1
|
McMenemy CM, Guo D, Quinn JA, Greenhalgh DA. 14-3-3σ/Stratifin and p21 limit AKT-related malignant progression in skin carcinogenesis following MDM2-associated p53 loss. Mol Carcinog 2024. [PMID: 38869281 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
To study mechanisms driving/inhibiting skin carcinogenesis, stage-specific expression of 14-3-3σ (Stratifin) was analyzed in skin carcinogenesis driven by activated rasHa/fos expression (HK1.ras/fos) and ablation of PTEN-mediated AKT regulation (K14.creP/Δ5PTENflx/flx). Consistent with 14-3-3σ roles in epidermal differentiation, HK1.ras hyperplasia and papillomas displayed elevated 14-3-3σ expression in supra-basal keratinocytes, paralleled by supra-basal p-MDM2166 activation and sporadic p-AKT473 expression. In bi-genic HK1.fos/Δ5PTENflx/flx hyperplasia, basal-layer 14-3-3σ expression appeared, and alongside p53/p21, was associated with keratinocyte differentiation and keratoacanthoma etiology. Tri-genic HK1.ras/fos-Δ5PTENflx/flx hyperplasia/papillomas initially displayed increased basal-layer 14-3-3σ, suggesting attempts to maintain supra-basal p-MDM2166 and protect basal-layer p53. However, HK1.ras/fos-Δ5PTENflx/flx papillomas exhibited increasing basal-layer p-MDM2166 activation that reduced p53, which coincided with malignant conversion. Despite p53 loss, 14-3-3σ expression persisted in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (wdSCCs) and alongside elevated p21, limited malignant progression via inhibiting p-AKT1473 expression; until 14-3-3σ/p21 loss facilitated progression to aggressive SCC exhibiting uniform p-AKT1473. Analysis of TPA-promoted HK1.ras-Δ5PTENflx/flx mouse skin, demonstrated early loss of 14-3-3σ/p53/p21 in hyperplasia and papillomas, with increased p-MDM2166/p-AKT1473 that resulted in rapid malignant conversion and progression to poorly differentiated SCC. In 2D/3D cultures, membranous 14-3-3σ expression observed in normal HaCaT and SP1ras61 papilloma keratinocytes was unexpectedly detected in malignant T52ras61/v-fos SCC cells cultured in monolayers, but not invasive 3D-cells. Collectively, these data suggest 14-3-3σ/Stratifin exerts suppressive roles in papillomatogenesis via MDM2/p53-dependent mechanisms; while persistent p53-independent expression in early wdSCC may involve p21-mediated AKT1 inhibition to limit malignant progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol M McMenemy
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Dajiang Guo
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jean A Quinn
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gallini S, Annusver K, Rahman NT, Gonzalez DG, Yun S, Matte-Martone C, Xin T, Lathrop E, Suozzi KC, Kasper M, Greco V. Injury prevents Ras mutant cell expansion in mosaic skin. Nature 2023; 619:167-175. [PMID: 37344586 PMCID: PMC10322723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy skin is a mosaic of wild-type and mutant clones1,2. Although injury can cooperate with mutated Ras family proteins to promote tumorigenesis3-12, the consequences in genetically mosaic skin are unknown. Here we show that after injury, wild-type cells suppress aberrant growth induced by oncogenic Ras. HrasG12V/+ and KrasG12D/+ cells outcompete wild-type cells in uninjured, mosaic tissue but their expansion is prevented after injury owing to an increase in the fraction of proliferating wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we show that, unlike HrasG12V/+ cells, wild-type cells respond to autocrine and paracrine secretion of EGFR ligands, and this differential activation of the EGFR pathway explains the competitive switch during injury repair. Inhibition of EGFR signalling via drug or genetic approaches diminishes the proportion of dividing wild-type cells after injury, leading to the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells. Increased proliferation of wild-type cells via constitutive loss of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 counteracts the expansion of HrasG12V/+ cells even in the absence of injury. Thus, injury has a role in switching the competitive balance between oncogenic and wild-type cells in genetically mosaic skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gallini
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nur-Taz Rahman
- Bioinformatics Support Program, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sangwon Yun
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tianchi Xin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Departments of Cell Biology and Dermatology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goruppi S, Clocchiatti A, Bottoni G, Di Cicco E, Ma M, Tassone B, Neel V, Demehri S, Simon C, Paolo Dotto G. The ULK3 kinase is a determinant of keratinocyte self-renewal and tumorigenesis targeting the arginine methylome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:887. [PMID: 36797248 PMCID: PMC9935893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms oversee epidermal homeostasis and oncogenesis. The identification of kinases controlling these processes has direct therapeutic implications. We show that ULK3 is a nuclear kinase with elevated expression levels in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) arising in multiple body sites, including skin and Head/Neck. ULK3 loss by gene silencing or deletion reduces proliferation and clonogenicity of human keratinocytes and SCC-derived cells and affects transcription impinging on stem cell-related and metabolism programs. Mechanistically, ULK3 directly binds and regulates the activity of two histone arginine methyltransferases, PRMT1 and PRMT5 (PRMT1/5), with ULK3 loss compromising PRMT1/5 chromatin association to specific genes and overall methylation of histone H4, a shared target of these enzymes. These findings are of translational significance, as downmodulating ULK3 by RNA interference or locked antisense nucleic acids (LNAs) blunts the proliferation and tumorigenic potential of SCC cells and promotes differentiation in two orthotopic models of skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Goruppi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
| | - Andrea Clocchiatti
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Bottoni
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Emery Di Cicco
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Min Ma
- Personalized Cancer Prevention Research Unit and Head and Neck Surgery Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Tassone
- Personalized Cancer Prevention Research Unit and Head and Neck Surgery Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland
| | - Victor Neel
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Shadhmer Demehri
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Christian Simon
- Personalized Cancer Prevention Research Unit and Head and Neck Surgery Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, 02129, MA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, MA, USA.
- Personalized Cancer Prevention Research Unit and Head and Neck Surgery Division, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland.
- International Cancer Prevention Institute, Epalinges, 1066, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
SOCS1 Deficiency Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma via SOCS3-Dependent CDKN1A Induction and NRF2 Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030905. [PMID: 36765862 PMCID: PMC9913612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SOCS1 deficiency, which increases susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), promotes CDKN1A expression in the liver. High CDKN1A expression correlates with disease severity in many cancers. Here, we demonstrate a crucial pathogenic role of CDKN1A in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in SOCS1-deficient mice. Mechanistic studies on DEN-induced genotoxic response revealed that SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes upregulate SOCS3 expression, SOCS3 promotes p53 activation, and Cdkn1a induction that were abolished by deleting either Socs3 or Tp53. Previous reports implicate CDKN1A in promoting oxidative stress response mediated by NRF2, which is required for DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. We show increased induction of NRF2 and its target genes in SOCS1-deficient livers following DEN treatment that was abrogated by the deletion of either Cdkn1a or Socs3. Loss of SOCS3 in SOCS1-deficient mice reduced the growth of DEN-induced HCC without affecting tumor incidence. In the TCGA-LIHC dataset, the SOCS1-low/SOCS3-high subgroup displayed increased CDKN1A expression, enrichment of NRF2 transcriptional signature, faster disease progression, and poor prognosis. Overall, our findings show that SOCS1 deficiency in hepatocytes promotes compensatory SOCS3 expression, p53 activation, CDKN1A induction, and NRF2 activation, which can facilitate cellular adaptation to oxidative stress and promote neoplastic growth. Thus, the NRF2 pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in SOCS1-low/SOCS3-high HCC cases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shah SS, Salo PT, Lyons FG, Mitha AP, Krawetz RJ. Prx1 + MPCs Accumulate in the Dura Mater of Wild-Type and p21 -/- Mice Followed by a Specific Reduction in p21 -/- Dural MPCs. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101304. [PMID: 36190137 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidural fat contains a population of mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs), and this study explores the behavior of these cells on the adjacent dura mater during growth and in response to injury in a p21 knockout mouse model. p21-/- mice are known to have increased cell proliferation and enhanced tissue regeneration post-injury. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the process by which epidural fat MPCs maintain the dura mater can be accelerated in p21-/- mice. Using a Prx1 lineage tracing mouse model, the epidural fat MPCs are found to increase in the dura mater over time in both C57BL/6 (p21+/+ ) and p21-/- mice; however, by 3 weeks post-tamoxifen induction, few MPCs are observed in p21-/- mice. These endogenous MPCs also localize to dural injuries in both mouse strains, with MPCs in p21-/- mice demonstrating increased proliferation. When epidural fat MPCs derived from p21-/- mice are transplanted into dural injuries in C57BL/6 mice, these MPCs are found in the injury site. It is demonstrated that epidural fat MPCs play a role in dural tissue maintenance and are able to directly contribute to dural injury repair. This suggests that these MPCs have the potential to treat injuries and/or pathologies in tissues surrounding the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S Shah
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul T Salo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Frank G Lyons
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alim P Mitha
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamaguchi H, Shen J, Little DR, Li M, Sozen S, Suzuki K, Mishina Y, Komatsu Y. Enhanced BMP signaling through ALK2 attenuates keratinocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 629:101-105. [PMID: 36116371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated studies have suggested that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are critical for skin development. However, it remains elusive how BMP signaling via ALK2 (aka ACVR1), one of the important BMP type I receptors, regulates keratinocyte differentiation. To address this question, we utilized a genetic system that enhances BMP signaling via ALK2 in an epidermis-specific manner in mice (hereafter ca-Alk2:K14-Cre). Ca-Alk2:K14-Cre mice displayed a sticky and hairless skin phenotype with a thinner epidermis incapable of differentiating. Although cellular proliferation and survival were comparable between wild-type and ca-Alk2:K14-Cre mice, skin differentiation was severely hampered in ca-Alk2:K14-Cre mice. To uncover the mechanism of altered keratinocyte differentiation, we performed a transcriptome analysis. As a result, we found that the expression levels of cell cycle inhibitor p21 were increased in ca-Alk2:K14-Cre mice. Our findings suggest that aberrant BMP signaling via ALK2 positively regulates p21 expression that attenuates keratinocyte differentiation, and further highlights the critical role of BMP signaling in skin development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jingling Shen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Danielle R Little
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Margaret Li
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Rice University Wiess School of Natural Science, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Serra Sozen
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Medicine, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ring NAR, Valdivieso K, Grillari J, Redl H, Ogrodnik M. The role of senescence in cellular plasticity: Lessons from regeneration and development and implications for age-related diseases. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1083-1101. [PMID: 35472291 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular state which involves cell cycle arrest and a proinflammatory phenotype, and it has traditionally been associated with cellular and organismal aging. However, increasing evidence suggests key roles in tissue growth and regrowth, especially during development and regeneration. Conversely, cellular plasticity-the capacity of cells to undergo identity change, including differentiation and dedifferentiation-is associated with development and regeneration but is now being investigated in the context of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer disease. Here, we discuss the paradox of the role for cellular senescence in cellular plasticity: senescence can act as a cell-autonomous barrier and a paracrine driver of plasticity. We provide a conceptual framework for integrating recent data and use the interplay between cellular senescence and plasticity to provide insight into age-related diseases. Finally, we argue that age-related diseases can be better deciphered when senescence is recognized as a core mechanism of regeneration and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Anneliese Ruth Ring
- Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karla Valdivieso
- Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikolaj Ogrodnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Research Group Senescence and Healing of Wounds, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Masre SF, Rath N, Olson MF, Greenhalgh DA. Epidermal ROCK2 induces AKT1/GSK3β/β-catenin, NFκB and dermal tenascin C; but enhanced differentiation and p53/p21 inhibit papilloma. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1409-1420. [PMID: 31907522 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ROCK2 roles in epidermal differentiation and carcinogenesis have been investigated in mice expressing an RU486-inducible, 4HT-activated ROCK2 transgene (K14.creP/lslROCKer). RU486/4HT-mediated ROCKer activation induced epidermal hyperplasia similar to cutaneous oncogenic rasHa (HK1.ras); however ROCKer did not elicit papillomas. Instead, anomalous basal-layer ROCKer expression corrupted normal ROCK2 roles underlying epidermal rigidity/stiffness and barrier maintanance, resulting in premature keratin K1, loricrin and filaggrin expression. Also, hyperproliferative/stress-associated keratin K6 was reduced; possibly reflecting altered ROCK2 roles in epidermal rigidity and keratinocyte flexibility/migration during wound healing. Consistent with increased proliferation, K14.creP/lslROCKer hyperplasia displayed supra-basal-to-basal increases in activated p-AKT1, inactivated p-GSK3β ser9 and membranous/nuclear β-catenin expression together with weak NFκB, which were absent in equivalent HK1.ras hyperplasia. Furthermore, ROCKer-mediated increases in epidermal rigidity via p-MypT1 inactivation/elevated MLC, coupled to anomalous β-catenin expression, induced tenascin C-positive dermal fibroblasts. Alongside an altered ECM, these latent tenascin C-positive dermal fibroblasts may become putative pre-cancer-associated fibroblasts (pre-CAFs) and establish a susceptibility that subsequently contributes to tumour progression. However, anomalous differentiation was also accompanied by an immediate increase in basal-layer p53/p21 expression; suggesting that while ROCK2/AKT1/β-catenin activation increased keratinocyte proliferation resulting in hyperplasia, compensatory p53/p21 and accelerated differentiation helped inhibit papillomatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti F Masre
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Rath
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Ryerson MaRS Research Facility MaRS Discovery District, West Tower 661 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Blasio C, Verma N, Moretti M, Cialfi S, Zonfrilli A, Franchitto M, Truglio F, De Smaele E, Ichijo H, Naguro I, Screpanti I, Talora C. Functional cooperation between ASK1 and p21 Waf1/Cip1 in the balance of cell-cycle arrest, cell death and tumorigenesis of stressed keratinocytes. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:75. [PMID: 33846306 PMCID: PMC8042117 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both CDKN1A (p21 Waf1/Cip1) and Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) play important roles in tumorigenesis. The role of p21 Waf1/Cip1 in attenuating ASK1-induced apoptosis by various stress conditions is well established. However, how ASK1 and p21 Waf1/Cip1 functionally interact during tumorigenesis is still unclear. To address this aspect, we crossed ASK1 knockout (ASK1KO) mice with p21 Waf1/Cip1 knockout (p21KO) mice to compare single and double-mutant mice. We observed that deletion of p21 Waf1/Cip1 leads to increased keratinocyte proliferation but also increased cell death. This is mechanistically linked to the ASK1 axis-induced apoptosis, including p38 and PARP. Indeed, deletion of ASK1 does not alter the proliferation but decreases the apoptosis of p21KO keratinocytes. To analyze as this interaction might affect skin carcinogenesis, we investigated the response of ASK1KO and p21KO mice to DMBA/TPA-induced tumorigenesis. Here we show that while endogenous ASK1 is dispensable for skin homeostasis, ASK1KO mice are resistant to DMBA/TPA-induced tumorigenesis. However, we found that epidermis lacking both p21 and ASK1 reacquires increased sensitivity to DMBA/TPA-induced tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that apoptosis and cell-cycle progression in p21KO keratinocytes are uncoupled in the absence of ASK1. These data support the model that a critical event ensuring the balance between cell death, cell-cycle arrest, and successful divisions in keratinocytes during stress conditions is the p21-dependent ASK1 inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Blasio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy.,IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nagendra Verma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Marta Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Samantha Cialfi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Azzurra Zonfrilli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Matteo Franchitto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Federica Truglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haensel D, Jin S, Sun P, Cinco R, Dragan M, Nguyen Q, Cang Z, Gong Y, Vu R, MacLean AL, Kessenbrock K, Gratton E, Nie Q, Dai X. Defining Epidermal Basal Cell States during Skin Homeostasis and Wound Healing Using Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3932-3947.e6. [PMID: 32187560 PMCID: PMC7218802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of transcriptional heterogeneities in epithelial stem and progenitor cell compartments is limited. Epidermal basal cells sustain cutaneous tissue maintenance and drive wound healing. Previous studies have probed basal cell heterogeneity in stem and progenitor potential, but a comprehensive dissection of basal cell dynamics during differentiation is lacking. Using single-cell RNA sequencing coupled with RNAScope and fluorescence lifetime imaging, we identify three non-proliferative and one proliferative basal cell state in homeostatic skin that differ in metabolic preference and become spatially partitioned during wound re-epithelialization. Pseudotemporal trajectory and RNA velocity analyses predict a quasi-linear differentiation hierarchy where basal cells progress from Col17a1Hi/Trp63Hi state to early-response state, proliferate at the juncture of these two states, or become growth arrested before differentiating into spinous cells. Wound healing induces plasticity manifested by dynamic basal-spinous interconversions at multiple basal transcriptional states. Our study provides a systematic view of epidermal cellular dynamics, supporting a revised “hierarchical-lineage” model of homeostasis. Haensel et al. performed a comprehensive dissection of the cellular makeup of skin during homeostasis and wound healing and the molecular heterogeneity and cellular dynamics within its stem-cell-containing epidermal basal layer. Their work provides insights and stimulates further investigation into the mechanism of skin maintenance and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Haensel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Suoqin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachel Cinco
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Morgan Dragan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Quy Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zixuan Cang
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yanwen Gong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Remy Vu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Adam L. MacLean
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.N.), (X.D.)
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
- Lead Contact
- Correspondence: (Q.N.), (X.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Pedro I, Galán-Vidal J, Freije A, de Diego E, Gandarillas A. p21CIP1 controls the squamous differentiation response to replication stress. Oncogene 2020; 40:152-162. [PMID: 33097856 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The control of cell fate is critical to homeostasis and cancer. Cell cycle cdk inhibitor p21CIP1 has a central and paradoxical role in the regulatory crossroads leading to senescence, apoptosis, or differentiation. p21 is an essential target of tumor suppressor p53, but it also is regulated independently. In squamous self-renewal epithelia continuously exposed to mutagenesis, p21 controls cell fate by mechanisms still intriguing. We previously identified a novel epidermoid DNA damage-differentiation response. We here show that p21 intervenes in the mitosis block that is required for the squamous differentiation response to cell cycle deregulation and replication stress. The inactivation of endogenous p21 in human primary keratinocytes alleviated the differentiation response to oncogenic loss of p53 or overexpression of the DNA replication major regulator Cyclin E. The bypass of p21-induced mitotic block involving upregulation of Cyclin B allowed DNA damaged cells to escape differentiation and continue to proliferate. In addition, loss of p21 drove keratinocytes from differentiation to apoptosis upon moderate UV irradiation. The results show that p21 is required to drive keratinocytes towards differentiation in response to genomic stress and shed light into its dual and paradoxical role in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel de Pedro
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Galán-Vidal
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Freije
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Ernesto de Diego
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain.,Paediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011, Santander, Spain. .,INSERM, Languedoc-Roussillon, 34394, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiao BD, Zhao YJ, Jia XY, Wu J, Wang YG, Huang F. Multifaceted p21 in carcinogenesis, stemness of tumor and tumor therapy. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:481-487. [PMID: 32742565 PMCID: PMC7360995 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess metabolic properties that are different from those of benign cells. p21, encoded by CDKN1A gene, also named p21Cip1/WAF1, was first identified as a cyclin-dependent kinase regulator that suppresses cell cycle G1/S phase and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. CDKN1A (p21) acts as the downstream target gene of TP53 (p53), and its expression is induced by wild-type p53 and it is not associated with mutant p53. p21 has been characterized as a vital regulator that involves multiple cell functions, including G1/S cell cycle progression, cell growth, DNA damage, and cell stemness. In 1994, p21 was found as a tumor suppressor in brain, lung and colon cancer by targeting p53 and was associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Notably, p21 plays a significant role in tumor development through p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways. In addition, expression of p21 is closely related to the resting state or terminal differentiation of cells. p21 is also associated with cancer stem cells and acts as a biomarker for such cells. In cancer therapy, given the importance of p21 in regulating the G1/S and G2 check points, it is not surprising that p21 is implicated in response to many cancer treatments and p21 promotes the effect of oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Duan Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Jia Zhao
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Jia
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiong Wu
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Gang Wang
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Intracellular Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) contributes to the senescence of keratinocytes in psoriasis by stabilizing cytoplasmic p21. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:6823-6851. [PMID: 32302288 PMCID: PMC7202509 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic Th1/Th17 lymphocytes-mediated inflammatory skin disease, in which epidermal keratinocytes exhibit a peculiar senescent state, resistance to apoptosis and the acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP consists of the release of soluble factors, including IGFBPs, that exert extracellular and intracellular functions in IGF-dependent or independent manner.In this report, we investigated the expression and function of IGFBP2 in senescent keratinocytes isolated from the skin of patients with plaque psoriasis. We found that IGFBP2 is aberrantly expressed and released by these cells in vivo, as well as in vitro in keratinocyte cultures undergoing progressive senescence, and it associates with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 expression. For the first time, we provide evidence for a dual action of IGFBP2 in psoriatic keratinocytes during growth and senescence processes. While extracellular IGFBP2 counter-regulates IGF-induced keratinocyte hyper-proliferation, intracellular IGFBP2 inhibits apoptosis by interacting with p21 and protecting it from ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Indeed, we found that cytoplasmic p21 sustains anti-apoptotic processes, by inhibiting pro-caspase 3 cleavage and JNK phosphorylation in senescent psoriatic keratinocytes. As a consequence, abrogation of p21, as well as that of IGFBP2, found to stabilize cytoplasmic p21 levels, lead to the restoration of apoptosis mechanisms in psoriatic keratinocytes, commonly observed in healthy cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Schierz IAM, Giuffrè M, Del Vecchio A, Antona V, Corsello G, Piro E. Recognizable neonatal clinical features of aplasia cutis congenita. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:25. [PMID: 32070410 PMCID: PMC7029587 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-0789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), classified in nine groups, is likely to be underreported, since milder isolated lesions in wellbeing newborns could often be undetected, and solitary lesions in the context of polymalformative syndromes could not always be reported. Regardless of form and cause, therapeutic options have in common the aim to restore the deficient mechanical and immunological cutaneous protection and to limit the risk of fluid leakage or rupture of the exposed organs. We aimed to review our institutional prevalence, comorbidities, treatment and outcome of newborns with ACC. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including all newborns affected by ACC and admitted at the University Mother-Child Department from October 2010 to October 2019. Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of ACC1 versus a non-isolated ACC group were analyzed. Results We encountered 37 newborns, 16 with ACC1 versus 21 with non-isolated ACC. The incidence rate of 0.1% in ACC1 was higher than expected, while 19% of cases showed intrafamilial autosomal dominant transmission. Higher birth weight centile, though lower than reference population, being adequate for gestational age, normal Apgar score and euglycemia characterizing ACC1 resulted associated to a rapid tissue regeneration. Non-isolated ACC, in relation to concomitant congenital anomalies and higher prematurity rate, showed more surgical and medical complications along with the risk of neonatal death. Specifically, newborns with ACC4 were characterized by the frequent necessity of abdominal wall defect repair, responsible for the occurrence of an abdominal compartment syndrome. Conclusion Prompt carefully assessment of the newborn with ACC in order to exclude concomitant other congenital malformations, provides clues to the underlying pathophysiology, and to the short-term prognosis. Family should be oriented toward identification of other family members affected by similar pathology, while obstetric history should exclude initial multiple pregnancy with death of a co-twin, placental anomalies and drug assumption. Molecular-genetic diagnosis and genetic counseling are integrative in individualized disease approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP "P. Giaccone" Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP "P. Giaccone" Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonello Del Vecchio
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Di Venere" Hospital Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Antona
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP "P. Giaccone" Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP "P. Giaccone" Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ettore Piro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOUP "P. Giaccone" Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cai P, Otten ABC, Cheng B, Ishii MA, Zhang W, Huang B, Qu K, Sun BK. A genome-wide long noncoding RNA CRISPRi screen identifies PRANCR as a novel regulator of epidermal homeostasis. Genome Res 2019; 30:22-34. [PMID: 31804951 PMCID: PMC6961571 DOI: 10.1101/gr.251561.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies indicate that many disease susceptibility regions reside in non-protein-coding regions of the genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a major component of the noncoding genome, but their biological impacts are not fully understood. Here, we performed a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen on 2263 epidermis-expressed lncRNAs and identified nine novel candidate lncRNAs regulating keratinocyte proliferation. We further characterized a top hit from the screen, progenitor renewal associated non-coding RNA (PRANCR), using RNA interference–mediated knockdown and phenotypic analysis in organotypic human tissue. PRANCR regulates keratinocyte proliferation, cell cycle progression, and clonogenicity. PRANCR-deficient epidermis displayed impaired stratification with reduced expression of differentiation genes that are altered in human skin diseases, including keratins 1 and 10, filaggrin, and loricrin. Transcriptome analysis showed that PRANCR controls the expression of 1136 genes, with strong enrichment for late cell cycle genes containing a CHR promoter element. In addition, PRANCR depletion led to increased levels of both total and nuclear CDKN1A (also known as p21), which is known to govern both keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Collectively, these data show that PRANCR is a novel lncRNA regulating epidermal homeostasis and identify other lncRNA candidates that may have roles in this process as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Auke B C Otten
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Binbin Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Mitsuhiro A Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Beibei Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Kun Qu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Bryan K Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Henri P, Prevel C, Pellerano M, Lacotte J, Stoebner PE, Morris MC, Meunier L. Psoriatic epidermis is associated with upregulation of CDK2 and inhibition of CDK4 activity. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:678-689. [PMID: 31145809 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK2 and CDK4 are involved in regulation of cell-cycle progression, and psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of basal epidermal cells. CDK inhibitory proteins (CKIs) such as p16INK 4A (p16) bind CDK4/6 kinases and prevent their interaction with D-type cyclins. CKIs such as p21Cip1 (p21) and p27Kip1 (p27) associate with CDK-cyclin complexes and prevent their activation. OBJECTIVES To gain insight into the molecular implication of CDK2 and CDK4 kinases in psoriasis, we sought to characterize expression of these kinases and associated cyclins, as well as of CKIs, and addressed the status of CDK2 and CDK4 activity in human psoriatic epidermis. METHODS A cohort of 24 patients with psoriasis participated in the study. Biopsies were removed from a chronic plaque and from nonlesional skin. CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E and CKI protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. CDK4 and CDK2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Specific kinase activities of CDK2 and CDK4 were evaluated using fluorescent peptide biosensors. RESULTS CDK2-cyclin E expression and activity were significantly increased in psoriatic epidermis compared with uninvolved adjacent skin. In contrast, CDK4-cyclin D1 activity was inhibited, although its expression was increased in psoriatic epidermis and its transcription slightly inhibited. p27 expression was reduced, while p16 and p21 expression was induced in psoriatic epidermis. CONCLUSIONS Epidermal CDK2 activity is increased in psoriatic epidermis while CDK4 activity is completely inhibited. These alterations are not associated with changes in CDK transcription and instead involve post-translational control mediated by decreased expression of p27 and p16 overexpression, respectively. What's already known about this topic? Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are involved in cell-cycle progression. The levels of cyclin partners and CDK inhibitors regulate their activity. Psoriasis is a chronic T-cell-driven inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of basal epidermal cells. What does this study add? Thanks to fluorescent peptide biosensors, this study demonstrates that epidermal CDK2 activity is increased in psoriatic epidermis while CDK4 activity is completely inhibited. These alterations involve post-translational control mediated by decreased expression of p27, and p16 overexpression, respectively. What is the translational message? CDK2 and CDK4 are involved in regulation of cell-cycle progression, and psoriasis is characterized by hyperproliferation of basal epidermal cells. Epidermal CDK2 activity is increased in psoriatic epidermis while CDK4 activity is completely inhibited. These alterations are not associated with changes in CDK transcription and instead involve post-translational control mediated by decreased expression of p27 and p16 overexpression, respectively. Pharmacological modulation of CDK2 and CDK4 may constitute a promising therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Henri
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France
| | - C Prevel
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France
| | - M Pellerano
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France
| | - J Lacotte
- Department of Dermatology, Caremeau University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - P E Stoebner
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France.,Department of Dermatology, Caremeau University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - M C Morris
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France
| | - L Meunier
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), University of Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5247, Montpellier, France.,Department of Dermatology, Caremeau University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kreis NN, Louwen F, Yuan J. The Multifaceted p21 (Cip1/Waf1/ CDKN1A) in Cell Differentiation, Migration and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091220. [PMID: 31438587 PMCID: PMC6770903 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell cycle control is characteristic of tumorigenesis. The protein p21 is the founding member of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and an important versatile cell cycle protein. p21 is transcriptionally controlled by p53 and p53-independent pathways. Its expression is increased in response to various intra- and extracellular stimuli to arrest the cell cycle ensuring genomic stability. Apart from its roles in cell cycle regulation including mitosis, p21 is involved in differentiation, cell migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair, reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells, autophagy and the onset of senescence. p21 acts either as a tumor suppressor or as an oncogene depending largely on the cellular context, its subcellular localization and posttranslational modifications. In the present review, we briefly mention the general functions of p21 and summarize its roles in differentiation, migration and invasion in detail. Finally, regarding its dual role as tumor suppressor and oncogene, we highlight the potential, difficulties and risks of using p21 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DNA Damage Response After Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Skin Keratinocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:193-205. [PMID: 31085283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal cells are positioned on the body surface and thus risk being exposed to genotoxic stress, including ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet rays, and chemical compounds. The biological effect of IR on the skin tissue is a significant problem for medical applications such as radiation therapy. Keratinocyte stem cells and progenitors are at risk for IR-dependent tumorigenesis during radiation therapy for cancer treatment. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of genome stability in epidermal cells, we derived skin keratinocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and analyzed their DNA damage response (DDR). METHODS AND MATERIALS Skin keratinocytes were derived from iPSCs and designated as first- (P1), second- (P2), and third- (P3) passage cells to compare the differentiation states of DDR. After 2 Gy gamma-ray exposure, cells were immunostained with DNA double-strand break markers γ-H2AX/53BP1 and cell senescence markers p16/p21 for DDR analysis. DDR protein expression level, cell survival, and apoptosis were analyzed by western blotting, WST-8 assay and TUNEL assay, respectively. DDR of constructed 3D organoid modeling was also analyzed. RESULTS P1, P2, and P3 keratinocytes were characterized with keratinocyte markers keratin 14 and p63 using immunofluorescence, and all cells were positive to both markers. Derived keratinocytes showed high expression of integrin α6 and CD71 (real-time (qRT)-PCR ratio: iPSCs: integrin α6: 1.12, CD71: 1.25, P1: integrin α6: 7.80, CD71: 0.43, P2: integrin α6: 5.53, CD71: 0.48), suggesting that P1 and P2 keratinocytes have potential as keratinocyte progenitors. Meanwhile, P3 keratinocytes showed low expression of integrin α6 and CD71 (qRT-PCR ratio: P3: integrin α6: 0.55, CD71: 0.10), suggesting differentiated keratinocytes. After IR exposure, the P1 and P2 keratinocytes showed an increase in DNA repair activity by a γ-H2AX/53BP1 focus assay (P1: γ-H2AX: 28.0%, 53BP1: 17.0%, P2: γ-H2AX: 37.7%, 53BP1: 28.3%) but not in P3 keratinocytes (P3: γ-H2AX: 74.7%, 53BP1: 63.7%) compared with iPSCs (γ-H2AX: 57.0%, 53BP1: 55.0%). Furthermore, in derived keratinocytes, expression of the cellular senescence markers p16 and p21 were increased compared with iPSCs (P16: non irradiated, iPSCs: 0%, P1: 12.5%, P2: 14.5%, P3: 29.7%, IR, iPSCs: 0%, P1: 19.5%, P2: 34.8%, P3: 64.5%). DDR protein expression, cellular sensitivity, and apoptosis activity decreased in derived keratinocytes compared with iPSCs. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the derivation of keratinocytes from iPSCs and their characterization of differentiated states and DDR. Derived keratinocytes showed progenitors like character as a result of DDR. These results suggest that derived keratinocytes are useful tools for analyzing the effects of IR, such as DDR on the skin tissue from radiation therapy for cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bertram KL, Narendran N, Tailor P, Jablonski C, Leonard C, Irvine E, Hess R, Masson AO, Abubacker S, Rinker K, Biernaskie J, Yates RM, Salo P, Narendran A, Krawetz RJ. 17-DMAG regulates p21 expression to induce chondrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/10/dmm033662. [PMID: 30305302 PMCID: PMC6215425 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration after injury affects a significant percentage of the population, including those that will go on to develop osteoarthritis (OA). Like humans, most mammals, including mice, are incapable of regenerating injured cartilage. Interestingly, it has previously been shown that p21 (Cdkn1a) knockout (p21-/-) mice demonstrate auricular (ear) cartilage regeneration. However, the loss of p21 expression is highly correlated with the development of numerous types of cancer and autoimmune diseases, limiting the therapeutic translation of these findings. Therefore, in this study, we employed a screening approach to identify an inhibitor (17-DMAG) that negatively regulates the expression of p21. We also validated that this compound can induce chondrogenesis in vitro (in adult mesenchymal stem cells) and in vivo (auricular cartilage injury model). Furthermore, our results suggest that 17-DMAG can induce the proliferation of terminally differentiated chondrocytes (in vitro and in vivo), while maintaining their chondrogenic phenotype. This study provides new insights into the regulation of chondrogenesis that might ultimately lead to new therapies for cartilage injury and/or OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karri L Bertram
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nadia Narendran
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pankaj Tailor
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christina Jablonski
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Catherine Leonard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Edward Irvine
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ricarda Hess
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Anand O Masson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Saleem Abubacker
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kristina Rinker
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Salo
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada .,Department Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tumor growth suppressive effect of IL-4 through p21-mediated activation of STAT6 in IL-4Rα overexpressed melanoma models. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23425-38. [PMID: 26993600 PMCID: PMC5029637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of interleukin 4 (IL-4) in tumor development, we compared B16F10 melanoma growth in IL-4-overespressing transgenic mice (IL-4 mice) and non-transgenic mice. In IL-4 mice, reduced tumor volume and weight were observed when compared with those of non-transgenic mice. Significant activation of DNA binding activity of STAT6, phosphorylation of STAT6 as well as IL-4, IL-4Rα and p21 expression were found in the tumor tissues of IL-4 mice compared to non-transgenic mice. Higher expression of IL-4, STAT6 and p21 in human melanoma tissue compared to normal human skin tissue was also found. Higher expression of apoptotic protein such as cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, Bax, p53 and p21, but lower expression levels of survival protein such as Bcl-2 were found in the tumor of IL-4 mice. In vitro study, we found that overexpression of IL-4 significantly inhibited SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cell and B16F10 murine melanoma cell growth via p21-mediated activation of STAT6 pathway as well as increased expression of apoptotic cell death proteins. Moreover, p21 knockdown with siRNA abolished IL-4 induced activation of STAT6 and expression of p53 and p21 accompanied with reduced IL-4 expression as well as melanoma cell growth inhibition. Therefore, these results showed that IL-4 overexpression suppressed tumor development through p21-mediated activation of STAT6 pathways in melanoma models.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong W, Li J, Liu Q, Liu C, Li C, Song G, Zhu H, Gao H, Zhang Y. P21 Waf1/Cip1 and p27 Kip1 are correlated with the development and invasion of prolactinoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:485-494. [PMID: 29230669 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle control can prevent excessive proliferative response in the pituitary homeostasis. Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks) are modulated by cyclins or Cdk inhibitors, such as p21 and p27, which can regulate cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phases. This study was conducted to evaluate the levels and the promoter region methylation status of p21 and p27 in prolactinomas (PRL) and analyze their association with clinicopathologic features. We found high-p21 level cases were featured by 5/23 and H-scores 142.3 ± 23.7 in invasive-PRL specimens, and 19/25 and 221.3 ± 45.4 in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 14.11, p = 0.000), while high-p27 level cases were featured by 6/23 and H-scores 129.8 ± 31.1 in invasive-PRL specimens, and 18/25 and 197.1 ± 46.6 in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 10.11, p = 0.001). A similar trend was also observed for p21 and p27 protein levels in PRL specimens through western-blot (P < 0.01, respectively). The Ki-67 index was much higher in invasive specimens than in non-invasive specimens (x2 = 10.10, p = 0.001). Average 33 CpG sites per sample were analyzed by using MALDI-TOF Mass array, and 7/33 CpG sites methylation levels of p27 were higher than 50%. There existed significant differences in 4 CpG sites between invasive specimens and non-invasive specimens (p < 0.01). We found that D2 receptor was closely correlated with p21 levels (P < 0.05, r = 0.567) and p27 levels (P < 0.05, r = 0.591). In PRL, the deficiency in p21 and p27 contributed to the tumor proliferation and migration and Cdk inhibitors may be used as a new therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guidong Song
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantanxili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim DE, Procopio MG, Ghosh S, Jo SH, Goruppi S, Magliozzi F, Bordignon P, Neel V, Angelino P, Dotto GP. Convergent roles of ATF3 and CSL in chromatin control of cancer-associated fibroblast activation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2349-2368. [PMID: 28684431 PMCID: PMC5551580 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes tumorigenesis. Kim et al. show that ATF3 and CSL converge in negative regulation of CAF activation through long-distance chromatin control. Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors counteract the effects of ATF3 and CSL loss in CAF activation and cancer–stromal cell expansion. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important for tumor initiation and promotion. CSL, a transcriptional repressor and Notch mediator, suppresses CAF activation. Like CSL, ATF3, a stress-responsive transcriptional repressor, is down-modulated in skin cancer stromal cells, and Atf3 knockout mice develop aggressive chemically induced skin tumors with enhanced CAF activation. Even at low basal levels, ATF3 converges with CSL in global chromatin control, binding to few genomic sites at a large distance from target genes. Consistent with this mode of regulation, deletion of one such site 2 Mb upstream of IL6 induces expression of the gene. Observed changes are of translational significance, as bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors, unlinking activated chromatin from basic transcription, counteract the effects of ATF3 or CSL loss on global gene expression and suppress CAF tumor-promoting properties in an in vivo model of squamous cancer–stromal cell expansion. Thus, ATF3 converges with CSL in negative control of CAF activation with epigenetic changes amenable to cancer- and stroma-focused intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Seung-Hee Jo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Sandro Goruppi
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | | | - Pino Bordignon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Victor Neel
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Paolo Angelino
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland .,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Park MH, Lee HJ, Lee HL, Son DJ, Ju JH, Hyun BK, Jung SH, Song JK, Lee DH, Hwang CJ, Han SB, Kim S, Hong JT. Parkin Knockout Inhibits Neuronal Development via Regulation of Proteasomal Degradation of p21. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2033-2045. [PMID: 28656059 PMCID: PMC5485421 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PARK2 encodes for the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin and is implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the neuroprotective role of parkin is well known, the mechanism of PARK2's function in neural stem differentiation has not yet been thoroughly studied. Co-expressions network analysis showed that synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were positively correlated with parkin, but negatively correlated with p21 in human patient brain. We investigated a link between the ubiquitin E3 ligase parkin and proteasomal degradation of p21 for the control of neural stem cell differentiation. We found that the neurogenesis was lowered in PARK2 knockout (KO) mice compared with non-tg mice. Expression of the marker protein for neural cell differentiation such as class III beta tubulin (TUBBIII), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament, as well as SNAP25 and BDNF, was down regulated in PARK2 KO mice. Associated with the loss of differentiation function, p21 protein was highly accumulated in the neural stem cells of PARK2 KO mice. We discovered that p21 directly binds with parkin and is ubiquitinated by parkin which resulted in the loss of cell differentiation ability. Introduction of p21 shRNA in PARK2 KO mice significantly rescued the differentiation efficacy as well as SNAP25 and BDNF expression. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway is implicated in neurogenesis and p21 degradation. We also defined the decreased p21 ubiquitination and differentiation ability were reversed after treatment with JNK inhibitor, SP600125 in PARK2 KO mice derived neural stem cells. Thus, the present study indicated that parkin knockout inhibits neural stem cell differentiation by JNK-dependent proteasomal degradation of p21.
Collapse
|
24
|
Masre SF, Rath N, Olson MF, Greenhalgh DA. ROCK2/ras Ha co-operation induces malignant conversion via p53 loss, elevated NF-κB and tenascin C-associated rigidity, but p21 inhibits ROCK2/NF-κB-mediated progression. Oncogene 2017; 36:2529-2542. [PMID: 27991921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study ROCK2 activation in carcinogenesis, mice expressing 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT)-activated ROCK2 (K14.ROCKer) were crossed with mice expressing epidermal-activated rasHa (HK1.ras1205). At 8 weeks, 4HT-treated K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 cohorts exhibited papillomas similar to HK1.ras1205 controls; however, K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 histotypes comprised a mixed papilloma/well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (wdSCC), exhibiting p53 loss, increased proliferation and novel NF-κB expression. By 12 weeks, K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 wdSCCs exhibited increased NF-κB and novel tenascin C, indicative of elevated rigidity; yet despite continued ROCK2 activities/p-Mypt1 inactivation, progression to SCC required loss of compensatory p21 expression. K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 papillomatogenesis also required a wound promotion stimulus, confirmed by breeding K14.ROCKer into promotion-insensitive HK1.ras1276 mice, suggesting a permissive K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 papilloma context (wound-promoted/NF-κB+/p53-/p21+) preceded K14.ROCKer-mediated (p-Mypt1/tenascin C/rigidity) malignant conversion. Malignancy depended on ROCKer/p-Mypt1 expression, as cessation of 4HT treatment induced disorganized tissue architecture and p21-associated differentiation in wdSCCs; yet tenascin C retention in connective tissue extracellular matrix suggests the rigidity laid down for conversion persists. Novel papilloma outgrowths appeared expressing intense, basal layer p21 that confined endogenous ROCK2/p-Mypt1/NF-κB to supra-basal layers, and was paralleled by restored basal layer p53. In later SCCs, 4HT cessation became irrelevant as endogenous ROCK2 expression increased, driving progression via p21 loss, elevated NF-κB expression and tenascin C-associated rigidity, with p-Mypt1 inactivation/actinomyosin-mediated contractility to facilitate invasion. However, p21-associated inhibition of early-stage malignant progression and the intense expression in papilloma outgrowths, identifies a novel, significant antagonism between p21 and rasHa/ROCK2/NF-κB signalling in skin carcinogenesis. Collectively, these data show that ROCK2 activation induces malignancy in rasHa-initiated/promoted papillomas in the context of p53 loss and novel NF-κB expression, whereas increased tissue rigidity and cell motility/contractility help mediate tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Masre
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Kebangsaan, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Rath
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M F Olson
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
DNA damage during S-phase mediates the proliferation-quiescence decision in the subsequent G1 via p21 expression. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14728. [PMID: 28317845 PMCID: PMC5364389 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following DNA damage caused by exogenous sources, such as ionizing radiation, the tumour suppressor p53 mediates cell cycle arrest via expression of the CDK inhibitor, p21. However, the role of p21 in maintaining genomic stability in the absence of exogenous DNA-damaging agents is unclear. Here, using live single-cell measurements of p21 protein in proliferating cultures, we show that naturally occurring DNA damage incurred over S-phase causes p53-dependent accumulation of p21 during mother G2- and daughter G1-phases. High p21 levels mediate G1 arrest via CDK inhibition, yet lower levels have no impact on G1 progression, and the ubiquitin ligases CRL4Cdt2 and SCFSkp2 couple to degrade p21 prior to the G1/S transition. Mathematical modelling reveals that a bistable switch, created by CRL4Cdt2, promotes irreversible S-phase entry by keeping p21 levels low, preventing premature S-phase exit upon DNA damage. Thus, we characterize how p21 regulates the proliferation-quiescence decision to maintain genomic stability. Cell cycle arrest after DNA damage is achieved by the expression of the CDK inhibitor p21. Here the authors show that spontaneous DNA damage incurred in unperturbed cell cycles, leads to cell populations exhibiting a bistable state, with p53 and p21 regulating the proliferation-quiescence decision.
Collapse
|
26
|
Pantazi E, Gemenetzidis E, Teh MT, Reddy SV, Warnes G, Evagora C, Trigiante G, Philpott MP. GLI2 Is a Regulator of β-Catenin and Is Associated with Loss of E-Cadherin, Cell Invasiveness, and Long-Term Epidermal Regeneration. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1719-1730. [PMID: 28300597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled hedgehog (HH)/glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) and WNT/β-catenin signaling are important events in the genesis of many cancers including skin cancer and are often implicated in tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. However, because of the complexity and context dependency of both pathways, little is known about HH and WNT interactions in human carcinogenesis. In the current study, we provide evidence of HH/glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger 2 (GLI2)-WNT/β-catenin signaling crosstalk in human keratinocytes. Overexpression of GLI2ΔN in human keratinocytes resulted in cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear relocalization of β-catenin in vitro and in 3D organotypic cultures, accompanied by upregulation of WNT genes. Induction of GLI2ΔN enhanced the β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activation and the subsequent activation of β-catenin target genes including cyclin-D1. Additionally, GLI2 overexpression was associated with decreased E-cadherin protein levels; increased expression of SNAIL, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and integrin β1; and increased cell invasion in 3D organotypic cultures. Invasion was reduced by WNT inhibition, thus unveiling the direct role of GLI2/WNT crosstalk in cell invasion. We show that GLI2 overexpression supported long-term epidermal regeneration in 3D organotypic cultures, and resulted in the manifestation of an undifferentiated basal/stem cell-associated phenotype in human keratinocytes. Both these observations are consistent with the role of β-catenin and SNAIL in epidermal stem cell maintenance. This work suggests that GLI2 is a regulator of β-catenin and provides insights into its role in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pantazi
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emilios Gemenetzidis
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Department of Diagnostic and Oral Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sreekanth Vootukuri Reddy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gary Warnes
- Imaging and Flow Cytometry Core facilities, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chris Evagora
- Pathology Core facilities, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Trigiante
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Philpott
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Runx Family Genes in Tissue Stem Cell Dynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:117-138. [PMID: 28299655 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Runx family genes play important roles in development and cancer, largely via their regulation of tissue stem cell behavior. Their involvement in two organs, blood and skin, is well documented. This review summarizes currently known Runx functions in the stem cells of these tissues. The fundamental core mechanism(s) mediated by Runx proteins has been sought; however, it appears that there does not exist one single common machinery that governs both tissue stem cells. Instead, Runx family genes employ multiple spatiotemporal mechanisms in regulating individual tissue stem cell populations. Such specific Runx requirements have been unveiled by a series of cell type-, developmental stage- or age-specific gene targeting studies in mice. Observations from these experiments revealed that the regulation of stem cells by Runx family genes turned out to be far more complex than previously thought. For instance, although it has been reported that Runx1 is required for the endothelial-to-hematopoietic cell transition (EHT) but not thereafter, recent studies clearly demonstrated that Runx1 is also needed during the period subsequent to EHT, namely at perinatal stage. In addition, Runx1 ablation in the embryonic skin mesenchyme eventually leads to complete loss of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the adult epithelium, suggesting that Runx1 facilitates the specification of skin epithelial stem cells in a cell extrinsic manner. Further in-depth investigation into how Runx family genes are involved in stem cell regulation is warranted.
Collapse
|
28
|
Mohan A, Asakura A. CDK inhibitors for muscle stem cell differentiation and self-renewal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:65-74. [PMID: 28713664 DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.6.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of muscle is undertaken by muscle stem cell populations named satellite cells which are normally quiescent or at the G0 phase of the cell cycle. However, upon signals from damaged muscle, satellite cells lose their quiescence, and enter the G1 cell cycle phase to expand the population of satellite cell progenies termed myogenic precursor cells (MPCs). Eventually, MPCs stop their cell cycle and undergo terminal differentiation to form skeletal muscle fibers. Some MPCs retract to quiescent satellite cells as a self-renewal process. Therefore, cell cycle regulation, consisting of satellite cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and self-renewal, is the key event of muscle regeneration. In this review, we summarize up-to-date progress on research about cell cycle regulation of myogenic progenitor cells and muscle stem cells during embryonic myogenesis and adult muscle regeneration, aging, exercise and muscle diseases including muscular dystrophy and muscle fiber atrophy, especially focusing on cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrudha Mohan
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2001 6th Street SE, MTRF 4-220, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2001 6th Street SE, MTRF 4-220, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ehedego H, Trautwein C. p21 in chronic and acute liver injury. Oncoscience 2016; 3:56-7. [PMID: 27014723 PMCID: PMC4789571 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haksier Ehedego
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chae M, Jung JY, Bae IH, Kim HJ, Lee TR, Shin DW. Lipin-1 expression is critical for keratinocyte differentiation. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:563-73. [PMID: 26658689 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m062588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipin-1 is an Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase that facilitates the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid to generate diacylglycerol. Little is known about the expression and function of lipin-1 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Here, we demonstrate that lipin-1 is present in basal and spinous layers of the normal human epidermis, and lipin-1 expression is gradually downregulated during NHEK differentiation. Interestingly, lipin-1 knockdown (KD) inhibited keratinocyte differentiation and caused G1 arrest by upregulating p21 expression. Cell cycle arrest by p21 is required for commitment of keratinocytes to differentiation, but must be downregulated for the progress of keratinocyte differentiation. Therefore, reduced keratinocyte differentiation results from sustained upregulation of p21 by lipin-1 KD. Lipin-1 KD also decreased the phosphorylation/activation of protein kinase C (PKC)α, whereas lipin-1 overexpression increased PKCα phosphorylation. Treatment with PKCα inhibitors, like lipin-1 KD, stimulated p21 expression, while lipin-1 overexpression reduced p21 expression, implicating PKCα in lipin-1-induced regulation of p21 expression. Taken together, these results suggest that lipin-1-mediated downregulation of p21 is critical for the progress of keratinocyte differentiation after the initial commitment of keratinocytes to differentiation induced by p21, and that PKCα is involved in p21 expression regulation by lipin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Chae
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Jung
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Combined loss of PUMA and p21 accelerates c-MYC-driven lymphoma development considerably less than loss of one allele of p53. Oncogene 2015; 35:3866-71. [PMID: 26640149 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is mutated in ~50% of human cancers. P53 is activated by a range of stimuli and regulates several cellular processes, including apoptotic cell death, cell cycle arrest, senescence and DNA repair. P53 induces apoptosis via transcriptional induction of the BH3-only proteins PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and NOXA, and cell cycle arrest via p21. Induction of these processes was proposed to be critical for p53-mediated tumor suppression. It is therefore surprising that mice lacking PUMA, NOXA and p21, as well as mice bearing mutations in p53 that impair the transcriptional activation of these genes, are not tumor prone, unlike mice lacking p53 function, which spontaneously develop tumors with 100% incidence. These p53 target genes and the processes they regulate may, however, impact differently on tumor development depending on the oncogenic drivers. For example, loss of PUMA enhances c-MYC-driven lymphoma development in mice, but, interestingly, the acceleration was less impressive compared with that caused by the loss of even a single p53 allele. Different studies have reported that loss of p21 can accelerate, delay or have no impact on tumorigenesis. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, we examined whether loss of p21-mediated cell cycle arrest cooperates with PUMA deficiency in accelerating lymphoma development in Eμ-Myc mice (overexpressing c-MYC in B-lymphoid cells). We found that Eμ-Myc mice lacking both p21 and PUMA (Eμ-Myc;Puma(-/-);p21(-/-)) developed lymphoma at a rate comparable to Eμ-Myc;Puma(-/-) animals, notably with considerably longer latency than Eμ-Myc;p53(+/-)mice. Loss of p21 had no impact on the numbers, cycling or survival of pre-leukemic Eμ-Myc B-lymphoid cells, even when PUMA was lost concomitantly. These results demonstrate that even in the context of deregulated c-MYC expression, p53 must suppress tumor development by activating processes apart from, or in addition to, PUMA-mediated apoptosis and p21-induced cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
|
32
|
Salari Fanoodi T, Motalleb G, Yegane Moghadam A, Talaee R. p21 Gene Expression Evaluation in Esophageal Cancer Patients. Gastrointest Tumors 2015. [DOI: 10.1159/000441901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
33
|
The homeoprotein DLX3 and tumor suppressor p53 co-regulate cell cycle progression and squamous tumor growth. Oncogene 2015; 35:3114-24. [PMID: 26522723 PMCID: PMC4853298 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal homeostasis depends on the coordinated control of keratinocyte cell cycle. Differentiation and the alteration of this balance can result in neoplastic development. Here we report on a novel DLX3-dependent network that constrains epidermal hyperplasia and squamous tumorigenesis. By integrating genetic and transcriptomic approaches, we demonstrate that DLX3 operates through a p53-regulated network. DLX3 and p53 physically interact on the p21 promoter to enhance p21 expression. Elevating DLX3 in keratinocytes produces a G1-S blockade associated with p53 signature transcriptional profiles. In contrast, DLX3 loss promotes a mitogenic phenotype associated with constitutive activation of ERK. DLX3 expression is lost in human skin cancers and is extinguished during progression of experimentally induced mouse squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Reinstatement of DLX3 function is sufficient to attenuate the migration of SCC cells, leading to decreased wound closure. Our data establish the DLX3-p53 interplay as a major regulatory axis in epidermal differentiation and suggest that DLX3 is a modulator of skin carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Koo BH, Kim Y, Je Cho Y, Kim DS. Distinct roles of transforming growth factor-β signaling and transforming growth factor-β receptor inhibitor SB431542 in the regulation of p21 expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:413-423. [PMID: 26187313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has both tumor suppressive and oncogenic activities. Autocrine TGF-β signaling supports tumor survival and growth in certain types of cancer, and the TGF-β signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for these types of cancer. TGF-β induces p21 expression, and p21 is considered as an oncogene as well as a tumor suppressor, due to its anti-apoptotic activity. Thus, we hypothesized that autocrine TGF-β signaling maintains the expression of p21 at levels that can support cell growth. To verify this hypothesis, we sought to examine p21 expression and cell growth in various cancer cells following the inhibition of autocrine TGF-β signaling using siRNAs targeting TGF-β signaling components and SB431542, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor. Results from the present study show that p21 expression and cell growth were reduced by knockdown of TGF-β signaling components using siRNA in MDA-MB231 and A549 cells. Cell growth was also reduced in p21 siRNA-transfected cells. Downregulation of p21 expression induced cellular senescence in MDA-MB231 cells but did not induce apoptosis in both cells. These data suggest that autocrine TGF-β signaling is required to sustain p21 levels for positive regulation of cell cycle. On the other hand, treatment with SB431542 up-regulated p21 expression while inhibiting cell growth. The TGF-β signaling pathway was not associated with the SB431542-mediated induction of p21 expression. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) was downregulated by treatment with SB431542, and p21 expression was increased by Sp1 knockdown. These findings suggest that downregulation of Sp1 expression is responsible for SB43154-induced p21 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hun Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeaji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang Je Cho
- R & D Center, EyeGene Inc., Seoul 120-113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo-Sik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barrier Function of the Repaired Skin Is Disrupted Following Arrest of Dicer in Keratinocytes. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1201-1210. [PMID: 25896246 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury transiently silences miRNA-dependent posttranscriptional gene silencing in its effort to unleash adult tissue repair. Once the wound is closed, miRNA biogenesis is induced averting neoplasia. In this work, we report that Dicer plays an important role in reestablishing the barrier function of the skin post-wounding via a miRNA-dependent mechanism. MicroRNA expression profiling of skin and wound-edge tissue revealed global upregulation of miRNAs following wound closure at day 14 post-wounding with significant induction of Dicer expression. Barrier function of the skin, as measured by trans-epidermal water loss, was compromised in keratinocyte-specific conditional (K14/Lox-Cre) Dicer-ablated mice because of malformed cornified epithelium lacking loricrin expression. Studies on human keratinocytes recognized that loricrin expression was inversely related to the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1). Compared to healthy epidermis, wound-edge keratinocytes from Dicer-ablated skin epidermis revealed elevated p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Adenoviral and pharmacological suppression of p21(Waf1/Cip1) in keratinocyte-specific conditional Dicer-ablated mice improved wound healing indicating a role of Dicer in the suppression of p21(Waf1/Cip1). This work upholds p21(Waf1/Cip1) as a druggable target to restore barrier function of skin suffering from loss of Dicer function as would be expected in diabetes and other forms of oxidant insult.
Collapse
|
36
|
Marneros AG. Genetics of Aplasia Cutis Reveal Novel Regulators of Skin Morphogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:666-672. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Kato H, Izumi K, Uenoyama A, Shiomi A, Kuo S, Feinberg SE. Hypoxia induces an undifferentiated phenotype of oral keratinocytes in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:393-404. [PMID: 25720390 DOI: 10.1159/000371342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxia on the proliferating potential and phenotype of primary human oral keratinocytes cultured at ambient oxygen tension (20%) or at different levels of hypoxia (2 and 0.5% O2). The effects of oxygen tensions on cellular metabolic activity, cell proliferation, clonogenicity and proliferation heterogeneity were measured. Cell cycle profiles were analyzed by a fluorescent-activated cell sorter, and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in the G0/G1 phase was also concomitantly quantitated. The expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins were examined by immunoblotting, and the cellular senescence was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Basal and suprabasal keratinocyte phenotypes were determined by the expression levels of 14-3-3σ, p75(NTR) and α6 integrin. Despite having a lower metabolism, the proliferation rate and clonogenic potential were remarkably enhanced in hypoxic cells. The significantly higher percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase under hypoxia and the expression patterns of cell cycle regulatory proteins in hypoxic cells were indicative of a state of cell cycle arrest in hypoxia. Furthermore, a decrease in the expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p16(INK4A) and fewer β-galactosidase-positive cells suggested a quiescent phenotype rather than a senescent one in hypoxic cells. Compared with normoxic cells, the differential expression patterns of keratinocyte phenotypic markers suggest that hypoxic cells that generate minimal reactive oxygen species, suppress the mammalian target of rapamycin activity and express hypoxia-inducible factor-1α favor a basal cell phenotype. Thus, regardless of the predisposition to the state of cell cycle arrest, hypoxic conditions can maintain oral keratinocytes in vitro in an undifferentiated and quiescent state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ehedego H, Boekschoten MV, Hu W, Doler C, Haybaeck J, Gaβler N, Müller M, Liedtke C, Trautwein C. p21 ablation in liver enhances DNA damage, cholestasis, and carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1144-55. [PMID: 25608711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mouse studies suggest that the NF-κB pathway regulator NEMO (also known as IKKγ) controls chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis in the liver. However, the molecular mechanisms explaining the function of NEMO are not well defined. Here, we report that overexpression of the cell-cycle regulator p21 is a critical feature of liver inflammation and carcinogenesis caused by the loss of NEMO. NEMO(Δhepa) mice develop chronic hepatitis characterized by increased hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation that causes the development of fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), similar to the situation in human liver disease. Having identified p21 overexpression in this model, we evaluated its role in disease progression and LPS-mediated liver injury in double mutant NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice. Eight-week-old NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) animals displayed accelerated liver damage that was not associated with alterations in cell-cycle progression or the inflammatory response. However, livers from NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice displayed more severe DNA damage that was further characterized by LPS administration correlating with higher lethality of the animals. This phenotype was attenuated by genetic ablation of the TNF receptor TNF-R1 in NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice, demonstrating that DNA damage is induced via TNF. One-year-old NEMO(Δhepa)/p21(-/-) mice displayed greater numbers of HCC and severe cholestasis compared with NEMO(Δhepa) animals. Therefore, p21 overexpression in NEMO(Δhepa) animals protects against DNA damage, acceleration of hepatocarcinogenesis, and cholestasis. Taken together, our findings illustrate how loss of NEMO promotes chronic liver inflammation and carcinogenesis, and they identify a novel protective role for p21 against the generation of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haksier Ehedego
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Doler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nikolaus Gaβler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Biology of the cell cycle inhibitor p21CDKN1A: molecular mechanisms and relevance in chemical toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:155-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
40
|
Suzuki D, Sahu R, Leu NA, Senoo M. The carboxy-terminus of p63 links cell cycle control and the proliferative potential of epidermal progenitor cells. Development 2014; 142:282-90. [PMID: 25503409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.118307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 (Trp63) plays a key role in homeostasis and regeneration of the skin. The p63 gene is transcribed from dual promoters, generating TAp63 isoforms with growth suppressive functions and dominant-negative ΔNp63 isoforms with opposing properties. p63 also encodes multiple carboxy (C)-terminal variants. Although mutations of C-terminal variants have been linked to the pathogenesis of p63-associated ectodermal disorders, the physiological role of the p63 C-terminus is poorly understood. We report here that deletion of the p63 C-terminus in mice leads to ectodermal malformation and hypoplasia, accompanied by a reduced proliferative capacity of epidermal progenitor cells. Notably, unlike the p63-null condition, we find that p63 C-terminus deficiency promotes expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1) (Cdkn1a), a factor associated with reduced proliferative capacity of both hematopoietic and neuronal stem cells. These data suggest that the p63 C-terminus plays a key role in the cell cycle progression required to maintain the proliferative potential of stem cells of many different lineages. Mechanistically, we show that loss of Cα, the predominant C-terminal p63 variant in epithelia, promotes the transcriptional activity of TAp63 and also impairs the dominant-negative activity of ΔNp63, thereby controlling p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. We propose that the p63 C-terminus links cell cycle control and the proliferative potential of epidermal progenitor cells via mechanisms that equilibrate TAp63 and ΔNp63 isoform function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raju Sahu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Makoto Senoo
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
de Castro A, Minty F, Hattinger E, Wolf R, Parkinson EK. The secreted protein S100A7 (psoriasin) is induced by telomere dysfunction in human keratinocytes independently of a DNA damage response and cell cycle regulators. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2014; 3:8. [PMID: 25621169 PMCID: PMC4304136 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Replicative senescence is preceded by loss of repeat sequences of DNA from the telomeres that eventually leads to telomere dysfunction, the accumulation of irreparable DNA double strand breaks and a DNA damage response (DDR). However, we have previously reported that whilst telomere dysfunction in human keratinocytes is associated with a permanent cell cycle arrest, the DDR was very weak and transcriptional profiling also revealed several molecules normally associated with keratinocytes terminal differentiation, including S100A7 (psoriasin). Results We show here that S100A7 and the closely related S100A15 (koebnerisin) are not induced by repairable or irreparable DSBs, ruling out the hypotheses that these genes are induced either by the low DDR observed or by non-specific cell cycle arrest. We next tested whether S100A7 was induced by the cell cycle effectors ARF (p14ARF), CDKN2A (p16INK4A) and TP53 (p53) and found that, although all induced a similar level of acute and permanent cell cycle arrest to telomere dysfunction, none induced S100A7 (except p53 over-expression at high levels), showing that cell cycle arrest is not sufficient for its induction. The closely related transcript S100A15 was also upregulated by telomere dysfunction, to a similar extent by p16INK4A and p53 and to a lesser extent by p14ARF. Conclusions Our results show that mere cell cycle arrest, the upregulation of senescence-associated cell cycle effectors and DNA damage are not sufficient for the induction of the S100 transcripts; they further suggest that whilst the induction of S100A15 expression is linked to both telomere-dependent and -independent senescence, S100A7 expression is specifically associated with telomere-dependent senescence in normal keratinocytes. As both S100A7 and S100A15 are secreted proteins, they may find utility in the early detection of human keratinocyte telomere dysfunction and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice de Castro
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Fay Minty
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Eva Hattinger
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Frauenlobstrasse 9-11, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Clinical & Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK ; Blizard Building, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Notch inhibition allows oncogene-independent generation of iPS cells. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:632-639. [PMID: 24952596 PMCID: PMC4310751 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency using defined transcription factors holds great promise for biomedicine. However, human reprogramming remains inefficient and relies either on the use of the potentially dangerous oncogenes KLF4 and CMYC or the genetic inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene p53. We hypothesized that inhibition of signal transduction pathways that promote differentiation of the target somatic cells during development might relieve the requirement for non-core pluripotency factors during iPSC reprogramming. Here, we show that inhibition of Notch significantly improves the efficiency of iPSC generation from mouse and human keratinocytes by suppressing p21 in a p53-independent manner and thereby enriching for undifferentiated cells capable of long-term self-renewal. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch enabled routine production of human iPSCs without KLF4 and CMYC while leaving p53 activity intact. Thus, restricting the development of somatic cells by altering intercellular communication enables the production of safer human iPSCs.
Collapse
|
43
|
Basic Red 51, a permitted semi-permanent hair dye, is cytotoxic to human skin cells: Studies in monolayer and 3D skin model using human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Toxicol Lett 2014; 227:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
44
|
Costa C, Paramio JM, Santos M. Skin Tumors Rb(eing) Uncovered. Front Oncol 2013; 3:307. [PMID: 24381932 PMCID: PMC3865458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 gene was the first bona fide tumor suppressor identified and cloned more than 25 years ago. Since then, a plethora of studies have revealed the functions of pRb and the existence of a sophisticated and strictly regulated pathway that modulates such functional roles. An emerging paradox affecting Rb1 in cancer connects the relatively low number of mutations affecting Rb1 gene in specific human tumors, compared with the widely functional inactivation of pRb in most, if not in all, human cancers. The existence of a retinoblastoma family of proteins pRb, p107, and p130 and their potential unique and overlapping functions as master regulators of cell cycle progression and transcriptional modulation by similar processes, may provide potential clues to explain such conundrum. Here, we will review the development of different genetically engineered mouse models, in particular those affecting stratified epithelia, and how they have offered new avenues to understand the roles of the Rb family members and their targets in the context of tumor development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Saiz-Ladera C, Lara MF, Garín M, Ruiz S, Santos M, Lorz C, García-Escudero R, Martínez-Fernández M, Bravo A, Fernández-Capetillo O, Segrelles C, Paramio JM. p21 suppresses inflammation and tumorigenesis on pRB-deficient stratified epithelia. Oncogene 2013; 33:4599-4612. [PMID: 24121270 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene product (pRb) controls proliferation and differentiation processes in stratified epithelia. Importantly, and in contrast to other tissues, Rb deficiency does not lead to spontaneous skin tumor formation. As the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 regulates proliferation and differentiation in the absence of pRb, we analyzed the consequences of deleting p21 in pRb-ablated stratified epithelia (hereafter pRb(ΔEpi);p21-/-). These mice display an enhancement of the phenotypic abnormalities observed in pRb(ΔEpi) animals, indicating that p21 partially compensates pRb absence. Remarkably, pRb(ΔEpi);p21-/- mice show an acute skin inflammatory phenotype and develop spontaneous epithelial tumors, particularly affecting tongue and oral tissues. Biochemical analyses and transcriptome studies reveal changes affecting multiple pathways, including DNA damage and p53-dependent signaling responses. Comparative metagenomic analyses, together with the histopathological profiles, indicate that these mice constitute a faithful model for human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that p21, in conjunction with pRb, has a central role in regulating multiple epithelial processes and orchestrating specific tumor suppressor functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Saiz-Ladera
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Lara
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Garín
- Division of Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies (HIT). Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER). Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Fernández
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit. Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT (ed70A). Ave. Complutense 40, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
PTEN ablation in RasHa/Fos skin carcinogenesis invokes p53-dependent p21 to delay conversion while p53-independent p21 limits progression via cyclin D1/E2 inhibition. Oncogene 2013; 33:4132-43. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
47
|
Abstract
Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) manifests with localized skin defects at birth of unknown cause, mostly affecting the scalp vertex. Here, genome-wide linkage analysis and exome sequencing was used to identify the causative mutation in autosomal dominant ACC. A heterozygous Arg-to-His missense mutation (p.R930H) in the ribosomal GTPase BMS1 is identified in ACC that is associated with a delay in 18S rRNA maturation, consistent with a role of BMS1 in processing of pre-rRNAs of the small ribosomal subunit. Mutations that affect ribosomal function can result in a cell cycle defect and ACC skin fibroblasts with the BMS1 p.R930H mutation show a reduced cell proliferation rate due to a p21-mediated G1/S phase transition delay. Unbiased comparative global transcript and proteomic analyses of ACC fibroblasts with this mutation confirm a central role of increased p21 levels for the ACC phenotype, which are associated with downregulation of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and serine/arginine-rich splicing factors (SRSFs). Functional enrichment analysis of the proteomic data confirmed a defect in RNA post-transcriptional modification as the top-ranked cellular process altered in ACC fibroblasts. The data provide a novel link between BMS1, the cell cycle, and skin morphogenesis. Elucidating the pathomechanisms in congenital diseases of the skin provides the opportunity to learn what cellular processes are important during embryonic development of the skin structures. Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) manifests with localized skin defects, most commonly affecting the scalp skin. Here, global proteomic and transcriptional analyses are combined with genome-wide linkage and exome sequencing approaches to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in ACC. A mutation in the ribosomal GTPase BMS1 is identified in ACC that affects 18S rRNA maturation. This mutation is associated with a p21-mediated G1/S phase transition delay during the cell cycle that inhibits cell proliferation. The findings are consistent with mutations in ribosomal disorders that result in nucleolar stress and a G1/S phase transition delay. Thus, mutations in BMS1 can affect the formation of a highly proliferative tissue during development, such as the rapidly expanding scalp epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee J, Hoi CSL, Lilja KC, White BS, Lee SE, Shalloway D, Tumbar T. Runx1 and p21 synergistically limit the extent of hair follicle stem cell quiescence in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4634-9. [PMID: 23487742 PMCID: PMC3606971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of tissue stem cell (SC) quiescence control are important for normal homeostasis and for preventing cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKis) are known inhibitors of cell cycle progression. We document CDKis expression in vivo during hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) homeostasis and find p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1a, Cdkn1a), p57, and p15 up-regulated at quiescence onset. p21 appears important for HFSC timely onset of quiescence. Conversely, we find that Runx1 (runt related transcription factor 1), which is known for promoting HFSC proliferation, represses p21, p27, p57, and p15 transcription in HFSC in vivo. Intriguingly, in cell culture, tumors, and normal homeostasis, Runx1 and p21 interplay modulates proliferation in opposing directions under the different conditions. Unexpectedly, Runx1 and p21 synergistically limit the extent of HFSC quiescence in vivo, which antagonizes the role of p21 as a cell cycle inhibitor. Importantly, we find in cultured keratinocytes that Runx1 and p21 bind to the p15 promoter and synergistically repress p15 mRNA transcription, thereby restraining cell cycle arrest. This documents a surprising ability of a CDKi (p21) to act as a direct transcriptional repressor of another CDKi (p15). We unveil a robust in vivo mechanism that enforces quiescence of HFSCs, and a context-dependent role of a CDKi (p21) to limit quiescence of SCs, potentially by directly down-regulating mRNA levels of (an)other CDKi(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayhun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | | | | - Song Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David Shalloway
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Tudorita Tumbar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pang LY, Blacking TM, Else RW, Sherman A, Sang HM, Whitelaw BA, Hupp TR, Argyle DJ. Feline mammary carcinoma stem cells are tumorigenic, radioresistant, chemoresistant and defective in activation of the ATM/p53 DNA damage pathway. Vet J 2012; 196:414-23. [PMID: 23219486 PMCID: PMC3696732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells were identified in a feline mammary carcinoma cell line by demonstrating expression of CD133 and utilising the tumour sphere assay. A population of cells was identified that had an invasive, mesenchymal phenotype, expressed markers of pluripotency and enhanced tumour formation in the NOD-SCID mouse and chick embryo models. This population of feline mammary carcinoma stem cells was resistant to chemotherapy and radiation, possibly due to aberrant activation of the ATM/p53 DNA damage pathway. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition was a feature of the invasive phenotype. These data demonstrate that cancer stem cells are a feature of mammary cancer in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Y Pang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
p21(WAF¹/C¹P¹) deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:653-8. [PMID: 23211592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
p21(WAF1/CIP1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression. However, the role of p21 in mitochondrial function remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effect of p21 deficiency on mitochondrial function in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. We found that there was a significant increase in the mitochondrial mass of p21(-/-) HCT116 cells, as measured by 10-N-nonyl-acridine orange staining, as well as an increase in the mitochondrial DNA content. In contrast, p53(-/-) cells had a mitochondrial mass comparable to that of wild-type HCT116 cells. In addition, the expression levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulators PGC-1α and TFAM and AMPK activity were also elevated in p21(-/-) cells, indicating that p21 deficiency induces the rate of mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK-PGC-1α axis. However, the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis in p21(-/-) cells did not accompany an increase in the cellular steady-state level of ATP. Furthermore, p21(-/-) cells exhibited significant proliferation impairment in galactose medium, suggesting that p21 deficiency induces a defect in the mitochondrial respiratory chain in HCT116 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the loss of p21 results in an aberrant increase in the mitochondrial mass and in mitochondrial dysfunction in HCT116 cells, indicating that p21 is required to maintain proper mitochondrial mass and respiratory function.
Collapse
|