1
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Wang T, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Yu D, Liu G, Zhang K. Annexin A2: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathogen Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:564. [PMID: 39057791 PMCID: PMC11279864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2) is a multifunctional calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein that plays an important role in various cells. During pathogen infections, ANXA2 modulates the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and cell apoptosis signaling pathways and guides the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells toward inflammation sites, thereby protecting the host organism through the modulation of the inflammatory response. In addition, ANXA2 can regulate immune responses, and in certain pathogen infections, it can interact with pathogen proteins to facilitate their invasion and proliferation. This review provides an overview of the research progress on how ANXA2 regulates pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Dengshuai Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Dixi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
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2
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Embry A, Baggett NS, Heisler DB, White A, de Jong MF, Kocsis BL, Tomchick DR, Alto NM, Gammon DB. Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012010. [PMID: 38753575 PMCID: PMC11098378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are a diverse group of insect-transmitted pathogens that pose global public health challenges. Identifying evolutionarily conserved host factors that combat arbovirus replication in disparate eukaryotic hosts is important as they may tip the balance between productive and abortive viral replication, and thus determine virus host range. Here, we exploit naturally abortive arbovirus infections that we identified in lepidopteran cells and use bacterial effector proteins to uncover host factors restricting arbovirus replication. Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into eukaryotic hosts cells that can inhibit antimicrobial defenses. Since bacteria and viruses can encounter common host defenses, we hypothesized that some bacterial effectors may inhibit host factors that restrict arbovirus replication in lepidopteran cells. Thus, we used bacterial effectors as molecular tools to identify host factors that restrict four distinct arboviruses in lepidopteran cells. By screening 210 effectors encoded by seven different bacterial pathogens, we identify several effectors that individually rescue the replication of all four arboviruses. We show that these effectors encode diverse enzymatic activities that are required to break arbovirus restriction. We further characterize Shigella flexneri-encoded IpaH4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates two evolutionarily conserved proteins, SHOC2 and PSMC1, promoting their degradation in insect and human cells. We show that depletion of either SHOC2 or PSMC1 in insect or human cells promotes arbovirus replication, indicating that these are ancient virus restriction factors conserved across invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Collectively, our study reveals a novel pathogen-guided approach to identify conserved antimicrobial machinery, new effector functions, and conserved roles for SHOC2 and PSMC1 in virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Embry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Nina S. Baggett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - David B. Heisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Addison White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Maarten F. de Jong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Benjamin L. Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Diana R. Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
| | - Don B. Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United State of America
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3
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Zhu H, Sydor AM, Boddy KC, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, Au A, Tan JMJ, Yan BR, Moffat J, Muise AM, Yip CM, Grinstein S, Raught B, Brumell JH. Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for invasion of host cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3120. [PMID: 38600106 PMCID: PMC11006906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella utilizes a type 3 secretion system to translocate virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells during infection1. The effectors modulate host cell machinery to drive uptake of the bacteria into vacuoles, where they can establish an intracellular replicative niche. A remarkable feature of Salmonella invasion is the formation of actin-rich protuberances (ruffles) on the host cell surface that contribute to bacterial uptake. However, the membrane source for ruffle formation and how these bacteria regulate membrane mobilization within host cells remains unclear. Here, we show that Salmonella exploits membrane reservoirs for the generation of invasion ruffles. The reservoirs are pre-existing tubular compartments associated with the plasma membrane (PM) and are formed through the activity of RAB10 GTPase. Under normal growth conditions, membrane reservoirs contribute to PM homeostasis and are preloaded with the exocyst subunit EXOC2. During Salmonella invasion, the bacterial effectors SipC, SopE2, and SopB recruit exocyst subunits from membrane reservoirs and other cellular compartments, thereby allowing exocyst complex assembly and membrane delivery required for bacterial uptake. Our findings reveal an important role for RAB10 in the establishment of membrane reservoirs and the mechanisms by which Salmonella can exploit these compartments during host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Zhu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Sydor
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirsten C Boddy
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM)-U1192, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM)-U1192, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel M J Tan
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bing-Ru Yan
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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von Beek C, Fahlgren A, Geiser P, Di Martino ML, Lindahl O, Prensa GI, Mendez-Enriquez E, Eriksson J, Hallgren J, Fällman M, Pejler G, Sellin ME. A two-step activation mechanism enables mast cells to differentiate their response between extracellular and invasive enterobacterial infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:904. [PMID: 38291037 PMCID: PMC10828507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells localize to mucosal tissues and contribute to innate immune defense against infection. How mast cells sense, differentiate between, and respond to bacterial pathogens remains a topic of ongoing debate. Using the prototype enteropathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) and other related enterobacteria, here we show that mast cells can regulate their cytokine secretion response to distinguish between extracellular and invasive bacterial infection. Tissue-invasive S.Tm and mast cells colocalize in the mouse gut during acute Salmonella infection. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) sensing of extracellular S.Tm, or pure lipopolysaccharide, causes a modest induction of cytokine transcripts and proteins, including IL-6, IL-13, and TNF. By contrast, type-III-secretion-system-1 (TTSS-1)-dependent S.Tm invasion of both mouse and human mast cells triggers rapid and potent inflammatory gene expression and >100-fold elevated cytokine secretion. The S.Tm TTSS-1 effectors SopB, SopE, and SopE2 here elicit a second activation signal, including Akt phosphorylation downstream of effector translocation, which combines with TLR activation to drive the full-blown mast cell response. Supernatants from S.Tm-infected mast cells boost macrophage survival and maturation from bone-marrow progenitors. Taken together, this study shows that mast cells can differentiate between extracellular and host-cell invasive enterobacteria via a two-step activation mechanism and tune their inflammatory output accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher von Beek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Fahlgren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Petra Geiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Otto Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Grisna I Prensa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Mendez-Enriquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Fällman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Embry A, Baggett NS, Heisler DB, White A, de Jong MF, Kocsis BL, Tomchick DR, Alto NM, Gammon DB. Exploiting Bacterial Effector Proteins to Uncover Evolutionarily Conserved Antiviral Host Machinery. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.29.577891. [PMID: 38352400 PMCID: PMC10862796 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.29.577891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Arboviruses are a diverse group of insect-transmitted pathogens that pose global public health challenges. Identifying evolutionarily conserved host factors that combat arbovirus replication in disparate eukaryotic hosts is important as they may tip the balance between productive and abortive viral replication, and thus determine virus host range. Here, we exploit naturally abortive arbovirus infections that we identified in lepidopteran cells and use bacterial effector proteins to uncover host factors restricting arbovirus replication. Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into eukaryotic hosts cells that can inhibit antimicrobial defenses. Since bacteria and viruses can encounter common host defenses, we hypothesized that some bacterial effectors may inhibit host factors that restrict arbovirus replication in lepidopteran cells. Thus, we used bacterial effectors as molecular tools to identify host factors that restrict four distinct arboviruses in lepidopteran cells. By screening 210 effectors encoded by seven different bacterial pathogens, we identify six effectors that individually rescue the replication of all four arboviruses. We show that these effectors encode diverse enzymatic activities that are required to break arbovirus restriction. We further characterize Shigella flexneri-encoded IpaH4 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates two evolutionarily conserved proteins, SHOC2 and PSMC1, promoting their degradation in insect and human cells. We show that depletion of either SHOC2 or PSMC1 in insect or human cells promotes arbovirus replication, indicating that these are ancient virus restriction factors conserved across invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Collectively, our study reveals a novel pathogen-guided approach to identify conserved antimicrobial machinery, new effector functions, and conserved roles for SHOC2 and PSMC1 in virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Embry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nina S. Baggett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David B. Heisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Addison White
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Maarten F. de Jong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Diana R. Tomchick
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Neal M. Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Don B. Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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7
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Kirchenwitz M, Halfen J, von Peinen K, Prettin S, Kollasser J, Zur Lage S, Blankenfeldt W, Brakebusch C, Rottner K, Steffen A, Stradal TEB. RhoB promotes Salmonella survival by regulating autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151358. [PMID: 37703749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium manipulates cellular Rho GTPases for host cell invasion by effector protein translocation via the Type III Secretion System (T3SS). The two Guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) mimicking factors SopE and -E2 and the inositol phosphate phosphatase (PiPase) SopB activate the Rho GTPases Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA, thereby mediating bacterial invasion. S. Typhimurium lacking these three effector proteins are largely invasion-defective. Type III secretion is crucial for both early and later phases of the intracellular life of S. Typhimurium. Here we investigated whether and how the small GTPase RhoB, known to localize on endomembrane vesicles and at the invasion site of S. Typhimurium, contributes to bacterial invasion and to subsequent steps relevant for S. Typhimurium lifestyle. We show that RhoB is significantly upregulated within hours of Salmonella infection. This effect depends on the presence of the bacterial effector SopB, but does not require its phosphatase activity. Our data reveal that SopB and RhoB bind to each other, and that RhoB localizes on early phagosomes of intracellular S. Typhimurium. Whereas both SopB and RhoB promote intracellular survival of Salmonella, RhoB is specifically required for Salmonella-induced upregulation of autophagy. Finally, in the absence of RhoB, vacuolar escape and cytosolic hyper-replication of S. Typhimurium is diminished. Our findings thus uncover a role for RhoB in Salmonella-induced autophagy, which supports intracellular survival of the bacterium and is promoted through a positive feedback loop by the Salmonella effector SopB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kirchenwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jessica Halfen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin von Peinen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvia Prettin
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana Kollasser
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Zur Lage
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Department Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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8
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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9
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Dixon CL, Wu A, Fairn GD. Multifaceted roles and regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing proteins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242659. [PMID: 37869013 PMCID: PMC10585062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins, NOD1 and NOD2, are cytosolic receptors that recognize dipeptides and tripeptides derived from the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN). During the past two decades, studies have revealed several roles for NODs beyond detecting PGN fragments, including activation of an innate immune anti-viral response, NOD-mediated autophagy, and ER stress induced inflammation. Recent studies have also clarified the dynamic regulation of NODs at cellular membranes to generate specific and balanced immune responses. This review will describe how NOD1 and NOD2 detect microbes and cellular stress and detail the molecular mechanisms that regulate activation and signaling while highlighting new evidence and the impact on inflammatory disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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10
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Davidson A, Hume PJ, Greene NP, Koronakis V. Salmonella invasion of a cell is self-limiting due to effector-driven activation of N-WASP. iScience 2023; 26:106643. [PMID: 37168569 PMCID: PMC10164908 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium drives uptake into non-phagocytic host cells by injecting effector proteins that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton. The host actin regulator N-WASP has been implicated in bacterial entry, but its precise role is not clear. We demonstrate that Cdc42-dependent N-WASP activation, instigated by the Cdc42-activating effector SopE2, strongly impedes Salmonella uptake into host cells. This inhibitory pathway is predominant later in invasion, with the ubiquitin ligase activity of the effector SopA specifically interfering with negative Cdc42-N-WASP signaling at early stages. The cell therefore transitions from being susceptible to invasion, into a state almost completely recalcitrant to bacterial uptake, providing a mechanism to limit the number of internalized Salmonella. Our work raises the possibility that Cdc42-N-WASP, known to be activated by numerous bacterial and viral species during infection and commonly assumed to promote pathogen uptake, is used to limit the entry of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J. Hume
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Vassilis Koronakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Corresponding author
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12
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Meng K, Zhu P, Shi L, Li S. Determination of the Salmonella intracellular lifestyle by the diversified interaction of Type III secretion system effectors and host GTPases. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1587. [PMID: 36250298 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to subvert the host endomembrane system to establish a stable replication niche. Small GTPases are critical players in regulating each step of membrane trafficking events, such as vesicle biogenesis, cargo transport, tethering, and fusion events. Salmonella is a widely studied facultative intracellular bacteria. Salmonella delivers several virulence proteins, termed effectors, to regulate GTPase dynamics and subvert host trafficking for their benefit. In this review, we summarize an updated and systematic understanding of the interactions between bacterial effectors and host GTPases in determining the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Meng
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuliu Shi
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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13
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Burroughs A, Aravind L. New biochemistry in the Rhodanese-phosphatase superfamily: emerging roles in diverse metabolic processes, nucleic acid modifications, and biological conflicts. NAR Genom Bioinform 2023; 5:lqad029. [PMID: 36968430 PMCID: PMC10034599 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein-tyrosine/dual-specificity phosphatases and rhodanese domains constitute a sprawling superfamily of Rossmannoid domains that use a conserved active site with a cysteine to catalyze a range of phosphate-transfer, thiotransfer, selenotransfer and redox activities. While these enzymes have been extensively studied in the context of protein/lipid head group dephosphorylation and various thiotransfer reactions, their overall diversity and catalytic potential remain poorly understood. Using comparative genomics and sequence/structure analysis, we comprehensively investigate and develop a natural classification for this superfamily. As a result, we identified several novel clades, both those which retain the catalytic cysteine and those where a distinct active site has emerged in the same location (e.g. diphthine synthase-like methylases and RNA 2' OH ribosyl phosphate transferases). We also present evidence that the superfamily has a wider range of catalytic capabilities than previously known, including a set of parallel activities operating on various sugar/sugar alcohol groups in the context of NAD+-derivatives and RNA termini, and potential phosphate transfer activities involving sugars and nucleotides. We show that such activities are particularly expanded in the RapZ-C-DUF488-DUF4326 clade, defined here for the first time. Some enzymes from this clade are predicted to catalyze novel DNA-end processing activities as part of nucleic-acid-modifying systems that are likely to function in biological conflicts between viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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14
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Casaux ML, Neto WS, Schild CO, Costa RA, Macías-Rioseco M, Caffarena RD, Silveira CS, Aráoz V, Díaz BD, Giannitti F, Fraga M. Epidemiological and clinicopathological findings in 15 fatal outbreaks of salmonellosis in dairy calves and virulence genes in the causative Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Dublin strains. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:475-490. [PMID: 36602750 PMCID: PMC9943839 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major food-borne pathogen that affects cattle-rearing systems worldwide. Little information is available on the epidemiology and pathology of salmonellosis and the virulence genes (VGs) carried by Salmonella in spontaneous outbreaks in cattle. We describe epidemiological findings in 15 fatal outbreaks of salmonellosis in Uruguayan dairy farms and the age, clinical signs, and pathology in 20 affected calves. We also describe the serotypes and frequencies of 17 VGs in the causative Salmonella strains and explore their associations with epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings. Salmonella Typhimurium and Dublin were identified in 11/15 and 4/15 outbreaks, respectively. The most frequent reason for consultation was digestive disease (8 outbreaks caused by S. Typhimurium), followed by sudden death (4 outbreaks, 3 caused by S. Dublin). Morbidity, mortality, and lethality ranged 4.8-100%, 3.8-78.9%, and 10-100%, without significant differences between serotypes. Diarrhea, the most common clinical sign (14 cases), was associated with the Typhimurium serotype (OR = 26.95), especially in ≤ 30-day-old calves with fibrinous enteritis as the main autopsy finding. The Dublin serotype affected ≥ 50-day-old calves and was associated with fibrinosuppurative splenitis (p = 0.01) and tubulointerstitial nephritis (OR = 48.95). The chances of the Dublin serotype increased significantly with age. There was low variability of VG across serotypes. The pefA gene was associated with the Typhimurium serotype (OR = 21.95), macroscopic enteritis (p = 0.03), and microscopic fibrinosuppurative splenitis (p = 0.04). Understanding the epidemiology, pathology, and virulence of S. enterica at the farm level is key to delineating prevention and control strategies to mitigate its impact on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - W Santiago Neto
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - C O Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - R A Costa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - M Macías-Rioseco
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
- California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) Laboratory, Tulare Branch, University of California at Davis, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - R D Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
- Unidad Académica Salud de los Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C S Silveira
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - V Aráoz
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - B Doncel Díaz
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay
| | - M Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, El Semillero, Uruguay.
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15
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Kostow N, Welch MD. Manipulation of host cell plasma membranes by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102241. [PMID: 36442349 PMCID: PMC10074913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the host cell plasma membrane is critical during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens, particularly during bacterial entry into and exit from host cells. To manipulate host cells, bacteria deploy secreted proteins that modulate or modify host cell components. Here, we review recent advances that suggest common themes by which bacteria manipulate the host cell plasma membrane. One theme is that bacteria use diverse strategies to target or influence host cell plasma membrane composition and shape. A second theme is that bacteria take advantage of host cell plasma membrane-associated pathways such as signal transduction, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Future investigation into how bacterial and host factors contribute to plasma membrane manipulation by bacterial pathogens will reveal new insights into pathogenesis and fundamental principles of plasma membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kostow
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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16
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Salmonella effector SopB reorganizes cytoskeletal vimentin to maintain replication vacuoles for efficient infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:478. [PMID: 36717589 PMCID: PMC9885066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of intracellular bacteria modulate the host cytoskeleton to establish subcellular niches for replication. However, the role of intermediate filaments, which are crucial for mechanical strength and resilience of the cell, and in bacterial vacuole preservation remains unclear. Here, we show that Salmonella effector SopB reorganizes the vimentin network to form cage-like structures that surround Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCVs). Genetic removal of vimentin markedly disrupts SCV organization, significantly reduces bacterial replication and cell death. Mechanistically, SopB uses its N-terminal Cdc42-binding domain to interact with and activate Cdc42 GTPase, which in turn recruits vimentin around SCVs. A high-content imaging-based screening identified that MEK1/2 inhibition led to vimentin dispersion. Our work therefore elucidates the signaling axis SopB-Cdc42-MEK1/2 as mobilizing host vimentin to maintain concrete SCVs and identifies a mechanism contributing to Salmonella replication. Importantly, Trametinib, a clinically-approved MEK1/2 inhibitor identified in the screen, displayed significant anti-infection efficacy against Salmonella both in vitro and in vivo, and may provide a therapeutic option for treating drug-tolerant salmonellosis.
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17
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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18
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Felipe-López A, Hansmeier N, Danzer C, Hensel M. Manipulation of microvillar proteins during Salmonella enterica invasion results in brush border effacement and actin remodeling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1137062. [PMID: 36936760 PMCID: PMC10018140 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1137062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocyte invasion by the gastrointestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica is accompanied by loss of brush border and massive remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, leading to microvilli effacement and formation of membrane ruffles. These manipulations are mediated by effector proteins translocated by the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1-encoded type III secretion system (SPI1-T3SS). To unravel the mechanisms of microvilli effacement and contribution of SPI1-T3SS effector proteins, the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions was analyzed using live cell imaging (LCI) of polarized epithelial cells (PEC) expressing LifeAct-GFP. PEC were infected with S. enterica wild-type and mutant strains with defined defects in SPI1-T3SS effector proteins, and pharmacological inhibition of actin assembly were applied. We identified that microvilli effacement involves two distinct mechanisms: i) F-actin depolymerization mediated by villin and ii), the consumption of cytoplasmic G-actin by formation of membrane ruffles. By analyzing the contribution of individual SPI1-T3SS effector proteins, we demonstrate that SopE dominantly triggers microvilli effacement and formation of membrane ruffles. Furthermore, SopE via Rac1 indirectly manipulates villin, which culminates in F-actin depolymerization. Collectively, these results indicate that SopE has dual functions during F-actin remodeling in PEC. While SopE-Rac1 triggers F-actin polymerization and ruffle formation, activation of PLCγ and villin by SopE depolymerizes F-actin in PEC. These results demonstrate the key role of SopE in destruction of the intestinal barrier during intestinal infection by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Danzer
- Mikrobiologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Hensel,
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19
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Tran Van Nhieu G, Latour-Lambert P, Enninga J. Modification of phosphoinositides by the Shigella effector IpgD during host cell infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1012533. [PMID: 36389142 PMCID: PMC9647168 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1012533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, subvert cytoskeletal and trafficking processes to invade and replicate in epithelial cells using an arsenal of bacterial effectors translocated through a type III secretion system. Here, we review the various roles of the type III effector IpgD, initially characterized as phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PI4,5P2) 4-phosphatase. By decreasing PI4,5P2 levels, IpgD triggers the disassembly of cortical actin filaments required for bacterial invasion and cell migration. PI5P produced by IpgD further stimulates signaling pathways regulating cell survival, macropinosome formation, endosomal trafficking and dampening of immune responses. Recently, IpgD was also found to exhibit phosphotransferase activity leading to PI3,4P2 synthesis adding a new flavor to this multipotent bacterial enzyme. The substrate of IpgD, PI4,5P2 is also the main substrate hydrolyzed by endogenous phospholipases C to produce inositoltriphosphate (InsP3), a major Ca2+ second messenger. Hence, beyond the repertoire of effects associated with the direct diversion of phoshoinositides, IpgD indirectly down-regulates InsP3-mediated Ca2+ release by limiting InsP3 production. Furthermore, IpgD controls the intracellular lifestyle of Shigella promoting Rab8/11 -dependent recruitment of the exocyst at macropinosomes to remove damaged vacuolar membrane remnants and promote bacterial cytosolic escape. IpgD thus emerges as a key bacterial effector for the remodeling of host cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Tran Van Nhieu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR9198 - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1280, Team Calcium Signaling and Microbial Infections, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patricia Latour-Lambert
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des interactions hôtes-pathogènes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des interactions hôtes-pathogènes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3691, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
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20
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Capitani N, Baldari CT. The Immunological Synapse: An Emerging Target for Immune Evasion by Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:943344. [PMID: 35911720 PMCID: PMC9325968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.943344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other pathogens, bacteria have developed during their evolution a variety of mechanisms to overcome both innate and acquired immunity, accounting for their ability to cause disease or chronic infections. The mechanisms exploited for this critical function act by targeting conserved structures or pathways that regulate the host immune response. A strategic potential target is the immunological synapse (IS), a highly specialized structure that forms at the interface between antigen presenting cells (APC) and T lymphocytes and is required for the establishment of an effective T cell response to the infectious agent and for the development of long-lasting T cell memory. While a variety of bacterial pathogens are known to impair or subvert cellular processes essential for antigen processing and presentation, on which IS assembly depends, it is only recently that the possibility that IS may be a direct target of bacterial virulence factors has been considered. Emerging evidence strongly supports this notion, highlighting IS targeting as a powerful, novel means of immune evasion by bacterial pathogens. In this review we will present a brief overview of the mechanisms used by bacteria to affect IS assembly by targeting APCs. We will then summarize what has emerged from the current handful of studies that have addressed the direct impact of bacterial virulence factors on IS assembly in T cells and, based on the strategic cellular processes targeted by these factors in other cell types, highlight potential IS-related vulnerabilities that could be exploited by these pathogens to evade T cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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21
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Walpole GFW, Pacheco J, Chauhan N, Clark J, Anderson KE, Abbas YM, Brabant-Kirwan D, Montaño-Rendón F, Liu Z, Zhu H, Brumell JH, Deiters A, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT, Hammond GRV, Grinstein S, Fairn GD. Kinase-independent synthesis of 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides by a phosphotransferase. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:708-722. [PMID: 35484249 PMCID: PMC9107517 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite their low abundance, phosphoinositides play a central role in membrane traffic and signalling. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are uniquely important, as they promote cell growth, survival and migration. Pathogenic organisms have developed means to subvert phosphoinositide metabolism to promote successful infection and their survival in host organisms. We demonstrate that PtdIns(3,4)P2 is a major product generated in host cells by the effectors of the enteropathogenic bacteria Salmonella and Shigella. Pharmacological, gene silencing and heterologous expression experiments revealed that, remarkably, the biosynthesis of PtdIns(3,4)P2 occurs independently of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Instead, we found that the Salmonella effector SopB, heretofore believed to be a phosphatase, generates PtdIns(3,4)P2 de novo via a phosphotransferase/phosphoisomerase mechanism. Recombinant SopB is capable of generating PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 from PtdIns(4,5)P2 in a cell-free system. Through a remarkable instance of convergent evolution, bacterial effectors acquired the ability to synthesize 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides by an ATP- and kinase-independent mechanism, thereby subverting host signalling to gain entry and even provoke oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Pacheco
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Neha Chauhan
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Yazan M Abbas
- Molecular Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fernando Montaño-Rendón
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zetao Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongxian Zhu
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Gerald R V Hammond
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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22
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Phosphoinositide phosphorylation sans kinase. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:604-606. [PMID: 35484248 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Salmonella Typhimurium and inflammation: a pathogen-centric affair. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:716-725. [PMID: 34012042 PMCID: PMC9350856 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are controlled by host inflammatory responses that are initiated by innate immune receptors after recognition of conserved microbial products. As inflammation can also lead to disease, tissues that are exposed to microbial products such as the intestinal epithelium are subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate signalling through innate immune receptors. The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, which requires intestinal inflammation to sustain its replication in the intestinal tract, uses effector proteins of its type III secretion systems to trigger an inflammatory response without the engagement of innate immune receptors. Furthermore, S. Typhimurium uses a different set of effectors to restrict the inflammatory response to preserve host homeostasis. The S. Typhimurium-host interface is a remarkable example of the unique balance that emerges from the co-evolution of a pathogen and its host.
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24
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Boddy KC, Zhu H, D'Costa VM, Xu C, Beyrakhova K, Cygler M, Grinstein S, Coyaud E, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Raught B, Brumell JH. Salmonella effector SopD promotes plasma membrane scission by inhibiting Rab10. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4707. [PMID: 34349110 PMCID: PMC8339009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella utilizes translocated virulence proteins (termed effectors) to promote host cell invasion. The effector SopD contributes to invasion by promoting scission of the plasma membrane, generating Salmonella-containing vacuoles. SopD is expressed in all Salmonella lineages and plays important roles in animal models of infection, but its host cell targets are unknown. Here we show that SopD can bind to and inhibit the small GTPase Rab10, through a C-terminal GTPase activating protein (GAP) domain. During infection, Rab10 and its effectors MICAL-L1 and EHBP1 are recruited to invasion sites. By inhibiting Rab10, SopD promotes removal of Rab10 and recruitment of Dynamin-2 to drive scission of the plasma membrane. Together, our study uncovers an important role for Rab10 in regulating plasma membrane scission and identifies the mechanism used by a bacterial pathogen to manipulate this function during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C Boddy
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongxian Zhu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa M D'Costa
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caishuang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ksenia Beyrakhova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Miroslaw Cygler
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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In vitro and in vivo assessments of Artemisia argyi fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum WLPL01 as an alternative anti-Salmonella agent. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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ARHGEF26 enhances Salmonella invasion and inflammation in cells and mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009713. [PMID: 34242364 PMCID: PMC8294491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella hijack host machinery in order to invade cells and establish infection. While considerable work has described the role of host proteins in invasion, much less is known regarding how natural variation in these invasion-associated host proteins affects Salmonella pathogenesis. Here we leveraged a candidate cellular GWAS screen to identify natural genetic variation in the ARHGEF26 (Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 26) gene that renders lymphoblastoid cells susceptible to Salmonella Typhi and Typhimurium invasion. Experimental follow-up redefined ARHGEF26’s role in Salmonella epithelial cell infection. Specifically, we identified complex serovar-by-host interactions whereby ARHGEF26 stimulation of S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium invasion into host cells varied in magnitude and effector-dependence based on host cell type. While ARHGEF26 regulated SopB- and SopE-mediated S. Typhi (but not S. Typhimurium) infection of HeLa cells, the largest effect of ARHGEF26 was observed with S. Typhimurium in polarized MDCK cells through a SopB- and SopE2-independent mechanism. In both cell types, knockdown of the ARHGEF26-associated protein DLG1 resulted in a similar phenotype and serovar specificity. Importantly, we show that ARHGEF26 plays a critical role in S. Typhimurium pathogenesis by contributing to bacterial burden in the enteric fever murine model, as well as inflammation in the colitis infection model. In the enteric fever model, SopB and SopE2 are required for the effects of Arhgef26 deletion on bacterial burden, and the impact of sopB and sopE2 deletion in turn required ARHGEF26. In contrast, SopB and SopE2 were not required for the impacts of Arhgef26 deletion on colitis. A role for ARHGEF26 on inflammation was also seen in cells, as knockdown reduced IL-8 production in HeLa cells. Together, these data reveal pleiotropic roles for ARHGEF26 during infection and highlight that many of the interactions that occur during infection that are thought to be well understood likely have underappreciated complexity. During infection, Salmonella manipulates host cells into engulfing the bacteria and establishing an intracellular niche. While many studies have identified genes involved in different stages of this Salmonella invasion process, few studies have examined how differences between human hosts contribute to infection susceptibility. Here we leveraged a candidate genetic screen to identify natural genetic variation in the human ARHGEF26 gene that correlates with Salmonella invasion. Springboarding from this result, we experimentally tested and redefined ARHGEF26’s role in Salmonella invasion, discovered a new role for ARHGEF26 in regulating inflammation during Salmonella disease, and demonstrated the relevance of these findings in mouse models. Building on how ARHGEF26 functions in other contexts, we implicated two ARHGEF26-interacting host proteins as contributors to Salmonella pathobiology. Collectively, these results identify a potential source of inter-person diversity in susceptibility to Salmonella disease and expand our molecular understanding of Salmonella infection to include a multifaceted role for ARHGEF26. They further identify important future directions in understanding how Salmonella recruit and manipulate ARHGEF26 as well as how ARHGEF26 is able to drive Salmonella-beneficial processes.
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Westman J, Grinstein S. Determinants of Phagosomal pH During Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021. [PMID: 33505976 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624958/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of phagosomes to halt microbial growth is intimately linked to their ability to acidify their luminal pH. Establishment and maintenance of an acidic lumen requires precise co-ordination of H+ pumping and counter-ion permeation to offset the countervailing H+ leakage. Despite the best efforts of professional phagocytes, however, a number of specialized pathogens survive and even replicate inside phagosomes. In such instances, pathogens target the pH-regulatory machinery of the host cell in an effort to survive inside or escape from phagosomes. This review aims to describe how phagosomal pH is regulated during phagocytosis, why it varies in different types of professional phagocytes and the strategies developed by prototypical intracellular pathogens to manipulate phagosomal pH to survive, replicate, and eventually escape from the phagocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Westman J, Grinstein S. Determinants of Phagosomal pH During Host-Pathogen Interactions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:624958. [PMID: 33505976 PMCID: PMC7829662 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.624958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of phagosomes to halt microbial growth is intimately linked to their ability to acidify their luminal pH. Establishment and maintenance of an acidic lumen requires precise co-ordination of H+ pumping and counter-ion permeation to offset the countervailing H+ leakage. Despite the best efforts of professional phagocytes, however, a number of specialized pathogens survive and even replicate inside phagosomes. In such instances, pathogens target the pH-regulatory machinery of the host cell in an effort to survive inside or escape from phagosomes. This review aims to describe how phagosomal pH is regulated during phagocytosis, why it varies in different types of professional phagocytes and the strategies developed by prototypical intracellular pathogens to manipulate phagosomal pH to survive, replicate, and eventually escape from the phagocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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29
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Pillon M, Doublet P. Myosins, an Underestimated Player in the Infectious Cycle of Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020615. [PMID: 33435466 PMCID: PMC7826972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins play a key role in many cellular processes such as cell migration, adhesion, intracellular trafficking and internalization processes, making them ideal targets for bacteria. Through selected examples, such as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Neisseria, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria or Chlamydia, this review aims to illustrate how bacteria target and hijack host cell myosins in order to adhere to the cell, to enter the cell by triggering their internalization, to evade from the cytosolic autonomous cell defense, to promote the biogenesis of intracellular replicative niche, to disseminate in tissues by cell-to-cell spreading, to exit out the host cell, and also to evade from macrophage phagocytosis. It highlights the diversity and sophistication of the strategy evolved by bacteria to manipulate one of their privileged targets, the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Pillon
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Group, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1111, 69007 Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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30
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Herianto S, Rathod J, Shah P, Chen YZ, Wu WS, Liang B, Chen CS. Systematic Analysis of Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate-Interacting Proteins Using Yeast Proteome Microarrays. Anal Chem 2020; 93:868-877. [PMID: 33302626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We used yeast proteome microarrays (∼5800 purified proteins) to conduct a high-throughput and systematic screening of PI5P-interacting proteins with PI5P-tagged fluorescent liposomal nanovesicles. Lissamine rhodamine B-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanol was incorporated into the liposome bilayer to provide the nanovesicles with fluorescence without any encapsulants, which not only made the liposome fabrication much easier without the need for purification but also improved the chip-probing quality. A special chip assay was washed very gently without the traditional spin-dry step. Forty-five PI5P-interacting proteins were identified in triplicate with this special chip assay. Subsequently, we used flow cytometry to validate these interactions, and a total of 41 PI5P-interacting proteins were confirmed. Enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins have significant functions associated with ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, ribosome binding, GTP binding, and hydrolase activity. Their component enrichment is located in the nucleolus. The InterPro domain analysis indicated that PI5P-interacting proteins are enriched in the P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases domain (P-loop). Additionally, using the MEME program, we identified a consensus motif (IVGPAGTGKSTLF) that contains the Walker A sequence, a well-known nucleotide-binding motif. Furthermore, using a quartz crystal microbalance, both the consensus motif and Walker A motif showed strong affinities to PI5P-containing liposomes but not to PI5P-deprived liposomes or PI-containing liposomes. Additionally, the glycine (G6) and lysine (K7) residues of the Walker A motif (-GPAGTG6K7S-) were found to be critical to the PI5P-binding ability. This study not only identified an additional set of PI5P-interacting proteins but also revealed the strong PI5P-binding affinity (Kd = 1.81 × 10-7 M) of the Walker A motif beyond the motif's nucleotide-binding characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Herianto
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Pramod Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Jhongli 300, Taiwan
| | - You-Zuo Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Biqing Liang
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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31
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Liu W, Ruan T, Ji X, Ran D, Sun J, Shi H, Prinz RA, Sun J, Pan Z, Jiao X, Xu X. The Gli1-Snail axis contributes to Salmonella Typhimurium-induced disruption of intercellular junctions of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13211. [PMID: 32329192 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that damages gastrointestinal tissue and causes severe diarrhoea. The mechanisms by which Salmonella disrupts epithelial barrier and increases the paracellular permeability are incompletely understood. Our present study aims to determine the role of Gli1, a transcription factor activated in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, in decreasing the levels of apical junction proteins in a Salmonella-infected human colonic epithelial cancer cell line, Caco-2, and in the intestinal tissue of Salmonella-infected mice. Here, we report that S. Typhimurium increased the mRNA and protein levels of Gli1 and Snail, a downstream transcription factor that plays an important role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). S. Typhimurium also decreased the levels of E-cadherin and three tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin). Gli1 siRNA and GANT61, a Gli1-specific inhibitor, blocked S. Typhimurium-induced Snail expression, restored the levels of E-cadherin and tight junction proteins, and prevented S. Typhimurium-increased paracellular permeability. Further study showed that Gli1 was cross-activated by the MAP and PI-3 kinase pathways. S. Typhimurium devoid of sopB, an effector of the Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) responsible for AKT activation, was unable to induce Snail expression and to decrease the expression of apical junction proteins. Our study uncovered a novel role of Gli1 in mediating the Salmonella-induced disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ruan
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Ji
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Di Ran
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huoying Shi
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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Transposon Insertion Site Sequencing of Providencia stuartii: Essential Genes, Fitness Factors for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection, and the Impact of Polymicrobial Infection on Fitness Requirements. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00412-20. [PMID: 32461277 PMCID: PMC7253602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00412-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Providencia stuartii is a common cause of polymicrobial catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), and yet literature describing the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis is limited. To identify factors important for colonization during single-species infection and during polymicrobial infection with a common cocolonizer, Proteus mirabilis, we created a saturating library of ∼50,000 transposon mutants and conducted transposon insertion site sequencing (Tn-Seq) in a murine model of CAUTI. P. stuartii strain BE2467 carries 4,398 genes, 521 of which were identified as essential for growth in laboratory medium and therefore could not be assessed for contribution to infection. Using an input/output fold change cutoff value of 20 and P values of <0.05, 340 genes were identified as important for establishing single-species infection only and 63 genes as uniquely important for polymicrobial infection with P. mirabilis, and 168 genes contributed to both single-species and coinfection. Seven mutants were constructed for experimental validation of the primary screen that corresponded to flagella (fliC mutant), twin arginine translocation (tatC), an ATP-dependent protease (clpP), d-alanine-d-alanine ligase (ddlA), type 3 secretion (yscI and sopB), and type VI secretion (impJ). Infection-specific phenotypes validated 6/7 (86%) mutants during direct cochallenge with wild-type P. stuartii and 3/5 (60%) mutants during coinfection with P. mirabilis, for a combined validation rate of 9/12 (75%). Tn-Seq therefore successfully identified genes that contribute to fitness of P. stuartii within the urinary tract, determined the impact of coinfection on fitness requirements, and added to the identification of a collection of genes that may contribute to fitness of multiple urinary tract pathogens.IMPORTANCE Providencia stuartii is a common cause of polymicrobial catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), particularly during long-term catheterization. However, little is known regarding the pathogenesis of this organism. Using transposon insertion site sequencing (Tn-Seq), we performed a global assessment of P. stuartii fitness factors for CAUTI while simultaneously determining how coinfection with another pathogen alters fitness requirements. This approach provides four important contributions to the field: (i) the first global estimation of P. stuartii genes essential for growth in laboratory medium, (ii) identification of novel fitness factors for P. stuartii colonization of the catheterized urinary tract, (iii) identification of core fitness factors for both single-species and polymicrobial CAUTI, and (iv) assessment of conservation of fitness factors between common uropathogens. Genomewide assessment of the fitness requirements for common uropathogens during single-species and polymicrobial CAUTI thus elucidates complex interactions that contribute to disease severity and will uncover conserved targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Walpole GFW, Grinstein S. Endocytosis and the internalization of pathogenic organisms: focus on phosphoinositides. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32494357 PMCID: PMC7233180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their comparatively low abundance in biological membranes, phosphoinositides are key to the regulation of a diverse array of signaling pathways and direct membrane traffic. The role of phosphoinositides in the initiation and progression of endocytic pathways has been studied in considerable depth. Recent advances have revealed that distinct phosphoinositide species feature prominently in clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis as well as in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Moreover, a variety of intracellular and cell-associated pathogens have developed strategies to commandeer host cell phosphoinositide metabolism to gain entry and/or metabolic advantage, thereby promoting their survival and proliferation. Here, we briefly survey the current knowledge on the involvement of phosphoinositides in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis and highlight several examples of molecular mimicry employed by pathogens to either “hitch a ride” on endocytic pathways endogenous to the host or create an entry path of their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Ma Y, Ding S, Fei Y, Liu G, Jang H, Fang J. Antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins and catechins against foodborne pathogens Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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LmxM.22.0250-Encoded Dual Specificity Protein/Lipid Phosphatase Impairs Leishmania mexicana Virulence In Vitro. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040241. [PMID: 31744234 PMCID: PMC6969907 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls many key physiological processes. Numerous pathogens successfully use kinases and phosphatases to internalize, replicate, and survive, modifying the host′s phosphorylation profile or signal transduction pathways. Multiple phosphatases and kinases from diverse bacterial pathogens have been implicated in human infections before. In this work, we have identified and characterized the dual specificity protein/lipid phosphatase LmDUSP1 as a novel virulence factor governing Leishmania mexicana infection. The LmDUSP1-encoding gene (LmxM.22.0250 in L. mexicana) has been acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. Importantly, its orthologues have been associated with virulence in several bacterial species, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes. Leishmania mexicana with ablated LmxM.22.0250 demonstrated severely attenuated virulence in the experimental infection of primary mouse macrophages, suggesting that this gene facilitates Leishmania pathogenicity in vertebrates. Despite significant upregulation of LmxM.22.0250 expression in metacyclic promastigotes, its ablation did not affect the ability of mutant cells to differentiate into virulent stages in insects. It remains to be further investigated which specific biochemical pathways involve LmDUSP1 and how this facilitates the parasite′s survival in the host. One of the interesting possibilities is that LmDUSP1 may target host′s substrate(s), thereby affecting its signal transduction pathways.
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36
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High similarity and high frequency of virulence genes among Salmonella Dublin strains isolated over a 33-year period in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:497-509. [PMID: 31701384 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Dublin is a strongly adapted serovar that causes enteritis and/or systemic disease with high rates of mortality in cattle and occasionally infects humans. Despite the importance of this serovar, there is a lack of studies in Brazil. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 112 S. Dublin strains isolated from humans and animals in Brazil by CRISPR and CRISPR-MVLST and the relatedness among strains by MLST. In addition, the frequency of some important virulence genes was verified. The strains studied belonged to nine different sequence types, being all of them single- or double-locus variants of the ST10. CRISPR discriminated the strains into 69 subtypes with a similarity ≥ 84.4% and CRISPR-MVLST into 72 subtypes with a similarity ≥ 84.7%. The virulence genes ratB, lpfA, mgtC, avrA, sopB, sopE2, sifA, sseA, ssrA, csgA, fliC, and sinH were found in all the strains studied, while spvB, spvC, sodCl, rpoS, sipA, sipD, invA, and hilA were detected in ≥ 93.7% of the strains. In conclusion, the high similarity among the strains reinforces the clonal nature of the strains of this serovar that may have descended from a common ancestor that little differed over 33 years in Brazil. CRISPR and CRISPR-MVLST showed to be good alternatives to type S. Dublin strains. MLST suggested that S. Dublin strains from Brazil were phylogenetically related to strains from other parts of the globe. Moreover, the high frequency of virulence genes among the strains studied reinforces the capacity of S. Dublin to cause invasive diseases.
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37
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Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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38
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De Souza Santos M, Orth K. The Role of the Type III Secretion System in the Intracellular Lifestyle of Enteric Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0008-2019. [PMID: 31152523 PMCID: PMC11026088 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0008-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pathogens have evolved to infect host cells from within, which requires subversion of many host intracellular processes. In the case of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an intracellular life cycle relies largely on the activity of type III secretion systems (T3SSs), an apparatus used to deliver effector proteins into the host cell, from where these effectors regulate important cellular functions such as vesicular trafficking, cytoskeleton reorganization, and the innate immune response. Each bacterium is equipped with a unique suite of these T3SS effectors, which aid in the development of an individual intracellular lifestyle for their respective pathogens. Some bacteria adapt to reside and propagate within a customized vacuole, while others establish a replicative niche in the host cytosol. In this article, we review the mechanisms by which T3SS effectors contribute to these different lifestyles. To illustrate the formation of a vacuolar and a cytosolic lifestyle, we discuss the intracellular habitats of the enteric pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri, respectively. These represent well-characterized systems that function as informative models to contribute to our understanding of T3SS-dependent subversion of intracellular processes. Additionally, we present Vibrio parahaemolyticus, another enteric Gram-negative pathogen, as an emerging model for future studies of the cytosolic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela De Souza Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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39
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García-Gil A, Galán-Enríquez CS, Pérez-López A, Nava P, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells. Virulence 2019; 9:1390-1402. [PMID: 30103648 PMCID: PMC6177241 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1509664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are a target of Salmonella infection, allowing bacteria survival without inducing pyroptosis. This event is due to downregulation of Nlrc4 expression and lack of inflammasome complex activation, which impairs the secretion of IL-1β. YAP phosphorylation is required for downregulation of Nlrc4 in B cells during Salmonella infection; however, the microorganism’s mechanisms underlying the inhibition of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells are not fully understood. Our findings demonstrate that the Salmonella effector SopB triggers a signaling cascade involving PI3K, PDK1 and mTORC2 that activates Akt with consequent phosphorylation of YAP. When we deleted sopB in Salmonella, infected B cells that lack Rictor, or inhibited the signaling cascade using a pharmacological approach, we were able to restore the function of the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells and the ability to control the infection. Furthermore, B cells from infected mice exhibited activation of Akt and YAP phosphorylation, suggesting that Salmonella also triggers this pathway in vivo. In summary, our data demonstrate that the Salmonella effector inositide phosphate phosphatase SopB triggers the PI3K-Akt-YAP pathway to inhibit the NLRC4 inflammasome in B cells. This study provides further evidence that Salmonella triggers cellular mechanisms in B lymphocytes to manipulate the host environment by turning it into a survival niche to establish a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham García-Gil
- a Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Carlos Samuel Galán-Enríquez
- a Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Araceli Pérez-López
- b Department of Pediatrics , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Porfirio Nava
- c Departamento de Fisiología , Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- d Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosa , Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, SSA , Cuernavaca , México
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- a Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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40
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García-Gil A, Lopez-Bailon LU, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Beyond the antibody: B cells as a target for bacterial infection. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:905-913. [PMID: 30657607 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-225r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that B cells play an important role during infections beyond antibody production. B cells produce cytokines and are APCs for T cells. Recently, it has become clear that several pathogenic bacterial genera, such as Salmonella, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Moraxella, and Helicobacter, have evolved mechanisms such as micropinocytosis induction, inflammasome down-regulation, inhibitory molecule expression, apoptosis induction, and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion to manipulate B cell functions influencing immune responses. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of B cells as targets of bacterial infection and the mechanisms by which B cells become a niche for bacterial survival and replication away from extracellular immune responses such as complement and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham García-Gil
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Uriel Lopez-Bailon
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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41
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Sun H, Kamanova J, Lara-Tejero M, Galán JE. Salmonella stimulates pro-inflammatory signalling through p21-activated kinases bypassing innate immune receptors. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1122-1130. [PMID: 30224799 PMCID: PMC6158040 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections are most often countered by inflammatory responses that are initiated through the recognition of conserved microbial products by innate immune receptors and result in pathogen expulsion1-6. However, inflammation can also lead to pathology. Tissues such as the intestinal epithelium, which are exposed to microbial products, are therefore subject to stringent negative regulatory mechanisms to prevent signalling through innate immune receptors6-11. This presents a challenge to the enteric pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium, which requires intestinal inflammation to compete against the resident microbiota and to acquire the nutrients and electron acceptors that sustain its replication12,13. We show here that S. Typhimurium stimulates pro-inflammatory signalling by a unique mechanism initiated by effector proteins that are delivered by its type III protein secretion system. These effectors activate Cdc42 and the p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) leading to the recruitment of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (TAK1), and the stimulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inflammatory signalling. The removal of Cdc42, PAK1, TRAF6 or TAK1 prevented S. Typhimurium from stimulating NF-κB signalling in cultured cells. In addition, oral administration of a highly specific PAK inhibitor blocked Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation and bacterial replication in the mouse intestine, although it resulted in a significant increase in the bacterial loads in systemic tissues. Thus, S. Typhimurium stimulates inflammatory signalling in the intestinal tract by engaging critical downstream signalling components of innate immune receptors. These findings illustrate the unique balance that emerges from host-pathogen co-evolution, in that pathogen-initiated responses that help pathogen replication are also important to prevent pathogen spread to deeper tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jana Kamanova
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Lara-Tejero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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42
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Gupta A, Fabian L, Brill JA. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates cilium transition zone maturation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.218297. [PMID: 30054387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular antennae that are essential for human development and physiology. A large number of genetic disorders linked to cilium dysfunction are associated with proteins that localize to the ciliary transition zone (TZ), a structure at the base of cilia that regulates trafficking in and out of the cilium. Despite substantial effort to identify TZ proteins and their roles in cilium assembly and function, processes underlying maturation of TZs are not well understood. Here, we report a role for the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in TZ maturation in the Drosophila melanogaster male germline. We show that reduction of cellular PIP2 levels through ectopic expression of a phosphoinositide phosphatase or mutation of the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase Skittles induces formation of longer than normal TZs. These hyperelongated TZs exhibit functional defects, including loss of plasma membrane tethering. We also report that the onion rings (onr) allele of DrosophilaExo84 decouples TZ hyperelongation from loss of cilium-plasma membrane tethering. Our results reveal a requirement for PIP2 in supporting ciliogenesis by promoting proper TZ maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alind Gupta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie A Brill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada .,Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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43
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Truong D, Boddy KC, Canadien V, Brabant D, Fairn GD, D'Costa VM, Coyaud E, Raught B, Pérez-Sala D, Park WS, Heo WD, Grinstein S, Brumell JH. Salmonella
exploits host Rho GTPase signalling pathways through the phosphatase activity of SopB. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12938. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Truong
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Kirsten C. Boddy
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Danielle Brabant
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Wei Sun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
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44
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dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium: The Sagacity of a Bacterium. Curr Microbiol 2018; 76:762-773. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-018-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Chlamydia exploits filopodial capture and a macropinocytosis-like pathway for host cell entry. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007051. [PMID: 29727463 PMCID: PMC5955597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hijack host endocytic pathways to force their own entry into eukaryotic target cells. Many bacteria either exploit receptor-mediated zippering or inject virulence proteins directly to trigger membrane reorganisation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. By contrast, extracellular C. trachomatis elementary bodies (EBs) apparently employ facets of both the zipper and trigger mechanisms and are only ~400 nm in diameter. Our cryo-electron tomography of C. trachomatis entry revealed an unexpectedly diverse array of host structures in association with invading EBs, suggesting internalisation may progress by multiple, potentially redundant routes or several sequential events within a single pathway. Here we performed quantitative analysis of actin organisation at chlamydial entry foci, highlighting filopodial capture and phagocytic cups as dominant and conserved morphological structures early during internalisation. We applied inhibitor-based screening and employed reporters to systematically assay and visualise the spatio-temporal contribution of diverse endocytic signalling mediators to C. trachomatis entry. In addition to the recognised roles of the Rac1 GTPase and its associated nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) WAVE, our data revealed an additional unrecognised pathway sharing key hallmarks of macropinocytosis: i) amiloride sensitivity, ii) fluid-phase uptake, iii) recruitment and activity of the NPF N-WASP, and iv) the localised generation of phosphoinositide-3-phosphate (PI3P) species. Given their central role in macropinocytosis and affinity for PI3P, we assessed the role of SNX-PX-BAR family proteins. Strikingly, SNX9 was specifically and transiently enriched at C. trachomatis entry foci. SNX9-/- cells exhibited a 20% defect in EB entry, which was enhanced to 60% when the cells were infected without sedimentation-induced EB adhesion, consistent with a defect in initial EB-host interaction. Correspondingly, filopodial capture of C. trachomatis EBs was specifically attenuated in SNX9-/- cells, implicating SNX9 as a central host mediator of filopodial capture early during chlamydial entry. Our findings identify an unanticipated complexity of signalling underpinning cell entry by this major human pathogen, and suggest intriguing parallels with viral entry mechanisms. Chlamydia trachomatis remains the leading bacterial agent of sexually transmitted disease worldwide and causes a form of blindness called trachoma in Developing nations, which is recognised by the World Health Organisation as a neglected tropical disease. Despite this burden, we know comparatively little about how it causes disease at a molecular level. Chlamydia must live inside human cells to survive, and here we study the mechanism of how it enters cells, which is critical to the lifecycle. We study how the bacterium exploits signalling pathways inside the cell to its own advantage to deform the cell membrane by reorganising the underlying cell skeleton, and identify new factors involved in this process. Our findings suggest intriguing similarities with how some viruses enter cells. A better understanding of these processes may help to develop future vaccines and new treatments.
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46
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Yin Y, Zhou D. Organoid and Enteroid Modeling of Salmonella Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:102. [PMID: 29670862 PMCID: PMC5894114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella are Gram-negative rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria that are comprised of over 2,000 serovars. They cause gastroenteritis (salmonellosis) with headache, abdominal pain and diarrhea clinical symptoms. Salmonellosis brings a heavy burden for the public health in both developing and developed countries. Antibiotics are usually effective in treating the infected patients with severe gastroenteritis, although antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of Salmonella infection is vital to combat the disease. In vitro immortalized 2-D cell lines, ex vivo tissues/organs and several animal models have been successfully utilized to study Salmonella infections. Although these infection models have contributed to uncovering the molecular virulence mechanisms, some intrinsic shortcomings have limited their wider applications. Notably, cell lines only contain a single cell type, which cannot reproduce some of the hallmarks of natural infections. While ex vivo tissues/organs alleviate some of these concerns, they are more difficult to maintain, in particular for long term experiments. In addition, non-human animal models are known to reflect only part of the human disease process. Enteroids and induced intestinal organoids are emerging as effective infection models due to their closeness in mimicking the infected tissues/organs. Induced intestinal organoids are derived from iPSCs and contain mesenchymal cells whereas enteroids are derive from intestinal stem cells and are comprised of epithelial cells only. Both enteroids and induced intestinal organoids mimic the villus and crypt domains comparable to the architectures of the in vivo intestine. We review here that enteroids and induced intestinal organoids are emerging as desired infection models to study bacterial-host interactions of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daoguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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47
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Walpole GFW, Grinstein S, Westman J. The role of lipids in host-pathogen interactions. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:384-392. [PMID: 29573124 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity relies on the effective recognition and elimination of pathogenic microorganisms. This entails sequestration of pathogens into phagosomes that promptly acquire microbicidal and degradative properties. This complex series of events, which involve cytoskeletal reorganization, membrane remodeling and the activation of multiple enzymes, is orchestrated by lipid signaling. To overcome this immune response, intracellular pathogens acquired mechanisms to subvert phosphoinositide-mediated signaling and use host lipids, notably cholesterol, as nutrients. We present brief overviews of the role of phosphoinositides in phagosome formation and maturation as well as of cholesterol handling by host cells, and selected Salmonella, Shigella, Chlamydia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to exemplify the mechanisms whereby intracellular pathogens co-opt lipid metabolism in host cells. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(5):384-392, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F W Walpole
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Abstract
The gut has great importance for the commercial success of poultry production. Numerous ion transporters, exchangers, and channels are present on both the apical and the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, and their differential expression along the crypt-villus axis within the various intestinal segments ensures efficient intestinal absorption and effective barrier function. Recent studies have shown that intensive production systems, microbial exposure, and nutritional management significantly affect intestinal physiology and intestinal ion transport. Dysregulation of normal intestinal ion transport is manifested as diarrhoea, malabsorption, and intestinal inflammation resulting into poor production efficiency. This review discusses the basic mechanisms involved in avian intestinal ion transport and the impact of development during growth, nutritional and environmental alterations, and intestinal microbial infections on it. The effect of intestinal microbial infections on avian intestinal ion transport depends on factors such as host immunity, pathogen virulence, and the mucosal organisation of the particular intestinal segment.
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49
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Zhang K, Riba A, Nietschke M, Torow N, Repnik U, Pütz A, Fulde M, Dupont A, Hensel M, Hornef M. Minimal SPI1-T3SS effector requirement for Salmonella enterocyte invasion and intracellular proliferation in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2018. [PMID: 29522566 PMCID: PMC5862521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector molecules translocated by the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)1-encoded type 3 secretion system (T3SS) critically contribute to the pathogenesis of human Salmonella infection. They facilitate internalization by non-phagocytic enterocytes rendering the intestinal epithelium an entry site for infection. Their function in vivo has remained ill-defined due to the lack of a suitable animal model that allows visualization of intraepithelial Salmonella. Here, we took advantage of our novel neonatal mouse model and analyzed various bacterial mutants and reporter strains as well as gene deficient mice. Our results demonstrate the critical but redundant role of SopE2 and SipA for enterocyte invasion, prerequisite for transcriptional stimulation and mucosal translocation in vivo. In contrast, the generation of a replicative intraepithelial endosomal compartment required the cooperative action of SipA and SopE2 or SipA and SopB but was independent of SopA or host MyD88 signaling. Intraepithelial growth had no critical influence on systemic spread. Our results define the role of SPI1-T3SS effector molecules during enterocyte invasion and intraepithelial proliferation in vivo providing novel insight in the early course of Salmonella infection. Non-typhoidal Salmonella represent a major causative agent of gastroenteritis worldwide. Hallmark of the pathogenesis is their ability to actively invade the intestinal epithelium by virtue of their type 3 secretion system that delivers bacterial virulence factors directly into the host cell cytosol. The role of these virulence factors during enterocyte entry and intraepithelial growth has only been investigated in vitro since the previously established in vivo models in small animals did not allow visualization of intraepithelial Salmonella. However, immortalized cell lines lack the overlaying mucus layer, final cell lineage differentiation, apical-basolateral polarization as well as continuous migration along the crypt villus axis and thus the role of virulence factors during the Salmonella infection in vivo has remained largely undefined. Here, we took advantage of our novel neonatal mouse infection model and for the first time systematically analyzed the importance of Salmonella virulence factors for enterocyte invasion and intraepithelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ambre Riba
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Nietschke
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Pütz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline Dupont
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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50
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El Qaidi S, Wu M, Zhu C, Hardwidge PR. Salmonella, E. coli, and Citrobacter Type III Secretion System Effector Proteins that Alter Host Innate Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:205-218. [PMID: 30411307 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria deliver virulence proteins termed 'effectors' to counteract host innate immunity. Protein-protein interactions within the host cell ultimately subvert the generation of an inflammatory response to the infecting pathogen. Here we briefly describe a subset of T3SS effectors produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Citrobacter rodentium, and Salmonella enterica that inhibit innate immune pathways. These effectors are interesting for structural and mechanistic reasons, as well as for their potential utility in being engineered to treat human autoimmune disorders associated with perturbations in NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir El Qaidi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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