence that the role of DNMT1 at sites of oxidative damage is to reduce transcription, potentially preventing transcription from interfering with the repair process. This study uniquely brings together several factors that are known to contribute to colon cancer, namely inflammation, mismatch repair proteins, and epigenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Emily M Bonham
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brooke E Hannon
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Thomas R Amick
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Heather M O'Hagan
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Bridge G, Rashid S, Martin SA. DNA mismatch repair and oxidative DNA damage: implications for cancer biology and treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1597-614. [PMID: 25099886 PMCID: PMC4190558 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many components of the cell, including lipids, proteins and both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, are vulnerable to deleterious modifications caused by reactive oxygen species. If not repaired, oxidative DNA damage can lead to disease-causing mutations, such as in cancer. Base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair are the two DNA repair pathways believed to orchestrate the removal of oxidative lesions. However, recent findings suggest that the mismatch repair pathway may also be important for the response to oxidative DNA damage. This is particularly relevant in cancer where mismatch repair genes are frequently mutated or epigenetically silenced. In this review we explore how the regulation of oxidative DNA damage by mismatch repair proteins may impact on carcinogenesis. We discuss recent studies that identify potential new treatments for mismatch repair deficient tumours, which exploit this non-canonical role of mismatch repair using synthetic lethal targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Bridge
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Sukaina Rashid
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Strickertsson JAB, Desler C, Rasmussen LJ. Impact of bacterial infections on aging and cancer: impairment of DNA repair and mitochondrial function of host cells. Exp Gerontol 2014; 56:164-74. [PMID: 24704713 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The commensal floras that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract play critical roles in immune responses, energy metabolism, and even cancer prevention. Pathogenic and out of place commensal bacteria, can however have detrimental effects on the host, by introducing genomic instability and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are hallmarks of both aging and cancer. Helicobacter pylori and Enterococcus faecalis are bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract that have been demonstrated to affect these two hallmarks. These, and other bacteria, have been shown to decrease the transcription and translation of essential DNA repair subunits of major DNA repair pathways and increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Defects in DNA repair cause mutations and genomic instability and are found in several cancers as well as in progeroid syndromes. This review describes our contemporary view on how bacterial infections impact DNA repair and damage, and the consequence on the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. We argue that in the gastrointestinal tract, these mechanisms can contribute to tumorigenesis as well as cellular aging of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper A B Strickertsson
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Piao J, Nakatsu Y, Ohno M, Taguchi KI, Tsuzuki T. Mismatch repair deficient mice show susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced intestinal carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 10:73-9. [PMID: 24391453 PMCID: PMC3879593 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously established an experimental system for oxidative DNA damage-induced tumorigenesis in the small intestine of mice. To elucidate the roles of mismatch repair genes in the tumor suppression, we performed oxidative DNA damage-induced tumorigenesis experiments using Msh2-deficient mice. Oral administration of 0.2% Potassium Bromate, KBrO3, effectively induced epithelial tumors in the small intestines of Msh2-deficient mice. We observed a 22.5-fold increase in tumor formation in the small intestines of Msh2-deficient mice compared with the wild type mice. These results indicate that mismatch repair is involved in the suppression of oxidative stress-induced intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. A mutation analysis of the Ctnnb1 gene of the tumors revealed predominant occurrences of G:C to A:T transitions. The TUNEL analysis showed a decreased number of TUNEL-positive cells in the crypts of small intestines from the Msh2-deficient mice compared with the wild type mice after treatment of KBrO3. These results suggest that the mismatch repair system may simultaneously function in both avoiding mutagenesis and inducing cell death to suppress the tumorigenesis induced by oxidative stress in the small intestine of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Piao
- 1. Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- 1. Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Mizuki Ohno
- 1. Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Ken-ichi Taguchi
- 2. Department of Cancer Pathology, Institute for Clinical Research, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Tsuzuki
- 1. Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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The effect of Msh2 knockdown on toxicity induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide, potassium bromate, and hydrogen peroxide in base excision repair proficient and deficient cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:152909. [PMID: 23984319 PMCID: PMC3747367 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER) systems are important determinants of cellular toxicity following exposure to agents that cause oxidative DNA damage. To examine the interactions between these different repair systems, we examined whether toxicity, induced by t-BOOH and KBrO3, differs in BER proficient (Mpg+/+, Nth1+/+) and deficient (Mpg−/−, Nth1−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) following Msh2 knockdown of between 79 and 88% using an shRNA expression vector. Msh2 knockdown in Nth1+/+ cells had no effect on t-BOOH and KBrO3 induced toxicity as assessed by an MTT assay; knockdown in Nth1−/− cells resulted in increased resistance to t-BOOH and KBrO3, a result consistent with Nth1 removing oxidised pyrimidines. Msh2 knockdown in Mpg+/+ cells had no effect on t-BOOH toxicity but increased resistance to KBrO3; in Mpg−/− cells, Msh2 knockdown increased cellular sensitivity to KBrO3 but increased resistance to t-BOOH, suggesting a role for Mpg in removing DNA damage induced by these agents. MSH2 dependent and independent pathways then determine cellular toxicity induced by oxidising agents. A complex interaction between MMR and BER repair systems, that is, exposure dependent, also exists to determine cellular toxicity.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Living organisms are under constant assault by a combination of environmental and endogenous oxidative DNA damage, inducing the modification of proteins, lipids, and DNA. Failure to resolve these oxidative modifications is associated with genome instability and the development of many disease states. To maintain genomic integrity, oxidative lesions must be precisely targeted and efficiently resolved. For this, cells have evolved an intricate network of DNA repair mechanisms to detect and repair oxidative DNA damage. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to the base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair pathways, the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway plays an important role in mediating oxidative DNA damage repair. Studies in lower organisms and mammalian cells have enabled us to further dissect this critical role and elucidate the precise mechanisms of repair. CRITICAL ISSUES Identification of synthetic lethal interactions between MMR deficiency and the accumulation of oxidative DNA damage raises the tantalizing prospect that oxidative DNA-damaging agents may be utilized to selectively target MMR-deficient cancers and potentially other tumor types deficient for oxidative DNA repair molecules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this review, we emphasize the clinical relevance and potential translation of exploiting this oxidative DNA repair mechanism using synthetic lethality studies in MMR-deficient cells, to develop improved treatment strategies that will benefit cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brierley
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
DNA damage created by endogenous or exogenous genotoxic agents can exist in multiple forms, and if allowed to persist, can promote genome instability and directly lead to various human diseases, particularly cancer, neurological abnormalities, immunodeficiency and premature aging. To avoid such deleterious outcomes, cells have evolved an array of DNA repair pathways, which carry out what is typically a multiple-step process to resolve specific DNA lesions and maintain genome integrity. To fully appreciate the biological contributions of the different DNA repair systems, one must keep in mind the cellular context within which they operate. For example, the human body is composed of non-dividing and dividing cell types, including, in the brain, neurons and glial cells. We describe herein the molecular mechanisms of the different DNA repair pathways, and review their roles in non-dividing and dividing cells, with an eye toward how these pathways may regulate the development of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Iyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Manikandan M, Raksha G, Munirajan AK. Haploinsufficiency of Tumor Suppressor Genes is Driven by the Cumulative Effect of microRNAs, microRNA Binding Site Polymorphisms and microRNA Polymorphisms: An In silico Approach. Cancer Inform 2012; 11:157-71. [PMID: 23032637 PMCID: PMC3433856 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of tumor suppressor genes, wherein the reduced production and activity of proteins results in the inability of the cell to maintain normal cellular function, is one among the various causes of cancer. However the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this condition remain unclear. Here we hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs and microRNA seed sequence (miR-SNPs) may cause haploinsufficiency at the level of proteins through altered binding specificity of microRNAs (miRNAs). Bioinformatics analysis of haploinsufficient genes for variations in their 3′UTR showed that the occurrence of SNPs result in the creation of new binding sites for miRNAs, thereby bringing the respective mRNA variant under the control of more miRNAs. In addition, 19 miR-SNPs were found to result in non-specific binding of microRNAs to tumor suppressors. Networking analysis suggests that the haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes strongly interact with one another, and any subtle alterations in this network will contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayakannan Manikandan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai - 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hegde ML, Banerjee S, Hegde PM, Bellot LJ, Hazra TK, Boldogh I, Mitra S. Enhancement of NEIL1 protein-initiated oxidized DNA base excision repair by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNP-U) via direct interaction. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34202-11. [PMID: 22902625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of oxidized base lesions in the human genome, initiated by DNA glycosylases, occurs via the base excision repair pathway using conserved repair and some non-repair proteins. However, the functions of the latter noncanonical proteins in base excision repair are unclear. Here we elucidated the role of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-U (hnRNP-U), identified in the immunoprecipitate of human NEIL1, a major DNA glycosylase responsible for oxidized base repair. hnRNP-U directly interacts with NEIL1 in vitro via the NEIL1 common interacting C-terminal domain, which is dispensable for its enzymatic activity. Their in-cell association increases after oxidative stress. hnRNP-U stimulates the NEIL1 in vitro base excision activity for 5-hydroxyuracil in duplex, bubble, forked, or single-stranded DNA substrate, primarily by enhancing product release. Using eluates from FLAG-NEIL1 immunoprecipitates from human cells, we observed 3-fold enhancement in complete repair activity after oxidant treatment. The lack of such enhancement in hnRNP-U-depleted cells suggests its involvement in repairing enhanced base damage after oxidative stress. The NEIL1 disordered C-terminal region binds to hnRNP-U at equimolar ratio with high affinity (K(d) = ∼54 nm). The interacting regions in hnRNP-U, mapped to both termini, suggest their proximity in the native protein; these are also disordered, based on PONDR (Predictor of Naturally Disordered Regions) prediction and circular dichroism spectra. Finally, depletion of hnRNP-U and NEIL1 epistatically sensitized human cells at low oxidative genome damage, suggesting that the hnRNP-U protection of cells after oxidative stress is largely due to enhancement of NEIL1-mediated repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555-1079, USA
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Agnez-Lima LF, Melo JTA, Silva AE, Oliveira AHS, Timoteo ARS, Lima-Bessa KM, Martinez GR, Medeiros MHG, Di Mascio P, Galhardo RS, Menck CFM. DNA damage by singlet oxygen and cellular protective mechanisms. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2012; 751:15-28. [PMID: 22266568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, as singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) and hydrogen peroxide, are continuously generated by aerobic organisms, and react actively with biomolecules. At excessive amounts, (1)O(2) induces oxidative stress and shows carcinogenic and toxic effects due to oxidation of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Singlet oxygen is able to react with DNA molecule and may induce G to T transversions due to 8-oxodG generation. The nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair and mismatch repair have been implicated in the correction of DNA lesions induced by (1)O(2) both in prokaryotic and in eukaryotic cells. (1)O(2) is also able to induce the expression of genes involved with the cellular responses to oxidative stress, such as NF-κB, c-fos and c-jun, and genes involved with tissue damage and inflammation, as ICAM-1, interleukins 1 and 6. The studies outlined in this review reinforce the idea that (1)O(2) is one of the more dangerous reactive oxygen species to the cells, and deserves our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucymara F Agnez-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Perspectives for tailored chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:264-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Zlatanou A, Despras E, Braz-Petta T, Boubakour-Azzouz I, Pouvelle C, Stewart GS, Nakajima S, Yasui A, Ishchenko AA, Kannouche PL. The hMsh2-hMsh6 complex acts in concert with monoubiquitinated PCNA and Pol η in response to oxidative DNA damage in human cells. Mol Cell 2011; 43:649-62. [PMID: 21855803 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of PCNA by ubiquitin plays an important role in coordinating the processes of DNA damage tolerance during DNA replication. The monoubiquitination of PCNA was shown to facilitate the switch between the replicative DNA polymerase with the low-fidelity polymerase eta (η) to bypass UV-induced DNA lesions during replication. Here, we show that in response to oxidative stress, PCNA becomes transiently monoubiquitinated in an S phase- and USP1-independent manner. Moreover, Polη interacts with mUb-PCNA at sites of oxidative DNA damage via its PCNA-binding and ubiquitin-binding motifs. Strikingly, while functional base excision repair is not required for this modification of PCNA or Polη recruitment to chromatin, the presence of hMsh2-hMsh6 is indispensable. Our findings highlight an alternative pathway in response to oxidative DNA damage that may coordinate the removal of oxidatively induced clustered DNA lesions and could explain the high levels of oxidized DNA lesions in MSH2-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zlatanou
- Group TLS Polymerases and Cancer, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR8200, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
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Somatic deletions of genes regulating MSH2 protein stability cause DNA mismatch repair deficiency and drug resistance in human leukemia cells. Nat Med 2011; 17:1298-303. [PMID: 21946537 PMCID: PMC3192247 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair enzymes (e.g., MSH2) maintain genomic integrity, and their deficiency predisposes to several human cancers and to drug resistance. We found that leukemia cells from a substantial proportion of patients (~11%) with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have low or undetectable MSH2 protein levels (MSH2-L), despite abundant wild-type MSH2 mRNA. MSH2-L leukemia cells contained partial or complete somatic deletions of 1–4 genes that regulate MSH2 degradation (FRAP1, HERC1, PRKCZ, PIK3C2B); these deletions were also found in adult ALL (16%) and sporadic colorectal cancer (13.5%). Knockdown of these genes in human leukemia cells recapitulated the MSH2 protein deficiency by enhancing MSH2-degradation, leading to significant reduction in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and increased resistance to thiopurines. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby somatic deletions of genes regulating MSH2 degradation result in undetectable levels of MSH2 protein in leukemia cells, MMR deficiency and drug resistance.
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Kunos C, Radivoyevitch T, Abdul-Karim FW, Faulhaber P. 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography Standard Uptake Value Ratio as an Indicator of Cervical Cancer Chemoradiation Therapeutic Response. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21:1117-23. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e31821dc8b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Roze LV, Chanda A, Wee J, Awad D, Linz JE. Stress-related transcription factor AtfB integrates secondary metabolism with oxidative stress response in aspergilli. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35137-48. [PMID: 21808056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, several lines of experimental evidence indicate that secondary metabolism is triggered by oxidative stress; however, the functional and molecular mechanisms that mediate this association are unclear. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor AtfB, a member of the bZIP/CREB family, helps regulate conidial tolerance to oxidative stress. In this work, we investigated the role of AtfB in the connection between oxidative stress response and secondary metabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. This well characterized model organism synthesizes the secondary metabolite and carcinogen aflatoxin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with specific anti-AtfB demonstrated AtfB binding at promoters of seven genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster that carry CREs. Promoters lacking CREs did not show AtfB binding. The binding of AtfB to the promoters occurred under aflatoxin-inducing but not under aflatoxin-noninducing conditions and correlated with activation of transcription of the aflatoxin genes. Deletion of veA, a global regulator of secondary metabolism and development, nearly eliminated this binding. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that AtfB binds to the nor-1 (an early aflatoxin gene) promoter at a composite regulatory element that consists of highly similar, adjacent CRE1 and AP-1-like binding sites. The five nucleotides immediately upstream from CRE1, AGCC(G/C), are highly conserved in five aflatoxin promoters that demonstrate AtfB binding. We propose that AtfB is a key player in the regulatory circuit that integrates secondary metabolism and cellular response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V Roze
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Kinsella TJ, Gurkan-Cavusoglu E, Du W, Loparo KA. Integration of Principles of Systems Biology and Radiation Biology: Toward Development of in silico Models to Optimize IUdR-Mediated Radiosensitization of DNA Mismatch Repair Deficient (Damage Tolerant) Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2011; 1:20. [PMID: 22649757 PMCID: PMC3355906 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2011.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 7 years, we have focused our experimental and computational research efforts on improving our understanding of the biochemical, molecular, and cellular processing of iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) and ionizing radiation (IR) induced DNA base damage by DNA mismatch repair (MMR). These coordinated research efforts, sponsored by the National Cancer Institute Integrative Cancer Biology Program (ICBP), brought together system scientists with expertise in engineering, mathematics, and complex systems theory and translational cancer researchers with expertise in radiation biology. Our overall goal was to begin to develop computational models of IUdR- and/or IR-induced base damage processing by MMR that may provide new clinical strategies to optimize IUdR-mediated radiosensitization in MMR deficient (MMR−) “damage tolerant” human cancers. Using multiple scales of experimental testing, ranging from purified protein systems to in vitro (cellular) and to in vivo (human tumor xenografts in athymic mice) models, we have begun to integrate and interpolate these experimental data with hybrid stochastic biochemical models of MMR damage processing and probabilistic cell cycle regulation models through a systems biology approach. In this article, we highlight the results and current status of our integration of radiation biology approaches and computational modeling to enhance IUdR-mediated radiosensitization in MMR− damage tolerant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Kinsella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital Providence, RI, USA
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Martin LM, Marples B, Coffey M, Lawler M, Lynch TH, Hollywood D, Marignol L. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response to ionizing radiation: Making sense of apparently conflicting data. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36:518-27. [PMID: 20413225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liberti SE, Andersen SD, Wang J, May A, Miron S, Perderiset M, Keijzers G, Nielsen FC, Charbonnier JB, Bohr VA, Rasmussen LJ. Bi-directional routing of DNA mismatch repair protein human exonuclease 1 to replication foci and DNA double strand breaks. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 10:73-86. [PMID: 20970388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human exonuclease 1 (hEXO1) is implicated in DNA metabolism, including replication, recombination and repair, substantiated by its interactions with PCNA, DNA helicases BLM and WRN, and several DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins. We investigated the sub-nuclear localization of hEXO1 during S-phase progression and in response to laser-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). We show that hEXO1 and PCNA co-localize in replication foci. This apparent interaction is sustained throughout S-phase. We also demonstrate that hEXO1 is rapidly recruited to DNA DSBs. We have identified a PCNA interacting protein (PIP-box) region on hEXO1 located in its COOH-terminal ((788)QIKLNELW(795)). This motif is essential for PCNA binding and co-localization during S-phase. Recruitment of hEXO1 to DNA DSB sites is dependent on the MMR protein hMLH1. We show that two distinct hMLH1 interaction regions of hEXO1 (residues 390-490 and 787-846) are required to direct the protein to the DNA damage site. Our results reveal that protein domains in hEXO1 in conjunction with specific protein interactions control bi-directional routing of hEXO1 between on-going DNA replication and repair processes in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Liberti
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chastain PD, Nakamura J, Rao S, Chu H, Ibrahim JG, Swenberg JA, Kaufman DG. Abasic sites preferentially form at regions undergoing DNA replication. FASEB J 2010; 24:3674-80. [PMID: 20511393 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-145276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP/abasic) sites were more frequent in regions of DNA replication in cells and whether their number increased during oxidative stress. DNA fiber spreading and fluorescent immunostaining were used to detect areas of DNA replication and sites of AP lesions in extended DNA fibers. The distribution of AP sites was determined in DNA fibers from vertebrate cells maintained under normal culture conditions or stressed with exogenous H(2)O(2). AP lesions per unit length were enumerated in bulk DNA or at replication sites. The background density of AP sites in DNA fibers was 5.4 AP sites/10(6) nt, while newly replicated DNA contained 12.9 AP sites/10(6) nt. In cells exposed to 20 μM H(2)O(2), AP sites in newly replicated DNA increased to 20.8/10(6) nt. Determinations of AP site density in bulk DNA by fiber analysis or standard slot blot assays agreed to within 10%. Our findings show that the fiber assay not only accurately determines the frequency of AP sites but also shows their distribution. They also reveal that there is increased susceptibility to oxidative damage in DNA regions undergoing replication, which may explain the previously observed clustering of AP sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Chastain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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Theriot CA, Hegde ML, Hazra TK, Mitra S. RPA physically interacts with the human DNA glycosylase NEIL1 to regulate excision of oxidative DNA base damage in primer-template structures. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:643-52. [PMID: 20338831 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human DNA glycosylase NEIL1, activated during the S-phase, has been shown to excise oxidized base lesions in single-strand DNA substrates. Furthermore, our previous work demonstrating functional interaction of NEIL1 with PCNA and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) suggested its involvement in replication-associated repair. Here we show interaction of NEIL1 with replication protein A (RPA), the heterotrimeric single-strand DNA binding protein that is essential for replication and other DNA transactions. The NEIL1 immunocomplex isolated from human cells contains RPA, and its abundance in the complex increases after exposure to oxidative stress. NEIL1 directly interacts with the large subunit of RPA (K(d) approximately 20 nM) via the common interacting interface (residues 312-349) in NEIL1's disordered C-terminal region. RPA inhibits the base excision activity of both wild-type NEIL1 (389 residues) and its C-terminal deletion CDelta78 mutant (lacking the interaction domain) for repairing 5-hydroxyuracil (5-OHU) in a primer-template structure mimicking the DNA replication fork. This inhibition is reduced when the damage is located near the primer-template junction. Contrarily, RPA moderately stimulates wild-type NEIL1 but not the CDelta78 mutant when 5-OHU is located within the duplex region. While NEIL1 is inhibited by both RPA and Escherichia coli single-strand DNA binding protein, only inhibition by RPA is relieved by PCNA. These results showing modulation of NEIL1's activity on single-stranded DNA substrate by RPA and PCNA support NEIL1's involvement in repairing the replicating genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Yan T, Seo Y, Kinsella TJ. Differential cellular responses to prolonged LDR-IR in MLH1-proficient and MLH1-deficient colorectal cancer HCT116 cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6912-20. [PMID: 19861440 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MLH1 is a key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein involved in maintaining genomic stability by participating in the repair of endogenous and exogenous mispairs in the daughter strands during S phase. Exogenous mispairs can result following treatment with several classes of chemotherapeutic drugs, as well as with ionizing radiation. In this study, we investigated the role of the MLH1 protein in determining the cellular and molecular responses to prolonged low-dose rate ionizing radiation (LDR-IR), which is similar to the clinical use of cancer brachytherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An isogenic pair of MMR(+) (MLH1(+)) and MMR(-) (MLH1(-)) human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells was exposed to prolonged LDR-IR (1.3-17 cGy/h x 24-96 h). The clonogenic survival and gene mutation rates were examined. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed with flow cytometry. Changes in selected DNA damage repair proteins, DNA damage response proteins, and cell death marker proteins were examined with Western blotting. RESULTS MLH1(+) HCT116 cells showed greater radiosensitivity with enhanced expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers, a reduced HPRT gene mutation rate, and more pronounced cell cycle alterations (increased late-S population and a G(2)/M arrest) following LDR-IR compared with MLH1(-) HCT116 cells. Importantly, a progressive increase in MLH1 protein levels was found in MLH1(+) cells during prolonged LDR-IR, which was temporally correlated with a progressive decrease in Rad51 protein (involved in homologous recombination) levels. CONCLUSIONS MLH1 status significantly affects cellular responses to prolonged LDR-IR. MLH1 may enhance cell radiosensitivity to prolonged LDR-IR through inhibition of homologous recombination (through inhibition of Rad51).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the Case Integrative Cancer Biology Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Antonarakis ES, Heath EI, Walczak JR, Nelson WG, Fedor H, De Marzo AM, Zahurak ML, Piantadosi S, Dannenberg AJ, Gurganus RT, Baker SD, Parnes HL, DeWeese TL, Partin AW, Carducci MA. Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of neoadjuvant celecoxib in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: evaluation of drug-specific biomarkers. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4986-93. [PMID: 19720908 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.21.9410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential pharmacologic target for the prevention of various malignancies, including prostate cancer. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to examine the effect of celecoxib on drug-specific biomarkers from prostate tissue obtained at prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with localized prostate cancer and Gleason sum > or = 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > or = 15 ng/mL, clinical stage T2b or greater, or any combination with greater than 45% risk of capsular penetration were randomly assigned to celecoxib 400 mg by mouth twice daily or placebo for 4 to 6 weeks before prostatectomy. The primary end point was the difference in prostatic prostaglandin levels between the two groups. Secondary end points were differences in COX-1 and -2 expressions; oxidized DNA bases; and markers of proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Tissue celecoxib concentrations also were measured. Tertiary end points were drug safety and compliance. RESULTS Seventy-three patients consented, and 64 were randomly assigned and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. There were no treatment differences in any of the primary or secondary outcomes. Multivariable regression revealed that tumor tissue had significantly lower COX-2 expression than benign prostatic tissue (P = .01) and significantly higher levels of the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < .0001). Celecoxib was measurable in prostate tissue of patients on treatment, demonstrating that celecoxib reached its target. Celecoxib was safe and resulted in only grade 1 toxicities. CONCLUSION Treatment with 4 to 6 weeks of celecoxib had no effect on intermediate biomarkers of prostate carcinogenesis, despite the achievement of measurable tissue levels. We caution against using celecoxib 400 mg twice daily as a preventive agent for prostate cancer in additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Russo MT, De Luca G, Casorelli I, Degan P, Molatore S, Barone F, Mazzei F, Pannellini T, Musiani P, Bignami M. Role of MUTYH and MSH2 in the Control of Oxidative DNA Damage, Genetic Instability, and Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4372-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mismatch repair is the major pathway controlling genetic stability by removing mispairs caused by faulty replication and/or mismatches containing oxidized bases. Thus, inactivation of the Msh2 mismatch repair gene is associated with a mutator phenotype and increased cancer susceptibility. The base excision repair gene Mutyh is also involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity by repairing premutagenic lesions induced by oxidative DNA damage. Because evidence in bacteria suggested that Msh2 and Mutyh repair factors might have some overlapping functions, we investigated the biological consequences of their single and double inactivation in vitro and in vivo. Msh2−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) showed a strong mutator phenotype at the hprt gene, whereas Mutyh inactivation was associated with a milder phenotype (2.9 × 10−6 and 3.3 × 10−7 mutation/cell/generation, respectively). The value of 2.7 × 10−6 mutation/cell/generation in Msh2−/−Mutyh−/− MEFs did not differ significantly from Msh2−/− cells. When steady-state levels of DNA 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) were measured in MEFs of different genotypes, single gene inactivation resulted in increases similar to those observed in doubly defective cells. In contrast, a synergistic accumulation of 8-oxoG was observed in several organs of Msh2−/−Mutyh−/− animals, suggesting that in vivo Msh2 and Mutyh provide separate repair functions and contribute independently to the control of oxidative DNA damage. Finally, a strong delay in lymphomagenesis was observed in Msh2−/−Mutyh−/− when compared with Msh2−/− animals. The immunophenotype of these tumors indicate that both genotypes develop B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas displaying microsatellite instability. This suggests that a large fraction of the cancer-prone phenotype of Msh2−/− mice depends on Mutyh activity. [Cancer Res 2009;69(10):4372–9]
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Russo
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Luca
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Casorelli
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- 2Department of Translational Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Molatore
- 3Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; and
| | - Flavia Barone
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filomena Mazzei
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Pannellini
- 4Centro Studi per l'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Piero Musiani
- 4Centro Studi per l'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi “G. d'Annunzio,” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Margherita Bignami
- 1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Holt SM, Scemama JL, Panayiotidis MI, Georgakilas AG. Compromised repair of clustered DNA damage in the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia MSH2-deficient NALM-6 cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 674:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Baute J, Depicker A. Base excision repair and its role in maintaining genome stability. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 43:239-76. [PMID: 18756381 DOI: 10.1080/10409230802309905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For all living organisms, genome stability is important, but is also under constant threat because various environmental and endogenous damaging agents can modify the structural properties of DNA bases. As a defense, organisms have developed different DNA repair pathways. Base excision repair (BER) is the predominant pathway for coping with a broad range of small lesions resulting from oxidation, alkylation, and deamination, which modify individual bases without large effect on the double helix structure. As, in mammalian cells, this damage is estimated to account daily for 10(4) events per cell, the need for BER pathways is unquestionable. The damage-specific removal is carried out by a considerable group of enzymes, designated as DNA glycosylases. Each DNA glycosylase has its unique specificity and many of them are ubiquitous in microorganisms, mammals, and plants. Here, we review the importance of the BER pathway and we focus on the different roles of DNA glycosylases in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Baute
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Gent, Belgium
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The JmjC domain histone demethylase Ndy1 regulates redox homeostasis and protects cells from oxidative stress. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:7451-64. [PMID: 18838535 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00688-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 demethylase Ndy1/KDM2B protects cells from replicative senescence. Changes in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for establishing senescence, suggesting that Ndy1 may play a role in redox regulation. Here we show that Ndy1 protects from H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis and G(2)/M arrest and inhibits ROS-mediated signaling and DNA damage, while knockdown of Ndy1 has the opposite effects. Consistent with these observations, whereas Ndy1 overexpression promotes H(2)O(2) detoxification, Ndy1 knockdown inhibits it. Ndy1 promotes the expression of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (Aass), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (Nqo1), peroxiredoxin-4 (Prdx4), and serine peptidase inhibitor b1b (Serpinb1b) and represses the expression of interleukin-19. At least two of these genes (Nqo1 and Prdx4) are regulated directly by Ndy1, which binds to specific sites within their promoters and demethylates promoter-associated histone H3 dimethylated at K36 and histone H3 trimethylated at K4. Simultaneous knockdown of Aass, Nqo1, Prdx4, and Serpinb1b in Ndy1-expressing cells to levels equivalent to those detected in control cells was sufficient to suppress the Ndy1 redox phenotype.
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Tichy ED, Stambrook PJ. DNA repair in murine embryonic stem cells and differentiated cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1929-36. [PMID: 18374918 PMCID: PMC2532524 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are rapidly proliferating, self-renewing cells that have the capacity to differentiate into all three germ layers to form the embryo proper. Since these cells are critical for embryo formation, they must have robust prophylactic mechanisms to ensure that their genomic integrity is preserved. Indeed, several studies have suggested that ES cells are hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents and readily undergo apoptosis to eliminate damaged cells from the population. Other evidence suggests that DNA damage can cause premature differentiation in these cells. Several laboratories have also begun to investigate the role of DNA repair in the maintenance of ES cell genomic integrity. It does appear that ES cells differ in their capacity to repair damaged DNA compared to differentiated cells. This minireview focuses on repair mechanisms ES cells may use to help preserve genomic integrity and compares available data regarding these mechanisms with those utilized by differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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