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Wright GM, Menzel J, Tatman PD, Black JC. Transition from Transient DNA Rereplication to Inherited Gene Amplification Following Prolonged Environmental Stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539886. [PMID: 37214911 PMCID: PMC10197558 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cells require the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, however, it is unclear how these changes elicit stable permanent changes in genomes. We demonstrate that, in response to environmental metal exposure, the metallothionein (MT) locus undergoes DNA rereplication generating transient site-specific gene amplifications (TSSGs). Chronic metal exposure allows transition from MT TSSG to inherited MT gene amplification through homologous recombination within and outside of the MT locus. DNA rereplication of the MT locus is suppressed by H3K27me3 and EZH2. Long-term ablation of EZH2 activity eventually leads to integration and inheritance of MT gene amplifications without the selective pressure of metal exposure. The rereplication and inheritance of MT gene amplification is an evolutionarily conserved response to environmental metal from yeast to human. Our results describe a new paradigm for adaptation to environmental stress where targeted, transient DNA rereplication precedes stable inherited gene amplification.
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Transposable Elements and Human Diseases: Mechanisms and Implication in the Response to Environmental Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052551. [PMID: 35269693 PMCID: PMC8910135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are recognized as major players in genome plasticity and evolution. The high abundance of TEs in the human genome, especially the Alu and Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE-1) repeats, makes them responsible for the molecular origin of several diseases. This involves several molecular mechanisms that are presented in this review: insertional mutation, DNA recombination and chromosomal rearrangements, modification of gene expression, as well as alteration of epigenetic regulations. This literature review also presents some of the more recent and/or more classical examples of human diseases in which TEs are involved. Whether through insertion of LINE-1 or Alu elements that cause chromosomal rearrangements, or through epigenetic modifications, TEs are widely implicated in the origin of human cancers. Many other human diseases can have a molecular origin in TE-mediated chromosomal recombination or alteration of gene structure and/or expression. These diseases are very diverse and include hemoglobinopathies, metabolic and neurological diseases, and common diseases. Moreover, TEs can also have an impact on aging. Finally, the exposure of individuals to stresses and environmental contaminants seems to have a non-negligible impact on the epigenetic derepression and mobility of TEs, which can lead to the development of diseases. Thus, improving our knowledge of TEs may lead to new potential diagnostic markers of diseases.
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Pradhan RK, Ramakrishna W. Transposons: Unexpected players in cancer. Gene 2022; 808:145975. [PMID: 34592349 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transposons are repetitive DNA sequences encompassing about half of the human genome. They play a vital role in genome stability maintenance and contribute to genomic diversity and evolution. Their activity is regulated by various mechanisms considering the deleterious effects of these mobile elements. Various genetic risk factors and environmental stress conditions affect the regulatory pathways causing alteration of transposon expression. Our knowledge of the biological role of transposons is limited especially in various types of cancers. Retrotransposons of different types (LTR-retrotransposons, LINEs and SINEs) regulate a plethora of genes that have a role in cell reprogramming, tumor suppression, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell adhesion and migration, and DNA repair. The regulatory mechanisms of transposons, their deregulation and different mechanisms underlying transposon-mediated carcinogenesis in humans focusing on the three most prevalent types, lung, breast and colorectal cancers, were reviewed. The modes of regulation employed include alternative splicing, deletion, insertion, duplication in genes and promoters resulting in upregulation, downregulation or silencing of genes.
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Mirzaei G, Petreaca RC. Distribution of copy number variations and rearrangement endpoints in human cancers with a review of literature. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111773. [PMID: 35091282 PMCID: PMC11301607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2021.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) which include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other forms of chromosomal re-arrangements are common to human cancers. In this report we investigated the pattern of these variations with the goal of understanding whether there exist specific cancer signatures. We used re-arrangement endpoint data deposited on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancers (COSMIC) for our analysis. Indeed, we find that human cancers are characterized by specific patterns of chromosome rearrangements endpoints which in turn result in cancer specific CNVs. A review of the literature reveals tissue specific mutations which either drive these CNVs or appear as a consequence of CNVs because they confer an advantage to the cancer cell. We also identify several rearrangement endpoints hotspots that were not previously reported. Our analysis suggests that in addition to local chromosomal architecture, CNVs are driven by the internal cellular or nuclear physiology of each cancer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golrokh Mirzaei
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, OH, 43302, USA
| | - Ruben C Petreaca
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University at Marion, Marion, OH, 43302, USA; Cancer Biology Program, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Odango RJ, Camberos J, Fregoso FE, Fischhaber PL. SAW1 is increasingly required to recruit Rad10 as SSA flap-length increases from 20 to 50 bases in single-strand annealing in S. cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101125. [PMID: 34622036 PMCID: PMC8481969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SAW1 is required by the Rad1-Rad10 nuclease for efficient removal of 3′ non-homologous DNA ends (flaps) formed as intermediates during two modes of double-strand break repair in S. cerevisiae, single-strand annealing (SSA) and synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA). Saw1 was shown in vitro to exhibit increasing affinity for flap DNAs as flap lengths varied from 0 to 40 deoxynucleotides (nt) with almost no binding observed when flaps were shorter than 10 nt. Accordingly, our prior in vivo fluorescence microscopy investigation showed that SAW1 was not required for recruitment of Rad10-YFP to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) when flaps were ∼10 nt, but it was required when flaps were ∼500 nt in G1 phase of the cell cycle. We were curious whether we would also observe an increased requirement of SAW1 for Rad10 recruitment in vivo as flaps varied from ∼20 to 50 nt, as was shown in vitro. In this investigation, we utilized SSA substrates that generate 20, 30, and 50 nt flaps in vivo in fluorescence microscopy assays and determined that SAW1 becomes increasingly necessary for SSA starting at about ∼20 nt and is completely required at ∼50 nt. Quantitative PCR experiments corroborate these results by demonstrating that repair product formation decreases in the absence of SAW1 as flap length increases. Experiments with strains containing fluorescently labeled Saw1 (Saw1-CFP) show that Saw1 localizes with Rad10 at SSA foci and that about half of the foci containing Rad10 at DSBs do not contain Saw1. Colocalization patterns of Saw1-CFP are consistent regardless of the flap length of the substrate and are roughly similar in all phases of the cell cycle. Together, these data show that Saw1 becomes increasingly important for Rad1-Rad10 recruitment and SSA repair in the ∼20–50 nt flap range, and Saw1 is present at repair sites even when not required and may depart the repair site ahead of Rad1-Rad10. There is an increasing dependence on Saw1 to recruit Rad1-Rad10 as DNA flaps increase The flap length range causing the increasing dependence is 20–50 deoxynucleotides Saw1 is found at single-strand annealing foci even when not required to recruit Rad1-Rad10 Saw1 is found in only about half of the single-strand annealing foci containing Rad1-Rad10
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowen Jane Odango
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330-8262, United States
| | - Juan Camberos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330-8262, United States
| | - Fred Erick Fregoso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330-8262, United States
| | - Paula L Fischhaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA, 91330-8262, United States
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Al-Zain AM, Symington LS. The dark side of homology-directed repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103181. [PMID: 34311272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are cytotoxic lesions that can lead to genome rearrangements and genomic instability, which are hallmarks of cancer. The two main DSB repair pathways are non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination (HR). While HR is generally highly accurate, it has the potential for rearrangements that occur directly or through intermediates generated during the repair process. Whole genome sequencing of cancers has revealed numerous types of structural rearrangement signatures that are often indicative of repair mediated by sequence homology. However, it can be challenging to delineate repair mechanisms from sequence analysis of rearrangement end products from cancer genomes, or even model systems, because the same rearrangements can be generated by different pathways. Here, we review homology-directed repair pathways and their consequences. Exploring those pathways can lead to a greater understanding of rearrangements that occur in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Al-Zain
- Program in Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States
| | - Lorraine S Symington
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, United States.
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7
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Rosenthal SH, Gerasimova A, Ma C, Li HR, Grupe A, Chong H, Acab A, Smolgovsky A, Owen R, Elzinga C, Chen R, Sugganth D, Freitas T, Graham J, Champion K, Bhattacharya A, Racke F, Lacbawan F. Analytical validation and performance characteristics of a 48-gene next-generation sequencing panel for detecting potentially actionable genomic alterations in myeloid neoplasms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243683. [PMID: 33909614 PMCID: PMC8081174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of genomic mutations by molecular testing plays an important role in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of myeloid neoplasms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is an efficient method for simultaneous detection of clinically significant genomic mutations with high sensitivity. Various NGS based in-house developed and commercial myeloid neoplasm panels have been integrated into routine clinical practice. However, some genes frequently mutated in myeloid malignancies are particularly difficult to sequence with NGS panels (e.g., CEBPA, CARL, and FLT3). We report development and validation of a 48-gene NGS panel that includes genes that are technically challenging for molecular profiling of myeloid neoplasms including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Target regions were captured by hybridization with complementary biotinylated DNA baits, and NGS was performed on an Illumina NextSeq500 instrument. A bioinformatics pipeline that was developed in-house was used to detect single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertions/deletions (indels), and FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITD). An analytical validation study was performed on 184 unique specimens for variants with allele frequencies ≥5%. Variants identified by the 48-gene panel were compared to those identified by a 35-gene hematologic neoplasms panel using an additional 137 unique specimens. The developed assay was applied to a large cohort (n = 2,053) of patients with suspected myeloid neoplasms. Analytical validation yielded 99.6% sensitivity (95% CI: 98.9-99.9%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 100%). Concordance of variants detected by the 2 tested panels was 100%. Among patients with suspected myeloid neoplasms (n = 2,053), 54.5% patients harbored at least one clinically significant mutation: 77% in AML patients, 48% in MDS, and 45% in MPN. Together, these findings demonstrate that the assay can identify mutations associated with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options of myeloid neoplasms even in technically challenging genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Rosenthal
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Gerasimova
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Charles Ma
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Hai-Rong Li
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew Grupe
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Hansook Chong
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Allan Acab
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Alla Smolgovsky
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Renius Owen
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Elzinga
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sugganth
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Tracey Freitas
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Med Fusion, Lewisville, TX, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Graham
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Med Fusion, Lewisville, TX, United States of America
| | - Kristen Champion
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Med Fusion, Lewisville, TX, United States of America
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Frederick Racke
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
| | - Felicitas Lacbawan
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics, San Juan Capistrano, CA, United States of America
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8
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Kay JE, Corrigan JJ, Armijo AL, Nazari IS, Kohale IN, Torous DK, Avlasevich SL, Croy RG, Wadduwage DN, Carrasco SE, Dertinger SD, White FM, Essigmann JM, Samson LD, Engelward BP. Excision of mutagenic replication-blocking lesions suppresses cancer but promotes cytotoxicity and lethality in nitrosamine-exposed mice. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108864. [PMID: 33730582 PMCID: PMC8527524 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a DNA-methylating agent that has been discovered to contaminate water, food, and drugs. The alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG) removes methylated bases to initiate the base excision repair (BER) pathway. To understand how gene-environment interactions impact disease susceptibility, we study Aag-knockout (Aag-/-) and Aag-overexpressing mice that harbor increased levels of either replication-blocking lesions (3-methyladenine [3MeA]) or strand breaks (BER intermediates), respectively. Remarkably, the disease outcome switches from cancer to lethality simply by changing AAG levels. To understand the underlying basis for this observation, we integrate a suite of molecular, cellular, and physiological analyses. We find that unrepaired 3MeA is somewhat toxic, but highly mutagenic (promoting cancer), whereas excess strand breaks are poorly mutagenic and highly toxic (suppressing cancer and promoting lethality). We demonstrate that the levels of a single DNA repair protein tip the balance between blocks and breaks and thus dictate the disease consequences of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Joshua J Corrigan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Amanda L Armijo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Ilana S Nazari
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Ishwar N Kohale
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | | | | | - Robert G Croy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Dushan N Wadduwage
- The John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | | | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - John M Essigmann
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA; Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01239, USA.
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9
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Ochi Y, Ogawa S. Chromatin-Spliceosome Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061232. [PMID: 33799787 PMCID: PMC7999050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent genomic studies have identified chromatin-spliceosome (CS)-acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as a new subgroup of AML. CS-AML is defined by several mutations that perturb epigenetic regulation, such as those affecting splicing factors, cohesin components, transcription factors, and chromatin modifiers, which are also frequently mutated in other myeloid malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary AML. Thus, these mutations identify myeloid neoplasms that lie on the boundaries of conventional differential diagnosis. CS-AML shares several clinical characteristics with secondary AML. Therefore, the presence of CS-mutations may help to better classify and manage patients with AML and related disorders. The aim of this review is to discuss the genetic and clinical characteristics of CS-AML and roles of driver mutations defining this unique genomic subgroup of AML. Abstract Recent genetic studies on large patient cohorts with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have cataloged a comprehensive list of driver mutations, resulting in the classification of AML into distinct genomic subgroups. Among these subgroups, chromatin-spliceosome (CS)-AML is characterized by mutations in the spliceosome, cohesin complex, transcription factors, and chromatin modifiers. Class-defining mutations of CS-AML are also frequently identified in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary AML, indicating the molecular similarity among these diseases. CS-AML is associated with myelodysplasia-related changes in hematopoietic cells and poor prognosis, and, thus, can be treated using novel therapeutic strategies and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Functional studies of CS-mutations in mice have revealed that CS-mutations typically cause MDS-like phenotypes by altering the epigenetic regulation of target genes. Moreover, multiple CS-mutations often synergistically induce more severe phenotypes, such as the development of lethal MDS/AML, suggesting that the accumulation of many CS-mutations plays a crucial role in the progression of MDS/AML. Indeed, the presence of multiple CS-mutations is a stronger indicator of CS-AML than a single mutation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the genetic and clinical features of CS-AML and the functional roles of driver mutations characterizing this unique category of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotaro Ochi
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-753-9285
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Kordella C, Lamprianidou E, Kotsianidis I. Mechanisms of Action of Hypomethylating Agents: Endogenous Retroelements at the Epicenter. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650473. [PMID: 33768008 PMCID: PMC7985079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal DNA methylation patterns are thought to drive the pathobiology of high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (HR-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Sixteen years after their initial approval, the hypomethylating agents (HMAs), 5-azacytidine (AZA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, remain the mainstay of treatment for HR-MDS and AML. However, a connection of the hypomethylating or additional effects of HMAs with clinical responses remains yet to be shown, and the mode of action of HMAs remains obscure. Given the relatively short-lived responses and the inevitable development of resistance in HMAs, a thorough understanding of the antineoplastic mechanisms employed by HMAs holds critical importance. Recent data in cancer cell lines demonstrate that reactivation of endogenous retroelements (EREs) and induction of a cell-intrinsic antiviral response triggered by RNA neotranscripts may underlie the antitumor activity of HMAs. However, data on primary CD34+ cells derived from patients with HR-MDS failed to confirm a link between HMA-mediated ERE modulation and clinical response. Though difficult to reconcile the apparent discrepancy, it is possible that HMAs mediate their effects in more advanced levels of differentiation where cells become responsive to interferon, whereas, inter-individual variations in the process of RNA editing and, in particular, in the ADAR1/OAS/RNase L pathway may also confound the associations of clinical response with the induction of viral mimicry. Further ex vivo studies along with clinical correlations in well-annotated patient cohorts are warranted to decipher the role of ERE derepression in the antineoplastic mechanisms of HMAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssoula Kordella
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lamprianidou
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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11
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Matsukawa T, Aplan PD. Clinical and molecular consequences of fusion genes in myeloid malignancies. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1366-1374. [PMID: 32745287 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leukemias are heterogeneous diseases characterized by aberrant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Oncogenic fusion genes and proteins, produced via gross chromosomal rearrangements, such as chromosomal translocation, insertion, and inversion, play important roles in hematologic malignancies. These oncoproteins alter fundamental cellular properties, such as self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation, and confer leukemogenic potential to HSPCs. In addition to providing fundamental insights into the process of leukemic transformation, these fusion genes provide targets for treatment and monitoring of myeloid leukemias. Furthermore, new technologies such as next-generation sequencing have allowed additional insights into the nature of leukemic fusion genes. In this review, we discuss the history, biologic effect, and clinical impact of fusion genes in the field of myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Matsukawa
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Bravo JI, Nozownik S, Danthi PS, Benayoun BA. Transposable elements, circular RNAs and mitochondrial transcription in age-related genomic regulation. Development 2020; 147:dev175786. [PMID: 32527937 PMCID: PMC10680986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular regulation of aging and age-related diseases is still in its infancy, requiring in-depth characterization of the molecular landscape shaping these complex phenotypes. Emerging classes of molecules with promise as aging modulators include transposable elements, circRNAs and the mitochondrial transcriptome. Analytical complexity means that these molecules are often overlooked, even though they exhibit strong associations with aging and, in some cases, may directly contribute to its progress. Here, we review the links between these novel factors and age-related phenotypes, and we suggest tools that can be easily incorporated into existing pipelines to better understand the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Bravo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Graduate Program in the Biology of Aging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Séverine Nozownik
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Magistère européen de Génétique, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris 75014, France
| | - Prakroothi S Danthi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Samii A, Razmkhah F. Transformation of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Leukemia Extracellular Vesicles: A Step Toward Leukemogenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1081-1091. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Kay J, Thadhani E, Samson L, Engelward B. Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 83:102673. [PMID: 31387777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between inflammation and cancer are varied and complex. An important connection linking inflammation to cancer development is DNA damage. During inflammation reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are created to combat pathogens and to stimulate tissue repair and regeneration, but these chemicals can also damage DNA, which in turn can promote mutations that initiate and promote cancer. DNA repair pathways are essential for preventing DNA damage from causing mutations and cytotoxicity, but RONS can interfere with repair mechanisms, reducing their efficacy. Further, cellular responses to DNA damage, such as damage signaling and cytotoxicity, can promote inflammation, creating a positive feedback loop. Despite coordination of DNA repair and oxidative stress responses, there are nevertheless examples whereby inflammation has been shown to promote mutagenesis, tissue damage, and ultimately carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the DNA damage-mediated associations between inflammation, mutagenesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States.
| | | | - Leona Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
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A new complex rearrangement in infant ALL: t(X;11;17)(p11.2;q23;q12). Cancer Genet 2018; 228-229:110-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Rajaraman J, Douchkov D, Lück S, Hensel G, Nowara D, Pogoda M, Rutten T, Meitzel T, Brassac J, Höfle C, Hückelhoven R, Klinkenberg J, Trujillo M, Bauer E, Schmutzer T, Himmelbach A, Mascher M, Lazzari B, Stein N, Kumlehn J, Schweizer P. Evolutionarily conserved partial gene duplication in the Triticeae tribe of grasses confers pathogen resistance. Genome Biol 2018; 19:116. [PMID: 30111359 PMCID: PMC6092874 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The large and highly repetitive genomes of the cultivated species Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Secale cereale (rye) belonging to the Triticeae tribe of grasses appear to be particularly rich in gene-like sequences including partial duplicates. Most of them have been classified as putative pseudogenes. In this study we employ transient and stable gene silencing- and over-expression systems in barley to study the function of HvARM1 (for H. vulgare Armadillo 1), a partial gene duplicate of the U-box/armadillo-repeat E3 ligase HvPUB15 (for H. vulgare Plant U-Box 15). Results The partial ARM1 gene is derived from a gene-duplication event in a common ancestor of the Triticeae and contributes to quantitative host as well as nonhost resistance to the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. In barley, allelic variants of HvARM1 but not of HvPUB15 are significantly associated with levels of powdery mildew infection. Both HvPUB15 and HvARM1 proteins interact in yeast and plant cells with the susceptibility-related, plastid-localized barley homologs of THF1 (for Thylakoid formation 1) and of ClpS1 (for Clp-protease adaptor S1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. A genome-wide scan for partial gene duplicates reveals further events in barley resulting in stress-regulated, potentially neo-functionalized, genes. Conclusion The results suggest neo-functionalization of the partial gene copy HvARM1 increases resistance against powdery mildew infection. It further links plastid function with susceptibility to biotrophic pathogen attack. These findings shed new light on a novel mechanism to employ partial duplication of protein-protein interaction domains to facilitate the expansion of immune signaling networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-018-1472-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lück
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Daniela Nowara
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Maria Pogoda
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Tobias Meitzel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jonathan Brassac
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Caroline Höfle
- Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörn Klinkenberg
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Bauer
- Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Barbara Lazzari
- Parco Technologico Padano, Via Einstein, Loc. Cascina Codazza, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK Gatersleben), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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Richardson ME, Chong H, Mu W, Conner BR, Hsuan V, Willett S, Lam S, Tsai P, Pesaran T, Chamberlin AC, Park MS, Gray P, Karam R, Elliott A. DNA breakpoint assay reveals a majority of gross duplications occur in tandem reducing VUS classifications in breast cancer predisposition genes. Genet Med 2018; 21:683-693. [PMID: 30054569 PMCID: PMC6752314 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gross duplications are ambiguous in terms of clinical interpretation due to the limitations of the detection methods that cannot infer their context, namely, whether they occur in tandem or are duplicated and inserted elsewhere in the genome. We investigated the proportion of gross duplications occurring in tandem in breast cancer predisposition genes with the intent of informing their classifications. METHODS The DNA breakpoint assay (DBA) is a custom, paired-end, next-generation sequencing (NGS) method designed to capture and detect deep-intronic DNA breakpoints in gross duplications in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CDH1, PALB2, and CHEK2. RESULTS DBA allowed us to ascertain breakpoints for 44 unique gross duplications from 147 probands. We determined that the duplications occurred in tandem in 114 (78%) carriers from this cohort, while the remainder have unknown tandem status. Among the tandem gross duplications that were eligible for reclassification, 95% of them were upgraded to pathogenic. CONCLUSION DBA is a novel, high-throughput, NGS-based method that informs the tandem status, and thereby the classification of, gross duplications. This method revealed that most gross duplications in the investigated genes occurred in tandem and resulted in a pathogenic classification, which helps to secure the necessary treatment options for their carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy E Richardson
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA.
| | - Hansook Chong
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Wenbo Mu
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Blair R Conner
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Vickie Hsuan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Sara Willett
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Pei Tsai
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Tina Pesaran
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Adam C Chamberlin
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Min-Sun Park
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Phillip Gray
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Rachid Karam
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
| | - Aaron Elliott
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Ambry Genetics, 15 Argonaut Drive, Aliso Viejo, California, 92656, USA
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18
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A 12.3-kb Duplication Within the VWF Gene in Pigs Affected by Von Willebrand Disease Type 3. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:577-585. [PMID: 29208651 PMCID: PMC5919753 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) type 3 is a serious and sometimes fatal hereditary bleeding disorder. In pigs, the disease has been known for decades, and affected animals are used as models for the human disease. Due to the recessive mode of inheritance of VWD type 3, severe bleeding is typically seen in homozygous individuals. We sequenced the complete porcine VWF (Von Willebrand Factor) complementary DNA (cDNA) and detected a tandem duplication of exons 17 and 18, causing a frameshift and a premature termination codon (p.Val814LeufsTer3) in the affected pig. Subsequent next generation sequencing on genomic DNA proved the existence of a 12.3-kb tandem duplication associated with VWD. This duplication putatively originates from porcine Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs) located within VWF introns 16 and 18 with high identity. The premature termination truncates the VWF open reading frame by a large part, resulting in an almost entire loss of the mature peptide. It is therefore supposed to account for the severe VWD type 3. Our results further indicate the presence of strong, nonsense-mediated decay in VWF messenger RNA (mRNA) containing the duplication, which was supported by the almost complete absence of the complete VWF protein in immunohistochemistry analysis of the VWD-affected pig. In the past, differentiation of wild-type and heterozygous pigs in this VWD colony had to rely on clinical examinations and additional laboratory methods. The present study provides the basis to distinguish both genotypes by performing a rapid and simple genetic analysis.
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19
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Platt RN, Vandewege MW, Ray DA. Mammalian transposable elements and their impacts on genome evolution. Chromosome Res 2018; 26:25-43. [PMID: 29392473 PMCID: PMC5857283 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-017-9570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic elements with the ability to mobilize and replicate themselves in a genome. Mammalian genomes are dominated by TEs, which can reach copy numbers in the hundreds of thousands. As a result, TEs have had significant impacts on mammalian evolution. Here we summarize the current understanding of TE content in mammal genomes and find that, with a few exceptions, most fall within a predictable range of observations. First, one third to one half of the genome is derived from TEs. Second, most mammalian genomes are dominated by LINE and SINE retrotransposons, more limited LTR retrotransposons, and minimal DNA transposon accumulation. Third, most mammal genome contains at least one family of actively accumulating retrotransposon. Finally, horizontal transfer of TEs among lineages is rare. TE exaptation events are being recognized with increasing frequency. Despite these beneficial aspects of TE content and activity, the majority of TE insertions are neutral or deleterious. To limit the deleterious effects of TE proliferation, the genome has evolved several defense mechanisms that act at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. The interaction between TEs and these defense mechanisms has led to an evolutionary arms race where TEs are suppressed, evolve to escape suppression, then are suppressed again as the defense mechanisms undergo compensatory change. The result is complex and constantly evolving interactions between TEs and host genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy N Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | | | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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20
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Choi SM, Dewar R, Burke PW, Shao L. Partial tandem duplication of KMT2A (MLL) may predict a subset of myelodysplastic syndrome with unique characteristics and poor outcome. Haematologica 2018; 103:e131-e134. [PMID: 29351983 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.185249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajan Dewar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick W Burke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lina Shao
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Paths from DNA damage and signaling to genome rearrangements via homologous recombination. Mutat Res 2017; 806:64-74. [PMID: 28779875 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant threat to genome integrity. DNA repair and damage signaling networks play a central role maintaining genome stability, suppressing tumorigenesis, and determining tumor response to common cancer chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical lesions induced by ionizing radiation and when replication forks encounter damage. DSBs can result in mutations and large-scale genome rearrangements reflecting mis-repair by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination. Ionizing radiation induces genetic change immediately, and it also triggers delayed events weeks or even years after exposure, long after the initial damage has been repaired or diluted through cell division. This review covers DNA damage signaling and repair pathways and cell fate following genotoxic insult, including immediate and delayed genome instability and cell survival/cell death pathways.
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22
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Jiang Q, Crews LA, Holm F, Jamieson CHM. RNA editing-dependent epitranscriptome diversity in cancer stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:381-392. [PMID: 28416802 PMCID: PMC5665169 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can regenerate all facets of a tumour as a result of their stem cell-like capacity to self-renew, survive and become dormant in protective microenvironments. CSCs evolve during tumour progression in a manner that conforms to Charles Darwin's principle of natural selection. Although somatic DNA mutations and epigenetic alterations promote evolution, post-transcriptional RNA modifications together with RNA binding protein activity (the 'epitranscriptome') might also contribute to clonal evolution through dynamic determination of RNA function and gene expression diversity in response to environmental stimuli. Deregulation of these epitranscriptomic events contributes to CSC generation and maintenance, which governs cancer progression and drug resistance. In this Review, we discuss the role of malignant RNA processing in CSC generation and maintenance, including mechanisms of RNA methylation, RNA editing and RNA splicing, and the functional consequences of their aberrant regulation in human malignancies. Finally, we highlight the potential of these events as novel CSC biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Jiang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Leslie A Crews
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Frida Holm
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catriona H M Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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23
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Anwar SL, Wulaningsih W, Lehmann U. Transposable Elements in Human Cancer: Causes and Consequences of Deregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E974. [PMID: 28471386 PMCID: PMC5454887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise nearly half of the human genome and play an essential role in the maintenance of genomic stability, chromosomal architecture, and transcriptional regulation. TEs are repetitive sequences consisting of RNA transposons, DNA transposons, and endogenous retroviruses that can invade the human genome with a substantial contribution in human evolution and genomic diversity. TEs are therefore firmly regulated from early embryonic development and during the entire course of human life by epigenetic mechanisms, in particular DNA methylation and histone modifications. The deregulation of TEs has been reported in some developmental diseases, as well as for different types of human cancers. To date, the role of TEs, the mechanisms underlying TE reactivation, and the interplay with DNA methylation in human cancers remain largely unexplained. We reviewed the loss of epigenetic regulation and subsequent genomic instability, chromosomal aberrations, transcriptional deregulation, oncogenic activation, and aberrations of non-coding RNAs as the potential mechanisms underlying TE deregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumadi Lukman Anwar
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30625, Germany.
- PILAR (Philippine and Indonesian Scholar) Research and Education, 20 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2JD, UK.
| | - Wahyu Wulaningsih
- PILAR (Philippine and Indonesian Scholar) Research and Education, 20 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2JD, UK.
- MRC (Medical Research Council) Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London WC1B 5JU, UK.
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover 30625, Germany.
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Kimoto T, Kay JE, Li N, Engelward BP. Recombinant cells in the lung increase with age via de novo recombination events and clonal expansion. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:135-145. [PMID: 28370323 PMCID: PMC5827959 DOI: 10.1002/em.22082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a critical DNA repair pathway, which is usually error-free, but can sometimes lead to cancer-promoting mutations. Despite the importance of HR as a driver of mutations, the spontaneous frequency of such mutations has proven difficult to study. To gain insight to location, cell type, and subsequent proliferation of mutated cells, we used the Rosa26 Direct Repeat (RaDR) mice for in situ detection and quantification of recombinant cells in the lung. We developed a method for automated enumeration of recombinant cells in lung tissue using the Metafer 4 slide-scanning platform. The mean spontaneous HR frequencies of the lung tissue in young and aged mice were 2 × 10-6 and 30 × 10-6 , respectively, which is consistent with our previous reports that mutated cells accumulate with age. In addition, by using the capability of Metafer 4 to mark the position of fluorescent cells, we found that recombinant cells from the aged mice formed clusters in the lung tissue, likely due to clonal expansion of a single mutant cell. The recombinant cells primarily consisted of alveolar epithelial type II or club (previously known as Clara) cells, both of which have the potential to give rise to cancer. This approach to tissue image analysis reveals the location and cell types that have undergone HR. Being able to quantify mutant cells in situ within lung tissue opens doors to studies of exposure-induced mutations and clonal expansion, giving rise to new opportunities for understanding how genetic and environmental factors cause tumorigenic mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:135-145, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kimoto
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Na Li
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Block MD4 Level 3, 117597, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Group, 1 CREATE Way, #03-10/11 Innovation Wing, #03-12/13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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25
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Qiu Z, Zhang Z, Roschke A, Varga T, Aplan PD. Generation of Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements by a Single Engineered DNA Double Strand Break. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43156. [PMID: 28225067 PMCID: PMC5320478 DOI: 10.1038/srep43156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs), including translocations, inversions amplifications, and deletions, can be causal events leading to malignant transformation. GCRs are thought to be triggered by DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), which in turn can be spontaneous or induced by external agents (eg. cytotoxic chemotherapy, ionizing radiation). It has been shown that induction of DNA DSBs at two defined loci can produce stable balanced chromosomal translocations, however, a single engineered DNA DSB could not. Herein, we report that although a single engineered DNA DSB in H2AX “knockdown” cells did not generate GCRs, repair of a single engineered DNA DSB in fibroblasts that had ablated H2ax did produce clonal, stable GCRs, including balanced translocations and megabase-pair inversions. Upon correction of the H2ax deficiency, cells no longer generated GCRs following a single engineered DNA DSB. These findings demonstrate that clonal, stable GCRs can be produced by a single engineered DNA DSB in H2ax knockout cells, and that the production of these GCRs is ameliorated by H2ax expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Qiu
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anna Roschke
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamas Varga
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Aplan
- Genetics Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Bhargava R, Onyango DO, Stark JM. Regulation of Single-Strand Annealing and its Role in Genome Maintenance. Trends Genet 2016; 32:566-575. [PMID: 27450436 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-strand annealing (SSA) is a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway that uses homologous repeats to bridge DSB ends. SSA involving repeats that flank a single DSB causes a deletion rearrangement between the repeats, and hence is relatively mutagenic. Nevertheless, this pathway is conserved, in that SSA events have been found in several organisms. In this review, we describe the mechanism of SSA and its regulation, including the cellular conditions that may favor SSA versus other DSB repair events. We will also evaluate the potential contribution of SSA to cancer-associated genome rearrangements, and to DSB-induced gene targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Bhargava
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David O Onyango
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Stark
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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27
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Development and validation of a comprehensive genomic diagnostic tool for myeloid malignancies. Blood 2016; 128:e1-9. [PMID: 27121471 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-683334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of hematologic malignancies relies on multidisciplinary workflows involving morphology, flow cytometry, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic analyses. Advances in cancer genomics have identified numerous recurrent mutations with clear prognostic and/or therapeutic significance to different cancers. In myeloid malignancies, there is a clinical imperative to test for such mutations in mainstream diagnosis; however, progress toward this has been slow and piecemeal. Here we describe Karyogene, an integrated targeted resequencing/analytical platform that detects nucleotide substitutions, insertions/deletions, chromosomal translocations, copy number abnormalities, and zygosity changes in a single assay. We validate the approach against 62 acute myeloid leukemia, 50 myelodysplastic syndrome, and 40 blood DNA samples from individuals without evidence of clonal blood disorders. We demonstrate robust detection of sequence changes in 49 genes, including difficult-to-detect mutations such as FLT3 internal-tandem and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) partial-tandem duplications, and clinically significant chromosomal rearrangements including MLL translocations to known and unknown partners, identifying the novel fusion gene MLL-DIAPH2 in the process. Additionally, we identify most significant chromosomal gains and losses, and several copy neutral loss-of-heterozygosity mutations at a genome-wide level, including previously unreported changes such as homozygosity for DNMT3A R882 mutations. Karyogene represents a dependable genomic diagnosis platform for translational research and for the clinical management of myeloid malignancies, which can be readily adapted for use in other cancers.
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Morales ME, Derbes RS, Ade CM, Ortego JC, Stark J, Deininger PL, Roy-Engel AM. Heavy Metal Exposure Influences Double Strand Break DNA Repair Outcomes. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 26966913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151367]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and nickel are classified as carcinogens. Although the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis is undefined, heavy metal exposure can contribute to genetic damage by inducing double strand breaks (DSBs) as well as inhibiting critical proteins from different DNA repair pathways. Here we take advantage of two previously published culture assay systems developed to address mechanistic aspects of DNA repair to evaluate the effects of heavy metal exposures on competing DNA repair outcomes. Our results demonstrate that exposure to heavy metals significantly alters how cells repair double strand breaks. The effects observed are both specific to the particular metal and dose dependent. Low doses of NiCl2 favored resolution of DSBs through homologous recombination (HR) and single strand annealing (SSA), which were inhibited by higher NiCl2 doses. In contrast, cells exposed to arsenic trioxide preferentially repaired using the "error prone" non-homologous end joining (alt-NHEJ) while inhibiting repair by HR. In addition, we determined that low doses of nickel and cadmium contributed to an increase in mutagenic recombination-mediated by Alu elements, the most numerous family of repetitive elements in humans. Sequence verification confirmed that the majority of the genetic deletions were the result of Alu-mediated non-allelic recombination events that predominantly arose from repair by SSA. All heavy metals showed a shift in the outcomes of alt-NHEJ repair with a significant increase of non-templated sequence insertions at the DSB repair site. Our data suggest that exposure to heavy metals will alter the choice of DNA repair pathway changing the genetic outcome of DSBs repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Morales
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S Derbes
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Catherine M Ade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C Ortego
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Stark
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Prescott L Deininger
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Astrid M Roy-Engel
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
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Morales ME, Derbes RS, Ade CM, Ortego JC, Stark J, Deininger PL, Roy-Engel AM. Heavy Metal Exposure Influences Double Strand Break DNA Repair Outcomes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151367. [PMID: 26966913 PMCID: PMC4788447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic and nickel are classified as carcinogens. Although the precise mechanism of carcinogenesis is undefined, heavy metal exposure can contribute to genetic damage by inducing double strand breaks (DSBs) as well as inhibiting critical proteins from different DNA repair pathways. Here we take advantage of two previously published culture assay systems developed to address mechanistic aspects of DNA repair to evaluate the effects of heavy metal exposures on competing DNA repair outcomes. Our results demonstrate that exposure to heavy metals significantly alters how cells repair double strand breaks. The effects observed are both specific to the particular metal and dose dependent. Low doses of NiCl2 favored resolution of DSBs through homologous recombination (HR) and single strand annealing (SSA), which were inhibited by higher NiCl2 doses. In contrast, cells exposed to arsenic trioxide preferentially repaired using the “error prone” non-homologous end joining (alt-NHEJ) while inhibiting repair by HR. In addition, we determined that low doses of nickel and cadmium contributed to an increase in mutagenic recombination-mediated by Alu elements, the most numerous family of repetitive elements in humans. Sequence verification confirmed that the majority of the genetic deletions were the result of Alu-mediated non-allelic recombination events that predominantly arose from repair by SSA. All heavy metals showed a shift in the outcomes of alt-NHEJ repair with a significant increase of non-templated sequence insertions at the DSB repair site. Our data suggest that exposure to heavy metals will alter the choice of DNA repair pathway changing the genetic outcome of DSBs repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Morales
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Derbes
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Ade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States of America
| | - Jonathan C. Ortego
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Stark
- Department of Radiation Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 E Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Prescott L. Deininger
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
| | - Astrid M. Roy-Engel
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, and Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Saw1 localizes to repair sites but is not required for recruitment of Rad10 to repair intermediates bearing short non-homologous 3' flaps during single-strand annealing in S. cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:131-9. [PMID: 26699908 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SAW1 is required for efficient removal by the Rad1-Rad10 nuclease of 3' non-homologous DNA ends (flaps) formed as intermediates during two modes of double-strand break (DSB) repair in S. cerevisiae, single-strand annealing (SSA) and synthesis-dependent strand annealing. Saw1 was shown in vitro to bind flaps with high affinity, but displayed diminished affinity when flaps were short (<30 deoxynucleotides [nt]), consistent with it not being required for short flap cleavage. Accordingly, this study, using in vivo fluorescence microscopy showed that SAW1 was not required for recruitment of Rad10-YFP to DNA DSBs during their repair by SSA when the flaps were ~10 nt. In contrast, recruitment of Rad10-YFP to DSBs when flaps were ~500 nt did require SAW1 in G1 phase of cell cycle. Interestingly, we observed a substantial increase in colocalization of Saw1-CFP and Rad10-YFP at DSBs when short flaps were formed during repair, especially in G1, indicating significant recruitment of Saw1 despite there being no requirement for Saw1 to recruit Rad10. Saw1-CFP was seldom observed at DSBs without Rad10-YFP. Together, these results support a model in which Saw1 and Rad1-Rad10 are recruited as a complex to short and long flaps in all phases of cell cycle, but that Saw1 is only required for recruitment of Rad1-Rad10 to DSBs when long flaps are formed in G1.
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31
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DNA polymerases δ and λ cooperate in repairing double-strand breaks by microhomology-mediated end-joining in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6907-16. [PMID: 26607450 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507833112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is carried out by a suite of DNA repair pathways that ensure the repair of damaged DNA and faithful replication of the genome. Of particular importance are the repair pathways, which respond to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and how the efficiency of repair is influenced by sequence homology. In this study, we developed a genetic assay in diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to analyze DSBs requiring microhomologies for repair, known as microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ). MMEJ repair efficiency increased concomitant with microhomology length and decreased upon introduction of mismatches. The central proteins in homologous recombination (HR), Rad52 and Rad51, suppressed MMEJ in this system, suggesting a competition between HR and MMEJ for the repair of a DSB. Importantly, we found that DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) is critical for MMEJ, independent of microhomology length and base-pairing continuity. MMEJ recombinants showed evidence that Pol δ proofreading function is active during MMEJ-mediated DSB repair. Furthermore, mutations in Pol δ and DNA polymerase 4 (Pol λ), the DNA polymerase previously implicated in MMEJ, cause a synergistic decrease in MMEJ repair. Pol λ showed faster kinetics associating with MMEJ substrates following DSB induction than Pol δ. The association of Pol δ depended on RAD1, which encodes the flap endonuclease needed to cleave MMEJ intermediates before DNA synthesis. Moreover, Pol δ recruitment was diminished in cells lacking Pol λ. These data suggest cooperative involvement of both polymerases in MMEJ.
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32
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White TB, Morales ME, Deininger PL. Alu elements and DNA double-strand break repair. Mob Genet Elements 2015; 5:81-85. [PMID: 26942043 DOI: 10.1080/2159256x.2015.1093067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu elements represent one of the most common sources of homology and homeology in the human genome. Homeologous recombination between Alu elements represents a major form of genetic instability leading to deletions and duplications. Although these types of events have been studied extensively through genomic sequencing to assess the impact of Alu elements on disease mutations and genome evolution, the overall abundance of Alu elements in the genome often makes it difficult to assess the relevance of the Alu elements to specific recombination events. We recently reported a powerful new reporter gene system that allows the assessment of various cis and trans factors on the contribution of Alu elements to various forms of genetic instability. This allowed a quantitative measurement of the influence of mismatches on Alu elements and instability. It also confirmed that homeologous Alu elements are able to stimulate non-homologous end joining events in their vicinity. This appears to be dependent on portions of the mismatch repair pathway. We are now in a position to begin to unravel the complex influences of Alu density, mismatch and location with alterations of DNA repair processes in various tissues and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis B White
- Tulane Cancer Center; Tulane University Health Sciences Center ; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Maria E Morales
- Tulane Cancer Center; Tulane University Health Sciences Center ; New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Prescott L Deininger
- Tulane Cancer Center; Tulane University Health Sciences Center ; New Orleans, LA USA
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Dhivya S, Premkumar K. Nomadic genetic elements contribute to oncogenic translocations: Implications in carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 98:81-93. [PMID: 26548742 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations as molecular signatures have been reported in various malignancies but, the mechanism behind which is largely unknown. Swapping of chromosomal fragments occurs by induction of double strand breaks (DSBs), most of which were initially assumed de novo. However, decoding of human genome proved that transposable elements (TE) might have profound influence on genome integrity. TEs are highly conserved mobile genetic elements that generate DSBs, subsequently resulting in large chromosomal rearrangements. Previously TE insertions were thought to be harmless, but recently gains attention due to the origin of spectrum of post-insertional genomic alterations and subsequent transcriptional alterations leading to development of deleterious effects mainly carcinogenesis. Though the existing knowledge on the cancer-associated TE dynamics is very primitive, exploration of underlying mechanism promises better therapeutic strategies for cancer. Thus, this review focuses on the prevalence of TE in the genome, associated genomic instability upon transposition activation and impact on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridaran Dhivya
- Cancer Genetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Cancer Genetics and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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The Structural Characterization of Tumor Fusion Genes and Proteins. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2015; 2015:912742. [PMID: 26347798 PMCID: PMC4546970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/912742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocation, which generates fusion proteins in blood tumor or solid tumor, is considered as one of the major causes leading to cancer. Recent studies suggested that the disordered fragments in a fusion protein might contribute to its carcinogenicity. Here, we investigated the sequence feature near the breakpoints in the fusion partner genes, the structure features of breakpoints in fusion proteins, and the posttranslational modification preference in the fusion proteins. Results show that the breakpoints in the fusion partner genes have both sequence preference and structural preference. At the sequence level, nucleotide combination AG is preferred before the breakpoint and GG is preferred at the breakpoint. At the structural level, the breakpoints in the fusion proteins prefer to be located in the disordered regions. Further analysis suggests the phosphorylation sites at serine, threonine, and the methylation sites at arginine are enriched in disordered regions of the fusion proteins. Using EML4-ALK as an example, we further explained how the fusion protein leads to the protein disorder and contributes to its carcinogenicity. The sequence and structural features of the fusion proteins may help the scientific community to predict novel breakpoints in fusion genes and better understand the structure and function of fusion proteins.
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35
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Morales ME, Servant G, Ade C, Roy-Enge AM. Altering Genomic Integrity: Heavy Metal Exposure Promotes Transposable Element-Mediated Damage. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 166:24-33. [PMID: 25774044 PMCID: PMC4696754 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of genomic integrity is critical for cellular homeostasis and survival. The active transposable elements (TEs) composed primarily of three mobile element lineages LINE-1, Alu, and SVA comprise approximately 30% of the mass of the human genome. For the past 2 decades, studies have shown that TEs significantly contribute to genetic instability and that TE-caused damages are associated with genetic diseases and cancer. Different environmental exposures, including several heavy metals, influence how TEs interact with its host genome increasing their negative impact. This mini-review provides some basic knowledge on TEs, their contribution to disease, and an overview of the current knowledge on how heavy metals influence TE-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Morales
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, SL-66, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Geraldine Servant
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, SL-66, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Catherine Ade
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Astrid M. Roy-Enge
- Department of Epidemiology and Tulane Cancer Center, SL-66, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112
- Corresponding author: Astrid M. Roy-Engel, Ph.D., Department of Epidemiology, Tulane Cancer Center, SL66, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112. , Phone: (504) 988-6316, Fax: (504) 988-5516
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36
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Gole B, Wiesmüller L. Leukemogenic rearrangements at the mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL)-multiple rather than a single mechanism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:41. [PMID: 26161385 PMCID: PMC4479792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite manifold efforts to achieve reduced-intensity and -toxicity regimens, secondary leukemia has remained the most severe side effect of chemotherapeutic cancer treatment. Rearrangements involving a short telomeric <1 kb region of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are the most frequently observed molecular changes in secondary as well as infant acute leukemia. Due to the mode-of-action of epipodophyllotoxins and anthracyclines, which have widely been used in cancer therapy, and support from in vitro experiments, cleavage of this MLL breakpoint cluster hotspot by poisoned topoisomerase II was proposed to trigger the molecular events leading to malignant transformation. Later on, clinical patient data and cell-based studies addressing a wider spectrum of stimuli identified cellular stress signaling pathways, which create secondary DNA structures, provide chromatin accessibility, and activate nucleases other than topoisomerase II at the MLL. The MLL destabilizing signaling pathways under discussion, namely early apoptotic DNA fragmentation, transcription stalling, and replication stalling, may all act in concert upon infection-, transplantation-, or therapy-induced cell cycle entry of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), to permit misguided cleavage and error-prone DNA repair in the cell-of-leukemia-origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gole
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
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Brandner S, von Deimling A. Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive relevance of molecular markers in gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:694-720. [PMID: 25944653 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advances of genome-wide 'discovery platforms' and the increasing affordability of the analysis of significant sample sizes have led to the identification of novel mutations in brain tumours that became diagnostically and prognostically relevant. The development of mutation-specific antibodies has facilitated the introduction of these convenient biomarkers into most neuropathology laboratories and has changed our approach to brain tumour diagnostics. However, tissue diagnosis will remain an essential first step for the correct stratification for subsequent molecular tests, and the combined interpretation of the molecular and tissue diagnosis ideally remains with the neuropathologist. This overview will help our understanding of the pathobiology of common intrinsic brain tumours in adults and help guiding which molecular tests can supplement and refine the tissue diagnosis of the most common adult intrinsic brain tumours. This article will discuss the relevance of 1p/19q codeletions, IDH1/2 mutations, BRAF V600E and BRAF fusion mutations, more recently discovered mutations in ATRX, H3F3A, TERT, CIC and FUBP1, for diagnosis, prognostication and predictive testing. In a tumour-specific topic, the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mutations in the pathogenesis of pilocytic astrocytomas will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegeneration, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ and DKTK, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gu S, Yuan B, Campbell IM, Beck CR, Carvalho CMB, Nagamani SCS, Erez A, Patel A, Bacino CA, Shaw CA, Stankiewicz P, Cheung SW, Bi W, Lupski JR. Alu-mediated diverse and complex pathogenic copy-number variants within human chromosome 17 at p13.3. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4061-77. [PMID: 25908615 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alu repetitive elements are known to be major contributors to genome instability by generating Alu-mediated copy-number variants (CNVs). Most of the reported Alu-mediated CNVs are simple deletions and duplications, and the mechanism underlying Alu-Alu-mediated rearrangement has been attributed to non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Chromosome 17 at the p13.3 genomic region lacks extensive low-copy repeat architecture; however, it is highly enriched for Alu repetitive elements, with a fraction of 30% of total sequence annotated in the human reference genome, compared with the 10% genome-wide and 18% on chromosome 17. We conducted mechanistic studies of the 17p13.3 CNVs by performing high-density oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization, specifically interrogating the 17p13.3 region with ∼150 bp per probe density; CNV breakpoint junctions were mapped to nucleotide resolution by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Studied rearrangements include 5 interstitial deletions, 14 tandem duplications, 7 terminal deletions and 13 complex genomic rearrangements (CGRs). Within the 17p13.3 region, Alu-Alu-mediated rearrangements were identified in 80% of the interstitial deletions, 46% of the tandem duplications and 50% of the CGRs, indicating that this mechanism was a major contributor for formation of breakpoint junctions. Our studies suggest that Alu repetitive elements facilitate formation of non-recurrent CNVs, CGRs and other structural aberrations of chromosome 17 at p13.3. The common observation of Alu-mediated rearrangement in CGRs and breakpoint junction sequences analysis further demonstrates that this type of mechanism is unlikely attributed to NAHR, but rather may be due to a recombination-coupled DNA replicative repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics
| | | | | | | | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA and
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Carlos A Bacino
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA and
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA and
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SINE transcription by RNA polymerase III is suppressed by histone methylation but not by DNA methylation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6569. [PMID: 25798578 PMCID: PMC4382998 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), such as Alu, spread by retrotransposition, which requires their transcripts to be copied into DNA and then inserted into new chromosomal sites. This can lead to genetic damage through insertional mutagenesis and chromosomal rearrangements between non-allelic SINEs at distinct loci. SINE DNA is heavily methylated and this was thought to suppress its accessibility and transcription, thereby protecting against retrotransposition. Here we provide several lines of evidence that methylated SINE DNA is occupied by RNA polymerase III, including the use of high-throughput bisulphite sequencing of ChIP DNA. We find that loss of DNA methylation has little effect on accessibility of SINEs to transcription machinery or their expression in vivo. In contrast, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor selectively promotes SINE expression and occupancy by RNA polymerase III. The data suggest that methylation of histones rather than DNA plays a dominant role in suppressing SINE transcription.
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40
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Morales ME, White TB, Streva VA, DeFreece CB, Hedges DJ, Deininger PL. The contribution of alu elements to mutagenic DNA double-strand break repair. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005016. [PMID: 25761216 PMCID: PMC4356517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu elements make up the largest family of human mobile elements, numbering 1.1 million copies and comprising 11% of the human genome. As a consequence of evolution and genetic drift, Alu elements of various sequence divergence exist throughout the human genome. Alu/Alu recombination has been shown to cause approximately 0.5% of new human genetic diseases and contribute to extensive genomic structural variation. To begin understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to these rearrangements in mammalian cells, we constructed Alu/Alu recombination reporter cell lines containing Alu elements ranging in sequence divergence from 0%-30% that allow detection of both Alu/Alu recombination and large non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) deletions that range from 1.0 to 1.9 kb in size. Introduction of as little as 0.7% sequence divergence between Alu elements resulted in a significant reduction in recombination, which indicates even small degrees of sequence divergence reduce the efficiency of homology-directed DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Further reduction in recombination was observed in a sequence divergence-dependent manner for diverged Alu/Alu recombination constructs with up to 10% sequence divergence. With greater levels of sequence divergence (15%-30%), we observed a significant increase in DSB repair due to a shift from Alu/Alu recombination to variable-length NHEJ which removes sequence between the two Alu elements. This increase in NHEJ deletions depends on the presence of Alu sequence homeology (similar but not identical sequences). Analysis of recombination products revealed that Alu/Alu recombination junctions occur more frequently in the first 100 bp of the Alu element within our reporter assay, just as they do in genomic Alu/Alu recombination events. This is the first extensive study characterizing the influence of Alu element sequence divergence on DNA repair, which will inform predictions regarding the effect of Alu element sequence divergence on both the rate and nature of DNA repair events. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a highly mutagenic form of DNA damage that can be repaired through one of several pathways with varied degrees of sequence preservation. Faithful repair of DSBs often occurs through gene conversion in which a sister chromatid is used as a repair template. Unfaithful repair of DSBs can occur through non-allelic homologous or homeologous recombination, which leads to chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, and translocations and has been shown to cause several human genetic diseases. Substrates for these homologous and homeologous events include Alu elements, which are approximately 300 bp elements that comprise ~11% of the human genome. We use a new reporter assay to show that repair of DSBs results in Alu-mediated deletions that resolve through several distinct repair pathways. Either single-strand annealing (SSA) repair or microhomology-mediated end joining occurs ‘in register’ between two Alu elements when Alu sequence divergence is low. However, with more diverged Alu elements, like those typically found in the human genome, repair of DSBs appears to use the Alu/Alu homeology to direct non-homologous end joining in the general vicinity of the Alu elements. Mutagenic NHEJ repair involving divergent Alu elements may represent a common repair event in primate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Morales
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Travis B. White
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vincent A. Streva
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cecily B. DeFreece
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dale J. Hedges
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prescott L. Deininger
- Tulane Cancer Center and Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kiraly O, Gong G, Olipitz W, Muthupalani S, Engelward BP. Inflammation-induced cell proliferation potentiates DNA damage-induced mutations in vivo. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004901. [PMID: 25647331 PMCID: PMC4372043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations are a critical driver of cancer initiation. While extensive studies have focused on exposure-induced mutations, few studies have explored the importance of tissue physiology as a modulator of mutation susceptibility in vivo. Of particular interest is inflammation, a known cancer risk factor relevant to chronic inflammatory diseases and pathogen-induced inflammation. Here, we used the fluorescent yellow direct repeat (FYDR) mice that harbor a reporter to detect misalignments during homologous recombination (HR), an important class of mutations. FYDR mice were exposed to cerulein, a potent inducer of pancreatic inflammation. We show that inflammation induces DSBs (γH2AX foci) and that several days later there is an increase in cell proliferation. While isolated bouts of inflammation did not induce HR, overlap between inflammation-induced DNA damage and inflammation-induced cell proliferation induced HR significantly. To study exogenously-induced DNA damage, animals were exposed to methylnitrosourea, a model alkylating agent that creates DNA lesions relevant to both environmental exposures and cancer chemotherapy. We found that exposure to alkylation damage induces HR, and importantly, that inflammation-induced cell proliferation and alkylation induce HR in a synergistic fashion. Taken together, these results show that, during an acute bout of inflammation, there is a kinetic barrier separating DNA damage from cell proliferation that protects against mutations, and that inflammation-induced cell proliferation greatly potentiates exposure-induced mutations. These studies demonstrate a fundamental mechanism by which inflammation can act synergistically with DNA damage to induce mutations that drive cancer and cancer recurrence. People with chronic inflammatory conditions have a markedly increased risk for cancer. In addition, many cancers have an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes tumor growth. Here, we show that inflammatory infiltration synergizes with tissue regeneration to induce DNA sequence rearrangements in vivo. Chronically inflamed issues that are continuously regenerating are thus at an increased risk for mutagenesis and malignant transformation. Further, rapidly dividing tumor cells in an inflammatory microenvironment can also acquire mutations, which have been shown to contribute to drug resistance and disease recurrence. Finally, inflammation-induced tissue regeneration sensitizes tissues to DNA damaging environmental exposures and chemotherapeutics. The work described here thus increases our understanding of how inflammation leads to genetic changes that drive cancer formation and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kiraly
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Werner Olipitz
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Kiraly O, Gong G, Roytman MD, Yamada Y, Samson LD, Engelward BP. DNA glycosylase activity and cell proliferation are key factors in modulating homologous recombination in vivo. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2495-502. [PMID: 25155011 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer susceptibility varies between people, affected by genotoxic exposures, genetic makeup and physiological state. Yet, how these factors interact among each other to define cancer risk is largely unknown. Here, we uncover the interactive effects of genetical, environmental and physiological factors on genome rearrangements driven by homologous recombination (HR). Using FYDR mice to quantify HR-driven rearrangements in pancreas tissue, we show that DNA methylation damage (induced by methylnitrosourea) and cell proliferation (induced by thyroid hormone) each induce HR and together act synergistically to induce HR-driven rearrangements in vivo. These results imply that developmental or regenerative proliferation as well as mitogenic exposures may sensitize tissues to DNA damaging exposures. We exploited mice genetically deficient in alkyl-adenine DNA glycosylase (Aag) to analyse the relative contributions of unrepaired DNA base lesions versus intermediates formed during base excision repair (BER). Remarkably, results show that, in the pancreas, Aag is a major driver of spontaneous HR, indicating that BER intermediates (including abasic sites and single strand breaks) are more recombinogenic than the spontaneous base lesions removed by Aag. Given that mammals have about a dozen DNA glycosylases, these results point to BER as a major source of pressure on the HR pathway in vivo. Taken together, methylation damage, cell proliferation and Aag interact to define the risk of HR-driven sequence rearrangements in vivo. These data identify important sources of sequence changes in a cancer-relevant organ, and advance the effort to identify populations at high-risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kiraly
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | - Megan D Roytman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Leona D Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | - Bevin P Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 138602, Singapore
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Yamaguchi J, Nagayama S, Chino A, Sakata A, Yamamoto N, Sato Y, Ashihara Y, Kita M, Nomura S, Ishikawa Y, Igarashi M, Ueno M, Arai M. Identification of coding exon 3 duplication in the BMPR1A gene in a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44:1004-8. [PMID: 25129392 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile polyposis syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by multiple juvenile polyps arising in the gastrointestinal tract and an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers, specifically colon cancer. BMPR1A and SMAD4 germline mutations have been found in patients with juvenile polyposis syndrome. We identified a BMPR1A mutation, which involves a duplication of coding exon 3 (c.230+452_333+441dup1995), on multiple ligation dependent probe amplification in a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome. The mutation causes a frameshift, producing a truncated protein (p.D112NfsX2). Therefore, the mutation is believed to be pathogenic. We also identified a duplication breakpoint in which Alu sequences are located. These results suggest that the duplication event resulted from recombination between Alu sequences. To our knowledge, partial duplication in the BMPR1A gene has not been reported previously. This is the first case report to document coding exon 3 duplication in the BMPR1A gene in a patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Yamaguchi
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Akiko Chino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Ai Sakata
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Yuri Sato
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Yuumi Ashihara
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Mizuho Kita
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Sachio Nomura
- Department of Clinical Research, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ishikawa
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Masahiro Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Masashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
| | - Masami Arai
- Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
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The Alu-rich genomic architecture of SPAST predisposes to diverse and functionally distinct disease-associated CNV alleles. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:143-61. [PMID: 25065914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intragenic copy-number variants (CNVs) contribute to the allelic spectrum of both Mendelian and complex disorders. Although pathogenic deletions and duplications in SPAST (mutations in which cause autosomal-dominant spastic paraplegia 4 [SPG4]) have been described, their origins and molecular consequences remain obscure. We mapped breakpoint junctions of 54 SPAST CNVs at nucleotide resolution. Diverse combinations of exons are deleted or duplicated, highlighting the importance of particular exons for spastin function. Of the 54 CNVs, 38 (70%) appear to be mediated by an Alu-based mechanism, suggesting that the Alu-rich genomic architecture of SPAST renders this locus susceptible to various genome rearrangements. Analysis of breakpoint Alus further informs a model of Alu-mediated CNV formation characterized by small CNV size and potential involvement of mechanisms other than homologous recombination. Twelve deletions (22%) overlap part of SPAST and a portion of a nearby, directly oriented gene, predicting novel chimeric genes in these subjects' genomes. cDNA from a subject with a SPAST final exon deletion contained multiple SPAST:SLC30A6 fusion transcripts, indicating that SPAST CNVs can have transcriptional effects beyond the gene itself. SLC30A6 has been implicated in Alzheimer disease, so these fusion gene data could explain a report of spastic paraplegia and dementia cosegregating in a family with deletion of the final exon of SPAST. Our findings provide evidence that the Alu genomic architecture of SPAST predisposes to diverse CNV alleles with distinct transcriptional--and possibly phenotypic--consequences. Moreover, we provide further mechanistic insights into Alu-mediated copy-number change that are extendable to other loci.
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45
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Richardson CD, Li JJ. Regulatory mechanisms that prevent re-initiation of DNA replication can be locally modulated at origins by nearby sequence elements. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004358. [PMID: 24945837 PMCID: PMC4063666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells must inhibit re-initiation of DNA replication at each of the thousands of origins in their genome because re-initiation can generate genomic alterations with extraordinary frequency. To minimize the probability of re-initiation from so many origins, cells use a battery of regulatory mechanisms that reduce the activity of replication initiation proteins. Given the global nature of these mechanisms, it has been presumed that all origins are inhibited identically. However, origins re-initiate with diverse efficiencies when these mechanisms are disabled, and this diversity cannot be explained by differences in the efficiency or timing of origin initiation during normal S phase replication. This observation raises the possibility of an additional layer of replication control that can differentially regulate re-initiation at distinct origins. We have identified novel genetic elements that are necessary for preferential re-initiation of two origins and sufficient to confer preferential re-initiation on heterologous origins when the control of re-initiation is partially deregulated. The elements do not enhance the S phase timing or efficiency of adjacent origins and thus are specifically acting as re-initiation promoters (RIPs). We have mapped the two RIPs to ∼60 bp AT rich sequences that act in a distance- and sequence-dependent manner. During the induction of re-replication, Mcm2-7 reassociates both with origins that preferentially re-initiate and origins that do not, suggesting that the RIP elements can overcome a block to re-initiation imposed after Mcm2-7 associates with origins. Our findings identify a local level of control in the block to re-initiation. This local control creates a complex genomic landscape of re-replication potential that is revealed when global mechanisms preventing re-replication are compromised. Hence, if re-replication does contribute to genomic alterations, as has been speculated for cancer cells, some regions of the genome may be more susceptible to these alterations than others. Eukaryotic organisms have hundreds to thousands of DNA replication origins distributed throughout their genomes. Faithful duplication of these genomes requires a multitude of global controls that ensure that every replication origin initiates at most once per cell cycle. Disruptions in these controls can result in re-initiation of origins and localized re-replication of the surrounding genome. Such re-replicated genomic segments are converted to stable chromosomal alterations with extraordinarily efficiency and could provide a potential source of genomic alterations associated with cancer cells. This publication establishes the existence of a local layer of replication control by identifying new genetic elements, termed re-initiation promoters (RIPs) that can locally override some of the global mechanisms preventing re-initiation. Origins adjacent to RIP elements are not as tightly controlled and thus more susceptible to re-initiation, especially when these global controls are compromised. We speculate that RIP elements contribute to genomic variability in origin control and make some regions of the genome more susceptible to re-replication induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joachim J. Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim YJ, Jung YD, Kim TO, Kim HS. Alu-related transcript of TJP2 gene as a marker for colorectal cancer. Gene 2013; 524:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Grossmann V, Roller A, Klein HU, Weissmann S, Kern W, Haferlach C, Dugas M, Haferlach T, Schnittger S, Kohlmann A. Robustness of amplicon deep sequencing underlines its utility in clinical applications. J Mol Diagn 2013; 15:473-84. [PMID: 23680131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the robustness of amplicon deep sequencing to study its utility in routine clinical applications offering patient-specific individualized assays for molecular disease characterization and monitoring. Amplicons were designed targeting RUNX1, CEBPA, CBL, NRAS, KRAS, DNMT3A, EZH2, and TP53 using different PCR amplification strategies and Roche GS FLX Titanium and Illumina MiSeq sequencing platforms. Thirty-three patients with leukemia were selected as an exemplary cohort representing heterogeneous cancer specimens. Both standard two-primer amplification and four-primer microfluidics PCRs yielded highly linear characteristics in detecting molecular alterations in series of dilution experiments. By fitting a linear mixed-effects model to the logarithmized data, a slope β of -1.000 (95% CI, ±0.046) was obtained for two-primer assays and of -0.998 (95% CI, ±0.105) was obtained for four-primer assays, which represented a near-perfect decrease of the mutation load. Furthermore, data are presented on technical precision, limit of detection, and occurrence of small subclones in TP53- and RUNX1-mutated patients to identify clonal disease progression and residual disease. We demonstrate that, depending on the local sequence context for each amplicon, the limit of detection of the assay cannot be lower than a range of 0.25% to 3.5%. In conclusion, amplicon deep sequencing enabled the assessment of mutations in a highly robust manner and across a broad range of relative frequencies of mutations. This assay detects residual disease or identifies mutations with predictive relevance to direct treatment strategies.
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Toward personalized therapy in AML: in vivo benefit of targeting aberrant epigenetics in MLL-PTD-associated AML. Leukemia 2013; 27:2379-82. [PMID: 23660685 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Transcription factors critical for normal hematopoietic stem cell functions are frequently mutated in acute leukemia leading to an aberrant re-programming of normal hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells into leukemic stem cells. Among them, re-arrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL), including chimeric fusion, partial tandem duplication (PTD), amplification and internal exonic deletion, represent one of the most common recurring oncogenic events and associate with very poor prognosis in human leukemias. Extensive research on wild type MLL and MLL-fusions has significant advanced our knowledge about their functions in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, which also provides a framework for the underlying pathogenic role of MLL re-arrangements in human leukemias. In contrast, research progress on MLL-PTD, MLL amplification and internal exonic deletion remains stagnant, in particular for the last two abnormalities where mouse model is not yet available. In this article, we will review the key features of both wild-type and re-arranged MLL proteins with particular focuses on MLL-PTD and MLL amplification for their roles in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ham Yip
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9NU, UK
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50
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Single-stranded annealing induced by re-initiation of replication origins provides a novel and efficient mechanism for generating copy number expansion via non-allelic homologous recombination. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003192. [PMID: 23300490 PMCID: PMC3536649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number expansions such as amplifications and duplications contribute to human phenotypic variation, promote molecular diversification during evolution, and drive the initiation and/or progression of various cancers. The mechanisms underlying these copy number changes are still incompletely understood, however. We recently demonstrated that transient, limited re-replication from a single origin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently induces segmental amplification of the re-replicated region. Structural analyses of such re-replication induced gene amplifications (RRIGA) suggested that RRIGA could provide a new mechanism for generating copy number variation by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR). Here we elucidate this new mechanism and provide insight into why it is so efficient. We establish that sequence homology is both necessary and sufficient for repetitive elements to participate in RRIGA and show that their recombination occurs by a single-strand annealing (SSA) mechanism. We also find that re-replication forks are prone to breakage, accounting for the widespread DNA damage associated with deregulation of replication proteins. These breaks appear to stimulate NAHR between re-replicated repeat sequences flanking a re-initiating replication origin. Our results support a RRIGA model where the expansion of a re-replication bubble beyond flanking homologous sequences followed by breakage at both forks in trans provides an ideal structural context for SSA–mediated NAHR to form a head-to-tail duplication. Given the remarkable efficiency of RRIGA, we suggest it may be an unappreciated contributor to copy number expansions in both disease and evolution. Duplications and amplifications of chromosomal segments are frequently observed in eukaryotic genomes, including both normal and cancerous human genomes. These copy number variations contribute to the phenotypic variation upon which natural selection acts. For example, the amplification of genes whose excessive copy number facilitates uncontrolled cell division is often selected for during tumor development. Copy number variations can often arise when repetitive sequence elements, which are dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes, undergo a rearrangement called non-allelic homologous recombination. Exactly how these rearrangements occur is poorly understood. Here, using budding yeast to model this class of copy number variation, we uncover a new and highly efficient mechanism by which these variations can be generated. The precipitating event is the aberrant re-initiation of DNA replication at a replication origin. Normally the hundreds to thousands of origins scattered throughout a eukaryotic genome are tightly controlled such that each is permitted to initiate only once per cell cycle. However, disruptions in these controls can allow origins to re-initiate, and we show how the resulting DNA re-replication structure can be readily converted into a tandem duplication via non-allelic homologous recombination. Hence, the re-initiation of DNA replication is a potential source of copy number variation both in disease and during evolution.
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