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Haghi Navand A, Jalilian S, Ahmadi Angali K, Karimi Babaahmadi M, Talaiezadeh A, Makvandi M. A new evaluation of the rearranged non-coding control region of JC virus in patients with colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:1001. [PMID: 39134946 PMCID: PMC11320957 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported the presence of JC virus (JCV) in human tumors, The association of JCV and CRC remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the rearranged NCCR region of the detected JCV DNA in CRC patients' tissue samples. METHODS In this case-control study, tumor tissues (n = 60), adjacent normal tissues (n = 60), and urine samples (n = 60) of the CRC patients were collected. The nested PCR was employed to detect the VP1 and NCCR regions of the JCV genome. The positive JCV PCR products were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the JCV genotypes. After extracting RNA and preparing cDNA, the expression of JCV LTAg was examined in 60 tumor tissues and 60 adjacent normal tissues. The analysis of JCV LTAg expression was performed using GraphPad Prism software version 8. RESULTS The analysis reveals that JCV DNA was detected in 35/60 (58.3%) tumor tissues, while 36/60 (60.0%) of adjacent normal tissues (p = 0.85). JCV DNA was detected in 42/60 (70.0%) urine samples when compared to 35/60 (58.3%) tumor tissues of CRC patients and was not found significant (P = 0.25). The phylogenetic tree analysis showed the dominant JCV genotype 3, followed by genotype 2D was distributed in tumor tissue, normal tissue, and urine samples of the CRC patients. Analysis of randomly selected NCCR sequences from JCV regions in tumor tissue samples revealed the presence of rearranged NCCR blocks of different lengths.: 431 bp, 292 bp, 449 bp, and 356 bp. These rearranged NCCR blocks differ from the rearranged NCCR blocks described in PML-type Mad-1, Mad-4, Mad-7, and Mad-8 prototypes. The expression of JCV LTAg was significantly different in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue, with a p-value of less than 0.002. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of 35%> of the tumor tissue and urine samples of the CRC patients was found to be positive for JCV DNA (P = 0.25). The parallel analysis of tumor and urine samples for JCV DNA further supports the potential for non-invasive screening tools. This study provides new insights into Rearranged NCCR variant isolates from patients with CRC. The significant difference in JCV LTAg expression between tumor and normal tissue indicates a latent JCV status potentially leading to cancer development.
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Grants
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- NO. CRC-0113 Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghi Navand
- Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahram Jalilian
- Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi Babaahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Cancer, Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Kimla LJ, Clark TG, Banerjee S, Campino S. JC Polyomavirus T-antigen protein expression and the risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283642. [PMID: 37000859 PMCID: PMC10065230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
JC Polyomavirus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus encoding T-antigen protein, which is implicated in carcinogenesis. JCV is prevalent in the upper and lower gastrointestinal track. Several studies have reported JCV associations with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), however, these findings remain controversial. Since JCV DNA may be present in healthy tissues as well as transformed tissues, JCV T-antigen expression could be a more useful measure of JCV's association with cancer development. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of case-control studies to investigate if there is a significant association between JCV T-antigen protein expression and risk of CRC. A systematic review was performed to identify studies reporting JCV DNA prevalence in CRC and JCV T-antigen expression. The strength of the association was estimated by odds ratios (ORs). Five (of 66) studies satisfied analysis inclusion criteria, and spanned years 1999 to 2022. Random effects meta-analysis of CRC cases versus controls showed an 11-fold increased risk of CRC development in JCV DNA positive samples with JCV T-antigen expression versus normal tissues (OR 10.95; 95% CI: 2.48-48.24; P = 0.0016). The results of this meta-analysis of JCV infection followed by JCV T-antigen protein expression for the risk of CRC support the argument that JCV infection significantly increases the risk of colorectal cancer in tissues where the JCV T-antigen protein is expressed. Further research with JCV T-antigen expression in relation to CRC development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka J. Kimla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sri Banerjee
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Khalili A, Craigie M, Donadoni M, Sariyer IK. Host-Immune Interactions in JC Virus Reactivation and Development of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:649-660. [PMID: 31452013 PMCID: PMC6898772 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of immunomodulatory therapies and the HIV epidemic, the impact of JC Virus (JCV) on the public health system has grown significantly due to the increased incidence of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents targeting JCV infection for the treatment and the prevention of viral reactivation leading to the development of PML. As JCV primarily reactivates in immunocompromised patients, it is proposed that the immune system (mainly the cellular-immunity component) plays a key role in the regulation of JCV to prevent productive infection and PML development. However, the exact mechanism of JCV immune regulation and reactivation is not well understood. Likewise, the impact of host factors on JCV regulation and reactivation is another understudied area. Here we discuss the current literature on host factor-mediated and immune factor-mediated regulation of JCV gene expression with the purpose of developing a model of the factors that are bypassed during JCV reactivation, and thus are potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions to suppress PML initiation. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael Craigie
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Butcher LD, Garcia M, Arnold M, Ueno H, Goel A, Boland CR. Immune response to JC virus T antigen in patients with and without colorectal neoplasia. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:468-75. [PMID: 25007286 PMCID: PMC5515464 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that infects approximately 75% of the population and encodes a T antigen (T-Ag) gene, which is oncogenic and inactivates the p53 and pRb/p107/p130 protein families. Previous work in our lab has identified the presence of T-Ag in colorectal neoplasms. While JCV remains in a latent state for the majority of those infected, we hypothesized that a disturbance in immunological control may permit JCV to reactivate, which may be involved in the development of colorectal neoplasia. Our aim was to determine the cell mediated immune response to JCV T-Ag, and determine if it is altered in patients with colorectal adenomatous polyps (AP) or cancers (CRC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the blood of patients undergoing colonoscopy or colorectal surgery were stimulated by a peptide library covering the entire T-Ag protein of JCV. Cytokine production and T cell proliferation were evaluated following T-Ag stimulation using Luminex and flow cytometry assays. JCV T-Ag peptides stimulated secretion of IL-2, which induced T cell expansion in all three groups. However, stronger IL-10 and IL-13 production was seen in patients without colorectal neoplasms. IP-10 was produced at very high levels in all groups, but not significantly differently between groups. Most patients exhibited CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in response to stimulation by the T-Ag clusters. The combination of IL-2 and IP-10 secretion indicates the presence of T-Ag-specific Th1 cells in all patients, which is higher in patients without carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Butcher
- Institute of Biomedical Studies; Baylor University; Waco, TX USA,Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory; Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory; Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mildred Arnold
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory; Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research; Baylor Research Institute; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory; Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | - C Richard Boland
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory; Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center; Baylor University Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA,Correspondence to: C Richard Boland;
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Hirsch HH, Kardas P, Kranz D, Leboeuf C. The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV): virological background and clinical implications. APMIS 2013; 121:685-727. [PMID: 23781977 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) was the first of now 12 PyVs detected in humans, when in 1964, PyV particles were revealed by electron microscopy in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) tissues. JCPyV infection is common in 35-70% of the general population, and the virus thereafter persists in the renourinary tract. One third of healthy adults asymptomatically shed JCPyV at approximately 50,000 copies/mL urine. PML is rare having an incidence of <0.3 per 100,000 person years in the general population. This increased to 2.4 per 1000 person years in HIV-AIDS patients without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Recently, PML emerged in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab to 2.13 cases per 1000 patients. Natalizumab blocks α4-integrin-dependent lymphocyte homing to the brain suggesting that not the overall cellular immunodeficiency but local failure of brain immune surveillance is a pivotal factor for PML. Recovering JCPyV-specific immune control, e.g., by starting cART or discontinuing natalizumab, significantly improves PML survival, but is challenged by the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Important steps of PML pathogenesis are undefined, and antiviral therapies are lacking. New clues might come from molecular and functional profiling of JCPyV and PML pathology and comparison with other replicative pathologies such as granule cell neuronopathy and (meningo-)encephalitis, and non-replicative JCPyV pathology possibly contributing to some malignancies. Given the increasing number of immunologically vulnerable patients, a critical reappraisal of JCPyV infection, replication and disease seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine (Haus Petersplatz), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Human polyomavirus reactivation: disease pathogenesis and treatment approaches. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:373579. [PMID: 23737811 PMCID: PMC3659475 DOI: 10.1155/2013/373579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
JC and BK polyomaviruses were discovered over 40 years ago and have become increasingly prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in a variety of distinct, immunocompromised patient cohorts. The recent discoveries of eight new members of the Polyomaviridae family that are capable of infecting humans suggest that there are more to be discovered and raise the possibility that they may play a more significant role in human disease than previously understood. In spite of this, there remains a dearth of specific therapeutic options for human polyomavirus infections and an incomplete understanding of the relationship between the virus and the host immune system. This review summarises the human polyomaviruses with particular emphasis on pathogenesis in those directly implicated in disease aetiology and the therapeutic options available for treatment in the immunocompromised host.
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T cell epitope mapping of JC polyoma virus-encoded proteome reveals reduced T cell responses in HLA-DRB1*04:01+ donors. J Virol 2013; 87:3393-408. [PMID: 23302880 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02803-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCV) infection is highly prevalent and usually kept in a persistent state without clinical signs and symptoms. It is only during immunocompromise and especially impaired CD4(+) T cell function in the brain, as seen in AIDS patients or natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients, that JCV may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often life-threatening brain disease. Since CD4(+) T cells likely play an important role in controlling JCV infection, we here describe the T cell response to JCV in a group of predominantly HLA-DR-heterozygotic healthy donors (HD) by using a series of overlapping 15-mer peptides spanning all JCV-encoded open reading frames. We identified immunodominant epitopes and compared T cell responses with anti-JCV VP1 antibody production and with the presence of urinary viral shedding. We observed positive JCV-specific T cell responses in 28.6% to 77.6%, humoral immune response in 42.6% to 89.4%, and urinary viral shedding in 36.4% to 45.5% of HD depending on the threshold. Four immunodominant peptides were mapped, and at least one immunogenic peptide per HLA-DRB1 allele was detected in DRB1*01(+), DRB1*07(+), DRB1*11(+), DRB1*13(+), DRB1*15(+), and DRB1*03(+) individuals. We show for the first time that JCV-specific T cell responses may be directed not only against JCV VP1 and large T antigen but also against all other JCV-encoded proteins. Heterozygotic DRB1*04:01(+) individuals showed very low T cell responses to JCV together with normal anti-VP1 antibody levels and no urinary viral shedding, indicating a dominant-negative effect of this allele on global JCV-directed T cell responses. Our data are potentially relevant for the development of vaccines against JCV.
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Molecular biology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:471-506. [PMID: 22763635 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.05031-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a debilitating and frequently fatal central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease caused by JC virus (JCV), for which there is currently no effective treatment. Lytic infection of oligodendrocytes in the brain leads to their eventual destruction and progressive demyelination, resulting in multiple foci of lesions in the white matter of the brain. Before the mid-1980s, PML was a relatively rare disease, reported to occur primarily in those with underlying neoplastic conditions affecting immune function and, more rarely, in allograft recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. However, with the onset of the AIDS pandemic, the incidence of PML has increased dramatically. Approximately 3 to 5% of HIV-infected individuals will develop PML, which is classified as an AIDS-defining illness. In addition, the recent advent of humanized monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease has also led to an increased risk of PML as a side effect of immunotherapy. Thus, the study of JCV and the elucidation of the underlying causes of PML are important and active areas of research that may lead to new insights into immune function and host antiviral defense, as well as to potential new therapies.
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Simon MA. Polyomaviruses of nonhuman primates: implications for research. Comp Med 2008; 58:51-56. [PMID: 19793457 PMCID: PMC2703155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a family of small nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect birds and mammals. At least 7 nonhuman primate polyomaviruses that occur in macaques, African green monkeys, marmosets baboons, and chimpanzees have been described, as well as 4 polyomaviruses that occur in humans. Simian virus 40 (SV40), which infects macaques, was the first nonhuman primate polyomavirus identified as a contaminant of early polio vaccines. Primate polyomaviruses cause inapparent primary infections but persist in the host and can cause severe disease in situations of immunocompromise. This review describes the primate polyomaviruses, and the diseases associated with the viruses of macaques. In macaques, the greatest current concerns are the potential confounding of study results by polyomavirus infections and the zoonotic potential of SV40.
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Knowles WA. Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 577:19-45. [PMID: 16626025 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although discovered over thirty years ago, many aspects of the epidemiology of BKV and JCV in the general population, such as the source of infectious virus and the mode of transmission, are still unknown. Primary infection with both BKV and JCV is usually asymptomatic, and so age seroprevalence studies have been used to indicate infection. BKV commonly infects young children in all parts of the world, with the exception of a few very isolated communities, adult seroprevalence rates of 65-90% being reached by the age of ten years. In contrast, the pattern of JCV infection appears to vary between populations; in some anti-JCV antibody is acquired early as for BKV, but in others anti-JCV antibody prevalence continues to rise throughout life. This indicates that the two viruses are probably transmitted independently and by different routes. Whilst BKV DNA is found infrequently in the urine of healthy adults, JCV viruria occurs universally, increasing with age, with adult prevalence rates often between 20% and 60%. Four antigenic subtypes have been described for BKV and eight genotypes are currently recognized for JCV. The latter have been used to trace population movements and to reconstruct the population history in various communities.
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Nurgalieva ZZ, Wong C, Zhangabylov AK, Omarbekova ZE, Graham DY, Vilchez RA, Butel JS. Polyomavirus SV40 infections in Kazakhstan. J Infect 2005; 50:142-8. [PMID: 15667916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence of polyomavirus SV40 infections in Kazakhstan, a central Asian country known to have used potentially contaminated SV40 poliovaccines before 1962. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 307 healthy volunteers from two ethnic groups (Kazakhs and Russians) in Almaty, Kazakhstan, from May through August 1999 using a specific SV40 plaque-reduction neutralization assay. RESULTS Of the 307 volunteers enrolled in the study, 154 were Kazakhs and 153 were Russians. The overall prevalence of SV40 antibodies was 4.9%, and there was no significant difference between the ethnic groups (p = 0.7) or between males and females. The median SV40 neutralizing antibody titers in Kazakhs and Russians were 1:40 (range 1:10-1:500) and 1:20 (range 1:10-1:500), respectively. The median ages of SV40-infected Kazakhs and Russians were not different (42 vs. 24 years; p = 0.1), although there was a trend for increased seropositivity among older Kazakhs. There was no difference in SV40 positivity between those whose childhoods were spent in rural or in urban areas (p = 0.4). Importantly, 60% (9/15) of the subjects seropositive for SV40 were born from 1969 to 1980s, when poliovaccines were free from SV40. CONCLUSIONS This study showed evidence of polyomavirus SV40 infections in Kazakhstan, not only among individuals potentially exposed to contaminated poliovaccines, but in younger people not exposed to such vaccines. As increasing evidence indicates an association of SV40 with selected types of human malignancies, prospective studies are needed to examine the risk of SV40 infection with the development of neoplasias.
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Carter JJ, Madeleine MM, Wipf GC, Garcea RL, Pipkin PA, Minor PD, Galloway DA. Lack of Serologic Evidence for Prevalent Simian Virus 40 Infection in Humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1522-30. [PMID: 14559874 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djg074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propagation of poliovirus in monkey kidney cells led to the inadvertent contamination of poliovirus vaccines with simian virus 40 (SV40) between 1955 and 1963. Recent studies using polymerase chain reaction-based strategies have detected SV40 DNA in a large number of tumor types. The finding of SV40 DNA in tumors from individuals who are too young to have been exposed to SV40-contaminated vaccines has led to the suggestion that SV40 has become a prevalent transmissible human pathogen. To test this hypothesis, we screened human sera for antibodies to SV40 using direct and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). METHODS An ELISA was developed using recombinant SV40 virus-like particles (VLPs) and was validated using sera from naturally infected macaques. VLPs of SV40 and the related ubiquitous human polyomaviruses, JCV and BKV, were used to screen human sera to determine the prevalence of SV40, JCV, and BKV antibodies among a normal population of control subjects (n = 487) and among case patients with either osteosarcoma (n = 122) or prostate cancer (n = 90). A competitive ELISA in which sera were pre-adsorbed with each type of VLP was used to identify cross-reactive antibodies. Correlations of reactivity among the three polyomavirus types were calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS BKV and JCV antibodies were prevalent in all case patients and control subjects examined. In contrast, only 6.6% (46/699) of serum samples were positive for SV40 antibodies by ELISA; however, none of these samples could be confirmed as having authentic SV40 antibodies following pre-adsorption with JCV or BKV VLPs. CONCLUSION These data indicate that some individuals have BKV and/or JCV antibodies that cross-react with SV40, but they do not provide support for SV40 being a prevalent human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Carter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Knowles WA, Pipkin P, Andrews N, Vyse A, Minor P, Brown DWG, Miller E. Population-based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40. J Med Virol 2003; 71:115-23. [PMID: 12858417 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular studies suggest that the simian polyomavirus SV40 is present in the human population, possibly introduced in contaminated polio vaccine. However, no recent seroepidemiological data exist in England on SV40 or on the two human polyomaviruses, BKV and JCV. A comparative age seroprevalence study was undertaken on 2,435 residual sera from 1991 by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) for BKV and JCV, and virus neutralisation for SV40. The overall rates of seropositivity for BKV and JCV were 81% and 35%, respectively, and each was significantly related to age (P < 0.001). BKV seroprevalence reached 91% at 5-9 years of age, but JCV seroprevalence reached only 50% by age 60-69 years. There was a highly significant association between BKV antibody titre and age (P < 0.001), titres decreasing linearly at a rate of 8.7% per 10 years (95% CI = 7.4-10% drop). Significantly more males than females had antibody to JCV (P = 0.013). In individuals under 40 years of age there was a significant negative association between the presence of antibody to BKV and JCV (P < 0.001). By contrast, the antibody prevalence to SV40 remained at 1.3-5% throughout all age groups and titres were low. There was a significant positive association between the presence of antibody to SV40 and antibody to both BKV (P < 0.001) and JCV (P = 0.009), and also to the geometric mean titre (GMT) of BKV antibody (P = 0.011). The results indicate that BKV and JCV are transmitted by different routes. There is no serological evidence that SV40 entered the human population during the past 80 years, and the possibility of cross-reaction with BKV or JCV antibody must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Knowles
- Enteric, Respiratory and Neurological Virus Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, Health Protection Agency, Colindale, London, United Kingdom.
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Fernandez-Cobo M, Agostini HT, Britez G, Ryschkewitsch CF, Stoner GL. Strains of JC virus in Amerind-speakers of North America (Salish) and South America (Guaraní), Na-Dene-speakers of New Mexico (Navajo), and modern Japanese suggest links through an ancestral Asian population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2002; 118:154-68. [PMID: 12012368 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that strains of human polyoma virus JC among the Navajo in New Mexico, speakers of an Athapaskan language in the Na-Dene language phylum, and among the Salish people in Montana, speakers of a language of the Salishan group in the Amerind family, were mainly of a northeast Asian genotype found in Japan (type 2A). We now report partial VP1-gene, regulatory region, and complete genome sequences of JC virus (JCV) from the Guaraní Indians of Argentina. The Tupí-Guaraní language represents the Equatorial branch of the Amerind language family proposed by Greenberg ([1987] Language in the Americas, Stanford: Stanford University Press). The partial VP1 gene sequences of the Guaraní revealed several variants of strains found in northeast Asia (Japan), as did the Salish. In contrast, the strains in the Navajo largely conformed to the prototype type 2A sequence (MY). Phylogenetic reconstruction with both the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods utilized three complete Guaraní JCV genome sequences, three genomes from the Salish people, and 27 other complete JCV genomes, including three from the Navajo and three from Japan. Both trees showed that all type 2A JCV strains from the North and South Americans are closely related phylogenetically to strains in present-day Japan. However, variant sites in the coding regions, the T-antigen intron, and the regulatory region link the type 2A strains in Amerind groups (Guaraní and Salish), but differentiate them from those in a Na-Dene-speaking (Navajo) population. The data suggest separation from a population ancestral to modern Japanese, followed by a second division within the ancestral group that led to Amerind- and Na-Dene-speaking groups. The data cannot, however, localize the latter split to the Asian mainland (two migrations) or to North America (one migration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fernandez-Cobo
- Servicio de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Virus, ANLIS-INEI, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gurney JG, Smith MA, Olshan AF, Hecht SS, Kasum CM. Clues to the etiology of childhood brain cancer: N-nitroso compounds, polyomaviruses, and other factors of interest. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:630-40. [PMID: 11486706 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Gurney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Ricciardiello L, Laghi L, Ramamirtham P, Chang CL, Chang DK, Randolph AE, Boland CR. JC virus DNA sequences are frequently present in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1228-35. [PMID: 11054380 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.19269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS JC virus (JCV), a human polyomavirus, has been found in a limited number of normal human tissues and cancers. The oncogenic potential of this virus is mediated by a transforming protein, the T antigen (TAg). We have previously demonstrated the presence of JCV-TAg in colorectal cancers, in adjacent normal colonic mucosa from these patients, and in the human colon cancer cell line SW480. The mode of transmission of this virus is unclear, and we hypothesized that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a reservoir for the virus. METHODS DNA was extracted from 129 normal GI tissue samples collected from 33 patients. Topoisomerase I-assisted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the virus using exact and degenerate primers. Nested PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the identity of the PCR products. Single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and sequencing were used to evaluate the presence of viral quasispecies. RESULTS JCV sequences were found in 75.8% of patients (70.6% of upper GI and 81.2% of colonic samples); no significant differences in rates of infection were found by site. The use of degenerate primers combined with topoisomerase I treatment led to viral detection in 58.9% of samples, compared with 27.9% of samples using exact primers and topoisomerase I (P < 0.01). SSCP and sequencing analysis confirmed the amplification of viral quasispecies and the authenticity of TAg sequences. CONCLUSIONS The results show that JCV DNA sequences are highly prevalent in the human upper and lower gastrointestinal tract of immunocompetent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ricciardiello
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, and San Diego Veteran Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093-0688, USA
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Abstract
Little is known about the causes of brain tumors in children. Children with one of several genetic disorders including tuberous sclerosis and Li-Fraumeni syndrome are at increased risk, as are children who have received therapeutic irradiation to their head. The multifactorial causation of brain tumors, the inaccuracies of recall of past exposures, and the study of all pediatric brain tumors as a single etiologic entity may be contributing to the difficulty in identifying additional risk factors. The evidence that frequent cured meat consumption by the mother during pregnancy increases the risk is suggestive but not conclusive. For other potential risk factors, the evidence is limited and/or conflicting. These exposures and characteristics include pesticides, carcinogen metabolizing genes, and polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bunin
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa 19104, USA.
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Hamilton RS, Gravell M, Major EO. Comparison of antibody titers determined by hemagglutination inhibition and enzyme immunoassay for JC virus and BK virus. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:105-9. [PMID: 10618072 PMCID: PMC86031 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.1.105-109.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of antibody titers to JC virus (JCV) or BK virus (BKV) was made by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with 114 human plasma samples. Antibody titers to JCV or BKV determined by HI were lower than those determined by EIA. Nevertheless, as HI titers increased so did EIA titers. When antibody data were compared by the Spearman rank correlation test, highly significant correlations were found between HI and EIA titers. Results obtained by plotting EIA antibody titers for JCV against those for BKV generally showed a reciprocal relationship, i.e., samples with high antibody titers to JCV had lower antibody titers to BKV and vice versa. Some samples, however, had antibody titers to both viruses. Of the samples tested, 25.4% (25 of 114) had HI and EIA antibody titers to JCV and BKV which were identical or closely related. This is not the scenario one would expect for cross-reactive epitopes shared by the two viruses, but one suggesting that these samples were from individuals who had experienced infections by both viruses. Adsorption with concentrated JCV or BKV antigen of sera with high antibody titers to both JCV and BKV and testing by JCV and BKV EIA gave results which support this conclusion. Although 52.6% (51 of 97) of the samples from the Japanese population tested had very high antibody titers (>/=40,960) to either JCV or BKV, none of the samples were found by a dot blot immunoassay to have antibodies which cross-reacted with simian virus 40. The results from this study, in agreement with those of others, suggest that humans infected by JCV or BKV produce antibodies to species-specific epitopes on their VP1 capsid protein, which is associated with hemagglutination and cellular binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hamilton
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4164, USA
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