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Li Z, Xu K, Zhou Z, Liang C, Gu W, Ran J. A novel SOX10 mutation causing Waardenburg syndrome type 2 by expressing a truncated and dysfunctional protein in a Chinese child. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:536. [PMID: 38642155 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the causative variants in a patient with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) type 2 using whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS The clinical features of the patient were collected. WES was performed on the patient and his parents to screen causative genetic variants and Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the candidate mutation. The AlphaFold2 software was used to predict the changes in the 3D structure of the mutant protein. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the SOX10 mutant in vitro. RESULTS A de novo variant of SOX10 gene, NM_006941.4: c.707_714del (p. H236Pfs*42), was identified, and it was predicted to disrupt the wild-type DIM/HMG conformation in SOX10. In-vitro analysis showed an increased level of expression of the mutant compared to the wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Our findings helped to understand the genotype-phenotype association in WS2 cases with SOX10 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhumei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Ran
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Bahmad HF, Thiravialingam A, Sriganeshan K, Gonzalez J, Alvarez V, Ocejo S, Abreu AR, Avellan R, Arzola AH, Hachem S, Poppiti R. Clinical Significance of SOX10 Expression in Human Pathology. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:10131-10158. [PMID: 38132479 PMCID: PMC10742133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic development of neural crest cells and subsequent tissue differentiation are intricately regulated by specific transcription factors. Among these, SOX10, a member of the SOX gene family, stands out. Located on chromosome 22q13, the SOX10 gene encodes a transcription factor crucial for the differentiation, migration, and maintenance of tissues derived from neural crest cells. It plays a pivotal role in developing various tissues, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, melanocytes, chondrocytes, and odontoblasts. Mutations in SOX10 have been associated with congenital disorders such as Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome, PCWH syndrome, and Kallman syndrome, underscoring its clinical significance. Furthermore, SOX10 is implicated in neural and neuroectodermal tumors, such as melanoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), and schwannomas, influencing processes like proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In mesenchymal tumors, SOX10 expression serves as a valuable marker for distinguishing between different tumor types. Additionally, SOX10 has been identified in various epithelial neoplasms, including breast, ovarian, salivary gland, nasopharyngeal, and bladder cancers, presenting itself as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker. However, despite these associations, further research is imperative to elucidate its precise role in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
| | - Aran Thiravialingam
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Karthik Sriganeshan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Gonzalez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Veronica Alvarez
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Stephanie Ocejo
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alvaro R. Abreu
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Rima Avellan
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Alejandro H. Arzola
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.T.); (K.S.); (J.G.); (S.O.); (A.R.A.); (R.A.); (A.H.A.)
| | - Sana Hachem
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Robert Poppiti
- The Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL 33140, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Warman-Chardon J, Hartley T, Marshall AE, McBride A, Couse M, Macdonald W, Mann MRW, Bourque PR, Breiner A, Lochmüller H, Woulfe J, Sampaio ML, Melkus G, Brais B, Dyment DA, Boycott KM, Kernohan K. Biallelic SOX8 Variants Associated With Novel Syndrome With Myopathy, Skeletal Deformities, Intellectual Disability, and Ovarian Dysfunction. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200088. [PMID: 38235364 PMCID: PMC10508790 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The human genome contains ∼20,000 genes, each of which has its own set of complex regulatory systems to govern precise expression in each developmental stage and cell type. Here, we report a female patient with congenital weakness, respiratory failure, skeletal dysplasia, contractures, short stature, intellectual delay, respiratory failure, and amenorrhea who presented to Medical Genetics service with no known cause for her condition. Methods Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing were conducted, as well as investigational functional studies to assess the effect of SOX8 variant. Results The patient was found to have biallelic SOX8 variants (NM_014587.3:c.422+5G>C; c.583dup p.(His195ProfsTer11)). SOX8 is a transcriptional regulator, which is predicted to be imprinted (expressed from only one parental allele), but this has not yet been confirmed. We provide evidence that while SOX8 was maternally expressed in adult-derived fibroblasts and lymphoblasts, it was biallelically expressed in other cell types and therefore suggest that biallelic variants are associated with this recessive condition. Functionally, we showed that the paternal variant had the capacity to affect mRNA splicing while the maternal variant resulted in low levels of a truncated protein, which showed decreased binding at and altered expression of SOX8 targets. Discussion Our findings associate SOX8 variants with this novel condition, highlight how complex genome regulation can complicate novel disease-gene identification, and provide insight into the molecular pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Warman-Chardon
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Taila Hartley
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Aren Elizabeth Marshall
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Arran McBride
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Madeline Couse
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - William Macdonald
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mellissa R W Mann
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Pierre R Bourque
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ari Breiner
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marcos Loreto Sampaio
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gerd Melkus
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bernard Brais
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kristin Kernohan
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L.), The Ottawa Hospital; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (J.W.-C., P.R.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., G.M.); Faculty of Medicine (J.W.-C., P.R.B., A.B., H.L., J.W., M.L.S., D.A.D., K.M.B.); Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (J.W.-C., T.H., A.E.M., A.M., H.L., D.A.D., K.M.B., K.K.), University of Ottawa; Hospital for Sick Children (M.C.), Centre for Computational Medicine, Toronto, Canada; Department of Obstetrics (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Gynaecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Magee-Womens Research Institute (W.M., M.R.W.M.), Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.B., J.W.), The Ottawa Hospital; Department of Radiology (M.L.S., G.M.), Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics, University of Ottawa; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (B.B.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University; and Newborn Screening Ontario (K.K.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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4
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Szeto IYY, Chu DKH, Chen P, Chu KC, Au TYK, Leung KKH, Huang YH, Wynn SL, Mak ACY, Chan YS, Chan WY, Jauch R, Fritzsch B, Sham MH, Lovell-Badge R, Cheah KSE. SOX9 and SOX10 control fluid homeostasis in the inner ear for hearing through independent and cooperative mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122121119. [PMID: 36343245 PMCID: PMC9674217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo mechanisms underlying dominant syndromes caused by mutations in SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (SOX9) and SOX10 (SOXE) transcription factors, when they either are expressed alone or are coexpressed, are ill-defined. We created a mouse model for the campomelic dysplasia SOX9Y440X mutation, which truncates the transactivation domain but leaves DNA binding and dimerization intact. Here, we find that SOX9Y440X causes deafness via distinct mechanisms in the endolymphatic sac (ES)/duct and cochlea. By contrast, conditional heterozygous Sox9-null mice are normal. During the ES development of Sox9Y440X/+ heterozygotes, Sox10 and genes important for ionic homeostasis are down-regulated, and there is developmental persistence of progenitors, resulting in fewer mature cells. Sox10 heterozygous null mutants also display persistence of ES/duct progenitors. By contrast, SOX10 retains its expression in the early Sox9Y440X/+ mutant cochlea. Later, in the postnatal stria vascularis, dominant interference by SOX9Y440X is implicated in impairing the normal cooperation of SOX9 and SOX10 in repressing the expression of the water channel Aquaporin 3, thereby contributing to endolymphatic hydrops. Our study shows that for a functioning endolymphatic system in the inner ear, SOX9 regulates Sox10, and depending on the cell type and target gene, it works either independently of or cooperatively with SOX10. SOX9Y440X can interfere with the activity of both SOXE factors, exerting effects that can be classified as haploinsufficient/hypomorphic or dominant negative depending on the cell/gene context. This model of disruption of transcription factor partnerships may be applicable to congenital deafness, which affects ∼0.3% of newborns, and other syndromic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Y. Y. Szeto
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel K. H. Chu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Chi Chu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiffany Y. K. Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keith K. H. Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Heng Huang
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Sarah L. Wynn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angel C. Y. Mak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralf Jauch
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Mai Har Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Genetic insights, disease mechanisms, and biological therapeutics for Waardenburg syndrome. Gene Ther 2022; 29:479-497. [PMID: 33633356 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS), also known as auditory-pigmentary syndrome, is the most common cause of syndromic hearing loss (HL), which accounts for approximately 2-5% of all patients with congenital hearing loss. WS is classified into four subtypes depending on the clinical phenotypes. Currently, pathogenic mutations of PAX3, MITF, SOX10, EDN3, EDNRB or SNAI2 are associated with different subtypes of WS. Although supportive techniques like hearing aids, cochlear implants, or other assistive listening devices can alleviate the HL symptom, there is no cure for WS to date. Recently major progress has been achieved in preclinical studies of genetic HL in animal models, including gene delivery and stem cell replacement therapies. This review focuses on the current understandings of pathogenic mechanisms and potential biological therapeutic approaches for HL in WS, providing strategies and directions for implementing WS biological therapies, as well as possible problems to be faced, in the future.
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6
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Comparative role of SOX10 gene in the gliogenesis of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. Differentiation 2022; 128:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Qi J, Ma L, Guo W. Recent advances in the regulation mechanism of SOX10. J Otol 2022; 17:247-252. [PMID: 36249926 PMCID: PMC9547104 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) is the primitive neural structure in embryonic stage, which develops from ectodermal neural plate cells and epithelial cells. When the neural fold forms into neural tube, neural crest also forms a cord like structure above the neural tube and below the ectoderm. Neural crest cells (NCC) have strong migration and proliferation abilities. A number of tissue cells differentiate from neural crest cells, such as melanocytes, central and peripheral neurons, glial cells, craniofacial cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells. The migration and differentiation of neural crest cells are regulated by a gene network where a variety of genes, transcriptional factors, signal pathways and growth factors are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcui Qi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Ma
- PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center Department of Stomatology, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment for Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author. College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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8
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Ng BWL, Lee JSY, Toh TH, Ngu LH. Neurological Waardenburg-Shah syndrome: a diagnostic challenge in a child with skin hypopigmentation and neurological manifestation. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e250360. [PMID: 35725288 PMCID: PMC9214300 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-250360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy, Waardenburg syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH) is a rare manifestation of Waardenburg-Shah syndrome associated with mutations in the SOX10 gene. The phenotypic expression is variable, thus presenting a diagnostic challenge. Clinical manifestations of PCWH may mimic other neurocutaneous syndromes. A thorough history, careful physical examination, appropriate imaging studies and an index of suspicion are needed to diagnose this condition. We describe an adolescent girl with skin hypopigmentation and blue irides associated with sensorineural hearing loss, Hirschsprung disease, as well as seizures with neurological signs, and discuss the challenges in diagnosing PCWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wei-Liang Ng
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey Soon-Yit Lee
- Clinical Research Centre, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Centre, Sibu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Lock-Hock Ngu
- Department of Genetics, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
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9
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Pingault V, Zerad L, Bertani-Torres W, Bondurand N. SOX10: 20 years of phenotypic plurality and current understanding of its developmental function. J Med Genet 2021; 59:105-114. [PMID: 34667088 PMCID: PMC8788258 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 belongs to a family of 20 SRY (sex-determining region Y)-related high mobility group box-containing (SOX) proteins, most of which contribute to cell type specification and differentiation of various lineages. The first clue that SOX10 is essential for development, especially in the neural crest, came with the discovery that heterozygous mutations occurring within and around SOX10 cause Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Since then, heterozygous mutations have been reported in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (Waardenburg syndrome type without Hirschsprung disease), PCWH or PCW (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, with or without Hirschsprung disease), intestinal manifestations beyond Hirschsprung (ie, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), Kallmann syndrome and cancer. All of these diseases are consistent with the regulatory role of SOX10 in various neural crest derivatives (melanocytes, the enteric nervous system, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) and extraneural crest tissues (inner ear, oligodendrocytes). The recent evolution of medical practice in constitutional genetics has led to the identification of SOX10 variants in atypical contexts, such as isolated hearing loss or neurodevelopmental disorders, making them more difficult to classify in the absence of both a typical phenotype and specific expertise. Here, we report novel mutations and review those that have already been published and their functional consequences, along with current understanding of SOX10 function in the affected cell types identified through in vivo and in vitro models. We also discuss research options to increase our understanding of the origin of the observed phenotypic variability and improve the diagnosis and medical care of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Zerad
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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10
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Tang Y, Cao Y. SOX10 Knockdown Inhibits Melanoma Cell Proliferation via Notch Signaling Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7225-7234. [PMID: 34557039 PMCID: PMC8455513 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s329331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Melanoma is a serious and malignant disease worldwide. Seeking diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets is urgent for melanoma treatment. SOX10, a member of the SoxE family of genes, is a transcription factor which can regulate the transcription of a wide variety of genes in multiple cellular processes. Methods The mRNA level and protein expression of SOX10 is confirmed by bioinformatic analysis and IHC staining. MTT, clone formation and EdU analysis showed that SOX10 knockdown (KD) could significantly inhibit melanoma cell proliferation. FACS analysis showed that SOX10 KD could markedly enhance the level of cell apoptosis. The downstream target signaling pathway is predicted by RNA-seq based on the public GEO database. The activation of Notch signaling mediated by SOX10 is tested by qPCR and Western blot. Results Ectopic upregulation of SOX10 was found in melanoma patient tissues compared to normal nevus tissues in mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, both mRNA and protein level of SOX10 were negatively correlated with melanoma patient's prognosis. SOX10 knockdown could obviously suppress the proliferation ability of melanoma cells by inactivating Notch signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study confirmed that SOX10 is an oncogene and activate Notch signaling pathway, which suggests the potential treatment for melanoma patients by target SOX10/Notch axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youqun Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Choe CP, Choi SY, Kee Y, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Lee Y, Park HC, Ro H. Transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:26. [PMID: 34496973 PMCID: PMC8424172 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its debut in the biomedical research fields in 1981, zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model organism in more than 40,000 biomedical research studies. Especially useful are zebrafish lines expressing fluorescent proteins in a molecule, intracellular organelle, cell or tissue specific manner because they allow the visualization and tracking of molecules, intracellular organelles, cells or tissues of interest in real time and in vivo. In this review, we summarize representative transgenic fluorescent zebrafish lines that have revolutionized biomedical research on signal transduction, the craniofacial skeletal system, the hematopoietic system, the nervous system, the urogenital system, the digestive system and intracellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kee
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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12
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Holland AM, Bon-Frauches AC, Keszthelyi D, Melotte V, Boesmans W. The enteric nervous system in gastrointestinal disease etiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4713-4733. [PMID: 33770200 PMCID: PMC8195951 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and gastrointestinal homeostasis. Because ENS components are in charge of the autonomous regulation of gut function, it is inevitable that their dysfunction is central to the pathophysiology and symptom generation of gastrointestinal disease. While for neurodevelopmental disorders such as Hirschsprung, ENS pathogenesis appears to be clear-cut, the role for impaired ENS activity in the etiology of other gastrointestinal disorders is less established and is often deemed secondary to other insults like intestinal inflammation. However, mounting experimental evidence in recent years indicates that gastrointestinal homeostasis hinges on multifaceted connections between the ENS, and other cellular networks such as the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiome. Derangement of these interactions could underlie gastrointestinal disease onset and elicit variable degrees of abnormal gut function, pinpointing, perhaps unexpectedly, the ENS as a diligent participant in idiopathic but also in inflammatory and cancerous diseases of the gut. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on the role of the ENS in the pathogenesis of enteric neuropathies, disorders of gut-brain interaction, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Marie Holland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Carina Bon-Frauches
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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13
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Arnaud AP, Hascoet J, Berneau P, LeGouevec F, Georges J, Randuineau G, Formal M, Henno S, Boudry G. A piglet model of iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis reveals the impact of the enteric nervous system on gut barrier function and microbiota postnatal development. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:337-345. [PMID: 32680586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis physiopathology likely involves disturbed interactions between gut microbes and the host during the early neonatal period. Our objective was to create a neonatal porcine model of iatrogenic aganglionosis to evaluate the impact of the enteric nervous system (ENS) on microbiota and intestinal barrier postnatal development. METHODS Under general anesthesia, the rectosigmoid serosa of 5-day-old suckling piglets was exposed to 0.5% benzalkonium chloride solution (BAC, n = 7) or saline (SHAM, n = 5) for 1 h. After surgery, animals returned to their home-cage with the sow and littermates and were studied 21 days later. RESULTS BAC treatment induced partial aganglionosis with absence of myenteric plexus and reduced surface area of submucosal plexus ganglia (-58%, P < 0.05) in one third of the rectosigmoid circumference. Epithelial permeability of this zone was increased (conductance +63%, FITC-dextran flux +386%, horseradish-peroxidase flux +563%, P < 0.05). Tight junction protein remodeling was observed with decreased ZO-1 (-95%, P < 0.05) and increased claudin-3 and e-cadherin expressions (+197% and 61%, P < 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). BAC piglets harbored greater abundance of proinflammatory bacteria (Bilophila, Fusobacterium) compared to SHAM in the rectosigmoid lumen. CONCLUSIONS This large animal model demonstrates that hypoganglionosis is associated with dramatic defects of gut barrier function and establishment of proinflammatory bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Pierre Arnaud
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France; Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Juliette Hascoet
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Pauline Berneau
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | | | - Michèle Formal
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Sébastien Henno
- Service d'anatomo-pathologie, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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14
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Diagnosing Hirschsprung disease by detecting intestinal ganglion cells using label-free hyperspectral microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1398. [PMID: 33446868 PMCID: PMC7809197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a congenital disorder in the distal colon that is characterized by the absence of nerve ganglion cells in the diseased tissue. The primary treatment for HD is surgical intervention with resection of the aganglionic bowel. The accurate identification of the aganglionic segment depends on the histologic evaluation of multiple biopsies to determine the absence of ganglion cells in the tissue, which can be a time-consuming procedure. We investigate the feasibility of using a combination of label-free optical modalities, second harmonic generation (SHG); two-photon excitation autofluorescence (2PAF); and Raman spectroscopy (RS), to accurately locate and identify ganglion cells in murine intestinal tissue without the use of exogenous labels or dyes. We show that the image contrast provided by SHG and 2PAF signals allows for the visualization of the overall tissue morphology and localization of regions that may contain ganglion cells, while RS provides detailed multiplexed molecular information that can be used to accurately identify specific ganglion cells. Support vector machine, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis classification models were applied to the hyperspectral Raman data and showed that ganglion cells can be identified with a classification accuracy higher than 95%. Our findings suggest that a near real-time intraoperative histology method can be developed using these three optical modalities together that can aid pathologists and surgeons in rapid, accurate identification of ganglion cells to guide surgical decisions with minimal human intervention.
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15
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Schock EN, LaBonne C. Sorting Sox: Diverse Roles for Sox Transcription Factors During Neural Crest and Craniofacial Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:606889. [PMID: 33424631 PMCID: PMC7793875 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.606889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox transcription factors play many diverse roles during development, including regulating stem cell states, directing differentiation, and influencing the local chromatin landscape. Of the twenty vertebrate Sox factors, several play critical roles in the development the neural crest, a key vertebrate innovation, and the subsequent formation of neural crest-derived structures, including the craniofacial complex. Herein, we review the specific roles for individual Sox factors during neural crest cell formation and discuss how some factors may have been essential for the evolution of the neural crest. Additionally, we describe how Sox factors direct neural crest cell differentiation into diverse lineages such as melanocytes, glia, and cartilage and detail their involvement in the development of specific craniofacial structures. Finally, we highlight several SOXopathies associated with craniofacial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schock
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Carole LaBonne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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16
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Smedlund KB, Hill JW. The role of non-neuronal cells in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110996. [PMID: 32860862 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by the hypothalamus. Disruption of this system leads to impaired reproductive maturation and function, a condition known as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Most studies to date have focused on genetic causes of HH that impact neuronal development and function. However, variants may also impact the functioning of non-neuronal cells known as glia. Glial cells make up 50% of brain cells of humans, primates, and rodents. They include radial glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, tanycytes, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Many of these cells influence the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system controlling fertility. Indeed, glia regulate GnRH neuronal activity and secretion, acting both at their cell bodies and their nerve endings. Recent work has also made clear that these interactions are an essential aspect of how the HPG axis integrates endocrine, metabolic, and environmental signals to control fertility. Recognition of the clinical importance of interactions between glia and the GnRH network may pave the way for the development of new treatment strategies for dysfunctions of puberty and adult fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Smedlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA; Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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17
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Perera SN, Kerosuo L. On the road again: Establishment and maintenance of stemness in the neural crest from embryo to adulthood. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2020; 39:7-25. [PMID: 33017496 PMCID: PMC7821161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unique to vertebrates, the neural crest (NC) is an embryonic stem cell population that contributes to a greatly expanding list of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, facial cartilage and bone, pigment cells of the skin to secretory cells of the endocrine system. Here, we focus on what is specifically known about establishment and maintenance of NC stemness and ultimate fate commitment mechanisms, which could help explain its exceptionally high stem cell potential that exceeds the "rules set during gastrulation." In fact, recent discoveries have shed light on the existence of NC cells that coexpress commonly accepted pluripotency factors like Nanog, Oct4/PouV, and Klf4. The coexpression of pluripotency factors together with the exceptional array of diverse NC derivatives encouraged us to propose a new term "pleistopotent" (Greek for abundant, a substantial amount) to be used to reflect the uniqueness of the NC as compared to other post-gastrulation stem cell populations in the vertebrate body, and to differentiate them from multipotent lineage restricted stem cells. We also discuss studies related to the maintenance of NC stemness within the challenging context of being a transient and thus a constantly changing population of stem cells without a permanent niche. The discovery of the stem cell potential of Schwann cell precursors as well as multiple adult NC-derived stem cell reservoirs during the past decade has greatly increased our understanding of how NC cells contribute to tissues formed after its initial migration stage in young embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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18
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The transcription factor Sox10 is an essential determinant of branching morphogenesis and involution in the mouse mammary gland. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17807. [PMID: 33082503 PMCID: PMC7575560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group-domain containing transcription factor Sox10 is an essential regulator of developmental processes and homeostasis in the neural crest, several neural crest-derived lineages and myelinating glia. Recent studies have also implicated Sox10 as an important factor in mammary stem and precursor cells. Here we employ a series of mouse mutants with constitutive and conditional Sox10 deficiencies to show that Sox10 has multiple functions in the developing mammary gland. While there is no indication for a requirement of Sox10 in the specification of the mammary placode or descending mammary bud, it is essential for both the prenatal hormone-independent as well as the pubertal hormone-dependent branching of the mammary epithelium and for proper alveologenesis during pregnancy. It furthermore acts in a dosage-dependent manner. Sox10 also plays a role during the involution process at the end of the lactation period. Whereas its effect on epithelial branching and alveologenesis are likely causally related to its function in mammary stem and precursor cells, this is not the case for its function during involution where Sox10 seems to work at least in part through regulation of the miR-424(322)/503 cluster.
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19
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Shang Z, Horovitz DJ, McKenzie RH, Keisler JL, Felder MR, Davis SW. Using genomic resources for linkage analysis in Peromyscus with an application for characterizing Dominant Spot. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:622. [PMID: 32912160 PMCID: PMC7488232 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peromyscus are the most common mammalian species in North America and are widely used in both laboratory and field studies. The deer mouse, P. maniculatus and the old-field mouse, P. polionotus, are closely related and can generate viable and fertile hybrid offspring. The ability to generate hybrid offspring, coupled with developing genomic resources, enables researchers to conduct linkage analysis studies to identify genomic loci associated with specific traits. Results We used available genomic data to identify DNA polymorphisms between P. maniculatus and P. polionotus and used the polymorphic data to identify the range of genetic complexity that underlies physiological and behavioral differences between the species, including cholesterol metabolism and genes associated with autism. In addition, we used the polymorphic data to conduct a candidate gene linkage analysis for the Dominant spot trait and determined that Dominant spot is linked to a region of chromosome 20 that contains a strong candidate gene, Sox10. During the linkage analysis, we found that the spot size varied quantitively in affected Peromyscus based on genetic background. Conclusions The expanding genomic resources for Peromyscus facilitate their use in linkage analysis studies, enabling the identification of loci associated with specific traits. More specifically, we have linked a coat color spotting phenotype, Dominant spot, with Sox10, a member the neural crest gene regulatory network, and that there are likely two genetic modifiers that interact with Dominant spot. These results establish Peromyscus as a model system for identifying new alleles of the neural crest gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - David J Horovitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ronald H McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica L Keisler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael R Felder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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20
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Perera SN, Williams RM, Lyne R, Stubbs O, Buehler DP, Sauka-Spengler T, Noda M, Micklem G, Southard-Smith EM, Baker CVH. Insights into olfactory ensheathing cell development from a laser-microdissection and transcriptome-profiling approach. Glia 2020; 68:2550-2584. [PMID: 32857879 PMCID: PMC7116175 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest-derived glia that ensheath bundles of olfactory axons from their peripheral origins in the olfactory epithelium to their central targets in the olfactory bulb. We took an unbiased laser microdissection and differential RNA-seq approach, validated by in situ hybridization, to identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying mouse OEC development and differences with the neural crest-derived Schwann cells developing on other peripheral nerves. We identified 25 novel markers for developing OECs in the olfactory mucosa and/or the olfactory nerve layer surrounding the olfactory bulb, of which 15 were OEC-specific (that is, not expressed by Schwann cells). One pan-OEC-specific gene, Ptprz1, encodes a receptor-like tyrosine phosphatase that blocks oligodendrocyte differentiation. Mutant analysis suggests Ptprz1 may also act as a brake on OEC differentiation, and that its loss disrupts olfactory axon targeting. Overall, our results provide new insights into OEC development and the diversification of neural crest-derived glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M Williams
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stubbs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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21
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Duan C, Allard J. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron development in vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 292:113465. [PMID: 32184073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are master regulators of the reproductive axis in vertebrates. During early mammalian embryogenesis, GnRH1 neurons emerge in the nasal/olfactory placode. These neurons undertake a long-distance migration, moving from the nose to the preoptic area and hypothalamus. While significant advances have been made in understanding the functional importance of the GnRH1 neurons in reproduction, where GnRH1 neurons come from and how are they specified during early development is still under debate. In addition to the GnRH1 gene, most vertebrate species including humans have one or two additional GnRH genes. Compared to the GnRH1 neurons, much less is known about the development and regulation of GnRH2 neuron and GnRH3 neurons. The objective of this article is to review what is currently known about GnRH neuron development. We will survey various cell autonomous and non-autonomous factors implicated in the regulation of GnRH neuron development. Finally, we will discuss emerging tools and new approaches to resolve open questions pertaining to GnRH neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - John Allard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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22
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Liu YR, Ba F, Cheng LJ, Li X, Zhang SW, Zhang SC. Efficacy of Sox10 Promoter Methylation in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia From the Peripheral Blood. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10:e00093. [PMID: 31789936 PMCID: PMC6970557 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) is a common malformation of the enteric nervous system. Diagnosis requires a full-thickness colonic specimen and an experienced pathologist, emphasizing the need for noninvasive analytical methods. Recently, the methylation level of the Sox10 promoter has been found to be critical for enteric nervous system development. However, whether it can be used for diagnostic purposes in IND is unclear. METHODS Blood and colon specimens were collected from 32 patients with IND, 60 patients with Hirschsprung disease (HD), and 60 controls. Sox10 promoter methylation in the blood and the Sox10 expression level in the colon were determined, and their correlation was analyzed. The diagnostic efficacy of blood Sox10 promoter methylation was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS The blood level of Sox10 promoter methylation at the 32nd locus was 100% (90%-100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 92.29%-96.37%) in control, 90% (80%-90%; 95% CI, 82.84%-87.83%) in HD, and 60% (50%-80%; 95% CI, 57.12%-69.76%) in IND specimens. Sox10 promoter methylation in the peripheral blood was negatively correlated with Sox10 expression in the colon, which was low in control, moderate in HD, and high in IND specimens (r = -0.89). The area under the curve of Sox10 promoter methylation in the diagnosis of IND was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.874-1.000, P = 0.000), with a cutoff value of 85% (sensitivity, 90.6%; specificity, 95.0%). By applying a cutoff value of 65%, promoter methylation was more indicative of IND than HD. DISCUSSION The analysis of Sox10 promoter methylation in the peripheral blood can be used as a noninvasive method for IND diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Ba
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan-Jie Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Luzón‐Toro B, Villalba‐Benito L, Torroglosa A, Fernández RM, Antiñolo G, Borrego S. What is new about the genetic background of Hirschsprung disease? Clin Genet 2019; 97:114-124. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Luzón‐Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Leticia Villalba‐Benito
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Raquel M. Fernández
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Guillermo Antiñolo
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville Seville Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Seville Spain
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24
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Liu T, Li G, Noble KV, Li Y, Barth JL, Schulte BA, Lang H. Age-dependent alterations of Kir4.1 expression in neural crest-derived cells of the mouse and human cochlea. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:210-222. [PMID: 31220650 PMCID: PMC6679794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (or presbyacusis) is a progressive pathophysiological process. This study addressed the hypothesis that degeneration/dysfunction of multiple nonsensory cell types contributes to presbyacusis by evaluating tissues obtained from young and aged CBA/CaJ mouse ears and human temporal bones. Ultrastructural examination and transcriptomic analysis of mouse cochleas revealed age-dependent pathophysiological alterations in 3 types of neural crest-derived cells, namely intermediate cells in the stria vascularis, outer sulcus cells in the cochlear lateral wall, and satellite cells in the spiral ganglion. A significant decline in immunoreactivity for Kir4.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, was seen in strial intermediate cells and outer sulcus cells in the ears of older mice. Age-dependent alterations in Kir4.1 immunostaining also were observed in satellite cells ensheathing spiral ganglion neurons. Expression alterations of Kir4.1 were observed in these same cell populations in the aged human cochlea. These results suggest that degeneration/dysfunction of neural crest-derived cells maybe an important contributing factor to both metabolic and neural forms of presbyacusis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenyaria V Noble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yongxi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bradley A Schulte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hainan Lang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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25
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Dooley CM, Wali N, Sealy IM, White RJ, Stemple DL, Collins JE, Busch-Nentwich EM. The gene regulatory basis of genetic compensation during neural crest induction. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008213. [PMID: 31199790 PMCID: PMC6594659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific cell type that contributes to a wide range of different tissues across all three germ layers. The gene regulatory network (GRN) responsible for the formation of neural crest is conserved across vertebrates. Central to the induction of the NC GRN are AP-2 and SoxE transcription factors. NC induction robustness is ensured through the ability of some of these transcription factors to compensate loss of function of gene family members. However the gene regulatory events underlying compensation are poorly understood. We have used gene knockout and RNA sequencing strategies to dissect NC induction and compensation in zebrafish. We genetically ablate the NC using double mutants of tfap2a;tfap2c or remove specific subsets of the NC with sox10 and mitfa knockouts and characterise genome-wide gene expression levels across multiple time points. We find that compensation through a single wild-type allele of tfap2c is capable of maintaining early NC induction and differentiation in the absence of tfap2a function, but many target genes have abnormal expression levels and therefore show sensitivity to the reduced tfap2 dosage. This separation of morphological and molecular phenotypes identifies a core set of genes required for early NC development. We also identify the 15 somites stage as the peak of the molecular phenotype which strongly diminishes at 24 hpf even as the morphological phenotype becomes more apparent. Using gene knockouts, we associate previously uncharacterised genes with pigment cell development and establish a role for maternal Hippo signalling in melanocyte differentiation. This work extends and refines the NC GRN while also uncovering the transcriptional basis of genetic compensation via paralogues. Embryonic development is an intricate process that requires genes to be active at the right time and place. Organisms have evolved mechanisms that ensure faithful execution of developmental programmes even if genes fail to function. For example, in a process called genetic compensation, one or more genes become activated in response to loss of function of another. In this work we use the zebrafish model to investigate how two related genes, tfap2a and tfap2c, interact to ensure establishment of the neural crest, a vertebrate-specific cell type that contributes to many different tissues. Losing tfap2a activity causes mild morphological defects and losing tfap2c has no visible effect. Yet when both are inactive, embryos are severely abnormal due to lack of neural crest-derived tissues. Here we show that loss of tfap2a triggers upregulation of tfap2c which prevents the loss of neural crest tissue. However, the genes normally regulated by tfap2a respond differently to tfap2c allowing us to identify the first tier of the Ap2 network and new players in neural crest biology. Our work demonstrates that the expression signature of partial, but morphologically sufficient, genetic compensation provides an opportunity to dissect gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Wali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Sealy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek L. Stemple
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Collins
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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26
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Dai W, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang F, Zheng R, Chen DN, Men M, Li JD. Functional analysis of SOX10 mutations identified in Chinese patients with Kallmann syndrome. Gene 2019; 702:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Brokhman I, Xu J, Coles BL, Razavi R, Engert S, Lickert H, Babona-Pilipos R, Morshead CM, Sibley E, Chen C, van der Kooy D. Dual embryonic origin of the mammalian enteric nervous system. Dev Biol 2019; 445:256-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Graf SA, Heppt MV, Wessely A, Krebs S, Kammerbauer C, Hornig E, Strieder A, Blum H, Bosserhoff AK, Berking C. The myelin protein PMP2 is regulated by SOX10 and drives melanoma cell invasion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:424-434. [PMID: 30506895 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 10 (SOX10) plays a key role in the development of melanocytes and glial cells from neural crest precursors. SOX10 is involved in melanoma initiation, proliferation, invasion, and survival. However, specific mediators which impart its oncogenic properties remain widely unknown. To identify target genes of SOX10, we performed RNA sequencing after ectopic expression of SOX10 in human melanoma cells. Among nine differentially regulated genes, peripheral myelin protein 2 (PMP2) was consistently upregulated in several cell lines. Direct regulation of PMP2 by SOX10 was shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, and luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, a coregulation of PMP2 by SOX10 and early growth response 2 in melanoma cells was found. Phenotypical investigation demonstrated that PMP2 expression can increase melanoma cell invasion. As PMP2 protein was detected only in a subset of melanoma cell lines, it might contribute to melanoma heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Anna Graf
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Wessely
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kammerbauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hornig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annamarie Strieder
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja-Katrin Bosserhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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29
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GT-repeat extension in the IL11 promoter is associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Gene 2018; 677:163-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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LeBel DP, Wolff DJ, Batalis NI, Ellingham T, Matics N, Patwardhan SC, Znoyko IY, Schandl CA. First Report of Prenatal Ascertainment of a Fetus With Homozygous Loss of the SOX10 Gene and Phenotypic Correlation by Autopsy Examination. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018; 21:561-567. [PMID: 29216801 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617744714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The SOX10 gene plays a vital role in neural crest cell development and migration. Abnormalities in SOX10 are associated with Waardenburg syndrome Types II and IV, and these patients have recognizable clinical features. This case report highlights the first ever reported homozygous loss of function of the SOX10 gene in a human. This deletion is correlated using family history, prenatal ultrasound, microarray analysis of amniotic fluid, and ultimately, a medical autopsy examination to further elucidate phenotypic effects of this genetic variation. Incorporating the use of molecular pathology into the autopsy examination of fetuses with suspected congenital anomalies is vital for appropriate family counseling, and with the ability to use formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, has become a practical approach in autopsy pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P LeBel
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daynna J Wolff
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nicholas I Batalis
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tara Ellingham
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Natalie Matics
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sanjay C Patwardhan
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Iya Y Znoyko
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Cynthia A Schandl
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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31
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own set of intrinsic neuroglial circuits - the enteric nervous system (ENS) - which detects and responds to diverse signals from the environment. Here, we address recent advances in the understanding of ENS development, including how neural-crest-derived progenitors migrate into and colonize the bowel, the formation of ganglionated plexuses and the molecular mechanisms of enteric neuronal and glial diversification. Modern lineage tracing and transcription-profiling technologies have produced observations that simultaneously challenge and affirm long-held beliefs about ENS development. We review many genetic and environmental factors that can alter ENS development and exert long-lasting effects on gastrointestinal function, and discuss how developmental defects in the ENS might account for some of the large burden of digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Kim H, Langohr IM, Faisal M, McNulty M, Thorn C, Kim J. Ablation of Ezh2 in neural crest cells leads to aberrant enteric nervous system development in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203391. [PMID: 30169530 PMCID: PMC6118393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the role of Ezh2 as an epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through H3K27me3. Ezh2 conditional null mice were viable up to birth, but died within the first hour of life. In addition to craniofacial defects, Ezh2 conditional null mice displayed reduced number of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system. RT-PCR and ChIP assays indicated aberrant up-regulation of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10 and loss of H3K27me3 marks in the promoter regions of these genes in the myenteric plexus. Overall, these results suggest that Ezh2 is an important epigenetic modifier for the enteric neural crest cell development through repression of Zic1, Pax3, and Sox10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Margaret McNulty
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Thorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joomyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Stevenson RE, Vincent V, Spellicy CJ, Friez MJ, Chaubey A. Biallelic deletions of the Waardenburg II syndrome gene, SOX10, cause a recognizable arthrogryposis syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1968-1971. [PMID: 30113773 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Random mating in the general population tends to limit the occurrence of homozygous and compound heterozygous forms of dominant hereditary disorders. Certain phenotypes, the most recognized being skeletal dysplasias associated with short stature, lead to cultural interaction and assortative mating. To this well-known example, may be added deafness which brings together individuals with a variety of deafness genotypes, some being dominant. Waardenburg syndrome is one such autosomal dominant disorder in which affected individuals may interact culturally because of deafness. Biallelic genetic alterations for two Waardenburg genes, PAX3 and MITF have been previously recognized. Herein, we report biallelic deletions in SOX10, a gene associated with Waardenburg syndromes type II and IV. The affected fetuses have a severe phenotype with a lack of fetal movement resulting in four-limb arthrogryposis and absence of palmar and plantar creases, white hair, dystopia canthorum, and in one case cleft palate and in the other a cardiac malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Vincent
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | | | - Alka Chaubey
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina
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34
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Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Cornell RA. Beyond MITF: Multiple transcription factors directly regulate the cellular phenotype in melanocytes and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018. [PMID: 28649789 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MITF governs multiple steps in the development of melanocytes, including specification from neural crest, growth, survival, and terminal differentiation. In addition, the level of MITF activity determines the phenotype adopted by melanoma cells, whether invasive, proliferative, or differentiated. However, MITF does not act alone. Here, we review literature on the transcription factors that co-regulate MITF-dependent genes. ChIP-seq studies have indicated that the transcription factors SOX10, YY1, and TFAP2A co-occupy subsets of regulatory elements bound by MITF in melanocytes. Analyses at single loci also support roles for LEF1, RB1, IRF4, and PAX3 acting in combination with MITF, while sequence motif analyses suggest that additional transcription factors colocalize with MITF at many melanocyte-specific regulatory elements. However, the precise biochemical functions of each of these MITF collaborators and their contributions to gene expression remain to be elucidated. Analogous to the transcriptional networks in morphogen-patterned tissues during embryogenesis, we anticipate that the level of MITF activity is controlled not only by the concentration of activated MITF, but also by additional transcription factors that either quantitatively or qualitatively influence the expression of MITF-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Seberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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35
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Nagao Y, Takada H, Miyadai M, Adachi T, Seki R, Kamei Y, Hara I, Taniguchi Y, Naruse K, Hibi M, Kelsh RN, Hashimoto H. Distinct interactions of Sox5 and Sox10 in fate specification of pigment cells in medaka and zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007260. [PMID: 29621239 PMCID: PMC5886393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms generating diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors are fundamental for normal development. Pigment cells are derived from multipotent neural crest cells and their diversity in teleosts provides an excellent model for studying mechanisms controlling fate specification of distinct cell types. Zebrafish have three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores) while medaka have four (three shared with zebrafish, plus leucophores), raising questions about how conserved mechanisms of fate specification of each pigment cell type are in these fish. We have previously shown that the Sry-related transcription factor Sox10 is crucial for fate specification of pigment cells in zebrafish, and that Sox5 promotes xanthophores and represses leucophores in a shared xanthophore/leucophore progenitor in medaka. Employing TILLING, TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, we generated medaka and zebrafish sox5 and sox10 mutants and conducted comparative analyses of their compound mutant phenotypes. We show that specification of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10. Loss of Sox5 in Sox10-defective fish partially rescued the formation of all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka, suggesting that Sox5 represses Sox10-dependent formation of these pigment cells, similar to their interaction in mammalian melanocyte specification. In contrast, in medaka, loss of Sox10 acts cooperatively with Sox5, enhancing both xanthophore reduction and leucophore increase in sox5 mutants. Misexpression of Sox5 in the xanthophore/leucophore progenitors increased xanthophores and reduced leucophores in medaka. Thus, the mode of Sox5 function in xanthophore specification differs between medaka (promoting) and zebrafish (repressing), which is also the case in adult fish. Our findings reveal surprising diversity in even the mode of the interactions between Sox5 and Sox10 governing specification of pigment cell types in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this is related to the evolution of a fourth pigment cell type. How individual cell fates become specified from multipotent progenitors is a fundamental question in developmental and stem cell biology. Body pigment cells derive from a multipotent progenitor, but while in zebrafish there are three types of pigment cells (melanocytes, iridophores and xanthophores), in medaka these progenitors form four (as zebrafish, plus leucophores). Here, we address whether mechanisms generating each cell-type are conserved between the two species. We focus on two key regulatory proteins, Sox5 and Sox10, which we previously showed were involved in pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, respectively. We compare experimentally how the two proteins interact in regulating development of each of the pigment cell lineages in these fish. We show that development of all pigment cells, except leucophores, is dependent on Sox10, and that Sox5 modulates Sox10 activity antagonistically in all pigment cells in zebrafish, and melanocytes and iridophores in medaka. Surprisingly, in medaka, Sox5 acts co-operatively with Sox10 to promote xanthophore fate and to repress leucophore fate. Our findings reveal surprising diversity how Sox5 and Sox10 interact to govern pigment cell development in medaka and zebrafish, and suggest that this likely relates to the evolution of the novel leucophore pigment cell type in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagao
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Takada
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motohiro Miyadai
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Adachi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Seki
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Hara
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (HH); (RNK)
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36
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Truch K, Arter J, Turnescu T, Weider M, Hartwig AC, Tamm ER, Sock E, Wegner M. Analysis of the human SOX10 mutation Q377X in mice and its implications for genotype-phenotype correlation in SOX10-related human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1078-1092. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Truch
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juliane Arter
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja Turnescu
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna C Hartwig
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernst R Tamm
- Institut für Humananatomie und Embryologie, Universität Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Crawford M, Leclerc V, Dagnino L. A reporter mouse model for in vivo tracing and in vitro molecular studies of melanocytic lineage cells and their diseases. Biol Open 2017. [PMID: 28642245 PMCID: PMC5576081 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in melanocytic lineage cells give rise to a plethora of distinct human diseases, including neurocristopathies, cutaneous pigmentation disorders, loss of vision and hearing, and melanoma. Understanding the ontogeny and biology of melanocytic cells, as well as how they interact with their surrounding environment, are key steps in the development of therapies for diseases that involve this cell lineage. Efforts to culture and characterize primary melanocytes from normal or genetically engineered mouse models have at times yielded contrasting observations. This is due, in part, to differences in the conditions used to isolate, purify and culture these cells in individual studies. By breeding ROSAmT/mG and Tyr::CreERT2 mice, we generated animals in which melanocytic lineage cells are identified through expression of green fluorescent protein. We also used defined conditions to systematically investigate the proliferation and migration responses of primary melanocytes on various extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates. Under our culture conditions, mouse melanocytes exhibit doubling times in the range of 10 days, and retain exponential proliferative capacity for 50-60 days. In culture, these melanocytes showed distinct responses to different ECM substrates. Specifically, laminin-332 promoted cell spreading, formation of dendrites, random motility and directional migration. In contrast, low or intermediate concentrations of collagen I promoted adhesion and acquisition of a bipolar morphology, and interfered with melanocyte forward movements. Our systematic evaluation of primary melanocyte responses emphasizes the importance of clearly defining culture conditions for these cells. This, in turn, is essential for the interpretation of melanocyte responses to extracellular cues and to understand the molecular basis of disorders involving the melanocytic cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Valerie Leclerc
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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38
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Roy-Carson S, Natukunda K, Chou HC, Pal N, Farris C, Schneider SQ, Kuhlman JA. Defining the transcriptomic landscape of the developing enteric nervous system and its cellular environment. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:290. [PMID: 28403821 PMCID: PMC5389105 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motility and the coordination of moving food through the gastrointestinal tract rely on a complex network of neurons known as the enteric nervous system (ENS). Despite its critical function, many of the molecular mechanisms that direct the development of the ENS and the elaboration of neural network connections remain unknown. The goal of this study was to transcriptionally identify molecular pathways and candidate genes that drive specification, differentiation and the neural circuitry of specific neural progenitors, the phox2b expressing ENS cell lineage, during normal enteric nervous system development. Because ENS development is tightly linked to its environment, the transcriptional landscape of the cellular environment of the intestine was also analyzed. RESULTS Thousands of zebrafish intestines were manually dissected from a transgenic line expressing green fluorescent protein under the phox2b regulatory elements [Tg(phox2b:EGFP) w37 ]. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to separate GFP-positive phox2b expressing ENS progenitor and derivatives from GFP-negative intestinal cells. RNA-seq was performed to obtain accurate, reproducible transcriptional profiles and the unbiased detection of low level transcripts. Analysis revealed genes and pathways that may function in ENS cell determination, genes that may be identifiers of different ENS subtypes, and genes that define the non-neural cellular microenvironment of the ENS. Differential expression analysis between the two cell populations revealed the expected neuronal nature of the phox2b expressing lineage including the enrichment for genes required for neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, and identified many novel genes not previously associated with ENS development. Pathway analysis pointed to a high level of G-protein coupled pathway activation, and identified novel roles for candidate pathways such as the Nogo/Reticulon axon guidance pathway in ENS development. CONCLUSION We report the comprehensive gene expression profiles of a lineage-specific population of enteric progenitors, their derivatives, and their microenvironment during normal enteric nervous system development. Our results confirm previously implicated genes and pathways required for ENS development, and also identify scores of novel candidate genes and pathways. Thus, our dataset suggests various potential mechanisms that drive ENS development facilitating characterization and discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to improve gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Roy-Carson
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Kevin Natukunda
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Hsien-Chao Chou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present Address: National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Narinder Pal
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present address: North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, 1305 State Ave, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
| | - Caitlin Farris
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Present address: Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnson, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Stephan Q Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Julie A Kuhlman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA. .,642 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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39
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Regulation of SOX10 stability via ubiquitination-mediated degradation by Fbxw7α modulates melanoma cell migration. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36370-82. [PMID: 26461473 PMCID: PMC4742183 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of SOX10 was reported to be correlated with the progression of multiple cancer types, including melanocytic tumors and tumors of the nervous system. However, the mechanisms by which SOX10 is dysregulated in these tumors are poorly understood. In this study, we report that SOX10 is a direct substrate of Fbxw7α E3 ubiquitin ligase, a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. Fbxw7α promotes SOX10 ubiquitination-mediated turnover through CPD domain of SOX10. Besides, GSK3β phosphorylates SOX10 at CPD domain and facilitates Fbxw7α-mediated SOX10 degradation. Moreover, SOX10 protein levels were inversely correlated with Fbxw7α in melanoma cells, and modulation of Fbxw7α levels regulated the expression of SOX10 and its downstream gene MIA. More importantly, SOX10 reversed Fbxw7α-mediated suppression of melanoma cell migration. This study provides evidence that the tumor suppressor Fbxw7α is the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the degradation of SOX10, and suggests that reduced Fbxw7α might contribute to the upregulation of SOX10 in melanoma cells.
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40
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Delfino-Machín M, Madelaine R, Busolin G, Nikaido M, Colanesi S, Camargo-Sosa K, Law EWP, Toppo S, Blader P, Tiso N, Kelsh RN. Sox10 contributes to the balance of fate choice in dorsal root ganglion progenitors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172947. [PMID: 28253350 PMCID: PMC5333849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of functional peripheral ganglia requires a balance of specification of both neuronal and glial components. In the developing dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), these components form from partially-restricted bipotent neuroglial precursors derived from the neural crest. Work in mouse and chick has identified several factors, including Delta/Notch signaling, required for specification of a balance of these components. We have previously shown in zebrafish that the Sry-related HMG domain transcription factor, Sox10, plays an unexpected, but crucial, role in sensory neuron fate specification in vivo. In the same study we described a novel Sox10 mutant allele, sox10baz1, in which sensory neuron numbers are elevated above those of wild-types. Here we investigate the origin of this neurogenic phenotype. We demonstrate that the supernumerary neurons are sensory neurons, and that enteric and sympathetic neurons are almost absent just as in classical sox10 null alleles; peripheral glial development is also severely abrogated in a manner similar to other sox10 mutant alleles. Examination of proliferation and apoptosis in the developing DRG reveals very low levels of both processes in wild-type and sox10baz1, excluding changes in the balance of these as an explanation for the overproduction of sensory neurons. Using chemical inhibition of Delta-Notch-Notch signaling we demonstrate that in embryonic zebrafish, as in mouse and chick, lateral inhibition during the phase of trunk DRG development is required to achieve a balance between glial and neuronal numbers. Importantly, however, we show that this mechanism is insufficient to explain quantitative aspects of the baz1 phenotype. The Sox10(baz1) protein shows a single amino acid substitution in the DNA binding HMG domain; structural analysis indicates that this change is likely to result in reduced flexibility in the HMG domain, consistent with sequence-specific modification of Sox10 binding to DNA. Unlike other Sox10 mutant proteins, Sox10(baz1) retains an ability to drive neurogenin1 transcription. We show that overexpression of neurogenin1 is sufficient to produce supernumerary DRG sensory neurons in a wild-type background, and can rescue the sensory neuron phenotype of sox10 morphants in a manner closely resembling the baz1 phenotype. We conclude that an imbalance of neuronal and glial fate specification results from the Sox10(baz1) protein's unique ability to drive sensory neuron specification whilst failing to drive glial development. The sox10baz1 phenotype reveals for the first time that a Notch-dependent lateral inhibition mechanism is not sufficient to fully explain the balance of neurons and glia in the developing DRGs, and that a second Sox10-dependent mechanism is necessary. Sox10 is thus a key transcription factor in achieving the balance of sensory neuronal and glial fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Delfino-Machín
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Romain Madelaine
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Masataka Nikaido
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Colanesi
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Camargo-Sosa
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. P. Law
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrick Blader
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD, UMR5547), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Natascia Tiso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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41
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Vibert L, Aquino G, Gehring I, Subkankulova T, Schilling TF, Rocco A, Kelsh RN. An ongoing role for Wnt signaling in differentiating melanocytes in vivo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:219-232. [PMID: 27977907 PMCID: PMC5360516 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A role for Wnt signaling in melanocyte specification from neural crest is conserved across vertebrates, but possible ongoing roles in melanocyte differentiation have received little attention. Using a systems biology approach to investigate the gene regulatory network underlying stable melanocyte differentiation in zebrafish highlighted a requirement for a positive-feedback loop involving the melanocyte master regulator Mitfa. Here, we test the hypothesis that Wnt signaling contributes to that positive feedback. We show firstly that Wnt signaling remains active in differentiating melanocytes and secondly that enhanced Wnt signaling drives elevated transcription of mitfa. We show that chemical activation of the Wnt signaling pathway at early stages of melanocyte development enhances melanocyte specification as expected, but importantly that at later (differentiation) stages, it results in altered melanocyte morphology, although melanisation is not obviously affected. Downregulation of Wnt signaling also results in altered melanocyte morphology and organization. We conclude that Wnt signaling plays a role in regulating ongoing aspects of melanocyte differentiation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vibert
- Developmental Biology ProgrammeDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryCentre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Gerardo Aquino
- Department of Microbial and Cellular SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Ines Gehring
- Developmental and Cell Biology School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, IrvineCAUSA
| | - Tatiana Subkankulova
- Developmental Biology ProgrammeDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryCentre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Developmental and Cell Biology School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, IrvineCAUSA
| | - Andrea Rocco
- Department of Microbial and Cellular SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Developmental Biology ProgrammeDepartment of Biology and BiochemistryCentre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of BathBathUK
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Bronchain OJ, Chesneau A, Monsoro-Burq AH, Jolivet P, Paillard E, Scanlan TS, Demeneix BA, Sachs LM, Pollet N. Implication of thyroid hormone signaling in neural crest cells migration: Evidence from thyroid hormone receptor beta knockdown and NH3 antagonist studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 439:233-246. [PMID: 27619407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) have been mainly associated with post-embryonic development and adult homeostasis but few studies report direct experimental evidence for TH function at very early phases of embryogenesis. We assessed the outcome of altered TH signaling on early embryogenesis using the amphibian Xenopus as a model system. Precocious exposure to the TH antagonist NH-3 or impaired thyroid receptor beta function led to severe malformations related to neurocristopathies. These include pathologies with a broad spectrum of organ dysplasias arising from defects in embryonic neural crest cell (NCC) development. We identified a specific temporal window of sensitivity that encompasses the emergence of NCCs. Although the initial steps in NCC ontogenesis appeared unaffected, their migration properties were severely compromised both in vivo and in vitro. Our data describe a role for TH signaling in NCCs migration ability and suggest severe consequences of altered TH signaling during early phases of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile J Bronchain
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France.
| | - Albert Chesneau
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Monsoro-Burq
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; Institut Curie PSL Research University, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France; UMR 3347 CNRS, U1021 Inserm, Université Paris Saclay, Centre Universitaire, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Jolivet
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France; UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Paillard
- Watchfrog S.A., 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Evry, France; Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, L334, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Bâtiment 3, Genopole(®) Campus 3, 1, Rue Pierre Fontaine, F-91058, Evry, France; Evolution, Génomes, Comportement & Ecologie, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Taylor CR, Montagne WA, Eisen JS, Ganz J. Molecular fingerprinting delineates progenitor populations in the developing zebrafish enteric nervous system. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1081-1096. [PMID: 27565577 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the basis of nervous system development, we must learn how multipotent progenitors generate diverse neuronal and glial lineages. We addressed this issue in the zebrafish enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex neuronal and glial network that regulates essential intestinal functions. Little is currently known about how ENS progenitor subpopulations generate enteric neuronal and glial diversity. RESULTS We identified temporally and spatially dependent progenitor subpopulations based on coexpression of three genes essential for normal ENS development: phox2bb, sox10, and ret. Our data suggest that combinatorial expression of these genes delineates three major ENS progenitor subpopulations, (1) phox2bb + /ret- /sox10-, (2) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10-, and (3) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10+, that reflect temporal progression of progenitor maturation during migration. We also found that differentiating zebrafish neurons maintain phox2bb and ret expression, and lose sox10 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that zebrafish enteric progenitors constitute a heterogeneous population at both early and late stages of ENS development and suggest that marker gene expression is indicative of a progenitor's fate. We propose that a progenitor's expression profile reveals its developmental state: "younger" wave front progenitors express all three genes, whereas more mature progenitors behind the wave front selectively lose sox10 and/or ret expression, which may indicate developmental restriction. Developmental Dynamics 245:1081-1096, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Taylor
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - William A Montagne
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Judith S Eisen
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Julia Ganz
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA. .,Current address: Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Weider M, Wegner M. SoxE factors: Transcriptional regulators of neural differentiation and nervous system development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:35-42. [PMID: 27552919 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sox8, Sox9 and Sox10 represent the three vertebrate members of the SoxE subclass of high-mobility-group domain containing Sox transcription factors. They play important roles in the peripheral and central nervous systems as regulators of stemness, specification, survival, lineage progression, glial differentiation and homeostasis. Functions are frequently overlapping, but sometimes antagonistic. SoxE proteins dynamically interact with transcriptional regulators, chromatin changing complexes and components of the transcriptional machinery. By establishing regulatory circuits with other transcription factors and microRNAs, SoxE proteins perform divergent functions in several cell lineages of the vertebrate nervous system, and at different developmental stages in the same cell lineage. The underlying molecular mechanisms are the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weider
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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45
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Regulators of gene expression in Enteric Neural Crest Cells are putative Hirschsprung disease genes. Dev Biol 2016; 416:255-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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47
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Heanue TA, Shepherd IT, Burns AJ. Enteric nervous system development in avian and zebrafish models. Dev Biol 2016; 417:129-38. [PMID: 27235814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of the developmental biology of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the genesis of ENS diseases is founded almost entirely on studies using model systems. Although genetic studies in the mouse have been at the forefront of this field over the last 20 years or so, historically it was the easy accessibility of the chick embryo for experimental manipulations that allowed the first descriptions of the neural crest origins of the ENS in the 1950s. More recently, studies in the chick and other non-mammalian model systems, notably zebrafish, have continued to advance our understanding of the basic biology of ENS development, with each animal model providing unique experimental advantages. Here we review the basic biology of ENS development in chick and zebrafish, highlighting conserved and unique features, and emphasising novel contributions to our general understanding of ENS development due to technical or biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Blokzijl A, Chen LE, Gustafsdottir SM, Vuu J, Ullenhag G, Kämpe O, Landegren U, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Hedstrand H. Elevated Levels of SOX10 in Serum from Vitiligo and Melanoma Patients, Analyzed by Proximity Ligation Assay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154214. [PMID: 27110718 PMCID: PMC4844164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of malignant melanoma currently relies on clinical inspection of the skin surface and on the histopathological status of the excised tumor. The serum marker S100B is used for prognostic estimates at later stages of the disease, but analyses are marred by false positives and inadequate sensitivity in predicting relapsing disorder. Objectives To investigate SOX10 as a potential biomarker for melanoma and vitiligo. Methods In this study we have applied proximity ligation assay (PLA) to detect the transcription factor SOX10 as a possible serum marker for melanoma. We studied a cohort of 110 melanoma patients. We further investigated a second cohort of 85 patients with vitiligo, which is a disease that also affects melanocytes. Results The specificity of the SOX10 assay in serum was high, with only 1% of healthy blood donors being positive. In contrast, elevated serum SOX10 was found with high frequency among vitiligo and melanoma patients. In patients with metastases, lack of SOX10 detection was associated with treatment benefit. In two responding patients, a change from SOX10 positivity to undetectable levels was seen before the response was evident clinically. Conclusions We show for the first time that SOX10 represents a promising new serum melanoma marker for detection of early stage disease, complementing the established S100B marker. Our findings imply that SOX10 can be used to monitor responses to treatment and to assess if the treatment is of benefit at stages earlier than what is possible radiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Blokzijl
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei E. Chen
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrun M. Gustafsdottir
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Vuu
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Ullenhag
- Dept. of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landegren
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hedstrand
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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49
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Mirra S, Ulloa F, Gutierrez-Vallejo I, Martì E, Soriano E. Function of Armcx3 and Armc10/SVH Genes in the Regulation of Progenitor Proliferation and Neural Differentiation in the Chicken Spinal Cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:47. [PMID: 26973462 PMCID: PMC4776218 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The eutherian X-chromosome specific family of Armcx genes has been described as originating by retrotransposition from Armc10/SVH, a single Arm-containing somatic gene. Armcx3 and Armc10/SVH are characterized by high expression in the central nervous system and they play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial distribution and transport in neurons. In addition, Armcx/Arm10 genes have several Armadillo repeats in their sequence. In this study we address the potential role of this gene family in neural development by using the chick neural tube as a model. We show that Armc10/SVH is expressed in the chicken spinal cord, and knocking-down Armc10/SVH by sh-RNAi electroporation in spinal cord reduces proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs). Moreover, we analyzed the effects of murine Armcx3 and Armc10 overexpression, showing that both proteins regulate progenitor proliferation, while Armcx3 overexpression also specifically controls neural maturation. We show that the phenotypes found following Armcx3 overexpression require its mitochondrial localization, suggesting a novel link between mitochondrial dynamics and regulation of neural development. Furthermore, we found that both Armcx3 and Armc10 may act as inhibitors of Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Our results highlight both common and differential functions of Armcx/Armc10 genes in neural development in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mirra
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutierrez-Vallejo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ParcCientífic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Martì
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ParcCientífic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Valld'Hebron Institute of ResearchBarcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis AvançatsBarcelona, Spain
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50
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Callahan SJ, Mica Y, Studer L. Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2016:e53806. [PMID: 26967464 PMCID: PMC4828213 DOI: 10.3791/53806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Callahan
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
| | | | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
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