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Megantara S, Rusdin A, Budiman A, Shamsuddin S, Mohtar N, Muchtaridi M. Revolutionizing Antiviral Therapeutics: Unveiling Innovative Approaches for Enhanced Drug Efficacy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2889-2915. [PMID: 38525012 PMCID: PMC10961067 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s447721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic in late 2019, viral infections have become one of the top three causes of mortality worldwide. Immunization and the use of immunomodulatory drugs are effective ways to prevent and treat viral infections. However, the primary therapy for managing viral infections remains antiviral and antiretroviral medication. Unfortunately, these drugs are often limited by physicochemical constraints such as low target selectivity and poor aqueous solubility. Although several modifications have been made to enhance the physicochemical characteristics and efficacy of these drugs, there are few published studies that summarize and compare these modifications. Our review systematically synthesized and discussed antiviral drug modification reports from publications indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We examined various approaches that were investigated to address physicochemical issues and increase activity, including liposomes, cocrystals, solid dispersions, salt modifications, and nanoparticle drug delivery systems. We were impressed by how well each strategy addressed physicochemical issues and improved antiviral activity. In conclusion, these modifications represent a promising way to improve the physicochemical characteristics, functionality, and effectiveness of antivirals in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Megantara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Agus Rusdin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Noratiqah Mohtar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radio Pharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Center of Excellence (FiNder U CoE), Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
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2
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Chernov AS, Rodionov MV, Kazakov VA, Ivanova KA, Meshcheryakov FA, Kudriaeva AA, Gabibov AG, Telegin GB, Belogurov AA. CCR5/CXCR3 antagonist TAK-779 prevents diffuse alveolar damage of the lung in the murine model of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1351655. [PMID: 38449806 PMCID: PMC10915062 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1351655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), secondary to viral pneumonitis, is one of the main causes of high mortality in patients with COVID-19 (novel coronavirus disease 2019)-ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection- reached more than 0.7 billion registered cases. Methods: Recently, we elaborated a non-surgical and reproducible method of the unilateral total diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) of the left lung in ICR mice-a publicly available imitation of the ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2. Our data read that two C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) ligands, macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIPs) MIP-1α/CCL3 and MIP-1β/CCL4, are upregulated in this DAD model up to three orders of magnitude compared to the background level. Results: Here, we showed that a nonpeptide compound TAK-779, an antagonist of CCR5/CXCR3, readily prevents DAD in the lung with a single injection of 2.5 mg/kg. Histological analysis revealed reduced peribronchial and perivascular mononuclear infiltration in the lung and mononuclear infiltration of the wall and lumen of the alveoli in the TAK-779-treated animals. Administration of TAK-779 decreased the 3-5-fold level of serum cytokines and chemokines in animals with DAD, including CCR5 ligands MIP-1α/β, MCP-1, and CCL5. Computed tomography revealed rapid recovery of the density and volume of the affected lung in TAK-779-treated animals. Discussion: Our pre-clinical data suggest that TAK-779 is more effective than the administration of dexamethasone or the anti-IL6R therapeutic antibody tocilizumab, which brings novel therapeutic modality to TAK-779 and other CCR5 inhibitors for the treatment of virus-induced hyperinflammation syndromes, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Chernov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim V. Rodionov
- Medical Radiological Research Center (MRRC), A.F. Tsyb-Branch of the National Medical Radiological Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly A. Kazakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karina A. Ivanova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor A. Meshcheryakov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgii B. Telegin
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Russian University of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Dawson JRD, Wadman GM, Zhang P, Tebben A, Carter PH, Gu S, Shroka T, Borrega-Roman L, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Kufareva I. Molecular determinants of antagonist interactions with chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.15.567150. [PMID: 38014122 PMCID: PMC10680698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
By driving monocyte chemotaxis, the chemokine receptor CCR2 shapes inflammatory responses and the formation of tumor microenvironments. This makes it a promising target in inflammation and immuno-oncology; however, despite extensive efforts, there are no FDA-approved CCR2-targeting therapeutics. Cited challenges include the redundancy of the chemokine system, suboptimal properties of compound candidates, and species differences that confound the translation of results from animals to humans. Structure-based drug design can rationalize and accelerate the discovery and optimization of CCR2 antagonists to address these challenges. The prerequisites for such efforts include an atomic-level understanding of the molecular determinants of action of existing antagonists. In this study, using molecular docking and artificial-intelligence-powered compound library screening, we uncover the structural principles of small molecule antagonism and selectivity towards CCR2 and its sister receptor CCR5. CCR2 orthosteric inhibitors are shown to universally occupy an inactive-state-specific tunnel between receptor helices 1 and 7; we also discover an unexpected role for an extra-helical groove accessible through this tunnel, suggesting its potential as a new targetable interface for CCR2 and CCR5 modulation. By contrast, only shape complementarity and limited helix 8 hydrogen bonding govern the binding of various chemotypes of allosteric antagonists. CCR2 residues S1012.63 and V2446.36 are implicated as determinants of CCR2/CCR5 and human/mouse orthosteric and allosteric antagonist selectivity, respectively, and the role of S1012.63 is corroborated through experimental gain-of-function mutagenesis. We establish a critical role of induced fit in antagonist recognition, reveal strong chemotype selectivity of existing structures, and demonstrate the high predictive potential of a new deep-learning-based compound scoring function. Finally, this study expands the available CCR2 structural landscape with computationally generated chemotype-specific models well-suited for structure-based antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R D Dawson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant M Wadman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Percy H Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA
- (current affiliation) Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Gu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Lycia Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Shroka
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- (current affiliation) Avidity Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - Leire Borrega-Roman
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherina L Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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4
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Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
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5
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Pawnikar S, Akhter S, Miao Y. Structural dynamics of chemokine receptors. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:645-662. [PMID: 37718001 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in awide range of physiological and pathological cellular processes. Binding of extracellular signals to GPCRs, including hormones, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, can activate intracellular signaling cascades via G protein interaction. Chemokine receptors are key GPCRs implicated in cancers, immune responses, cell migration and inflammation. Specifically, the CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptors serve as important therapeutic targets against Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into human cells. Maraviroc and Vicriviroc, two clinically used HIV entry inhibitors, are antagonists of the CCR5 receptor. These drugs block HIV entry, but ultimately resistance develops, due to emergence of viruses that can utilize the CXCR4 co-receptor. Unfortunately, development of chemokine receptor antagonists as selective drugs of HIV infection has been greatly hindered as their target orthosteric site is conserved among different receptor subtypes. Accordingly, it is important to understand the structural dynamics of these receptors to develop more effective therapeutics. In this chapter, we describe the latest advances in studies of these two key chemokine receptors with respect to their structures, dynamics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristi Pawnikar
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sana Akhter
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Yinglong Miao
- Center for Computational Biology and Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Noor R, Zahoor AF, Mansha A, Khan SG, Haq AU, Ahmad S, Al-Hussain SA, Irfan A, Zaki MEA. Synthetic Potential of Regio- and Stereoselective Ring Expansion Reactions of Six-Membered Carbo- and Heterocyclic Ring Systems: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076692. [PMID: 37047665 PMCID: PMC10094819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring expansion reactions fascinate synthetic chemists owing to their importance in synthesizing biologically active compounds and their efficacy in medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes a number of synthetic methodologies, including stereoselective and regioselective pathways adopted by scientists, for framing medium- to large-size carbo- and heterocycles involving lactams, lactone, azepine and azulene derivatives via ring expansion of six-membered carbo- and heterocycles that have been reported from 2007–2022. Numerous rearrangement and cycloaddition reactions involving Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, Aza–Claisen rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, etc., have been described in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Noor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Bao Q, Zhou J. Various strategies for developing APOBEC3G protectors to circumvent human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115188. [PMID: 36773550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) efficiently restricts Vif-deficient HIV-1 by being packaged with progeny virions and causing the G to A mutation during HIV-1 viral DNA synthesis as the progeny virus infects new cells. HIV-1 expresses Vif protein to resist the activity of A3G by mediating A3G degradation. This process requires the self-association of Vif in concert with A3G proteins, protein chaperones, and factors of the ubiquitination machinery, which are potential targets to discover novel anti-HIV drugs. This review will describe compounds that have been reported so far to inhibit viral replication of HIV-1 by protecting A3G from Vif-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Bao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, PR China.
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8
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Corey D, Haeseleer F, Hou J, Corey L. Novel engineered chimeric engulfment receptors trigger T cell effector functions against SIV-infected CD4+ T cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:1-10. [PMID: 36514789 PMCID: PMC9720250 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive therapy with genetically engineered T cells offers potential for infectious disease treatment in immunocompromised persons. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells express phosphatidylserine (PS) early post infection. We tested whether chimeric engulfment receptor (CER) T cells designed to recognize PS-expressing cells could eliminate SIV-infected cells. Lentiviral CER constructs composed of the extracellular domain of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (TIM-4), the PS receptor, and engulfment signaling domains were transduced into primary rhesus macaque (RM) T cells. We measured PS binding and T cell engulfment of RM CD4+ T cells infected with SIV expressing GFP and in vitro, TIM-4 CER CD4+ T cells effectively killed SIV-infected cells, which was dependent on TIM-4 binding to PS. Enhanced killing of SIV-infected CD4+ T cells by CER and chimeric antigen receptor T cell combinations was also observed. This installation of innate immune functions into T cells presents an opportunity to enhance elimination of SIV-infected cells, and studies to evaluate their effect in vivo are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Corey
- CERo Therapeutics, 201 Haskins Way, Suite 230, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Francoise Haeseleer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joe Hou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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9
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Matsuura K, Yamaura M, Sakawaki H, Himeno A, Pisil Y, Kobayakawa T, Tsuji K, Tamamura H, Matsushita S, Miura T. Sensitivity to a CD4 mimic of a consensus clone of monkey-adapted CCR5-tropic SHIV-MK38C. Virology 2023; 578:171-179. [PMID: 36580864 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By acclimatizing CCR5-tropic tier 1B SHIV-MK1 to rhesus monkeys, a tier 2 SHIV-MK38 strain with neutralization resistance and high replication ability was generated. In this study, we generated SHIV-MK38C, a monkey-infectious consensus molecular clone of SHIV-MK38. Analysis using pseudotype viruses showed that MK38C was tier 1C because it lacked the N169D mutation, which is the most important mutation for neutralization resistance. MK38C harboring the N169D mutation became tier 2. However, the replication ability of SHIV-MK38C with N169D was low; more than 17 weeks elapsed before its detection in monkeys. Tier 1C MK38C was sensitive to a CD4 mimic. Therefore, SHIV-MK38C could be used to evaluate CD4 mimics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Matsuura
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamaura
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakawaki
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ai Himeno
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yalcin Pisil
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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11
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Schapiro HM, Khasnis MD, Ahn K, Karagiaridi A, Hayden S, Cilento ME, Root MJ. Regulation of epitope exposure in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region through interactions at the apex of HIV-1 Env. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010531. [PMID: 35584191 PMCID: PMC9154124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein Env of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates viral entry through membrane fusion. Composed of gp120 and gp41 subunits arranged as a trimer-of-heterodimers, Env adopts a metastable, highly dynamic conformation on the virion surface. This structural plasticity limits the temporospatial exposure of many highly conserved, neutralizing epitopes, contributing to the difficulty in developing effective HIV-1 vaccines. Here, we employed antibody neutralization of HIV-1 infectivity to investigate how inter- and intra-gp120 interactions mediated by variable loops V1/V2 and V3 at the Env apex regulate accessibility of the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) at the Env base. Swapping the V3 loop from EnvSF162 into the EnvHXB2 background shifted MPER exposure from the prefusogenic state to a functional intermediate conformation that was distinct from the prehairpin-intermediate state sensitive to gp41-targeted fusion inhibitors. The V3-loop swap had a profound impact on global protein dynamics, biasing the equilibrium to a closed conformation resistant to most anti-gp120 antibodies, stabilizing the protein to both cold- and soluble CD4-induced Env inactivation, and increasing the CD4 requirements for viral entry. Further dissection of the EnvHXB2 V3 loop revealed that residue 306 uniquely modulated epitope exposure and trimer stability. The R306S substitution substantially decreased sensitivity to antibodies targeting the gp41 MPER and, surprisingly, the gp120 V3-loop crown (residues 312–315), but had only modest effects on exposure of intervening gp120 epitopes. Furthermore, the point mutation reduced soluble CD4-induced inactivation, but had no impact on cold inactivation. The residue appeared to exert its effects by electrostatically modifying the strength of intra-subunit interactions between the V1/V2 and V3 loops. The distinct patterns of neutralization and stability pointed to a novel prefusogenic Env conformation along the receptor activation pathway and suggested that apical Env-regulation of gp41 MPER exposure can be decoupled from much of the dynamics of gp120 subunits. Surface glycoprotein Env is the main target for neutralizing antibodies elicited by HIV-1 vaccines. Env spontaneously fluctuates among different structures, limiting exposure of many attractive antibody-binding epitopes and, thereby, confounding vaccine development. To characterize these fluctuations, we examined how exposure of the MPER epitope found at the base of Env is regulated by interactions of the V3 loop located in the apex. Starting with an extremely flexible Env with a readily-exposed MPER, we identified two alterations that substantially restricted antibody access to the epitope. The first, a wholesale swap of V3 loops between HIV-1 strains, energetically stabilized Env in a closed structure that restricted access to antibodies throughout the protein. The second, a point mutation that altered V3-loop charge, specifically destabilized the MPER-exposed conformation but had minimal impact on antibody access to Env regions in between the apex and base. The results indicate that MPER exposure is not explicitly tied to the dynamics of Env regions between the apex and base and suggest a new structural fluctuation during Env activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Schapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mukta D. Khasnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Koree Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Karagiaridi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Hayden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maria E. Cilento
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Root
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Zhao J, Chen S, Yang C, Zhou M, Yang T, Sun B, Zhu J, Zhang H, Lu Q, Li L, Yang Z, Song B, Shen W, Yi S, Dai S. Activation of CXCL13/CXCR5 axis aggravates experimental autoimmune cystitis and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115047. [PMID: 35452631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal CXCL13/CXCR5 axis is involved in many inflammatory diseases and its selective inhibitor, TAK-799 has exhibited strong anti-inflammatory potency. The sequencing of clinical specimens from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) has shown that CXCL13 and CXCR5 are highly expressed, but the role of CXCL13/CXCR5 axis in IC/BPS has not been rarely reported. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the GSE11783 sequencing data of IC/BPS patients and investigate the role and mechanism of CXCL13/CXCR5 axis and TAK-779 in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune cystitis (EAC). We verified that CXCL13 and CXCR5 were significantly up-regulated in EAC model. EAC mice exhibited increased bladder inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), apoptosis-related proteins (Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8), frequency of voiding. Using TAK779 to block CXCL13/CXCR5 axis significantly attenuated these inflammatory damages and efficiently improved bladder function (significant reduction in micturition frequency, significant prolongation of inter-contraction interval). Further investigation showed that inhibiton of JNK and NF-kappaB activation, the bioinformatics analysis-indicated downstream signaling of CXCL13/CXCR5 axis, is responsible for the protective effect of TAK779. Taken together, we demonstrate that activation of the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis is involved in the pathophysiology of IC/BPS and EAC. Blocking CXCL13/CXCR5 axis activation by TAK-779 reduces bladder inflammation and improves bladder function in EAC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China; Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Chengfei Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Teng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Bishao Sun
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Jingzheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Hengshuai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Qudong Lu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Longkun Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Shanhong Yi
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital,Army Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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13
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Novel Naturally Occurring Dipeptides and Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide Act as Entry Inhibitors and Exhibit a Strong Synergistic Anti-HIV-1 Profile. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:1103-1116. [PMID: 35391633 PMCID: PMC9124260 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The availability of new classes of antiretroviral drugs is critical for treatment-experienced patients due to drug resistance to and unwanted side effects from current drugs. Our aim was therefore to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of a new set of antivirals, dipeptides (WG-am or VQ-am) combined with a single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON). The dipeptides were identified as naturally occurring and enriched in feces and systemic circulation in HIV-1-infected elite controllers and were proposed to act as entry inhibitors by binding to HIV-1 gp120. The ssON is DNA 35-mer, stabilized by phosphorothioate modifications, which acts on the endocytic step by binding to cell host receptors and inhibiting viruses through interference with binding to nucleolin. Methods Chou–Talalay’s Combination Index method for quantifying synergism was used to evaluate the drug combinations. Patient-derived chimeric viruses encoding the gp120 (env region) were produced by transient transfection and used to evaluate the antiviral profile of the combinations by drug susceptibility assays. Results We found that the combination WG-am:ssON or VQ-am:ssON had low combination index values, suggesting strong antiviral synergism. Of the two combinations, WG-am:ssON (1 mM:1 μM) had high efficacy against all prototype or patient-derived HIV-1 isolates tested, independent of subtype including the HIV-1-A6 sub-subtype. In addition, the antiviral effect was independent of co-receptor usage in patient-derived strains. Conclusion WG-am and ssON alone significantly inhibited HIV-1 replication regardless of viral subtype and co-receptor usage, and the combination WG-am:ssON (1 mM:1 μM) was even more effective due to synergism.
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14
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A study of the mechanisms responsible for the action of new immunosuppressants and their effects on rat small intestinal transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101497. [PMID: 34785307 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a series of studies, using an identical rat intestinal transplantation model, we evaluated the effects of several drugs. FK-506 caused a significant attenuation in the proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ secreting effector functions. FYT720 resulted in a marked reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes, associated with a reduction of T cell recruitment, in grafts. An anti-MAdCAM antibody was next reported to significantly down-regulate CD4+ T cell infiltration in intestinal grafts by blocking the adhesion molecule, and could be useful as an induction therapy. Concerning TAK-779, this CCR5 and CXCR3 antagonist diminished the number of graft-infiltrating cells by suppressing the expression of their receptors in the graft. As a result, it reduced the total number of recipient T cells involved in graft rejection. As the next step, we focused on the participation of monocytes/ macrophages in this field. PQA-18 has been the focus of a novel immunosuppressant that attenuates not only the production of various cytokines, such as IL-2 & TNF-α, on T cells, but the differentiation of macrophages by inhibiting PAK2 as well. In this report, we summarize our previous studies not only regarding the above drugs, but on an anti-complement drug and a JAK inhibitor as well.
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15
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Judicate GP, Barabona G, Kamori D, Mahiti M, Tan TS, Ozono S, Mgunya AS, Kuwata T, Matsushita S, Sunguya B, Lyamuya E, Tokunaga K, Ueno T. Phenotypic and Genotypic Co-receptor Tropism Testing in HIV-1 Epidemic Region of Tanzania Where Multiple Non-B Subtypes Co-circulate. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703041. [PMID: 34305873 PMCID: PMC8292895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) entry inhibitor potency is dependent on viral co-receptor tropisms and thereby tropism determination is clinically important. However, phenotypic tropisms of HIV-1 non-B subtypes have been poorly investigated and the genotypic prediction algorithms remain insufficiently validated. To clarify this issue, we recruited 52 treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected patients in Tanzania, where multiple HIV-1 non-B subtypes co-circulate. Sequence analysis of 93 infectious envelope clones isolated from their plasma viral RNA revealed the co-circulation of subtypes A1, C, D, and inter-subtype recombinant forms (isRFs). Phenotypic tropism assays revealed that lentivirus reporters pseudotyped with 75 (80.6%) and 5 (5.4%) envelope clones could establish infection toward U87.CD4 cells expressing CCR5 (R5) and CXCR4 (X4), respectively; whereas the remaining 13 (14%) clones could infect both cells. Genotypic analyses by widely used algorithms including V3 net charge, Geno2pheno, WebPSSM, and PhenoSeq showed that almost all phenotypic X4-tropic clones and only 15 of 75 phenotypic R5-tropic clones were concordantly predicted. However, the remaining 60 phenotypic R5-tropic clones were discordantly predicted by at least one algorithm. In particular, 2 phenotypic R5-tropic clones were discordantly predicted by all algorithms tested. Taken together, the results demonstrate the limitation of currently available genotypic algorithms for predicting co-receptor inference among co-circulating multiple non-B subtypes and emerging isRFs. Also, the phenotypic tropism dataset presented here could be valuable for retraining of the widely used genotypic prediction algorithms to enhance their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Judicate
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Godfrey Barabona
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Doreen Kamori
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Macdonald Mahiti
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiya Ozono
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takeo Kuwata
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Bruno Sunguya
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eligius Lyamuya
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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16
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HIV-1 Entry and Membrane Fusion Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050735. [PMID: 33922579 PMCID: PMC8146413 DOI: 10.3390/v13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection begins with the attachment of the virion to a host cell by its envelope glycoprotein (Env), which subsequently induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to allow viral entry. Upon binding to primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4), Env undergoes large conformational changes and unleashes its fusogenic potential to drive the membrane fusion. The structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors not only has advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of how HIV-1 enters the host cells but also provided a structural basis for the rational design of fusion inhibitors as potential antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss related therapeutic strategies to block viral entry.
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17
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Huang R, Guo L, Gao M, Li J, Xiang S. Research Trends and Regulation of CCL5 in Prostate Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1417-1427. [PMID: 33664576 PMCID: PMC7921632 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s279189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is considered as the most common cancer of urologic neoplasms, and its development and prognosis are associated with many factors. Chemokine receptor signaling combine with advances in advanced clinicopathological characteristics have provided new insights into the molecular landscape of prostate cancer. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) is an important member of the CC subfamily of chemokines. The expression of chemokine CCL5 is positively correlated with poor prognostic features in patients with PCa. Current study suggested that CCL5/CCR5 axis plays a significant role in the proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, drug resistance of prostate cancer cells and promotes self-renewal of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs). Due to the major domination in CCL5 by prostate cancer and the high cancer-specific mortality with prostate cancer, research on the CCL5/CCR5 axis effective antagonists is widespread application. However, challenges for precision oncology of CCL5/CCR5 axis and effective antagonists in CRPC remain. Herein, we summarized the crucial role of CCL5 in promoting the development of PCa and discussed the antitumor application of the antagonists of CCL5/CCR5 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renlun Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Guo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghan Gao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Songtao Xiang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Liu J, Liang R, Huang H, Zhang Y, Xie A, Zhong Y. Effect of an Antagonistic Peptide of CCR5 on the Expression of Autophagy-related Genes and β-Arrestin 2 in Lung Tissues of Asthmatic Mice. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021; 13:106-121. [PMID: 33191680 PMCID: PMC7680831 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2021.13.1.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The mechanisms of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in the process of autophagy remain unknown. In this study, we examined the role of HY peptide, which is an antagonistic peptide specifically binding the second extracellular loop of CCR5, in the expression of autophagy genes and β-arrestin 2 in lung tissues of asthmatic mice. Methods Experimental asthmatic mice were treated with HY peptide and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dex). Airway inflammation, autophagy-related genes, autophagic vacuoles (AVs) and β-arrestin 2 were examined in lung tissues, and the correlation between β-arrestin 2 and LC3 expression was assessed. Results HY peptide and Dex treatments alleviate airway inflammation. The expression of autophagy-related genes, such as BECN1, ATG5 and LC3, was decreased in the lung tissues of the asthmatic mice. However, HY peptide and Dex treatments increased the expression of these genes as well as the formation of AVs. Additionally, the expression of the β-arrestin 2 protein was significantly increased in the HY peptide-treated group, and positive cells expressing β-arrestin 2 were mainly located in the membrane and cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells. The β-arrestin 2 expression was positively correlated with the expression of LC3 in the model and HY peptide-treated groups. Conclusions HY peptide inhibits airway inflammation, autophagic dysfunction exists in asthmatic mice, and targeting HY peptide increases the expression of autophagy-related genes. Thus, β-arrestin 2 may participate in the mechanisms underlying these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aicen Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqiang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Yu H, Li C, Wang X, Duan J, Yang N, Xie L, Yuan Y, Li S, Bi C, Yang B, Li Y. Techniques and Strategies for Potential Protein Target Discovery and Active Pharmaceutical Molecule Screening in a Pandemic. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4242-4258. [PMID: 32957788 PMCID: PMC7640955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses remain a major challenge in the fierce fight against diseases. There have been many pandemics caused by various viruses throughout the world over the years. Recently, the global outbreak of COVID-19 has had a catastrophic impact on human health and the world economy. Antiviral drug treatment has become another essential means to overcome pandemics in addition to vaccine development. How to quickly find effective drugs that can control the development of a pandemic is a hot issue that still needs to be resolved in medical research today. To accelerate the development of drugs, it is necessary to target the key target proteins in the development of the pandemic, screen active molecules, and develop reliable methods for the identification and characterization of target proteins based on the active ingredients of drugs. This article discusses key target proteins and their biological mechanisms in the progression of COVID-19 and other major epidemics. We propose a model based on these foundations, which includes identifying potential core targets, screening potential active molecules of core targets, and verifying active molecules. This article summarizes the related innovative technologies and methods. We hope to provide a reference for the screening of drugs related to pandemics and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jingyi Duan
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Na Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shanze Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chenghao Bi
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yubo Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, West Zone, Tuanbo New City, Jinghai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
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20
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Okafo G, Valdebenito S, Donoso M, Luu R, Ajasin D, Prideaux B, Gorantla S, Eugenin EA. Role of Tunneling Nanotube-like Structures during the Early Events of HIV Infection: Novel Features of Tissue Compartmentalization and Mechanism of HIV Spread. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2726-2741. [PMID: 33037140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV has become a chronic disease despite the effective use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the mechanisms of tissue colonization, viral evolution, generation of viral reservoirs, and compartmentalization are still a matter of debate due to the challenges involved in examining early events of infection at the cellular and molecular level. Thus, there is still an urgent need to explore these areas to develop effective HIV cure strategies. In this study, we describe the early events of tissue colonization and compartmentalization as well as the role of tunneling nanotube-like structures during viral spread in the presence and absence of effective antiretroviral treatment. To examine these mechanisms, NOD/SCID IL-2 RG-/- humanized mice were either directly infected with HIVADA or with low numbers of HIVADA-infected leukocytes to limit tissue colonization in the presence and absence of TAK779, an effective CCR5 blocker of HIV entry. We identify that viral seeding in tissues occurs early in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner (24-72 h). Reduction in systemic HIV replication by TAK779 treatment did not affect tissue seeding or spreading, despite reduced systemic viral replication. Tissue-associated HIV-infected cells had different properties than cells in the circulation because the virus continues to spread in tissues in a tunneling nanotube-like structure-dependent manner, despite ART. Thus, understanding these mechanisms can provide new approaches to enhance the efficacy of existing ART and HIV infection cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Okafo
- GO Pharma Consulting Ltd., Welwyn AL6 0QT, United Kingdom
| | - Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Maribel Donoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Ross Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - David Ajasin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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21
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Qi B, Fang Q, Liu S, Hou W, Li J, Huang Y, Shi J. Advances of CCR5 antagonists: From small molecules to macromolecules. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112819. [PMID: 32947226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 5(CCR5) is a cell membrane protein from G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) family, which is an important modulator for leukocyte activation and mobilization. In the 1980s, several reports suggest that lack of the HIV-1 co-receptor, the chemokine receptor CCR5, offers protection against HIV infection. Later, it was shown that CCR5 was confirmed to be the most common co-receptor for the HIV-1 virus R5 strain. In recent years, many studies have shown that CCR5 is closely related to the development of various cancers and inflammations to facilitate the discovery of CCR5 antagonists. There are many types of CCR5 antagonists, mainly including chemokine derivatives, non-peptide small molecule compounds, monoclonal antibodies, and peptide compounds. This review focus on the recent research processes and pharmacological effects of CCR5 antagonists such as Maraviroc, TAK-779 and PRO 140. After focusing on the therapeutic effect of CCR5 antagonists on AIDS, it also discusses the therapeutic prospect of CCR5 in other diseases such as inflammation and tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Qi
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China; College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Qiang Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Chengdu Kanghua Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yingchun Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100023, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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22
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, van Veldhoven JPD, den Hollander LS, Dogan B, Openy J, Hsiao YY, Lenselink EB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Triazolopyrimidinone Derivatives as Noncompetitive, Intracellular Antagonists for CC Chemokine Receptors 2 and 5. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11035-11053. [PMID: 31742400 PMCID: PMC6935887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
CC chemokine receptors 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) are involved
in many
inflammatory diseases; however, most CCR2 and CCR5 clinical candidates
have been unsuccessful. (Pre)clinical evidence suggests that dual
CCR2/CCR5 inhibition might be more effective in the treatment of such
multifactorial diseases. In this regard, the highly conserved intracellular
binding site in chemokine receptors provides a new avenue for the
design of multitarget ligands. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated
the biological activity of a series of triazolopyrimidinone
derivatives in CCR2 and CCR5. Radioligand binding assays first showed
that they bind to the intracellular site of CCR2, and in combination
with functional assays on CCR5, we explored structure–affinity/activity
relationships in both receptors. Although most compounds were CCR2-selective, 39 and 43 inhibited β-arrestin recruitment
in CCR5 with high potency. Moreover, these compounds displayed an
insurmountable mechanism of inhibition in both receptors, which holds
promise for improved efficacy in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Lisa S den Hollander
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Burak Dogan
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Openy
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ya-Yun Hsiao
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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23
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Fantuzzi L, Tagliamonte M, Gauzzi MC, Lopalco L. Dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting: opportunities for the cure of complex disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4869-4886. [PMID: 31377844 PMCID: PMC6892368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system mediates acute inflammation by driving leukocyte migration to damaged or infected tissues. However, elevated expression of chemokines and their receptors can contribute to chronic inflammation and malignancy. Thus, great effort has been taken to target these molecules. The first hint of the druggability of the chemokine system was derived from the role of chemokine receptors in HIV infection. CCR5 and CXCR4 function as essential co-receptors for HIV entry, with the former accounting for most new HIV infections worldwide. Not by chance, an anti-CCR5 compound, maraviroc, was the first FDA-approved chemokine receptor-targeting drug. CCR5, by directing leukocytes to sites of inflammation and regulating their activation, also represents an important player in the inflammatory response. This function is shared with CCR2 and its selective ligand CCL2, which constitute the primary chemokine axis driving the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to inflammatory sites. Both receptors are indeed involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, and dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting is emerging as a more efficacious strategy than targeting either receptor alone in the treatment of complex human disorders. In this review, we focus on the distinctive and complementary contributions of CCR5 and CCR2/CCL2 in HIV infection, multiple sclerosis, liver fibrosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The emerging therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition of these chemokine axes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-"Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, Division Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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24
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Maeda K, Das D, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H, Takeuchi H. Discovery and Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutic Agents: Progress Towards Improved HIV Medication. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1621-1649. [PMID: 31424371 PMCID: PMC7132033 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS therapy, which spans over 30 years, is one of the most dramatic stories of science and medicine leading to the treatment of a disease. Since the advent of the first AIDS drug, AZT or zidovudine, a number of agents acting on different drug targets, such as HIV enzymes (e.g. reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase) and host cell factors critical for HIV infection (e.g. CD4 and CCR5), have been added to our armamentarium to combat HIV/AIDS. In this review article, we first discuss the history of the development of anti-HIV drugs, during which several problems such as drug-induced side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses became apparent and had to be overcome. Nowadays, the success of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), combined with recently-developed powerful but nonetheless less toxic drugs has transformed HIV/AIDS from an inevitably fatal disease into a manageable chronic infection. However, even with such potent cART, it is impossible to eradicate HIV because none of the currently available HIV drugs are effective in eliminating occult “dormant” HIV cell reservoirs. A number of novel unique treatment approaches that should drastically improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients or might actually be able to eliminate HIV altogether have also been discussed later in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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25
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Mok D, Black M, Gupta N, Arefanian H, Tredget E, Rayat GR. Early immune mechanisms of neonatal porcine islet xenograft rejection. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12546. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dereck Mok
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical‐Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Mazzen Black
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical‐Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Nancy Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical‐Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Hossein Arefanian
- Microbiology & Immunology Unit Dasman Diabetes Institute Dasman Kuwait
| | - Eric Tredget
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical‐Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Gina R. Rayat
- Department of Surgery, Ray Rajotte Surgical‐Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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26
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He P, Zhou W, Liu M, Chen Y. Recent Advances of Small Molecular Regulators Targeting G Protein- Coupled Receptors Family for Oncology Immunotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1464-1483. [PMID: 31264549 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190628115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The great clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitor therapies suggests the drawing of a cancer immunotherapy age. However, a considerable proportion of cancer patients currently receive little benefit from these treatment modalities, indicating that multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we mainly discuss recent advances in small molecular regulators targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that are associated with oncology immunomodulation, including chemokine receptors, purinergic receptors, prostaglandin E receptor EP4 and opioid receptors. Moreover, we outline how they affect tumor immunity and neoplasia by regulating immune cell recruitment and modulating tumor stromal cell biology. We also summarize the data from recent clinical advances in small molecular regulators targeting these GPCRs, in combination with immune checkpoints blockers, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA4 inhibitors, for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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27
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Activity and structural analysis of GRL-117C: a novel small molecule CCR5 inhibitor active against R5-tropic HIV-1s. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4828. [PMID: 30886166 PMCID: PMC6423129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 is a member of the G-protein coupled receptor family that serves as an essential co-receptor for cellular entry of R5-tropic HIV-1, and is a validated target for therapeutics against HIV-1 infections. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel small CCR5 inhibitors and evaluated their antiviral activity. GRL-117C inhibited the replication of wild-type R5-HIV-1 with a sub-nanomolar IC50 value. These derivatives retained activity against vicriviroc-resistant HIV-1s, but did not show activity against maraviroc (MVC)-resistant HIV-1. Structural modeling indicated that the binding of compounds to CCR5 occurs in the hydrophobic cavity of CCR5 under the second extracellular loop, and amino acids critical for their binding were almost similar with those of MVC, which explains viral cross-resistance with MVC. On the other hand, one derivative, GRL-10018C, less potent against HIV-1, but more potent in inhibiting CC-chemokine binding, occupied the upper region of the binding cavity with its bis-THF moiety, presumably causing greater steric hindrance with CC-chemokines. Recent studies have shown additional unique features of certain CCR5 inhibitors such as immunomodulating properties and HIV-1 latency reversal properties, and thus, continuous efforts in developing new CCR5 inhibitors with unique binding profiles is necessary.
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28
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Development of a new benchmark for assessing the scoring functions applicable to protein–protein interactions. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1555-1574. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Scoring functions are important component of protein–protein docking methods. They need to be evaluated on high-quality benchmarks to reveal their strengths and weaknesses. Evaluation results obtained on such benchmarks can provide valuable guidance for developing more advanced scoring functions. Methodology & results: In our comparative assessment of scoring functions for protein–protein interactions benchmark, the performance of a scoring function was characterized by ‘docking power’ and ‘scoring power’. A high-quality dataset of 273 protein–protein complexes was compiled and employed in both tests. Four scoring functions, including FASTCONTACT, ZRANK, dDFIRE and ATTRACT were tested as demonstration. ZRANK and ATTRACT exhibited encouraging performance in the docking power test. However, all four scoring functions failed badly in the scoring power test. Conclusion: Our comparative assessment of scoring functions for protein–protein interaction benchmark is created especially for assessing the scoring functions applicable to protein–protein interactions. It is different from other benchmarks for assessing protein–protein docking methods. Our benchmark is available to the public at www.pdbbind-cn.org/download/CASF-PPI/ .
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29
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Chen B, Longhini AP, Nußbaumer F, Kreutz C, Dinman JD, Dayie TK. CCR5 RNA Pseudoknots: Residue and Site-Specific Labeling correlate Internal Motions with microRNA Binding. Chemistry 2018; 24:5462-5468. [PMID: 29412477 PMCID: PMC7640883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of RNA molecules play a critical role in governing their biological functions. Measurements of RNA dynamic behavior sheds important light on sites that interact with their binding partners or cellular stimulators. However, such measurements using solution-state NMR are difficult for large RNA molecules (>70 nt; nt=nucleotides) owing to severe spectral overlap, homonuclear 13 C scalar couplings, and line broadening. Herein, a strategic combination of solid-phase synthesis, site-specific isotopic labeled phosphoramidites, and enzymatic ligation is introduced. This approach allowed the position-specific insertion of isotopic probes into a 96 nt CCR5 RNA fragment. Accurate measurements of functional dynamics using the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) relaxation dispersion (RD) experiments enabled extraction of the exchange rates and populations of this RNA. NMR chemical shift perturbation analysis of the RNA/microRNA-1224 complex indicated that A90-C1' of the pseudoknot exhibits similar changes in chemical shift observed in the excited state. This work demonstrates the general applicability of a NMR-labeling strategy to probe functional RNA structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 4062 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Organization, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8314 Paint Branch Dr., College Park, MD, 20782, USA
| | - Andrew P Longhini
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Organization, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8314 Paint Branch Dr., College Park, MD, 20782, USA
| | - Felix Nußbaumer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan D Dinman
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 4062 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - T Kwaku Dayie
- Center for Biomolecular Structure & Organization, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8314 Paint Branch Dr., College Park, MD, 20782, USA
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30
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Wang Y, Jin F, Li F, Qin S, Wang Y. Could targeting the heat shock protein 90 revolutionize antiviral therapy? Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antiviral strategies that target viral components are frequently associated with the generation of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the development of novel antiviral drugs is critical. Hsp90 is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug target; however, whether targeting Hsp90 will revolutionize antiviral therapy remains ambiguous. Here, we summarize how Hsp90 functions in relation to its interactors, and listed the specific Hsp90 isoforms that participated in the virus life cycle. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of targeting Hsp90, taking into account antiviral activity, toxicity and the likelihood of emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Overall, we highlight that targeting Hsp90 might represent a novel and effective antiviral strategy. However, further studies are required before Hsp90 inhibitors can be used in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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31
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Shah HR, Savjani JK. Recent updates for designing CCR5 antagonists as anti-retroviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:115-129. [PMID: 29425816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The healthcare system faces various challenges in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy due to resistance to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) as a consequence of the evolutionary process. Despite the success of antiretroviral drugs like Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Raltegravir WHO ranks HIV as one of the deadliest diseases with a mortality of one million lives in 2016. Thus, there emerges an urgency of developing a novel anti-retroviral agent that combat resistant HIV strains. The clinical development of ART from a single drug regimen to current triple drug combination is very slow. The progression in the structural biology of the viral envelope prompted the discovery of novel targets, which can be demonstrated a proficient approach for drug design of anti-retroviral agents. The current review enlightens the recent updates in the structural biology of the viral envelope and focuses on CCR5 as a validated target as well as ways to overcome CCR5 resistance. The article also throws light on the SAR studies and most prevalent mutations in the receptor for designing CCR5 antagonists that can combat HIV-1 infection. To conclude, the paper lists diversified scaffolds that are in pipeline by various pharmaceutical companies that could provide an aid for developing novel CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshil R Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Jignasa Ketan Savjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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Schulte B, Selyutina A, Opp S, Herschhorn A, Sodroski JG, Pizzato M, Diaz-Griffero F. Localization to detergent-resistant membranes and HIV-1 core entry inhibition correlate with HIV-1 restriction by SERINC5. Virology 2017; 515:52-65. [PMID: 29268082 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SERINC5(S5) is a multi-span transmembrane protein that potently blocks the infectivity of HIV-1 produced by human T-cells. The ability of S5 to restrict infectivity correlates with its presence in the virion, but the exact mechanism by which S5 restricts HIV-1 is unknown. Here we tested whether the core from HIV-1 virions containing S5 is delivered to the cytoplasm. Using the "fate of the capsid" assay, we demonstrated that the viral core of S5-restricted HIV-1 does not reach the cytoplasm of target cells, suggesting a block in the delivery of the core to the cytoplasm. In agreement with evidence suggesting that the viral determinants for S5 restriction map to the envelope of HIV-1, we observed that S5 induces conformational changes to the HIV-1 envelope. Further, we demonstrated that S5 localizes to detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), as has been shown previously for the HIV-1 envelope in producer cells. In order to identify the determinants of S5 restriction, we explored the ability of all human SERINC proteins to restrict HIV-1. In contrast to human S5, we observed that human SERINC2(S2) did not restrict HIV-1, and was inefficiently incorporated into HIV-1 virions when compared to S5. Experiments using S5-S2 chimeric proteins revealed two functional domains for restriction: one necessary for S5 incorporation into virions, which does not seem to be necessary for restriction, and a second one necessary to change the HIV-1 envelope conformation, localize to DRMs, and block infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schulte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Silvana Opp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- University of Trento, Centre for Integrative Biology, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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33
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Feng YJ, Chen YH, Huang SL, Liu YH, Lin YC. Cyclization Reactions of Aryl Propargyl Acetates with Tethered Epoxide Induced by Ruthenium Complex. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:3027-3038. [PMID: 28980768 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of the ruthenium complex [Ru]Cl ([Ru]=Cp(PPh3 )2 Ru; Cp=η5 -C5 H5 ) with several aryl propargyl acetates, each with an ortho-substituted chain of various length containing an epoxide on the aromatic ring and with or without methyl substitutents on the epoxide ring, bring about novel cyclizations. The cyclization reactions of HC≡CCH(OAc)(C6 H4 )CH2 (RC2 H2 O) (R=H, 6 a; R=CH3 , 6 b, where RC2 H2 O is an epoxide ring) in MeOH give the vinylidene complexes 5 a-b, respectively, each with the Cβ integrated into a tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulen-6-ol ring. A C-C bond formation takes place between the propargyl acetate and the less substituted carbon of the epoxide ring. Further cyclizations of 5 a-b induced by HBF4 give the corresponding vinylidene complexes 8 a-b each with a new 8-oxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane ring by removal of a methanol molecule in high yield. For similar aryl propargyl acetates with a shorter epoxide chain, the cyclization gives a mixture of a vinylidene complex with a tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol ring and a carbene complex with a tricyclic indeno-furan ring. For the cyclization of 18, with a longer epoxide chain, opening of the epoxide is required to afford the vicinal bromohydrin 22, then tandem cyclization occurs in one pot. Products are characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as by XRD analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jhen Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Yi-Hsin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Shou-Ling Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
| | - Ying-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan), Fax: (+886) 223636359
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Giroud C, Du Y, Marin M, Min Q, Jui NT, Fu H, Melikyan GB. Screening and Functional Profiling of Small-Molecule HIV-1 Entry and Fusion Inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:53-63. [PMID: 28322598 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 entry and fusion with target cells is an important target for antiviral therapy. However, a few currently approved treatments are not effective as monotherapy due to the emergence of drug resistance. This consideration has fueled efforts to develop new bioavailable inhibitors targeting different steps of the HIV-1 entry process. Here, a high-throughput screen was performed of a large library of 100,000 small molecules for HIV-1 entry/fusion inhibitors, using a direct virus-cell fusion assay in a 384 half-well format. Positive hits were validated using a panel of functional assays, including HIV-1 specificity, cytotoxicity, and single-cycle infectivity assays. One compound-4-(2,5-dimethyl-pyrrol-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (DPHB)-that selectively inhibited HIV-1 fusion was further characterized. Functional experiments revealed that DPHB caused irreversible inactivation of HIV-1 Env on cell-free virions and that this effect was related to binding to the third variable loop (V3) of the gp120 subunit of HIV-1 Env. Moreover, DPHB selectively inhibited HIV-1 strains that use CXCR4 or both CXCR4 and CCR5 co-receptors for entry, but not strains exclusively using CCR5. This selectivity was mapped to the gp120 V3 loop using chimeric Env glycoproteins. However, it was found that pure DPHB was not active against HIV-1 and that its degradation products (most likely polyanions) were responsible for inhibition of viral fusion. These findings highlight the importance of post-screening validation of positive hits and are in line with previous reports of the broad antiviral activity of polyanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Giroud
- 1 Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuhong Du
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,3 Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mariana Marin
- 1 Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qui Min
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,3 Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nathan T Jui
- 4 Department of Chemistry, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Haian Fu
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,3 Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,5 Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- 1 Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,6 Children's Healthcare of Atlanta , Atlanta, Georgia
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Ahn KW, Root MJ. Complex interplay of kinetic factors governs the synergistic properties of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16498-16510. [PMID: 28696261 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The homotrimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) undergoes receptor-triggered structural changes that mediate viral entry through membrane fusion. This process is inhibited by chemokine receptor antagonists (CoRAs) that block Env-receptor interactions and by fusion inhibitors (FIs) that disrupt Env conformational transitions. Synergy between CoRAs and FIs has been attributed to a CoRA-dependent decrease in the rate of viral membrane fusion that extends the lifetime of the intermediate state targeted by FIs. Here, we demonstrated that the magnitude of CoRA/FI synergy unexpectedly depends on FI-binding affinity and the stoichiometry of chemokine receptor binding to trimeric Env. For C-peptide FIs (clinically represented by enfuvirtide), synergy waned as binding strength decreased until inhibitor combinations behaved additively. Curiously, this affinity dependence on synergy was absent for 5-Helix-type FIs. We linked this complex behavior to the CoRA dependence of Env deactivation following FI binding. For both FI classes, reducing chemokine receptor levels on target cells or eliminating competent chemokine receptor-binding sites on Env trimers resulted in a loss of synergistic activity. These data imply that the stoichiometry required for CoRA/FI synergy exceeds that required for HIV-1 entry. Our analysis suggests two distinct roles for chemokine receptor binding, one to trigger formation of the FI-sensitive intermediate state and another to facilitate subsequent conformational transitions. Together, our results could explain the wide variety of previously reported activities for CoRA/FI combinations. These findings also have implications for the combined use of CoRAs and FIs in antiviral therapies and point to a multifaceted role for chemokine receptor binding in promoting HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koree W Ahn
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Michael J Root
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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36
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Merani S, Truong WW, Hancock W, Anderson CC, Shapiro AMJ. Chemokines and Their Receptors in Islet Allograft Rejection and as Targets for Tolerance Induction. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:295-309. [PMID: 28863747 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft rejection is a major barrier to successful outcome of transplantation surgery. Islet transplantation introduces insulin secreting tissue into type 1 diabetes mellitus recipients, relieving patients from exogenous insulin injection. However, insulitis of grafted tissue and allograft rejection prevent long-term insulin independence. Leukocyte trafficking is necessary for the launch of successful immune responses to pathogen or allograft. Chemokines, small chemotactic cytokines, direct the migration of leukocytes through their interaction with chemokine receptors found on cell surfaces of immune cells. Unique receptor expression of leukocytes, and the specificity of chemokine secretion during various states of immune response, suggest that the extracellular chemokine milieu specifically homes certain leukocyte subsets. Thus, only those leukocytes required for the current immune task are attracted to the inflammatory site. Chemokine blockade, using antagonists and monoclonal antibodies directed against chemokine receptors, is an emerging and specific immunosuppressive strategy. Importantly, chemokine blockade may potentiate tolerance induction regimens to be used following transplantation surgery, and prevent the need for life-long immunosuppression of islet transplant recipients. Here, the role for chemokine blockade in islet transplant rejection and tolerance is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheed Merani
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Wayne W Truong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - Wayne Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute and Biesecker Pediatric Liver Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada
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Arimont M, Sun SL, Leurs R, Smit M, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4735-4779. [PMID: 28165741 PMCID: PMC5483895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This
review focuses on the construction and application of structural chemokine
receptor models for the elucidation of molecular determinants of chemokine
receptor modulation and the structure-based discovery and design of
chemokine receptor ligands. A comparative analysis of ligand binding
pockets in chemokine receptors is presented, including a detailed
description of the CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR9, and US28 X-ray structures,
and their implication for modeling molecular interactions of chemokine
receptors with small-molecule ligands, peptide ligands, and large
antibodies and chemokines. These studies demonstrate how the integration
of new structural information on chemokine receptors with extensive
structure–activity relationship and site-directed mutagenesis
data facilitates the prediction of the structure of chemokine receptor–ligand
complexes that have not been crystallized. Finally, a review of structure-based
ligand discovery and design studies based on chemokine receptor crystal
structures and homology models illustrates the possibilities and challenges
to find novel ligands for chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nakamura KJ, Heath L, Sobrera ER, Wilkinson TA, Semrau K, Kankasa C, Tobin NH, Webb NE, Lee B, Thea DM, Kuhn L, Mullins JI, Aldrovandi GM. Breast milk and in utero transmission of HIV-1 select for envelope variants with unique molecular signatures. Retrovirology 2017; 14:6. [PMID: 28122636 PMCID: PMC5267468 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) poses a serious health threat in developing countries, and adequate interventions are as yet unrealized. HIV-1 infection is frequently initiated by a single founder viral variant, but the factors that influence particular variant selection are poorly understood. Results Our analysis of 647 full-length HIV-1 subtype C and G viral envelope sequences from 22 mother–infant pairs reveals unique genotypic and phenotypic signatures that depend upon transmission route. Relative to maternal strains, intrauterine HIV transmission selects infant variants that have shorter, less-glycosylated V1 loops that are more resistant to soluble CD4 (sCD4) neutralization. Transmission through breastfeeding selects for variants with fewer potential glycosylation sites in gp41, are more sensitive to the broadly neutralizing antibodies PG9 and PG16, and that bind sCD4 with reduced cooperativity. Furthermore, experiments with Affinofile cells indicate that infant viruses, regardless of transmission route, require increased levels of surface CD4 receptor for productive infection. Conclusions These data provide the first evidence for transmission route-specific selection of HIV-1 variants, potentially informing therapeutic strategies and vaccine designs that can be tailored to specific modes of vertical HIV transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0331-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Nakamura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Systems Biology and Disease Program, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura Heath
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edwin R Sobrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Wilkinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Semrau
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chipepo Kankasa
- University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Webb
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald M Thea
- Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Ariadne Labs, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louise Kuhn
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION By virtue of its specificity for chemokines induced in Th1-associated pathologies, CXCR3 has attracted considerable attention as a target for therapeutic intervention. Several pharmacologically distinct small molecules with in vitro and in vivo potency have been described in the literature, although to date, none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Areas covered: In this article, the author outlines the rationale for targeting CXCR3 and discusses the potential pitfalls in targeting receptors in poorly understood areas of chemokine biology. Furthermore, they cover emerging therapeutic areas outside of the 'traditional' Th1 arena in which CXCR3 antagonists may ultimately bear fruit. Finally, they discuss the design of recently discovered small molecules targeting CXCR3. Expert opinion: CXCR3 and its ligands appear to play roles in a multitude of diverse diseases in humans. In vitro studies suggest that CXCR3 is inherently 'druggable' and that potent, efficacious small molecules targeting CXCR3 antagonists will find a clinical niche. However, the well-trodden path to failure of small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists in clinical trials suggests that a cautious approach should be undertaken. Ideally, unequivocal evidence elucidating the precise role of CXCR3 should be obtained before targeting the receptor in a particular disease cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- a Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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40
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Döring M, Borrego P, Büch J, Martins A, Friedrich G, Camacho RJ, Eberle J, Kaiser R, Lengauer T, Taveira N, Pfeifer N. A genotypic method for determining HIV-2 coreceptor usage enables epidemiological studies and clinical decision support. Retrovirology 2016; 13:85. [PMID: 27998283 PMCID: PMC5168878 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR5-coreceptor antagonists can be used for treating HIV-2 infected individuals. Before initiating treatment with coreceptor antagonists, viral coreceptor usage should be determined to ensure that the virus can use only the CCR5 coreceptor (R5) and cannot evade the drug by using the CXCR4 coreceptor (X4-capable). However, until now, no online tool for the genotypic identification of HIV-2 coreceptor usage had been available. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on the determinants of HIV-2 coreceptor usage. Therefore, we developed a data-driven web service for the prediction of HIV-2 coreceptor usage from the V3 loop of the HIV-2 glycoprotein and used the tool to identify novel discriminatory features of X4-capable variants. Results Using 10 runs of tenfold cross validation, we selected a linear support vector machine (SVM) as the model for geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2], because it outperformed the other SVMs with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95. We found that SVMs were highly accurate in identifying HIV-2 coreceptor usage, attaining sensitivities of 73.5% and specificities of 96% during tenfold nested cross validation. The predictive performance of SVMs was not significantly different (p value 0.37) from an existing rules-based approach. Moreover, geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] achieved a predictive accuracy of 100% and outperformed the existing approach on an independent data set containing nine new isolates with corresponding phenotypic measurements of coreceptor usage. geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] could not only reproduce the established markers of CXCR4-usage, but also revealed novel markers: the substitutions 27K, 15G, and 8S were significantly predictive of CXCR4 usage. Furthermore, SVMs trained on the amino-acid sequences of the V1 and V2 loops were also quite accurate in predicting coreceptor usage (AUCs of 0.84 and 0.65, respectively). Conclusions In this study, we developed geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2], the first online tool for the prediction of HIV-2 coreceptor usage from the V3 loop. Using our method, we identified novel amino-acid markers of X4-capable variants in the V3 loop and found that HIV-2 coreceptor usage is also influenced by the V1/V2 region. The tool can aid clinicians in deciding whether coreceptor antagonists such as maraviroc are a treatment option and enables epidemiological studies investigating HIV-2 coreceptor usage. geno2pheno[coreceptor-hiv2] is freely available at http://coreceptor-hiv2.geno2pheno.org. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0320-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Döring
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Pedro Borrego
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Administração e Políticas Públicas (CAPP), Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (ISCSP), University of Lisbon, Rua Almerindo Lessa, 1300-663, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joachim Büch
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreia Martins
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georg Friedrich
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ricardo Jorge Camacho
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Josef Eberle
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstraße 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute for Virology, University of Cologne, Fürst-Pückler-Str. 56, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Lengauer
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz (ISCSEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nico Pfeifer
- Department for Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Campus E 1 4, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Kim MB, Giesler KE, Tahirovic YA, Truax VM, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1377-1392. [PMID: 27791451 PMCID: PMC5776690 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1254615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptor CCR5 has garnered significant attention in recent years as a target to treat HIV infection largely due to the approval and success of the drug Maraviroc. The side effects and inefficiencies with other first generation agents led to failed clinical trials, prompting the development of newer CCR5 antagonists. Areas covered: This review aims to survey the current status of 'next generation' CCR5 antagonists in the preclinical pipeline with an emphasis on emerging agents for the treatment of HIV infection. These efforts have culminated in the identification of advanced second-generation agents to reach the clinic and the dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc as the most advanced currently in phase II clinical studies. Expert opinion: The clinical success of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection has rested largely on studies of Maraviroc and a second-generation dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc. Although research efforts identified several promising preclinical candidates, these were dropped during early clinical studies. Despite patient access to Maraviroc, there is insufficient enthusiasm surrounding its use as front-line therapy for treatment of HIV. The non-HIV infection related development activities for Maraviroc and Cenicriviroc may help drive future interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kyle E Giesler
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Valarie M Truax
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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Li R, Zhang N, Tian M, Ran Z, Zhu M, Zhu H, Han F, Yin J, Zhong J. Temporary CXCR3 and CCR5 antagonism following vaccination enhances memory CD8 T cell immune responses. Mol Med 2016; 22:497-507. [PMID: 27447731 PMCID: PMC5072403 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although current vaccination strategies have been successful at preventing a variety of human diseases, attempts at vaccinating against some pathogens such as AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) have been more problematic, largely in that abnormally high numbers of antigen specific CD8+ T cells are required for protection. This study assessed the effect of temporarily dampening the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and CCR5 after vaccination on host immune responses by the administration of TAK-779, a small molecule CXCR3 and CCR5 antagonists commonly used to inhibit HIV infection. Our results showed that the use of TAK-779 enhanced memory CD8+ T cell immune responses both qualitatively and quantitatively. Treatment with TAK-779 following vaccination of an influenza virus antigen resulted in enhanced memory generation with more CD8+CD127+ memory precursor and fewer terminally differentiated effector CD8+CD69+ T cells. These memory T cells were able to become IFN-γ-secreting effector cells when re-encountered the same antigen, which can further enhance the efficacy of vaccination. The mice vaccinated in the presence of TAK-779 were better protected upon influenza virus challenge than the control. These results showed that vaccination while temporarily inhibiting chemokine receptor CXCR3 and CCR5 by TAK-779 could be a promising strategy to generate large number of protective memory CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Zihan Ran
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangting Han
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences
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43
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Ntumngia FB, Thomson-Luque R, Pires CV, Adams JH. The role of the human Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines in malaria susceptibility: current opinions and future treatment prospects. JOURNAL OF RECEPTOR, LIGAND AND CHANNEL RESEARCH 2016; 9:1-11. [PMID: 28943755 PMCID: PMC5608092 DOI: 10.2147/jrlcr.s99725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC) is a nonspecific receptor for several proinflammatory cytokines. It is homologous to the G-protein chemokine receptor superfamily, which is suggested to function as a scavenger in many inflammatory-and proinflammatory-related diseases. G-protein chemokine receptors are also known to play a critical role in infectious diseases; they are commonly used as entry vehicles by infectious agents. A typical example is the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4 used by HIV for infecting target cells. In malaria, DARC is considered an essential receptor that mediates the entry of the human and zoonotic malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi into human reticulocytes and erythrocytes, respectively. This process is mediated through interaction with the parasite ligand known as the Duffy binding protein (DBP). Most therapeutic strategies have been focused on blocking the interaction between DBP and DARC by targeting the parasite ligand, while strategies targeting the receptor, DARC, have not been intensively investigated. The rapid increase in drug resistance and the lack of new effective drugs or a vaccine for malaria constitute a major threat and a need for novel therapeutics to combat disease. This review explores strategies that can be used to target the receptor. Inhibitors of DARC, which block DBP-DARC interaction, can potentially provide an effective strategy for preventing malaria caused by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis B Ntumngia
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard Thomson-Luque
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Camilla V Pires
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Abstract
Since the first antiviral drug, idoxuridine, was approved in 1963, 90 antiviral drugs categorized into 13 functional groups have been formally approved for the treatment of the following 9 human infectious diseases: (i) HIV infections (protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (ii) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections (lamivudine, interferons, nucleoside analogues, and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues), (iii) hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections (ribavirin, interferons, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and NS5B polymerase inhibitors), (iv) herpesvirus infections (5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, entry inhibitors, nucleoside analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and acyclic guanosine analogues), (v) influenza virus infections (ribavirin, matrix 2 protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and neuraminidase inhibitors), (vi) human cytomegalovirus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues, pyrophosphate analogues, and oligonucleotides), (vii) varicella-zoster virus infections (acyclic guanosine analogues, nucleoside analogues, 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogues, and antibodies), (viii) respiratory syncytial virus infections (ribavirin and antibodies), and (ix) external anogenital warts caused by human papillomavirus infections (imiquimod, sinecatechins, and podofilox). Here, we present for the first time a comprehensive overview of antiviral drugs approved over the past 50 years, shedding light on the development of effective antiviral treatments against current and emerging infectious diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guangdi Li
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Pollicita M, Ruff MR, Pert CB, Polianova MT, Schols D, Ranazzi A, Perno CF, Aquaro S. Profound Anti-HIV-1 Activity of DAPTA in Monocytes/macrophages and Inhibition of CCR5-mediated Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 18:285-95. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages (M/M) are strategic reservoirs of HIV-1, spreading the virus to other cells and inducing apoptosis in T-lymphocytes, astrocytes and neurons. M/M are commonly infected by R5 HIV-1 strains, which use the chemokine receptor CCR5. D-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), or Peptide T, named for its high threonine content (ASTTTNYT), is a synthetic peptide comprised of eight amino acids (185–192) of the gp120 V2 region and functions as a viral entry inhibitor by targeting selectively CCR5. The anti-HIV-1 activity of DAPTA was evaluated in M/M infected with R5 HIV-1 strains. DAPTA at 10−9M inhibited HIV-1 replication in M/M by >90%. PCR analysis of viral cDNA in M/M showed that DAPTA blocks HIV entry and in this way prevents HIV-1 infection. Moreover, DAPTA acts as a strong inhibitor and was more active than the non-peptidic CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 in inhibiting apoptosis (mediated by R5 HIV-1 strains produced and released by infected M/M) on a neuroblastoma cell line. Our results suggest that antiviral compounds which interfere with receptor mechanisms such as CCR5 could be important, either alone or in combination with other antiretroviral treatments, in preventing HIV infection in the central nervous system and the consequential neuronal damage that leads to neuronal AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pollicita
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Ranazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo-Federico Perno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Liebick M, Schläger C, Oppermann M. Analysis of Chemokine Receptor Trafficking by Site-Specific Biotinylation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157502. [PMID: 27310579 PMCID: PMC4911081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors undergo internalization and desensitization in response to ligand activation. Internalized receptors are either preferentially directed towards recycling pathways (e.g. CCR5) or sorted for proteasomal degradation (e.g. CXCR4). Here we describe a method for the analysis of receptor internalization and recycling based on specific Bir A-mediated biotinylation of an acceptor peptide coupled to the receptor, which allows a more detailed analysis of receptor trafficking compared to classical antibody-based detection methods. Studies on constitutive internalization of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 (12.1% ± 0.99% receptor internalization/h) and CCR5 (13.7% ± 0.68%/h) reveals modulation of these processes by inverse (TAK779; 10.9% ± 0.95%/h) or partial agonists (Met-CCL5; 15.6% ± 0.5%/h). These results suggest an actively driven internalization process. We also demonstrate the advantages of specific biotinylation compared to classical antibody detection during agonist-induced receptor internalization, which may be used for immunofluorescence analysis as well. Site-specific biotinylation may be applicable to studies on trafficking of transmembrane proteins, in general.
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MESH Headings
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Basophils/cytology
- Basophils/drug effects
- Basophils/metabolism
- Biotin/chemistry
- Biotin/metabolism
- Biotinylation
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases/genetics
- Carbon-Nitrogen Ligases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Mice
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR5/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Liebick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Christian Schläger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Martin Oppermann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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48
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Incompatible Natures of the HIV-1 Envelope in Resistance to the CCR5 Antagonist Cenicriviroc and to Neutralizing Antibodies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:437-50. [PMID: 26525792 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02285-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cenicriviroc is a CCR5 antagonist which prevents human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from cellular entry. The CCR5-binding regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are important targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and mutations conferring cenicriviroc resistance may therefore affect sensitivity to NAbs. Here, we used the in vitro induction of HIV-1 variants resistant to cenicriviroc or NAbs to examine the relationship between resistance to cenicriviroc and resistance to NAbs. The cenicriviroc-resistant variant KK652-67 (strain KK passaged 67 times in the presence of increasing concentrations of cenicriviroc) was sensitive to neutralization by NAbs against the V3 loop, the CD4-induced (CD4i) region, and the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), whereas the wild-type (WT) parental HIV-1 strain KKWT from which cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 was obtained was resistant to these NAbs. The V3 region of KK652-67 was important for cenicriviroc resistance and critical to the high sensitivity of the V3, CD4i, and CD4bs epitopes to NAbs. Moreover, induction of variants resistant to anti-V3 NAb 0.5γ and anti-CD4i NAb 4E9C from cenicriviroc-resistant strain KK652-67 resulted in reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype comparable to that of the parental strain, KKWT. Resistance to 0.5γ and 4E9C was caused by the novel substitutions R315K, G324R, and E381K in the V3 and C3 regions near the substitutions conferring cenicriviroc resistance. Importantly, these amino acid changes in the CCR5-binding region were also responsible for reversion to the cenicriviroc-sensitive phenotype. These results suggest the presence of key amino acid residues where resistance to cenicriviroc is incompatible with resistance to NAbs. This implies that cenicriviroc and neutralizing antibodies may restrict the emergence of variants resistant to each other.
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Ozkumur AY, Goods BA, Love JC. Development of a High-Throughput Functional Screen Using Nanowell-Assisted Cell Patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4643-50. [PMID: 26121321 PMCID: PMC4754792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Living-cell-based screens can facilitate lead discovery of functional therapeutics of interest. A versatile and scalable method is reported that uses dense arrays of nanowells for imparting defined patterns on monolayers of cells. It is shown that this approach can coordinate a multi-component biological assay by designing and implementing a high-throughput, functional nanoliter-scale neutralization assay to identify neutralizing antibodies against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Yalcin Ozkumur
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Salmas RE, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Investigation of Inhibition Mechanism of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 by Micro-second Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13180. [PMID: 26299310 PMCID: PMC4547396 DOI: 10.1038/srep13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) belongs to G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since HIV uses CCR5 protein as a co-receptor. Recently, the crystal structure of CCR5-bound complex with an approved anti-retroviral drug (maroviroc) was resolved. During the crystallization procedure, amino acid residues (i.e., Cys224, Arg225, Asn226 and Glu227) at the third intra-cellular loop were replaced by the rubredoxin for stability reasons. In the current study, we aimed to understand the impact of the incorporated rubredoxin on the conformations of TM domains of the target protein. For this reason, rubredoxin was deleted from the crystal structure and the missing amino acids were engineered. The resultant structure was subjected to long (μs) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to shed light into the inhibitory mechanism. The derived model structure displayed a significant deviation in the cytoplasmic domain of TM5 and IC3 in the absence of rubredoxin. The principal component analyses (PCA) and MD trajectory analyses revealed important structural and dynamical differences at apo and holo forms of the CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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