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Thöny B, Ng J, Kurian MA, Mills P, Martinez A. Mouse models for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:533-550. [PMID: 38168036 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Several mouse models have been developed to study human defects of primary and secondary inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (iMND). As the field continues to expand, current defects in corresponding mouse models include enzymes and a molecular co-chaperone involved in monoamine synthesis and metabolism (PAH, TH, PITX3, AADC, DBH, MAOA, DNAJC6), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor synthesis and recycling (adGTPCH1/DRD, arGTPCH1, PTPS, SR, DHPR), and vitamin B6 cofactor deficiency (ALDH7A1), as well as defective monoamine neurotransmitter packaging (VMAT1, VMAT2) and reuptake (DAT). No mouse models are available for human DNAJC12 co-chaperone and PNPO-B6 deficiencies, disorders associated with recessive variants that result in decreased stability and function of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively. More than one mutant mouse is available for some of these defects, which is invaluable as different variant-specific (knock-in) models may provide more insights into underlying mechanisms of disorders, while complete gene inactivation (knock-out) models often have limitations in terms of recapitulating complex human diseases. While these mouse models have common phenotypic traits also observed in patients, reflecting the defective homeostasis of the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways, they also present with disease-specific manifestations with toxic accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites related to the specific gene affected. This review provides an overview of the currently available models and may give directions toward selecting existing models or generating new ones to investigate novel pathogenic mechanisms and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Ng
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa Mills
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Reichenbach A, Dempsey H, Andrews ZB. Metabolic sensing in AgRP regulates sucrose preference and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13389. [PMID: 38599683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Hunger increases the motivation for calorie consumption, often at the expense of low-taste appeal. However, the neural mechanisms integrating calorie-sensing with increased motivation for calorie consumption remain unknown. Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus sense hunger, and the ingestion of caloric solutions promotes dopamine release in the absence of sweet taste perception. Therefore, we hypothesised that metabolic-sensing of hunger by AgRP neurons would be essential to promote dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to caloric, but not non-caloric solutions. Moreover, we examined whether metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons affected taste preference for bitter solutions under conditions of energy need. Here we show that impaired metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons attenuated nucleus accumbens dopamine release in response to sucrose, but not saccharin, consumption. Furthermore, metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons was essential to distinguish nucleus accumbens dopamine response to sucrose consumption when compared with saccharin. Under conditions of hunger, metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons increased the preference for sucrose solutions laced with the bitter tastant, quinine, to ensure calorie consumption, whereas mice with impaired metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons maintained a strong aversion to sucrose/quinine solutions despite ongoing hunger. In conclusion, we demonstrate normal metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons drives the preference for calorie consumption, primarily when needed, by engaging dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reichenbach
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Dempsey
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Radlicka-Borysewska A, Jabłońska J, Lenarczyk M, Szumiec Ł, Harda Z, Bagińska M, Barut J, Pera J, Kreiner G, Wójcik DK, Rodriguez Parkitna J. Non-motor symptoms associated with progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1375265. [PMID: 38745938 PMCID: PMC11091341 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1375265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by three main motor symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. PD is also associated with diverse non-motor symptoms that may develop in parallel or precede motor dysfunctions, ranging from autonomic system dysfunctions and impaired sensory perception to cognitive deficits and depression. Here, we examine the role of the progressive loss of dopaminergic transmission in behaviors related to the non-motor symptoms of PD in a mouse model of the disease (the TIF-IADATCreERT2 strain). We found that in the period from 5 to 12 weeks after the induction of a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons, mild motor symptoms became detectable, including changes in the distance between paws while standing as well as the swing speed and step sequence. Male mutant mice showed no apparent changes in olfactory acuity, no anhedonia-like behaviors, and normal learning in an instrumental task; however, a pronounced increase in the number of operant responses performed was noted. Similarly, female mice with progressive dopaminergic neuron degeneration showed normal learning in the probabilistic reversal learning task and no loss of sweet-taste preference, but again, a robustly higher number of choices were performed in the task. In both males and females, the higher number of instrumental responses did not affect the accuracy or the fraction of rewarded responses. Taken together, these data reveal discrete, dopamine-dependent non-motor symptoms that emerge in the early stages of dopaminergic neuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Radlicka-Borysewska
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Judyta Jabłońska
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Lenarczyk
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szumiec
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia Harda
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bagińska
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Barut
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pera
- Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Daniel K. Wójcik
- Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Rodriguez Parkitna
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Mancin E, Maltecca C, Huang YJ, Mantovani R, Tiezzi F. A first characterization of the microbiota-resilience link in swine. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:53. [PMID: 38486255 PMCID: PMC10941389 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in understanding complex biological mechanisms, including host resilience to stressors. Investigating the microbiota-resilience link in animals and plants holds relevance in addressing challenges like adaptation of agricultural species to a warming environment. This study aims to characterize the microbiota-resilience connection in swine. As resilience is not directly observable, we estimated it using four distinct indicators based on daily feed consumption variability, assuming animals with greater intake variation may face challenges in maintaining stable physiological status. These indicators were analyzed both as linear and categorical variables. In our first set of analyses, we explored the microbiota-resilience link using PERMANOVA, α-diversity analysis, and discriminant analysis. Additionally, we quantified the ratio of estimated microbiota variance to total phenotypic variance (microbiability). Finally, we conducted a Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) to assess the classification performance of the microbiota with indicators expressed in classes. RESULTS This study offers four key insights. Firstly, among all indicators, two effectively captured resilience. Secondly, our analyses revealed robust relationship between microbial composition and resilience in terms of both composition and richness. We found decreased α-diversity in less-resilient animals, while specific amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and KEGG pathways associated with inflammatory responses were negatively linked to resilience. Thirdly, considering resilience indicators in classes, we observed significant differences in microbial composition primarily in animals with lower resilience. Lastly, our study indicates that gut microbial composition can serve as a reliable biomarker for distinguishing individuals with lower resilience. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive analyses have highlighted the host-microbiota and resilience connection, contributing valuable insights to the existing scientific knowledge. The practical implications of PLS-DA and microbiability results are noteworthy. PLS-DA suggests that host-microbiota interactions could be utilized as biomarkers for monitoring resilience. Furthermore, the microbiability findings show that leveraging host-microbiota insights may improve the identification of resilient animals, supporting their adaptive capacity in response to changing environmental conditions. These practical implications offer promising avenues for enhancing animal well-being and adaptation strategies in the context of environmental challenges faced by livestock populations. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mancin
- Department of Agronomy, Animals and Environment, (DAFNAE), Food, Natural Resources, University of Padova, Viale del Università 14, 35020, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Yi Jian Huang
- Smithfield Premium Genetics, Rose Hill, NC, 28458, USA
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy, Animals and Environment, (DAFNAE), Food, Natural Resources, University of Padova, Viale del Università 14, 35020, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 18, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
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Cui X, Tong Q, Xu H, Xie C, Xiao L. A putative loop connection between VTA dopamine neurons and nucleus accumbens encodes positive valence to compensate for hunger. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 229:102503. [PMID: 37451329 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signal play pivotal roles in regulating motivated behaviors, including feeding behavior, but the role of midbrain DA neurons in modulating food intake and neural circuitry mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we found that activating but not inhibiting ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons reduces mouse food intake. Furthermore, DA neurons in ventral VTA, especially neurons projecting to the medial nucleus accumbens (NAc), are activated by refeeding in the 24 h fasted mice. Combing neural circuitry tracing, optogenetic, chemogenetic, and pharmacological manipulations, we established that the VTA→medial NAc→VTA loop circuit is critical for the VTA DA neurons activation-induced food intake reduction. Moreover, activating either VTA DA neurons or dopaminergic axons in medial NAc elevates positive valence, which will compensate for the hungry-induced food intake. Thus, our study identifies a subset of positive valence-encoded VTA DA neurons forming possible loop connections with medial NAc that are anorexigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiuping Tong
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chuantong Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Kasturacharya N, Dhall JK, Hasan G. A STIM dependent dopamine-neuropeptide axis maintains the larval drive to feed and grow in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010435. [PMID: 37363909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nutritional intake is essential for organismal survival. In holometabolous insects such as Drosophila melanogaster, the quality and quantity of food ingested as larvae determines adult size and fecundity. Here we have identified a subset of dopaminergic neurons (THD') that maintain the larval motivation to feed. Dopamine release from these neurons requires the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM. Larvae with loss of STIM stop feeding and growing, whereas expression of STIM in THD' neurons rescues feeding, growth and viability of STIM null mutants to a significant extent. Moreover STIM is essential for maintaining excitability and release of dopamine from THD' neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of THD' neurons activated neuropeptidergic cells, including median neuro secretory cells that secrete insulin-like peptides. Loss of STIM in THD' cells alters the developmental profile of specific insulin-like peptides including ilp3. Loss of ilp3 partially rescues STIM null mutants and inappropriate expression of ilp3 in larvae affects development and growth. In summary we have identified a novel STIM-dependent function of dopamine neurons that modulates developmental changes in larval feeding behaviour and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandashree Kasturacharya
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur Dhall
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
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7
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Dorfman A, Hills TT, Scharf I. A guide to area-restricted search: a foundational foraging behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2076-2089. [PMID: 35821610 PMCID: PMC9796321 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Area-restricted search is the capacity to change search effort adaptively in response to resource encounters or expectations, from directional exploration (global, extensive search) to focused exploitation (local, intensive search). This search pattern is used by numerous organisms, from worms and insects to humans, to find various targets, such as food, mates, nests, and other resources. Area-restricted search has been studied for at least 80 years by ecologists, and more recently in the neurological and psychological literature. In general, the conditions promoting this search pattern are: (1) clustered resources; (2) active search (e.g. not a sit-and-wait predator); (3) searcher memory for recent target encounters or expectations; and (4) searcher ignorance about the exact location of targets. Because area-restricted search adapts to resource encounters, the search can be performed at multiple spatial scales. Models and experiments have demonstrated that area-restricted search is superior to alternative search patterns that do not involve a memory of the exact location of the target, such as correlated random walks or Lévy walks/flights. Area-restricted search is triggered by sensory cues whereas concentrated search in the absence of sensory cues is associated with other forms of foraging. Some neural underpinnings of area-restricted search are probably shared across metazoans, suggesting a shared ancestry and a shared solution to a common ecological problem of finding clustered resources. Area-restricted search is also apparent in other domains, such as memory and visual search in humans, which may indicate an exaptation from spatial search to other forms of search. Here, we review these various aspects of area-restricted search, as well as how to identify it, and point to open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dorfman
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University6997801Tel AvivIsrael
| | - Thomas T. Hills
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Inon Scharf
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University6997801Tel AvivIsrael
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8
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Zhang Q, Tang Q, Purohit NM, Davenport JB, Brennan C, Patel RK, Godschall E, Zwiefel LS, Spano A, Campbell JN, Güler AD. Food-induced dopamine signaling in AgRP neurons promotes feeding. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111718. [PMID: 36450244 PMCID: PMC9753708 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease are pressing public health concerns. Overconsumption of calories leads to weight gain; however, neural mechanisms underlying excessive food consumption are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that dopamine receptor D1 (Drd1) expressed in the agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus is required for appropriate responses to a high-fat diet (HFD). Stimulation of Drd1 and AgRP/NPY co-expressing arcuate neurons is sufficient to induce voracious feeding. Delivery of a HFD after food deprivation acutely induces dopamine (DA) release in the ARC, whereas animals that lack Drd1 expression in ARCAgRP/NPY neurons (Drd1AgRP-KO) exhibit attenuated foraging and refeeding of HFD. These results define a role for the DA input to the ARC that encodes acute responses to food and position Drd1 signaling in the ARCAgRP/NPY neurons as an integrator of the hedonic and homeostatic neuronal feeding circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Qijun Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Nidhi M. Purohit
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Julia B. Davenport
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Charles Brennan
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Rahul K. Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Elizabeth Godschall
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Larry S. Zwiefel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Spano
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - John N. Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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9
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The effects of ninjin'yoeito on the electrophysiological properties of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta and medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4634-4652. [PMID: 35660668 PMCID: PMC9217710 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in the regulation of appetite and motivational behaviors. A traditional Japanese (Kampo) medicine, ninjin'yoeito (NYT), has been reported to improve decreased motivation and anorexia in patients with Alzheimer's disease and apathy-like model mice. Thus, NYT may affect the activities of neurons in the VTA, SNpc and NAc. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of NYT. Here, we investigated the effects of NYT on the electrophysiological properties of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and SNpc, as well as on those of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the NAc (core and shell subregions), by applying the patch-clamp technique in the brain slices. NYT reduced the resting membrane potential of VTA and SNpc dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, NYT increased the firing frequency of NAc MSNs accompanied by shortened first spike latency and interspike interval. Furthermore, NYT attenuated the inward rectification and sustained outward currents. In conclusion, NYT may directly influence the excitability of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and SNpc, as well as MSNs in the NAc (core and shell). NYT may modulate dopamine signals in appetite and motivational behaviors.
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Cai X, Liu H, Feng B, Yu M, He Y, Liu H, Liang C, Yang Y, Tu L, Zhang N, Wang L, Yin N, Han J, Yan Z, Wang C, Xu P, Wu Q, Tong Q, He Y, Xu Y. A D2 to D1 shift in dopaminergic inputs to midbrain 5-HT neurons causes anorexia in mice. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:646-658. [PMID: 35501380 PMCID: PMC9926508 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons regulate motivated behaviors, including feeding, but less is known about how these circuits may interact. In this study, we found that DA neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area bidirectionally regulate the activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), with weaker stimulation causing DRD2-dependent inhibition and overeating, while stronger stimulation causing DRD1-dependent activation and anorexia. Furthermore, in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm, which is a mouse model mimicking some clinical features of human anorexia nervosa (AN), we observed a DRD2 to DRD1 shift of DA neurotransmission on 5-HTDRN neurons, which causes constant activation of these neurons and contributes to AN-like behaviors. Finally, we found that systemic administration of a DRD1 antagonist can prevent anorexia and weight loss in ABA. Our results revealed regulation of feeding behavior by stimulation strength-dependent interactions between DA and 5-HT neurons, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cai
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Present address: Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,These authors contributed equally: Xing Cai, Hailan Liu
| | - Hailan Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Xing Cai, Hailan Liu
| | - Bing Feng
- Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Meng Yu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yang He
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Longlong Tu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nan Zhang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lina Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Yin
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junying Han
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zili Yan
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Present address: Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Brain Glycemic and Metabolism Control Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Neuropeptide Y interaction with dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways: interlinked neurocircuits modulating hedonic eating behaviours. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110449. [PMID: 34592387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Independent from homeostatic needs, the consumption of foods originating from hyperpalatable diets is defined as hedonic eating. Hedonic eating can be observed in many forms of eating phenotypes, such as compulsive eating and stress-eating, heightening the risk of obesity development. For instance, stress can trigger the consumption of palatable foods as a type of coping strategy, which can become compulsive, particularly when developed as a habit. Although eating for pleasure is observed in multiple maladaptive eating behaviours, the current understanding of the neurobiology underlying hedonic eating remains deficient. Intriguingly, the combined orexigenic, anxiolytic and reward-seeking properties of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ignited great interest and has positioned NPY as one of the core neuromodulators operating hedonic eating behaviours. While extensive literature exists exploring the homeostatic orexigenic and anxiolytic properties of NPY, the rewarding effects of NPY continue to be investigated. As deduced from a series of behavioural and molecular-based studies, NPY appears to motivate the consumption and enhancement of food-rewards. As a possible mechanism, NPY may modulate reward-associated monoaminergic pathways, such as the dopaminergic and serotoninergic neural networks, to modulate hedonic eating behaviours. Furthermore, potential direct and indirect NPYergic neurocircuitries connecting classical homeostatic and hedonic neuropathways may also exist involving the anti-reward centre the lateral habenula. Therefore, this review investigates the participation of NPY in orchestrating hedonic eating behaviours through the modulation of monoaminergic pathways.
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12
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Grady FS, Boes AD, Geerling JC. A Century Searching for the Neurons Necessary for Wakefulness. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930514. [PMID: 35928009 PMCID: PMC9344068 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wakefulness is necessary for consciousness, and impaired wakefulness is a symptom of many diseases. The neural circuits that maintain wakefulness remain incompletely understood, as do the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in many patients. In contrast to the influential concept of a diffuse "reticular activating system," the past century of neuroscience research has identified a focal region of the upper brainstem that, when damaged, causes coma. This region contains diverse neuronal populations with different axonal projections, neurotransmitters, and genetic identities. Activating some of these populations promotes wakefulness, but it remains unclear which specific neurons are necessary for sustaining consciousness. In parallel, pharmacological evidence has indicated a role for special neurotransmitters, including hypocretin/orexin, histamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, adenosine and acetylcholine. However, genetically targeted experiments have indicated that none of these neurotransmitters or the neurons producing them are individually necessary for maintaining wakefulness. In this review, we emphasize the need to determine the specific subset of brainstem neurons necessary for maintaining arousal. Accomplishing this will enable more precise mapping of wakefulness circuitry, which will be useful in developing therapies for patients with coma and other disorders of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan S Grady
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Boes Laboratory, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Geerling Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Lisek M, Boczek T, Stragierowicz J, Wawrzyniak J, Guo F, Klimczak M, Kilanowicz A, Zylinska L. Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) impairs the dopamine pathway in an in vitro model of PC12 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132284. [PMID: 34563782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), listed by the Stockholm convention as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), hexachloronaphthalenes are considered the most toxic and raise the highest concern. Of these, 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalanene (PCN67) is considered the main congener affecting human health due to its hepatotoxicity and its ability to disturb the reproductive, endocrine, and hematological systems. It is also prevalent in human serum/plasma, milk, and adipose tissue. However, little is known about its neurotoxicity, despite the fact that anorectic effects have been observed in workers occupationally exposed to PCNs and in animal research on PCN67. Since dopamine is involved in many aspects of food intake, the aim of this study was to confirm whether PCN67 affects dopamine synthesis in differentiated PC12 cells, a widely used model of neurosecretion. Our results show that exposure to PCN67 resulted in diminished dopamine content and release. Moreover, PCN67 also affected the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and lowered the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1). In addition, significantly lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, was observed in comparison to the vehicle. In conclusion, PCN67 appears to disturb dopaminergic transmission by altering tyrosine hydroxylation, reducing VMAT1 expression and impairing antioxidant protection. Our study provides a potential mechanism for how PCN67 may cause dopamine deficiency and contribute to neuronal death by affecting cellular antioxidant potency; however, this conclusion requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Julia Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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Masini D, Plewnia C, Bertho M, Scalbert N, Caggiano V, Fisone G. A Guide to the Generation of a 6-Hydroxydopamine Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease for the Study of Non-Motor Symptoms. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060598. [PMID: 34070345 PMCID: PMC8227396 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a large number of symptoms affecting the peripheral and central nervous system precede, develop in parallel to, the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. The study of these conditions, which are often refractory to and may even be exacerbated by standard dopamine replacement therapies, relies on the availability of appropriate animal models. Previous work in rodents showed that injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in discrete brain regions reproduces several non-motor comorbidities commonly associated with PD, including cognitive deficits, depression, anxiety, as well as disruption of olfactory discrimination and circadian rhythm. However, the use of 6-OHDA is frequently associated with significant post-surgical mortality. Here, we describe the generation of a mouse model of PD based on bilateral injection of 6-OHDA in the dorsal striatum. We show that the survival rates of males and females subjected to this lesion differ significantly, with a much higher mortality among males, and provide a protocol of enhanced pre- and post-operative care, which nearly eliminates animal loss. We also briefly discuss the utility of this model for the study of non-motor comorbidities of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Masini
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carina Plewnia
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Maëlle Bertho
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Scalbert
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.M.); (C.P.); (M.B.); (N.S.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Suzuki A, Iwata J. Amino acid metabolism and autophagy in skeletal development and homeostasis. Bone 2021; 146:115881. [PMID: 33578033 PMCID: PMC8462526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is an active organ that is continuously remodeled throughout life via formation and resorption; therefore, a fine-tuned bone (re)modeling is crucial for bone homeostasis and is closely connected with energy metabolism. Amino acids are essential for various cellular functions as well as an energy source, and their synthesis and catabolism (e.g., metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids) are regulated through numerous enzymatic cascades. In addition, the intracellular levels of amino acids are maintained by autophagy, a cellular recycling system for proteins and organelles; under nutrient deprivation conditions, autophagy is strongly induced to compensate for cellular demands and to restore the amino acid pool. Metabolites derived from amino acids are known to be precursors of bioactive molecules such as second messengers and neurotransmitters, which control various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and homeostasis. Thus, amino acid metabolism and autophagy are tightly and reciprocally regulated in our bodies. This review discusses the current knowledge and potential links between bone diseases and deficiencies in amino acid metabolism and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Neurobiology of reward-related learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:224-234. [PMID: 33581225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A major goal in psychology is to understand how environmental stimuli associated with primary rewards come to function as conditioned stimuli, acquiring the capacity to elicit similar responses to those elicited by primary rewards. Our neurobiological model is predicated on the Hebbian idea that concurrent synaptic activity on the primary reward neural substrate-proposed to be ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons-strengthens the synapses involved. We propose that VTA DA neurons receive both a strong unconditioned stimulus signal (acetylcholine stimulation of DA cells) from the primary reward capable of unconditionally activating DA cells and a weak stimulus signal (glutamate stimulation of DA cells) from the neutral stimulus. Through joint stimulation the weak signal is potentiated and capable of activating the VTA DA cells, eliciting a conditioned response. The learning occurs when this joint stimulation initiates intracellular second-messenger cascades resulting in enhanced glutamate-DA synapses. In this review we present evidence that led us to propose this model and the most recent evidence supporting it.
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Khelifa MS, Skov LJ, Holst B. Biased Ghrelin Receptor Signaling and the Dopaminergic System as Potential Targets for Metabolic and Psychological Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:734547. [PMID: 34646236 PMCID: PMC8503187 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.734547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex disease that impairs the metabolic, mental and physiological health of affected individuals in a severe and sometimes lethal way. Many of the common symptoms in AN patients, such as reduced food intake, anxiety, impaired gut motility or overexercising are connected to both the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin and the dopaminergic system. Targeting the ghrelin receptor (GhrR) to treat AN seems a promising possibility in current research. However, GhrR signaling is highly complex. First, the GhrR can activate four known intracellular pathways Gαq, Gαi/o, Gα12/13 and the recruitment of β-arrestin. Biased signaling provides the possibility to activate or inhibit only one or a subset of the intracellular pathways of a pleiotropic receptor. This allows specific targeting of physiological functions without adverse effects. Currently little is known on how biased signaling could specifically modulate GhrR effects. Second, GhrR signaling has been shown to be interconnected with the dopaminergic system, particularly in the context of AN symptoms. This review highlights that a biased agonist for the GhrR may be a promising target for the treatment of AN, however extensive and systematic translational studies are still needed and the connection to the dopaminergic system has to be taken into account.
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Abstract
Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal symptoms. Such addictions can also be defined in terms of the brain mechanisms they activate; most addictive drugs cause elevations in extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Animals unable to synthesize or use dopamine lack the conditioned reflexes discussed by Pavlov or the appetitive behavior discussed by Craig; they have only unconditioned consummatory reflexes. Burst discharges (phasic firing) of dopamine-containing neurons are necessary to establish long-term memories associating predictive stimuli with rewards and punishers. Independent discharges of dopamine neurons (tonic or pacemaker firing) determine the motivation to respond to such cues. As a result of habitual intake of addictive drugs, dopamine receptors expressed in the brain are decreased, thereby reducing interest in activities not already stamped in by habitual rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Wise
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA; .,Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
| | - Mykel A Robble
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA;
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de Matos LO, de Araujo Lima Reis AL, Lopes Guerra LT, de Oliveira Guarnieri L, Moraes MA, Arabe LB, de Souza RP, Pereira GS, Souza BR. Early postnatal l-Dopa treatment causes behavioral alterations in female vs. male young adult Swiss mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Perez-Bonilla P, Santiago-Colon K, Leinninger GM. Lateral hypothalamic area neuropeptides modulate ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons and feeding. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112986. [PMID: 32492498 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the brain coordinates energy status with the motivation to eat is crucial to identify strategies to improve disordered body weight. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), known as the core of the mesolimbic system, is of particular interest in this regard because it controls the motivation to consume palatable, calorie-dense foods and to engage in volitional activity. The VTA is largely composed of dopamine (DA) neurons, but modulating these DA neurons has been alternately linked with promoting and suppressing feeding, suggesting heterogeneity in their function. Subsets of VTA DA neurons have recently been described based on their anatomical distribution, electrophysiological features, connectivity and molecular expression, but to date there are no signatures to categorize how DA neurons control feeding. Assessing the neuropeptide receptors expressed by VTA DA neurons may be useful in this regard, as many neuropeptides mediate anorexic or orexigenic responses. In particular, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) releases a wide variety of feeding-modulating neuropeptides to the VTA. Since VTA neurons intercept LHA neuropeptides known to either evoke or suppress feeding, expression of the cognate neuropeptide receptors within the VTA may point to VTA DA neuronal mechanisms to promote or suppress feeding, respectively. Here we review the role of the VTA in energy balance and the LHA neuropeptide signaling systems that act in the VTA, whose receptors might be used to classify how VTA DA neurons contribute to energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Perez-Bonilla
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, USA; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, USA
| | - Krystal Santiago-Colon
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico - Cayey, USA; Bridge to the PhD in Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, USA; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, USA.
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Qu N, He Y, Wang C, Xu P, Yang Y, Cai X, Liu H, Yu K, Pei Z, Hyseni I, Sun Z, Fukuda M, Li Y, Tian Q, Xu Y. A POMC-originated circuit regulates stress-induced hypophagia, depression, and anhedonia. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1006-1021. [PMID: 31485012 PMCID: PMC7056580 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0506-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress causes dysregulations of mood and energy homeostasis, but the neurocircuitry underlying these alterations remain to be fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that chronic restraint stress in mice results in hyperactivity of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (POMCARH neurons) associated with decreased neural activities of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (DAVTA neurons). We further revealed that POMCARH neurons project to the VTA and provide an inhibitory tone to DAVTA neurons via both direct and indirect neurotransmissions. Finally, we show that photoinhibition of the POMCARH→VTA circuit in mice increases body weight and food intake, and reduces depression-like behaviors and anhedonia in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. Thus, our results identified a novel neurocircuitry regulating feeding and mood in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Qu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430012, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xing Cai
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhou Pei
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ilirjana Hyseni
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430012, Wuhan, China
- Research Center for Psychological and Health Sciences, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Circadian regulation of appetite and time restricted feeding. Physiol Behav 2020; 220:112873. [PMID: 32194073 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system plays an important role in the temporal regulation of metabolic processes as well as food intake to ensure energy efficiency. The 'master' clock is located within the superchiasmatic nucleus and receives input from the retina so that it can be entrained by the light:dark cycle. In turn, the master clock entrains other clocks in the central nervous system, including areas involved in energy homeostasis such as the arcuate nucleus, and the periphery (e.g. adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract). This master clock is reinforced by other zeitgebers such as the timing of food intake and activity. If these zeitgebers desynchronise, such as occurs in high fat diet-induced obesity or shift work conditions, it can lead to a misalignment of circadian clocks, disruption of metabolic processes and the development of metabolic disorders. The timing of food intake is a strong zeitgeber, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore time restricted feeding offers potential for the treatment of diet and shift work induced metabolic disorders. This review will focus on the role of the circadian system in food intake regulation and the effect of environment factors, such as high fat diet feeding or shift work, on the temporal regulation of food intake along with the benefits of time restricted feeding.
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Larsen AT, Sonne N, Andreassen KV, Karsdal MA, Henriksen K. Dose Frequency Optimization of the Dual Amylin and Calcitonin Receptor Agonist KBP-088: Long-Lasting Improvement in Food Preference and Body Weight Loss. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:269-278. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Robles-Murguia M, Rao D, Finkelstein D, Xu B, Fan Y, Demontis F. Muscle-derived Dpp regulates feeding initiation via endocrine modulation of brain dopamine biosynthesis. Genes Dev 2019; 34:37-52. [PMID: 31831628 PMCID: PMC6938663 DOI: 10.1101/gad.329110.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Robles-Murguia et al. set out to examine whether muscle-secreted hormones regulate feeding. Using Drosophila as a model system combined with several in vivo and in vitro experiments, the authors identify Decapentaplegic (Dpp) as a myokine that can signal from the muscle to the brain to control feeding by altering dopamine synthesis through transcriptional regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In animals, the brain regulates feeding behavior in response to local energy demands of peripheral tissues, which secrete orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Although skeletal muscle is a key peripheral tissue, it remains unknown whether muscle-secreted hormones regulate feeding. In Drosophila, we found that decapentaplegic (dpp), the homolog of human bone morphogenetic proteins BMP2 and BMP4, is a muscle-secreted factor (a myokine) that is induced by nutrient sensing and that circulates and signals to the brain. Muscle-restricted dpp RNAi promotes foraging and feeding initiation, whereas dpp overexpression reduces it. This regulation of feeding by muscle-derived Dpp stems from modulation of brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and dopamine biosynthesis. Consistently, Dpp receptor signaling in dopaminergic neurons regulates TH expression and feeding initiation via the downstream transcriptional repressor Schnurri. Moreover, pharmacologic modulation of TH activity rescues the changes in feeding initiation due to modulation of dpp expression in muscle. These findings indicate that muscle-to-brain endocrine signaling mediated by the myokine Dpp regulates feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Robles-Murguia
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Deepti Rao
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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Godfrey N, Borgland SL. Diversity in the lateral hypothalamic input to the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology 2019; 154:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Jiang X, Liu H, Shao Y, Peng M, Zhang W, Li D, Li X, Cai Y, Tan T, Lu X, Xu J, Su X, Lin Y, Liu Z, Huang Y, Zeng C, Tang YP, Liu L. A novel GTPCH deficiency mouse model exhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin-related metabolic disturbance and infancy-onset motor impairments. Metabolism 2019; 94:96-104. [PMID: 30742839 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) deficiency could impair the synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin and causes metabolic diseases involving phenylalanine catabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, nitric oxide production and so on. Though improvements could be achieved by tetrahydrobiopterin and neurotransmitter precursor levodopa supplementation, residual motor and mental deficits remain in some patients. An appropriate GTPCH deficiency animal model with clinical symptoms, especially the motor impairments, is still not available for mechanism and therapy studies yet. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To investigate whether the heterozygous GTPCH missense mutation p.Leu117Arg identified from a patient with severe infancy-onset dopa-responsive motor impairments is causative and establish a clinical relevant GTPCH deficiency mouse model, we generated a mouse mutant mimicking this missense mutation using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Series of characterization experiments on the heterozygous and homozygous mutants were conducted. RESULTS The expressions of GTPCH were not significantly changed in the mutants, but the enzyme activities were impaired in the homozygous mutants. BH4 reduction and phenylalanine accumulation were observed both in the liver and brain of the homozygous mutants. Severer metabolic disturbance occurred in the brain than in the liver. Significant reduction of neurotransmitter dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin was observed in the brains of homozygous mutants. Live-born homozygous mutants exhibited infancy-onset motor and vocalization deficits similar to the disease symptoms observed in the patient, while no obvious symptoms were observed in the young heterozygous mutant mice. With benserazide-levodopa treatment, survival of the homozygous mutants was improved but not completely rescued. CONCLUSIONS The GTPCH p.Leu117Arg missense mutation is deleterious and could cause tetrahydrobiopterin, phenylalanine and neurotransmitter metabolic disturbances and infancy-onset motor dysfunctions recessively. This is the first GTPCH deficiency mouse model which could be live-born and exhibits significant motor impairments. The different extents of BH4 reduction and phenylalanine accumulation observed between liver and brain in response to GTPCH deficiency gives potential new insights into the vulnerability of brain to GTPCH deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yongxian Shao
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Mingzhi Peng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Duan Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xiuzhen Li
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yanna Cai
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Lab of Neural Development and Behavior Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xinshuo Lu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Xueying Su
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yunting Lin
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Zongcai Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Yonglan Huang
- Department of Neonatal Screening, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Chunhua Zeng
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Ya-Ping Tang
- Lab of Neural Development and Behavior Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Genetics and Endocrine, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
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Shou J, Tran A, Snyder N, Bleem E, Kim S. Distinct Roles of GluA2-lacking AMPA Receptor Expression in Dopamine D1 or D2 Receptor Neurons in Animal Behavior. Neuroscience 2019; 398:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Food vs money? Effects of hunger on mood and behavioral reactivity to reward in anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2018; 134:26-33. [PMID: 30562563 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using neuroimaging and behavioral measures reported altered reward processing in anorexia nervosa (AN). In addition, anhedonia states are frequently reported in AN, potentially due to the physiological stress produced by the permanent starvation. We investigated the effect of fasting and satiety on mood and reaction times to monetary rewards in AN patients and healthy controls. METHODS Twenty-four participants with acute AN (BMI 14.4 (11.9-15.5) Kg/m2) and 17 age and gender matched healthy, normal weight subjects (HW) (BMI 21.8 (18.9-24.9) Kg/m2) performed a reward task (the wheel of fortune) involving uncertain (50/50 probability of winning high and low rewards), safe and risky (30/70 and 10/90 probabilities) categories in fasted (after an 8-h fasting period) and fed (after intake of a standardized meal) states. Data analysis was done with linear mixed models. RESULTS AN reacted slower than HW when maximum uncertainty (50/50) was involved. Positive mood in response to winning was higher when fasting especially for HW, while negative mood in response to not winning was higher in the fed state for both groups. Still, HW were more reactive than AN to not winning a highly predictable monetary reward (10/90 safe). CONCLUSION The data on the reaction times indicate an impaired motor response to uncertainty in AN. Mood reactivity to winning a monetary reward does not seem to be impaired in AN, however, our results suggest that negative mood in response to not winning is less adaptive in AN. Implications to clinical psychotherapy are discussed.
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de Matos LO, Reis ALDAL, Guerra LTL, Guarnieri LDO, Moraes MA, Aquino NSS, Szawka RE, Pereira GS, Souza BR. l-Dopa treatment during perinatal development leads to different behavioral alterations in female vs. male juvenile Swiss mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Neural Coding of Appetitive Food Experiences in the Amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:261-275. [PMID: 30125697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Real-life experiences involve the consumption of various foods, yet it is unclear how the brain distinguishes and categorizes such food experiences. Despite the crucial roles of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in appetitive behavior and emotion, how BLA pyramidal cells and interneurons encode food experiences has not yet been well characterized. Here we employ large-scale tetrode recording techniques to investigate the coding properties of pyramidal neurons vs. fast-spiking interneurons in the BLA as mice freely consumed a variety of foods, such as biscuits, rice, milk and water. We found that putative pyramidal cells conformed to the power-of-two-based permutation logic, as postulated by the Theory of Connectivity, to generate specific-to-general neural clique-coding patterns. Many pyramidal cells exhibited firing increases specific to a given food type, while some other pyramidal cells increased firings to various combinations of multiple foods. In contrast, fast-spiking interneurons can increase or decrease firings to given food types, and were more broadly tuned to various food experiences. We further show that a subset of pyramidal cells exhibited rapid desensitization to repeated eating of the same food, correlated with rapid behavioral habituation. Finally, we provide the intuitive visualization of BLA ensemble activation patterns using the dimensionality-reduction classification method to decode real-time appetitive stimulus identity on a moment-to-moment, single trial basis. Elucidation of the neural coding patterns in the BLA provides a key insight into how the brain's emotion and memory circuits performs the computational operation of pattern discrimination and categorization of natural food experiences.
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Pendergast JS, Yamazaki S. The Mysterious Food-Entrainable Oscillator: Insights from Mutant and Engineered Mouse Models. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:458-474. [PMID: 30033846 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418789043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) is a mysterious circadian clock because its anatomical location(s) and molecular timekeeping mechanism are unknown. Food anticipatory activity (FAA), which is defined as the output of the FEO, emerges during temporally restricted feeding. FAA disappears immediately during ad libitum feeding and reappears during subsequent fasting. A free-running FAA rhythm has been observed only in rare circumstances when food was provided with a period outside the range of entrainment. Therefore, it is difficult to study the circadian properties of the FEO. Numerous studies have attempted to identify the critical molecular components of the FEO using mutant and genetically engineered mouse models. Herein we critically review the experimental protocols and findings of these studies in mouse models. Several themes emerge from these studies. First, there is little consistency in restricted feeding protocols between studies. Moreover, the protocols were sometimes not optimal, resulting in erroneous conclusions that FAA was absent in some mouse models. Second, circadian genes are not necessary for FEO timekeeping. Thus, another noncanonical timekeeping mechanism must exist in the FEO. Third, studies of mouse models have shown that signaling pathways involved in circadian timekeeping, reward (dopaminergic), and feeding and energy homeostasis can modulate, but are not necessary for, the expression of FAA. In sum, the approaches to date have been largely unsuccessful in discovering the timekeeping mechanism of the FEO. Moving forward, we propose the use of standardized and optimized experimental protocols that focus on identifying genes that alter the period of FAA in mutant and engineered mouse models. This approach is likely to permit discovery of molecular components of the FEO timekeeping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Phasic Stimulation of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Activity Reduces Salt Consumption. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0064-18. [PMID: 29766048 PMCID: PMC5952649 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0064-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt intake is an essential dietary requirement, but excessive consumption is implicated in hypertension and associated conditions. Little is known about the neural circuit mechanisms that control motivation to consume salt, although the midbrain dopamine system, which plays a key role in other reward-related behaviors, has been implicated. We, therefore, examined the effects on salt consumption of either optogenetic excitation or chemogenetic inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in male mice. Strikingly, optogenetic excitation of dopamine neurons decreased salt intake in a rapid and reversible manner, despite a strong salt appetite. Importantly, optogenetic excitation was not aversive, did not induce hyperactivity, and did not alter salt concentration preferences in a need-free state. In addition, we found that chemogenetic inhibition of dopamine neurons had no effect on salt intake. Lastly, optogenetic excitation of dopamine neurons reduced consumption of sucrose following an overnight fast, suggesting a more general role of VTA dopamine neuron excitation in organizing motivated behaviors.
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Ferguson LB, Ozburn AR, Ponomarev I, Metten P, Reilly M, Crabbe JC, Harris RA, Mayfield RD. Genome-Wide Expression Profiles Drive Discovery of Novel Compounds that Reduce Binge Drinking in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1257-1266. [PMID: 29251283 PMCID: PMC5916369 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-based drug discovery has identified new treatments for some complex diseases, but has not been applied to alcohol use disorder (AUD) or other psychiatric diseases, where there is a critical need for improved pharmacotherapies. High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1) mice are a genetic model of AUD risk that have been selectively bred (from the HS/Npt line) to achieve intoxicating blood alcohol levels (BALs) after binge-like drinking. We compared brain gene expression of HDID-1 and HS/Npt mice, to determine a molecular signature for genetic risk for high intensity, binge-like drinking. Using multiple computational methods, we queried LINCS-L1000 (Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures), a database containing gene expression signatures of thousands of compounds, to predict candidate drugs with the greatest potential to decrease alcohol consumption. Our analyses predicted novel compounds for testing, many with anti-inflammatory properties, providing further support for a neuroimmune mechanism of excessive alcohol drinking. We validated the top 2 candidates in vivo as a proof-of-concept. Terreic acid (a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and pergolide (a dopamine and serotonin receptor agonist) robustly reduced alcohol intake and BALs in HDID-1 mice, providing the first evidence for transcriptome-based drug discovery to target an addiction trait. Effective drug treatments for many psychiatric diseases are lacking, and the emerging tools and approaches outlined here offer researchers studying complex diseases renewed opportunities to discover new or repurpose existing compounds and expedite treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Ferguson
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Angela R Ozburn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Igor Ponomarev
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Pamela Metten
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Reilly
- Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John C Crabbe
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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35
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Soengas JL, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Delgado MJ. Central regulation of food intake in fish: an evolutionary perspective. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R171-R199. [PMID: 29467140 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that central regulation of food intake is well conserved along the vertebrate lineage, at least between teleost fish and mammals. However, several differences arise in the comparison between both groups. In this review, we describe similarities and differences between teleost fish and mammals on an evolutionary perspective. We focussed on the existing knowledge of specific fish features conditioning food intake, anatomical homologies and analogies between both groups as well as the main signalling pathways of neuroendocrine and metabolic nature involved in the homeostatic and hedonic central regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Soengas
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da SaúdeLaboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y BiotecnologíaInstituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Fujita M, Ide S, Ikeda K. Opioid and nondopamine reward circuitry and state-dependent mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [PMID: 29512887 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A common notion is that essentially all addictive drugs, including opioids, activate dopaminergic pathways in the brain reward system, and the inappropriate use of such drugs induces drug dependence. However, an opioid reward response is reportedly still observed in several models of dopamine depletion, including in animals that are treated with dopamine blockers, animals that are subjected to dopaminergic neuron lesions, and dopamine-deficient mice. The intracranial self-stimulation response is enhanced by stimulants but reduced by morphine. These findings suggest that dopaminergic neurotransmission may not always be required for opioid reward responses. Previous findings also indicate the possibility that dopamine-independent opioid reward may be observed in opioid-naive states but not in opioid-dependent states. Therefore, a history of opioid use should be considered when evaluating the dopamine dependency of opioid reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Fujita
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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37
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He YH, Li L, Liang XF, He S, Zhao L, Zhang YP. Inhibitory neurotransmitter serotonin and excitatory neurotransmitter dopamine both decrease food intake in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:175-183. [PMID: 28929258 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aminergic neurotransmitters play important roles in the regulation of food intake. However, their effects on feeding in fish have been less explored and still unclear. In the present study, the effects of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) on food intake were evaluated through intraventricular (ICV) administration in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) and the mRNA expression levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti gene-related protein (AgRP), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were detected. At 1 h post-injection, 5-HT significantly decreased food intake in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of NPY and AgRP were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas the mRNA expression of POMC was significantly increased (p < 0.05), suggesting the involvement of NPY, AgRP, and POMC in inhibitory action of 5-HT on food intake in Chinese perch. DA significantly decreased (p < 0.05) food intake and AgRP mRNA expression at 1 h post-injection, indicating the inhibitory effect of DA on food intake might be mediated through AgRP. This might shed new light on the regulation of food intake in Chinese perch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu-Fang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shan He
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Luo Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Fujita M, Hagino Y, Takeda T, Kasai S, Tanaka M, Takamatsu Y, Kobayashi K, Ikeda K. Light/dark phase-dependent spontaneous activity is maintained in dopamine-deficient mice. Mol Brain 2017; 10:49. [PMID: 29037208 PMCID: PMC5644095 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is important for motor control and involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm. We previously found that dopamine-deficient (DD) mice became hyperactive in a novel environment 72 h after the last injection of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) when dopamine was almost completely depleted. DD mice did not initially exhibit hyperactivity in their home cages, but the animals exhibited hyperactivity several hours after the last L-DOPA injection. The regulation of motor activity in a novel environment and in home cages may be different. A previous study reported that DD mice became active again approximately 24 h after the last L-DOPA injection. One speculation was that light/dark phase-dependent spontaneous activity might be maintained despite dopamine deficiency. The present study investigated whether spontaneous home cage activity is maintained in DD mice 24–43 h and 72–91 h after the last L-DOPA injection. Spontaneous activity was almost completely suppressed during the light phase of the light/dark cycle in DD mice 24 and 72 h after the last L-DOPA injection. After the dark phase began, DD mice became active 24 and 72 h after the last L-DOPA injection. DD mice exhibited a similar amount of locomotor activity as wildtype mice 24 h after the last L-DOPA injection. Although DD mice presented a decrease in activity 72 h after the last L-DOPA injection, they maintained dark phase-stimulated locomotor activation. Despite low levels of dopamine in DD mice, they exhibited feeding behavior that was similar to wildtype mice. Although grooming and rearing behavior significantly decreased, DD mice retained their ability to perform these activities. Haloperidol treatment significantly suppressed all of these behaviors in wildtype mice but not in DD mice. These results indicate that DD mice maintain some aspects of light/dark phase-dependent spontaneous activity despite dopamine depletion, suggesting that compensatory dopamine-independent mechanisms might play a role in the DD mouse phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Fujita
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoko Hagino
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Taishi Takeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shinya Kasai
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yukio Takamatsu
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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Activation of Glutamatergic Fibers in the Anterior NAc Shell Modulates Reward Activity in the aNAcSh, the Lateral Hypothalamus, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Transiently Stops Feeding. J Neurosci 2017; 36:12511-12529. [PMID: 27974611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1605-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the release of mesoaccumbal dopamine is certainly involved in rewarding responses, recent studies point to the importance of the interaction between it and glutamate. One important component of this network is the anterior nucleus accumbens shell (aNAcSh), which sends GABAergic projections into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and receives extensive glutamatergic inputs from, among others, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The effects of glutamatergic activation of aNAcSh on the ingestion of rewarding stimuli as well as its effect in the LH and mPFC are not well understood. Therefore, we studied behaving mice that express a light-gated channel (ChR2) in glutamatergic fibers in their aNAcSh while recording from neurons in the aNAcSh, or mPFC or LH. In Thy1-ChR2, but not wild-type, mice activation of aNAcSh fibers transiently stopped the mice licking for sucrose or an empty sipper. Stimulation of aNAcSh fibers both activated and inhibited single-unit responses aNAcSh, mPFC, and LH, in a manner that maintains firing rate homeostasis. One population of licking-inhibited pMSNs in the aNAcSh was also activated by optical stimulation, suggesting their relevance in the cessation of feeding. A rewarding aspect of stimulation of glutamatergic inputs was found when the Thy1-ChR2 mice learned to nose-poke to self-stimulate these inputs, indicating that bulky stimulation of these fibers are rewarding in the sense of wanting. Stimulation of excitatory afferents evoked both monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses distributed in the three recorded areas. In summary, we found that activation of glutamatergic aNAcSh fibers is both rewarding and transiently inhibits feeding. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have established that the activation of glutamatergic fibers in the anterior nucleus accumbens shell (aNAcSh) transiently stops feeding and yet, because mice self-stimulate, is rewarding in the sense of wanting. Moreover, we have characterized single-unit responses of distributed components of a hedonic network (comprising the aNAcSh, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus) recruited by activation of glutamatergic aNAcSh afferents that are involved in encoding a positive valence signal important for the wanting of a reward and that transiently stops ongoing consummatory actions, such as licking.
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Allen-Blevins CR, You X, Hinde K, Sela DA. Handling stress may confound murine gut microbiota studies. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2876. [PMID: 28097073 PMCID: PMC5234434 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates interactions between human milk composition, particularly sugars (human milk oligosaccharides or HMO), the gut microbiota of human infants, and behavioral effects. Some HMO secreted in human milk are unable to be endogenously digested by the human infant but are able to be metabolized by certain species of gut microbiota, including Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis), a species sensitive to host stress (Bailey & Coe, 2004). Exposure to gut bacteria like B. infantisduring critical neurodevelopment windows in early life appears to have behavioral consequences; however, environmental, physical, and social stress during this period can also have behavioral and microbial consequences. While rodent models are a useful method for determining causal relationships between HMO, gut microbiota, and behavior, murine studies of gut microbiota usually employ oral gavage, a technique stressful to the mouse. Our aim was to develop a less-invasive technique for HMO administration to remove the potential confound of gavage stress. Under the hypothesis that stress affects gut microbiota, particularly B. infantis, we predicted the pups receiving a prebiotic solution in a less-invasive manner would have the highest amount of Bifidobacteria in their gut. METHODS This study was designed to test two methods, active and passive, of solution administration to mice and the effects on their gut microbiome. Neonatal C57BL/6J mice housed in a specific-pathogen free facility received increasing doses of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) solution or deionized, distilled water. Gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were collected from five dams, six sires, and 41 pups over four time points. Seven fecal pellets from unhandled pups and two pellets from unhandled dams were also collected. Qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify and compare the amount of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. RESULTS Our results demonstrate a significant difference between the amount of Firmicutes in pups receiving water passively and those receiving FOS actively (p-value = 0.009). Additionally, we found significant differences between the fecal microbiota from handled and non-handled mouse pups. DISCUSSION From our results, we conclude even handling pups for experimental purposes, without gavage, may induce enough stress to alter the murine gut microbiota profile. We suggest further studies to examine potential stress effects on gut microbiota caused by experimental techniques. Stress from experimental techniques may need to be accounted for in future gut microbiota studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary R. Allen-Blevins
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiaomeng You
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Katie Hinde
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - David A. Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Activation of Glutamatergic Fibers in the Anterior NAc Shell Modulates Reward Activity in the aNAcSh, the Lateral Hypothalamus, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Transiently Stops Feeding. J Neurosci 2016. [PMID: 27974611 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1605‐16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the release of mesoaccumbal dopamine is certainly involved in rewarding responses, recent studies point to the importance of the interaction between it and glutamate. One important component of this network is the anterior nucleus accumbens shell (aNAcSh), which sends GABAergic projections into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and receives extensive glutamatergic inputs from, among others, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The effects of glutamatergic activation of aNAcSh on the ingestion of rewarding stimuli as well as its effect in the LH and mPFC are not well understood. Therefore, we studied behaving mice that express a light-gated channel (ChR2) in glutamatergic fibers in their aNAcSh while recording from neurons in the aNAcSh, or mPFC or LH. In Thy1-ChR2, but not wild-type, mice activation of aNAcSh fibers transiently stopped the mice licking for sucrose or an empty sipper. Stimulation of aNAcSh fibers both activated and inhibited single-unit responses aNAcSh, mPFC, and LH, in a manner that maintains firing rate homeostasis. One population of licking-inhibited pMSNs in the aNAcSh was also activated by optical stimulation, suggesting their relevance in the cessation of feeding. A rewarding aspect of stimulation of glutamatergic inputs was found when the Thy1-ChR2 mice learned to nose-poke to self-stimulate these inputs, indicating that bulky stimulation of these fibers are rewarding in the sense of wanting. Stimulation of excitatory afferents evoked both monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses distributed in the three recorded areas. In summary, we found that activation of glutamatergic aNAcSh fibers is both rewarding and transiently inhibits feeding. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have established that the activation of glutamatergic fibers in the anterior nucleus accumbens shell (aNAcSh) transiently stops feeding and yet, because mice self-stimulate, is rewarding in the sense of wanting. Moreover, we have characterized single-unit responses of distributed components of a hedonic network (comprising the aNAcSh, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus) recruited by activation of glutamatergic aNAcSh afferents that are involved in encoding a positive valence signal important for the wanting of a reward and that transiently stops ongoing consummatory actions, such as licking.
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Caron A, Richard D. Neuronal systems and circuits involved in the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1391:35-53. [PMID: 27768821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the still-growing prevalence of obesity worldwide, major efforts are made to understand the various behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors that promote excess fat gain. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which emphasizes the importance of deciphering the mechanisms behind energy balance regulation to understand its physiopathology. The control of energy balance is assured by brain systems/circuits capable of generating adequate ingestive and thermogenic responses to maintain the stability of energy reserves, which implies a proper integration of the homeostatic signals that inform about the status of the energy stores. In this article, we overview the organization and functionality of key neuronal circuits or pathways involved in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. We review the role of the corticolimbic (executive and reward) and autonomic systems that integrate their activities to regulate energy balance. We also describe the mechanisms and pathways whereby homeostatic sensing is achieved in response to variations of homeostatic hormones, such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, while putting some emphasis on the prominent importance of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin signaling pathway in coordinating the homeostatic sensing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Brunetti L, Di Nisio C, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Vacca M. The Regulation of Feeding: A Cross Talk between Peripheral and Central Signalling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 18:201-12. [PMID: 15888244 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding and energy expenditures are modulated by the interplay of hormones and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), where the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in the transduction of peripheral afferents into satiety and feeding signals. Aminergic neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are historically considered to play a key role, but a number of peptides are involved in finely tuning feeding regulation. This review summarizes the current understanding of the CNS mechanisms of orexigenic peptides, such as neuropeptide Y, orexins, and ghrelin, as well as anorectic peptides, such as leptin, neurotensin (NT), cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptide, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, amylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brunetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Carter A, Hendrikse J, Lee N, Yücel M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews ZB, Hall W. The Neurobiology of "Food Addiction" and Its Implications for Obesity Treatment and Policy. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:105-28. [PMID: 27296500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing view that certain foods, particularly those high in refined sugars and fats, are addictive and that some forms of obesity can usefully be treated as a food addiction. This perspective is supported by a growing body of neuroscience research demonstrating that the chronic consumption of energy-dense foods causes changes in the brain's reward pathway that are central to the development and maintenance of drug addiction. Obese and overweight individuals also display patterns of eating behavior that resemble the ways in which addicted individuals consume drugs. We critically review the evidence that some forms of obesity or overeating could be considered a food addiction and argue that the use of food addiction as a diagnostic category is premature. We also examine some of the potential positive and negative clinical, social, and public policy implications of describing obesity as a food addiction that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Carter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia; .,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Joshua Hendrikse
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Natalia Lee
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Murat Yücel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- School of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4029 Australia.,Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006 Australia
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Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2016; 24:416-436. [PMID: 27824637 PMCID: PMC5485261 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness with minimal effective treatments and a very high rate of mortality. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of the disease is imperative for improving outcomes and can be aided by the study of animal models. The activity-based anorexia rodent model (ABA) is the current best parallel for the study of AN. This review describes the basic neurobiology of feeding and hyperactivity seen in both ABA and AN, and compiles the research on the role that stress-response and reward pathways play in modulating the homeostatic drive to eat and to expend energy, which become dysfunctional in ABA and AN.
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Crittenden J, Graybiel A. Disease-Associated Changes in the Striosome and Matrix Compartments of the Dorsal Striatum. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9730467. [PMID: 26770661 PMCID: PMC4684895 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9730467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus of the brain. Dysfunction of the dopamine system has been implicated in different nervous system diseases. The level of dopamine transmission increases in response to any type of reward and by a large number of strongly additive drugs. The role of dopamine dysfunction as a consequence of oxidative stress is involved in health and disease. Introduce new potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions based on antioxidant compounds. The present review focuses on the therapeutic potential of antioxidant compounds as a coadjuvant treatment to conventional neurological disorders is discussed.
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Korner G, Noain D, Ying M, Hole M, Flydal MI, Scherer T, Allegri G, Rassi A, Fingerhut R, Becu-Villalobos D, Pillai S, Wueest S, Konrad D, Lauber-Biason A, Baumann CR, Bindoff LA, Martinez A, Thöny B. Brain catecholamine depletion and motor impairment in a Th knock-in mouse with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency. Brain 2015; 138:2948-63. [PMID: 26276013 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyses the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to l-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines. Mutations in the TH gene encoding tyrosine hydroxylase are associated with the autosomal recessive disorder tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, which manifests phenotypes varying from infantile parkinsonism and DOPA-responsive dystonia, also termed type A, to complex encephalopathy with perinatal onset, termed type B. We generated homozygous Th knock-in mice with the mutation Th-p.R203H, equivalent to the most recurrent human mutation associated with type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (TH-p.R233H), often unresponsive to l-DOPA treatment. The Th knock-in mice showed normal survival and food intake, but hypotension, hypokinesia, reduced motor coordination, wide-based gate and catalepsy. This phenotype was associated with a gradual loss of central catecholamines and the serious manifestations of motor impairment presented diurnal fluctuation but did not improve with standard l-DOPA treatment. The mutant tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme was unstable and exhibited deficient stabilization by catecholamines, leading to decline of brain tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the Th knock-in mice. In fact the substantia nigra presented an almost normal level of mutant tyrosine hydroxylase protein but distinct absence of the enzyme was observed in the striatum, indicating a mutation-associated mislocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the nigrostriatal pathway. This hypomorphic mouse model thus provides understanding on pathomechanisms in type B tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency and a platform for the evaluation of novel therapeutics for movement disorders with loss of dopaminergic input to the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Korner
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Noain
- 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ming Ying
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magnus Hole
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marte I Flydal
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tanja Scherer
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriella Allegri
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anahita Rassi
- 6 Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- 7 Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Samyuktha Pillai
- 9 Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland 10 Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lauber-Biason
- 11 Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Baumann
- 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 4 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurence A Bindoff
- 12 Department of Clinical Medicine K1, University of Bergen, Norway 13 Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- 5 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beat Thöny
- 1 Division of Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland 2 Affiliated with the Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, Zürich, Switzerland 3 Affiliated with the Children's Research Centre CRC, Zürich, Switzerland
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Transcription factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 maintain dopaminergic neuronal properties and control feeding behavior in adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4929-38. [PMID: 26283356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503911112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are implicated in cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric disorders, and pathological conditions; hence understanding genes regulating their homeostasis has medical relevance. Transcription factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 (FOXA1/2) are key determinants of mDA neuronal identity during development, but their roles in adult mDA neurons are unknown. We used a conditional knockout strategy to specifically ablate FOXA1/2 in mDA neurons of adult mice. We show that deletion of Foxa1/2 results in down-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine (DA) biosynthesis, specifically in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). In addition, DA synthesis and striatal DA transmission were reduced after Foxa1/2 deletion. Furthermore, the burst-firing activity characteristic of SNc mDA neurons was drastically reduced in the absence of FOXA1/2. These molecular and functional alterations lead to a severe feeding deficit in adult Foxa1/2 mutant mice, independently of motor control, which could be rescued by L-DOPA treatment. FOXA1/2 therefore control the maintenance of molecular and physiological properties of SNc mDA neurons and impact on feeding behavior in adult mice.
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Rose SJ, Yu XY, Heinzer AK, Harrast P, Fan X, Raike RS, Thompson VB, Pare JF, Weinshenker D, Smith Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. A new knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Brain 2015. [PMID: 26220941 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal dopamine neurotransmission is associated with many different genetic and acquired dystonic disorders. For instance, mutations in genes critical for the synthesis of dopamine, including GCH1 and TH cause l-DOPA-responsive dystonia. Despite evidence that implicates abnormal dopamine neurotransmission in dystonia, the precise nature of the pre- and postsynaptic defects that result in dystonia are not known. To better understand these defects, we generated a knock-in mouse model of l-DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD) mice that recapitulates the human p.381Q>K TH mutation (c.1141C>A). Mice homozygous for this mutation displayed the core features of the human disorder, including reduced TH activity, dystonia that worsened throughout the course of the active phase, and improvement in the dystonia in response to both l-DOPA and trihexyphenidyl. Although the gross anatomy of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was normal in DRD mice, the microstructure of striatal synapses was affected whereby the ratio of axo-spinous to axo-dendritic corticostriatal synaptic contacts was reduced. Microinjection of l-DOPA directly into the striatum ameliorated the dystonic movements but cerebellar microinjections of l-DOPA had no effect. Surprisingly, the striatal dopamine concentration was reduced to ∼1% of normal, a concentration more typically associated with akinesia, suggesting that (mal)adaptive postsynaptic responses may also play a role in the development of dystonia. Administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor agonists to enhance dopamine signalling reduced the dystonic movements, whereas administration of D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists to further reduce dopamine signalling worsened the dystonia, suggesting that both receptors mediate the abnormal movements. Further, D1-dopamine receptors were supersensitive; adenylate cyclase activity, locomotor activity and stereotypy were exaggerated in DRD mice in response to the D1-dopamine receptor agonist SKF 81297. D2-dopamine receptors exhibited a change in the valence in DRD mice with an increase in adenylate cyclase activity and blunted behavioural responses after challenge with the D2-dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole. Together, our findings suggest that the development of dystonia may depend on a reduction in dopamine in combination with specific abnormal receptor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Rose
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Y Yu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann K Heinzer
- 2 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Porter Harrast
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Robert S Raike
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Valerie B Thompson
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Pare
- 3 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 4 Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- 5 Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- 3 Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 4 Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- 5 Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 7 Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA 6 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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