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Cakici O, Bandaru S, Lee GY, Mustafa D, Akyürek LM. Targeting Cleavage of C-Terminal Fragment of Cytoskeletal Filamin A in Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:1394. [PMID: 39195282 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cancers express altered levels of actin-binding cytoskeletal filamin A (FLNA) protein. FLNA in mammals consists of an actin-binding domain at its N-terminus that is followed by 24 immunoglobulin-like repeat modules interrupted by two hinge regions between repeats 15-16 and 23-24. Cleavage of these hinge regions produces a naturally occurring C-terminal 90 kDa fragment of FLNA (FLNACT) that physically interacts with multiple proteins with diverse functions. This cleavage leads to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, which in turn contributes to cellular signaling, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of transcriptional factors and nuclear receptors, and regulation of their transcriptional activities that are important for initiation and progression of cancers. Therefore, recent studies have proposed blocking FLNA cleavage as a means of cancer therapy. Here, we update how FLNA cleavage has been targeted by different approaches and their potential implications for future treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Cakici
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sashidar Bandaru
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalandsregionen, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Grace Yankun Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dyar Mustafa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Levent M Akyürek
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Västra Götalandsregionen, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Vitali E, Franceschini B, Milana F, Soldani C, Polidoro MA, Carriero R, Kunderfranco P, Trivellin G, Costa G, Milardi G, Di Tommaso L, Torzilli G, Lleo A, Lania AG, Donadon M. Filamin A is involved in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma aggressiveness and progression. Liver Int 2024; 44:518-531. [PMID: 38010911 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a primary liver tumour, characterized by poor prognosis and lack of effective therapy. The cytoskeleton protein Filamin A (FLNA) is involved in cancer progression and metastasis, including primary liver cancer. FLNA is cleaved by calpain, producing a 90 kDa fragment (FLNACT ) that can translocate to the nucleus and inhibit gene transcription. We herein aim to define the role of FLNA and its cleavage in iCCA carcinogenesis. METHODS & RESULTS We evaluated the expression and localization of FLNA and FLNACT in liver samples from iCCA patients (n = 82) revealing that FLNA expression was independently correlated with disease-free survival. Primary tumour cells isolated from resected iCCA patients expressed both FLNA and FLNACT , and bulk RNA sequencing revealed a significant enrichment of cell proliferation and cell motility pathways in iCCAs with high FLNA expression. Further, we defined the impact of FLNA and FLNACT on the proliferation and migration of primary iCCA cells (n = 3) and HuCCT1 cell line using silencing and Calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor. We observed that FLNA silencing decreased cell proliferation and migration and Calpeptin was able to reduce FLNACT expression in both the HuCCT1 and iCCA cells (p < .05 vs. control). Moreover, Calpeptin 100 μM decreased HuCCT1 and primary iCCA cell proliferation (p <.00001 vs. control) and migration (p < .05 vs. control). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that FLNA is involved in human iCCA progression and calpeptin strongly decreased FLNACT expression, reducing cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vitali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Milana
- Division of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela A Polidoro
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Carriero
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Costa
- Division of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Milardi
- Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Laboratory, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Pathology Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Torzilli
- Division of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of General Surgery, University Maggiore Hospital, Novara, Italy
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhao W, Yang H, Zhao S, Tang D, Zhang Q, Li Z, Liu H, Li H, Li B, Lappalainen P, Xu T, Cui Z, Jiu Y. Single particle tracking reveals SARS-CoV-2 regulating and utilizing dynamic filopodia for viral invasion. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2210-2224. [PMID: 37661543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry mechanism has been explored, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 regulates the subcellular structural remodeling to invade multiple organs and cell types. Here, we unveil how SARS-CoV-2 boosts and utilizes filopodia to enter the target cells by real-time imaging. Using SARS-CoV-2 single virus-like particle (VLP) tracking in live cells and sparse deconvolution algorithm, we uncover that VLPs utilize filopodia to reach the entry site in two patterns, "surfing" and "grabbing", which avoid the virus from randomly searching on the plasma membrane. Moreover, combining mechanical simulation, we elucidate that the formation of virus-induced filopodia and the retraction speed of filopodia depend on cytoskeleton dynamics and friction resistance at the substrate surface caused by loading-virus gravity, respectively. Further, we discover that the entry process of SARS-CoV-2 via filopodia depends on Cdc42 activity and actin-associated proteins fascin, formin, and Arp2/3. Together, our results highlight that the spatial-temporal regulation of actin cytoskeleton by SARS-CoV-2 infection makes filopodia as a highway for virus entry and potentiates it as an antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Innovation Photonics and Imaging Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hui Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daijiao Tang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | | | - Haoyu Li
- Innovation Photonics and Imaging Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Guo X, Can C, Liu W, Wei Y, Yang X, Liu J, Jia H, Jia W, Wu H, Ma D. Mitochondrial transfer in hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2023; 11:89. [PMID: 37798791 PMCID: PMC10557299 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy-generated organelles and take an important part in biological metabolism. Mitochondria could be transferred between cells, which serves as a new intercellular communication. Mitochondrial transfer improves mitochondrial defects, restores the biological functions of recipient cells, and maintains the high metabolic requirements of tumor cells as well as drug resistance. In recent years, it has been reported mitochondrial transfer between cells of bone marrow microenvironment and hematological malignant cells play a critical role in the disease progression and resistance during chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the patterns and mechanisms on mitochondrial transfer and their engagement in different pathophysiological contexts and outline the latest knowledge on intercellular transport of mitochondria in hematological malignancies. Besides, we briefly outline the drug resistance mechanisms caused by mitochondrial transfer in cells during chemotherapy. Our review demonstrates a theoretical basis for mitochondrial transfer as a prospective therapeutic target to increase the treatment efficiency in hematological malignancies and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Can Can
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wancheng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinting Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hexiao Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hanyang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China.
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5
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Landgraf A, Yeh IJ, Ghozayel MK, Bum-Erdene K, Gonzalez-Gutierrez G, Meroueh SO. Exploring Covalent Bond Formation at Tyr-82 for Inhibition of Ral GTPase Activation. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300272. [PMID: 37269475 PMCID: PMC10529880 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ral RAS GTPases are directly activated by KRAS through a trimeric complex with a guanine exchange factor. Ral is considered undruggable and lacks an accessible cysteine for covalent drug development. Previously we had reported an aryl sulfonyl fluoride fragment that formed a covalent bond at Tyr-82 on Ral and created a deep and well-defined pocket. Here, we explore this pocket further through design and synthesis of several fragment derivatives. The fragment core is modified by introducing tetrahydronaphthalene or benzodioxane rings to enhance affinity and stability of the sulfonyl fluoride reactive group. The deep pocket in the Switch II region is also explored by modifying the aromatic ring of the fragment that is ensconced into the pocket. Compounds 19 (SOF-658) and 26 (SOF-648) formed a single robust adduct specifically at Tyr-82, inhibited Ral GTPase exchange in buffer and in mammalian cells, and blocked invasion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cancer cells. Compound 19 (SOF-658) was stable in buffer, mouse, and human microsomes suggesting that further optimization could lead to small molecules to probe Ral activity in tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Landgraf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - I-Ju Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mona K. Ghozayel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Khuchtumur Bum-Erdene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - Samy O. Meroueh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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6
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Liu J, Lu F, Ithychanda SS, Apostol M, Das M, Deshpande G, Plow EF, Qin J. A mechanism of platelet integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling through a novel integrin αIIb subunit-filamin-actin linkage. Blood 2023; 141:2629-2641. [PMID: 36867840 PMCID: PMC10356577 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The communication of talin-activated integrin αIIbβ3 with the cytoskeleton (integrin outside-in signaling) is essential for platelet aggregation, wound healing, and hemostasis. Filamin, a large actin crosslinker and integrin binding partner critical for cell spreading and migration, is implicated as a key regulator of integrin outside-in signaling. However, the current dogma is that filamin, which stabilizes inactive αIIbβ3, is displaced from αIIbβ3 by talin to promote the integrin activation (inside-out signaling), and how filamin further functions remains unresolved. Here, we show that while associating with the inactive αIIbβ3, filamin also associates with the talin-bound active αIIbβ3 to mediate platelet spreading. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based analysis reveals that while associating with both αIIb and β3 cytoplasmic tails (CTs) to maintain the inactive αIIbβ3, filamin is spatiotemporally rearranged to associate with αIIb CT alone on activated αIIbβ3. Consistently, confocal cell imaging indicates that integrin α CT-linked filamin gradually delocalizes from the β CT-linked focal adhesion marker-vinculin likely because of the separation of integrin α/β CTs occurring during integrin activation. High-resolution crystal and nuclear magnetic resonance structure determinations unravel that the activated integrin αIIb CT binds to filamin via a striking α-helix→β-strand transition with a strengthened affinity that is dependent on the integrin-activating membrane environment containing enriched phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. These data suggest a novel integrin αIIb CT-filamin-actin linkage that promotes integrin outside-in signaling. Consistently, disruption of such linkage impairs the activation state of αIIbβ3, phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase/proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase Src, and cell migration. Together, our findings advance the fundamental understanding of integrin outside-in signaling with broad implications in blood physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sujay Subbayya Ithychanda
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marcin Apostol
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mitali Das
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gauravi Deshpande
- Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Edward F. Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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7
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Androgens and NGF Mediate the Neurite-Outgrowth through Inactivation of RhoA. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030373. [PMID: 36766714 PMCID: PMC9913450 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones and growth factors control neuritogenesis through their cognate receptors under physiological and pathological conditions. We have already shown that nerve growth factor and androgens induce neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells through a reciprocal crosstalk between the NGF receptor, TrkA and the androgen receptor. Here, we report that androgens or NGF induce neuritogenesis in PC12 cells through inactivation of RhoA. Ectopic expression of the dominant negative RhoA N19 promotes, indeed, the neurite-elongation of unchallenged and androgen- or NGF-challenged PC12 cells and the increase in the expression levels of βIII tubulin, a specific neuronal marker. Pharmacological inhibition of the Ser/Thr kinase ROCK, an RhoA effector, induces neuritogenesis in unchallenged PC12 cells, and potentiates the effect of androgens and NGF, confirming the role of RhoA/ROCK axis in the neuritogenesis induced by androgen and NGF, through the phosphorylation of Akt. These findings suggest that therapies based on new selective androgen receptor modulators and/or RhoA/ROCK inhibitors might exert beneficial effects in the treatment of neuro-disorders, neurological diseases and ageing-related processes.
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Direct and Indirect Effects of Filamin A on Tau Pathology in Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1021-1039. [PMID: 36399251 PMCID: PMC9849303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03121-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), Tau, an axonal microtubule-associated protein, becomes hyperphosphorylated, detaches from microtubules, accumulates, and self-aggregates in the somatodendritic (SD) compartment. The accumulation of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated Tau is also seen in other neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-Tau). Previous studies reported a link between filamin A (FLNA), an actin-binding protein found in the SD compartment, and Tau pathology. In the present study, we further explored this link. We confirmed the interaction of Tau with FLNA in neuroblastoma 2a (N2a) cells. This interaction was mediated by a domain located between the 157 and 383 amino acids (a.a.) of Tau. Our results also revealed that the overexpression of FLNA resulted in an intracellular accumulation of wild-type Tau and Tau mutants (P301L, V337M, and R406W) in N2a cells. Tau phosphorylation and cleavage by caspase-3 but not its aggregation were increased upon FLNA overexpression in N2a cells. In the parietal cortex of AD brain, insoluble FLNA was increased compared to control brain, but it did not correlate with Tau pathology. Interestingly, Tau binding to microtubules and F-actin was preserved upon FLNA overexpression in N2a cells. Lastly, our results revealed that FLNA also induced the accumulation of annexin A2, a Tau interacting partner involved in its axonal localization. Collectively, our data indicated that in Tauopathies, FLNA could contribute to Tau pathology by acting on Tau and annexin A2.
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Mao Z, Nakamura F. Interaction of LARP4 to filamin A mechanosensing domain regulates cell migrations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1152109. [PMID: 37169020 PMCID: PMC10164935 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1152109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNA) is an actin cross-linking protein that mediates mechanotransduction. Force-dependent conformational changes of FLNA molecule expose cryptic binding site of FLNA, allowing interaction with partners such as integrin, smoothelin, and fimbacin. Here, we identified La-related protein 4 (LARP4) as a new FLNA mechanobinding partner. LARP4 specifically interacts with the cleft formed by C and D strands of immunoglobulin-like repeat 21 (R21) which is blocked by A strand of R20 without force. We validated the interaction between LARP4 and FLNA R21 both in vivo and in vitro. We also determined the critical amino acid that is responsible for the interaction and generated the non-FLNA-binding mutant LARP4 (F277A in human: F273A in mouse Larp4) that disrupts the interaction. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of GFP-labeled LARP4 in living cells demonstrated that mutant LARP4 diffuses faster than WT LARP4. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) also confirmed their interaction and disruption of actin polymerization diminishes the interaction. Data mining of RNAseq analysis of LARP4 knockdown (KD) HEK293T cells suggested that LARP4 is involved in morphogenesis and cell motility. Consistent with this prediction, we found that KD of LARP4 increases cell migration speed and expression of the F277A mutant LARP4 in LARP4-KD cells also leads to a higher cell migration speed compared to WT LARP4. These results demonstrated that the LARP4 interaction with FLNA regulates cell migration.
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10
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De Silva E, Hong F, Falet H, Kim H. Filamin A in platelets: Bridging the (signaling) gap between the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1060361. [PMID: 36605989 PMCID: PMC9808056 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate cells that are essential for hemostasis and wound healing. Upon activation of the cell surface receptors by their corresponding extracellular ligands, platelets undergo rapid shape change driven by the actin cytoskeleton; this shape change reaction is modulated by a diverse array of actin-binding proteins. One actin-binding protein, filamin A (FLNA), cross-links and stabilizes subcortical actin filaments thus providing stability to the cell membrane. In addition, FLNA binds the intracellular portion of multiple cell surface receptors and acts as a critical intracellular signaling scaffold that integrates signals between the platelet's plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. This mini-review summarizes how FLNA transduces critical cell signals to the platelet cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoli De Silva
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Felix Hong
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hervé Falet
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Hugh Kim
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Adam F, Kauskot A, Lamrani L, Solarz J, Soukaseum C, Repérant C, Denis CV, Raslova H, Rosa J, Bryckaert M. A gain-of-function filamin A mutation in mouse platelets induces thrombus instability. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2666-2678. [PMID: 36006037 PMCID: PMC9826440 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filaminopathies A are rare disorders affecting the brain, intestine, or skeleton, characterized by dominant X-linked filamin A (FLNA) gene mutations. Macrothrombocytopenia with functionally defective platelets is frequent. We have described a filaminopathy A male patient, exhibiting a C-terminal frame-shift FLNa mutation (Berrou et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37:1087-1097). Contrasting with female patients, this male patient exhibited gain of platelet functions, including increased platelet aggregation, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and secretion at low agonist concentration, raising the issue of thrombosis risk. OBJECTIVES Our goal is to assess the thrombotic potential of the patient FLNa mutation in an in vivo model. METHODS We have established a mutant FlnA knock-in mouse model. RESULTS The mutant FlnA mouse platelets phenocopied patient platelets, showing normal platelet count, lower expression level of mutant FlnA, and gain of platelet functions: increased platelet aggregation, secretion, and αIIbβ3 activation, as well as increased spreading and clot retraction. Surprisingly, mutant FlnA mice exhibited a normal bleeding time, but with increased re-bleeding (77%) compared to wild type (WT) FlnA mice (27%), reflecting hemostatic plug instability. Again, in an in vivo thrombosis model, the occlusion time was not altered by the FlnA mutation, but arteriolar embolies were increased (7-fold more frequent in mutant FlnA mice versus WT mice), confirming thrombus instability. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the FlnA mutation found in the male patient induced gain of platelet functions in vitro, but thrombus instability in vivo. Implications for the role of FLNa in physiology of thrombus formation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Adam
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Lamia Lamrani
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Jean Solarz
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | | | | | - Cécile V. Denis
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM UMR 1287, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer CampusEquipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Marijke Bryckaert
- INSERM UMR_S 1176, HIThUniversité Paris‐SaclayLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
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12
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RILP inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151938. [PMID: 35981451 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RILP (Rab-interacting lysosomal protein) is a key regulator of lysosomal transport and a potential tumor suppressor. However, the role of RILP in prostate cancer and the underlying mechanism of RILP in regulating the proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells remain to be studied. In this study, we confirmed RalGDS (Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator) as the interaction partner of RILP in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that RILP recruits RalGDS to the lysosomal compartment. We found that RILP inhibits the activation of RalA and downstream effector RalBP1, and negatively regulates the downstream molecular phosphorylation of Ras. We showed that RILP inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC3 prostate cancer cells, which may give rise to novel ideas for cancer treatment.
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13
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Gerlevik U, Saygı C, Cangül H, Kutlu A, Çaralan EF, Topçu Y, Özören N, Sezerman OU. Computational analysis of missense filamin-A variants, including the novel p.Arg484Gln variant of two brothers with periventricular nodular heterotopia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265400. [PMID: 35613087 PMCID: PMC9132340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a cell migration disorder associated with mutations in Filamin-A (FLNA) gene on chromosome X. Majority of the individuals with PNH-associated FLNA mutations are female whereas liveborn males with FLNA mutations are very rare. Fetal viability of the males seems to depend on the severity of the variant. Splicing or severe truncations presumed loss of function of the protein product, lead to male lethality and only partial-loss-of-function variants are reported in surviving males. Those variants mostly manifest milder clinical phenotypes in females and thus avoid detection of the disease in females. Methods We describe a novel p.Arg484Gln variant in the FLNA gene by performing whole exome analysis on the index case, his one affected brother and his healthy non-consanguineous parents. The transmission of PNH from a clinically asymptomatic mother to two sons is reported in a fully penetrant classical X-linked dominant mode. The variant was verified via Sanger sequencing. Additionally, we investigated the impact of missense mutations reported in affected males on the FLNa protein structure, dynamics and interactions by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to examine the disease etiology and possible compensative mechanisms allowing survival of the males. Results We observed that p.Arg484Gln disrupts the FLNa by altering its structural and dynamical properties including the flexibility of certain regions, interactions within the protein, and conformational landscape of FLNa. However, these impacts existed for only a part the MD trajectories and highly similar patterns observed in the other 12 mutations reported in the liveborn males validated this mechanism. Conclusion It is concluded that the variants seen in the liveborn males result in transient pathogenic effects, rather than persistent impairments. By this way, the protein could retain its function occasionally and results in the survival of the males besides causing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gerlevik
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceren Saygı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Cangül
- Center for Genetic Diagnosis, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kutlu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Bioinformatics & Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yasemin Topçu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Özören
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Uğur Sezerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Driscoll J, Gondaliya P, Patel T. Tunneling Nanotube-Mediated Communication: A Mechanism of Intercellular Nucleic Acid Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5487. [PMID: 35628298 PMCID: PMC9143920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin, F-actin-based membranous protrusions that connect distant cells and can provide e a novel mechanism for intercellular communication. By establishing cytoplasmic continuity between interconnected cells, TNTs enable the bidirectional transfer of nuclear and cytoplasmic cargo, including organelles, nucleic acids, drugs, and pathogenic molecules. TNT-mediated nucleic acid transfer provides a unique opportunity for donor cells to directly alter the genome, transcriptome, and metabolome of recipient cells. TNTs have been reported to transport DNA, mitochondrial DNA, mRNA, viral RNA, and non-coding RNAs, such as miRNA and siRNA. This mechanism of transfer is observed in physiological as well as pathological conditions, and has been implicated in the progression of disease. Herein, we provide a concise overview of TNTs' structure, mechanisms of biogenesis, and the functional effects of TNT-mediated intercellular transfer of nucleic acid cargo. Furthermore, we highlight the potential translational applications of TNT-mediated nucleic acid transfer in cancer, immunity, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tushar Patel
- Departments of Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (J.D.); (P.G.)
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15
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Richardson DS, Spehar JM, Han DT, Chakravarthy PA, Sizemore ST. The RAL Enigma: Distinct Roles of RALA and RALB in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101645. [PMID: 35626682 PMCID: PMC9139244 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RALA and RALB are highly homologous small G proteins belonging to the RAS superfamily. Like other small GTPases, the RALs are molecular switches that can be toggled between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states to regulate diverse and critical cellular functions such as vesicle trafficking, filopodia formation, mitochondrial fission, and cytokinesis. The RAL paralogs are activated and inactivated by a shared set of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and utilize similar sets of downstream effectors. In addition to their important roles in normal cell biology, the RALs are known to be critical mediators of cancer cell survival, invasion, migration, and metastasis. However, despite their substantial similarities, the RALs often display striking functional disparities in cancer. RALA and RALB can have redundant, unique, or even antagonistic functions depending on cancer type. The molecular basis for these discrepancies remains an important unanswered question in the field of cancer biology. In this review we examine the functions of the RAL paralogs in normal cellular physiology and cancer biology with special consideration provided to situations where the roles of RALA and RALB are non-redundant.
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Belyaeva V, Wachner S, Gyoergy A, Emtenani S, Gridchyn I, Akhmanova M, Linder M, Roblek M, Sibilia M, Siekhaus D. Fos regulates macrophage infiltration against surrounding tissue resistance by a cortical actin-based mechanism in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001494. [PMID: 34990456 PMCID: PMC8735623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells into tissues underlies the establishment of tissue-resident macrophages and responses to infections and tumors. Yet the mechanisms immune cells utilize to negotiate tissue barriers in living organisms are not well understood, and a role for cortical actin has not been examined. Here, we find that the tissue invasion of Drosophila macrophages, also known as plasmatocytes or hemocytes, utilizes enhanced cortical F-actin levels stimulated by the Drosophila member of the fos proto oncogene transcription factor family (Dfos, Kayak). RNA sequencing analysis and live imaging show that Dfos enhances F-actin levels around the entire macrophage surface by increasing mRNA levels of the membrane spanning molecular scaffold tetraspanin TM4SF, and the actin cross-linking filamin Cheerio, which are themselves required for invasion. Both the filamin and the tetraspanin enhance the cortical activity of Rho1 and the formin Diaphanous and thus the assembly of cortical actin, which is a critical function since expressing a dominant active form of Diaphanous can rescue the Dfos macrophage invasion defect. In vivo imaging shows that Dfos enhances the efficiency of the initial phases of macrophage tissue entry. Genetic evidence argues that this Dfos-induced program in macrophages counteracts the constraint produced by the tension of surrounding tissues and buffers the properties of the macrophage nucleus from affecting tissue entry. We thus identify strengthening the cortical actin cytoskeleton through Dfos as a key process allowing efficient forward movement of an immune cell into surrounding tissues. The infiltration of immune cells into tissue underlies the establishment of tissue-resident macrophages, and responses to infections and tumors, but how do they overcome tissue barriers? This study shows that macrophages upregulate the proto-oncogene Fos, increasing the density and crosslinking of cortical actin, thereby counteracting the tension of surrounding tissues and protecting the macrophage nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Belyaeva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Stephanie Wachner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Shamsi Emtenani
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Igor Gridchyn
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Maria Akhmanova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Markus Linder
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko Roblek
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine 1, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daria Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kim HJ, Ryu KJ, Kim M, Kim T, Kim SH, Han H, Kim H, Hong KS, Song CY, Choi Y, Hwangbo C, Kim KD, Yoo J. RhoGDI2-Mediated Rac1 Recruitment to Filamin A Enhances Rac1 Activity and Promotes Invasive Abilities of Gastric Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010255. [PMID: 35008419 PMCID: PMC8750349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2), a regulator of Rho family GTPase, has been known to promote tumor growth and malignant progression by activating Rac1 in gastric cancer. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which RhoGDI2 activates Rac1 in gastric cancer cells remains unclear. In this study, we found that interaction between RhoGDI2 and Rac1 is a prerequisite for the recruitment of Rac1 to Filamin A. Moreover, we found that Filamin A acts as a scaffold protein that mediates Rac1 activation. Furthermore, we found that Trio, a Rac1-specific GEF, is critical for Rac1 activation in gastric cancer cells. Conclusively, RhoGDI2 increases Rac1 activity by recruiting Rac1 to Filamin A and enhancing the interaction between Rac1 and Trio, which is critical for invasive ability of gastric cancer cells. Our findings suggest that RhoGDI2 might be a potential therapeutic target for reducing gastric cancer cell metastasis. Abstract Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2), a regulator of Rho family GTPase, has been known to promote tumor growth and malignant progression in gastric cancer. We previously showed that RhoGDI2 positively regulates Rac1 activity and Rac1 activation is critical for RhoGDI2-induced gastric cancer cell invasion. In this study, to identify the precise molecular mechanism by which RhoGDI2 activates Rac1 activity, we performed two-hybrid screenings using yeast and found that RhoGDI2 plays an important role in the interaction between Rac1, Filamin A and Rac1 activation in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, we found that Filamin A is required for Rac1 activation and the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells. Depletion of Filamin A expression markedly reduced Rac1 activity in RhoGDI2-expressing gastric cancer cells. The migration and invasion ability of RhoGDI2-expressing gastric cancer cells also substantially decreased when Filamin A expression was depleted. Furthermore, we found that Trio, a Rac1-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), is critical for Rac1 activation and the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, we conclude that RhoGDI2 increases Rac1 activity by recruiting Rac1 to Filamin A and enhancing the interaction between Rac1 and Trio, which is critical for the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Ki-Jun Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Minju Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Hyeontak Han
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Keun-Seok Hong
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Chae Yeong Song
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Yeonga Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jiyun Yoo
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (K.-J.R.); (M.K.); (T.K.); (S.-H.K.); (H.H.); (H.K.); (K.-S.H.); (C.Y.S.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (K.D.K.)
- Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1327
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Abstract
Ras is the most mutated oncoprotein in cancer. Among the three oncogenic effectors of Ras - Raf, PI3 Kinase and RalGEF>Ral - signalling through RalGEF>Ral (Ras-like) is by far the least well understood. A variety of signals and binding partners have been defined for Ral, yet we know little of how Ral functions in vivo. This review focuses on previous research in Drosophila that defined a function for Ral in apoptosis and established indirect relationships among Ral, the CNH-domain MAP4 Kinase misshapen, and the JNK MAP kinase basket. Most of the described signalling components are not essential in C. elegans, facilitating subsequent analysis using developmental patterning of the C. elegans vulval precursor cells (VPCs). The functions of two paralogous CNH-domain MAP4 Kinases were defined relative to Ras>Raf, Notch and Ras>RalGEF>Ral signalling in VPCs. MIG-15, the nematode ortholog of misshapen, antagonizes both the Ral-dependent and Ras>Raf-dependent developmental outcomes. In contrast, paralogous GCK-2, the C. elegans ortholog of Drosophila happyhour, propagates the 2°-promoting signal of Ral. Manipulations via CRISPR of Ral signalling through GCK-2 coupled with genetic epistasis delineated a Ras>RalGEF>Ral>Exo84>GCK-2>MAP3KMLK-1> p38PMK-1 cascade. Thus, genetic analysis using invertebrate experimental organisms defined a cascade from Ras to p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Reiner
- Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT David J. Reiner Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX
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Kano T, Tsumagari R, Nakashima A, Kikkawa U, Ueda S, Yamanoue M, Takei N, Shirai Y. RalA, PLD and mTORC1 Are Required for Kinase-Independent Pathways in DGKβ-Induced Neurite Outgrowth. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1814. [PMID: 34944458 PMCID: PMC8699322 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase β (DGKβ) is an enzyme that converts diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid and is mainly expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. We previously reported that DGKβ induces neurite outgrowth and spinogenesis, contributing to higher brain functions, including emotion and memory. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in neuronal development by DGKβ, we investigated the importance of DGKβ activity in the induction of neurite outgrowth using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Interestingly, both wild-type DGKβ and the kinase-negative (KN) mutant partially induced neurite outgrowth, and these functions shared a common pathway via the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In addition, we found that DGKβ interacted with the small GTPase RalA and that siRNA against RalA and phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitor treatments abolished DGKβKN-induced neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that binding of RalA and activation of PLD and mTORC1 are involved in DGKβKN-induced neurite outgrowth. Taken together with our previous reports, mTORC1 is a key molecule in both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent pathways of DGKβ-mediated neurite outgrowth, which is important for higher brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kano
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.T.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ryosuke Tsumagari
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.T.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Division of Signal Functions, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (A.N.); (U.K.)
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ushio Kikkawa
- Division of Signal Functions, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (A.N.); (U.K.)
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.T.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minoru Yamanoue
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.T.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Brain Tumor Biology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan;
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry in Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (T.K.); (R.T.); (S.U.); (M.Y.)
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20
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Tunneling nanotubes and related structures: molecular mechanisms of formation and function. Biochem J 2021; 478:3977-3998. [PMID: 34813650 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are F-actin-based, membrane-enclosed tubular connections between animal cells that transport a variety of cellular cargo. Over the last 15 years since their discovery, TNTs have come to be recognized as key players in normal cell communication and organism development, and are also exploited for the spread of various microbial pathogens and major diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. TNTs have also been proposed as modalities for disseminating therapeutic drugs between cells. Despite the rapidly expanding and wide-ranging relevance of these structures in both health and disease, there is a glaring dearth of molecular mechanistic knowledge regarding the formation and function of these important but enigmatic structures. A series of fundamental steps are essential for the formation of functional nanotubes. The spatiotemporally controlled and directed modulation of cortical actin dynamics would be required to ensure outward F-actin polymerization. Local plasma membrane deformation to impart negative curvature and membrane addition at a rate commensurate with F-actin polymerization would enable outward TNT elongation. Extrinsic tactic cues, along with cognate intrinsic signaling, would be required to guide and stabilize the elongating TNT towards its intended target, followed by membrane fusion to create a functional TNT. Selected cargoes must be transported between connected cells through the action of molecular motors, before the TNT is retracted or destroyed. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating these steps, also highlighting areas that deserve future attention.
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21
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Chung S, Le TP, Vishwakarma V, Cheng YL, Andrew DJ. Isoform-specific roles of the Drosophila filamin-type protein Jitterbug (Jbug) during development. Genetics 2021; 219:iyab100. [PMID: 34173831 PMCID: PMC8860385 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamins are highly conserved actin-crosslinking proteins that regulate organization of the actin cytoskeleton. As key components of versatile signaling scaffolds, filamins are implicated in developmental anomalies and cancer. Multiple isoforms of filamins exist, raising the possibility of distinct functions for each isoform during development and in disease. Here, we provide an initial characterization of jitterbug (jbug), which encodes one of the two filamin-type proteins in Drosophila. We generate Jbug antiserum that recognizes all of the spliced forms and reveals differential expression of different Jbug isoforms during development, and a significant maternal contribution of Jbug protein. To reveal the function of Jbug isoforms, we create new genetic tools, including a null allele that deletes all isoforms, hypomorphic alleles that affect only a subset, and UAS lines for Gal4-driven expression of the major isoforms. Using these tools, we demonstrate that Jbug is required for viability and that specific isoforms are required in the formation of actin-rich protrusions including thoracic bristles in adults and ventral denticles in the embryo. We also show that specific isoforms of Jbug show differential localization within epithelia and that maternal and zygotic loss of jbug disrupts Crumbs (Crb) localization in several epithelial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeYeon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Thao Phuong Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Vishakha Vishwakarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Yim Ling Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deborah J Andrew
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Hussain SS, Tran TM, Ware TB, Luse MA, Prevost CT, Ferguson AN, Kashatus JA, Hsu KL, Kashatus DF. RalA and PLD1 promote lipid droplet growth in response to nutrient withdrawal. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109451. [PMID: 34320341 PMCID: PMC8344381 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that undergo dynamic changes in response to changing cellular conditions. During nutrient depletion, LD numbers increase to protect cells against toxic fatty acids generated through autophagy and provide fuel for beta-oxidation. However, the precise mechanisms through which these changes are regulated have remained unclear. Here, we show that the small GTPase RalA acts downstream of autophagy to directly facilitate LD growth during nutrient depletion. Mechanistically, RalA performs this function through phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme that converts phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and that is recruited to lysosomes during nutrient stress in a RalA-dependent fashion. RalA inhibition prevents recruitment of the LD-associated protein perilipin 3, which is required for LD growth. Our data support a model in which RalA recruits PLD1 to lysosomes during nutrient deprivation to promote the localized production of PA and the recruitment of perilipin 3 to expanding LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Tuyet-Minh Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Timothy B Ware
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Melissa A Luse
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christopher T Prevost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ashley N Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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Liu M, Xu Z, Zhang C, Yang C, Feng J, Lu Y, Zhang W, Chen W, Xu X, Sun X, Yang M, Liu W, Zhou T, Yang Y. NudC L279P Mutation Destabilizes Filamin A by Inhibiting the Hsp90 Chaperoning Pathway and Suppresses Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671233. [PMID: 34262899 PMCID: PMC8273881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A, the first discovered non-muscle actin filament cross-linking protein, plays a crucial role in regulating cell migration that participates in diverse cellular and developmental processes. However, the regulatory mechanism of filamin A stability remains unclear. Here, we find that nuclear distribution gene C (NudC), a cochaperone of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is required to stabilize filamin A in mammalian cells. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry and western blotting analyses reveal that NudC interacts with filamin A. Overexpression of human NudC-L279P (an evolutionarily conserved mutation in NudC that impairs its chaperone activity) not only decreases the protein level of filamin A but also results in actin disorganization and the suppression of cell migration. Ectopic expression of filamin A is able to reverse these defects induced by the overexpression of NudC-L279P. Furthermore, Hsp90 forms a complex with filamin A. The inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity by either geldanamycin or radicicol decreases the protein stability of filamin A. In addition, ectopic expression of Hsp90 efficiently restores NudC-L279P overexpression-induced protein stability and functional defects of filamin A. Taken together, these data suggest NudC L279P mutation destabilizes filamin A by inhibiting the Hsp90 chaperoning pathway and suppresses cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangqi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,The Cancer Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, and Institute of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Ral GTPase is essential for actin dynamics and Golgi apparatus distribution in mouse oocyte maturation. Cell Div 2021; 16:3. [PMID: 34112192 PMCID: PMC8194175 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-021-00071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ral family is a member of Ras-like GTPase superfamily, which includes RalA and RalB. RalA/B play important roles in many cell biological functions, including cytoskeleton dynamics, cell division, membrane transport, gene expression and signal transduction. However, whether RalA/B involve into the mammalian oocyte meiosis is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the roles of RalA/B during mouse oocyte maturation. Results Our results showed that RalA/B expressed at all stages of oocyte maturation, and they were enriched at the spindle periphery area after meiosis resumption. The injection of RalA/B siRNAs into the oocytes significantly disturbed the polar body extrusion, indicating the essential roles of RalA/B for oocyte maturation. We observed that in the RalA/B knockdown oocytes the actin filament fluorescence intensity was significantly increased at the both cortex and cytoplasm, and the chromosomes were failed to locate near the cortex, indicating that RalA/B regulate actin dynamics for spindle migration in mouse oocytes. Moreover, we also found that the Golgi apparatus distribution at the spindle periphery was disturbed after RalA/B depletion. Conclusions In summary, our results indicated that RalA/B affect actin dynamics for chromosome positioning and Golgi apparatus distribution in mouse oocytes.
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Misra S, Ghatak S, Moreno-Rodriguez RA, Norris RA, Hascall VC, Markwald RR. Periostin/Filamin-A: A Candidate Central Regulatory Axis for Valve Fibrogenesis and Matrix Compaction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:649862. [PMID: 34150753 PMCID: PMC8209548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.649862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discoveries in the identification of transcription factors, growth factors and extracellular signaling molecules have led to the detection of downstream targets that modulate valvular tissue organization that occurs during development, aging, or disease. Among these, matricellular protein, periostin, and cytoskeletal protein filamin A are highly expressed in developing heart valves. The phenotype of periostin null indicates that periostin promotes migration, survival, and differentiation of valve interstitial cushion cells into fibroblastic lineages necessary for postnatal valve remodeling/maturation. Genetically inhibiting filamin A expression in valve interstitial cushion cells mirrored the phenotype of periostin nulls, suggesting a molecular interaction between these two proteins resulted in poorly remodeled valve leaflets that might be prone to myxomatous over time. We examined whether filamin A has a cross-talk with periostin/signaling that promotes remodeling of postnatal heart valves into mature leaflets. RESULTS We have previously shown that periostin/integrin-β1 regulates Pak1 activation; here, we revealed that the strong interaction between Pak1 and filamin A proteins was only observed after stimulation of VICs with periostin; suggesting that periostin/integrin-β-mediated interaction between FLNA and Pak1 may have a functional role in vivo. We found that FLNA phosphorylation (S2152) is activated by Pak1, and this interaction was observed after stimulation with periostin/integrin-β1/Cdc42/Rac1 signaling; consequently, FLNA binding to Pak1 stimulates its kinase activity. Patients with floppy and/or prolapsed mitral valves, when genetically screened, were found to have point mutations in the filamin A gene at P637Q and G288R. Expression of either of these filamin A mutants failed to increase the magnitude of filamin A (S2152) expression, Pak1-kinase activity, actin polymerization, and differentiation of VICs into mature mitral valve leaflets in response to periostin signaling. CONCLUSION PN-stimulated bidirectional interaction between activated FLNA and Pak1 is essential for actin cytoskeletal reorganization and the differentiation of immature VICs into mature valve leaflets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Shibnath Ghatak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Vincent C. Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Roger R. Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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26
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Vitali E, Piccini S, Trivellin G, Smiroldo V, Lavezzi E, Zerbi A, Pepe G, Lania AG. The impact of SST2 trafficking and signaling in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111226. [PMID: 33675866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (Pan-NETs), are heterogeneous neoplasms, whose incidence and prevalence are increasing worldwide. Pan-NETs are characterized by the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTs). In particular, SST2 is the most widely distributed SST in NETs, thus representing the main molecular target for somatostatin analogs (SSAs). SSAs are currently approved for the treatment of well-differentiated NETs, and radionuclide-labeled SSAs are used for diagnostic and treatment purposes. SSAs, by binding to SSTs, have been shown to inhibit hormone secretion and thus provide control of hypersecretion symptoms, when present, and inhibit tumor proliferation. After SSA binding to SST2, the fate of the receptor is determined by trafficking mechanisms, crucial for the response to endogenous or pharmacological ligands. Although SST2 acts mostly through G protein-dependent mechanism, receptor-ligand complex endocytosis and receptor trafficking further regulate its function. SST2 mediates the decrease of hormone secretion via a G protein-dependent mechanism, culminating with the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and calcium channels; it also inhibits cell proliferation and increases apoptosis through the modulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Moreover, SST2 inhibits angiogenesis and cell migration. In this respect, the cross-talk between SST2 and its interacting proteins, including Filamin A (FLNA) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP), plays a crucial role for SST2 signaling and responsiveness to SSAs. This review will focus on recent studies from our and other groups that have investigated the trafficking and signaling of SST2 in Pan-NETs, in order to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor responsiveness to pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vitali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - S Piccini
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - G Trivellin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Italy; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - V Smiroldo
- Oncology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - E Lavezzi
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - A Zerbi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy; Pancreas Surgery Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - G Pepe
- Nuclear Medicine Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy; Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
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Han CW, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Understand KRAS and the Quest for Anti-Cancer Drugs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040842. [PMID: 33917906 PMCID: PMC8068306 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS oncogene is mutated in approximately ~30% of human cancers, and the targeting of KRAS has long been highlighted in many studies. Nevertheless, attempts to target KRAS directly have been ineffective. This review provides an overview of the structure of KRAS and its characteristic signaling pathways. Additionally, we examine the problems associated with currently available KRAS inhibitors and discuss promising avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials and Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (M.S.J. & S.B.J.)
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (M.S.J. & S.B.J.)
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28
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Ravi LI, Tan TJ, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Virus-induced activation of the rac1 protein at the site of respiratory syncytial virus assembly is a requirement for virus particle assembly on infected cells. Virology 2021; 557:86-99. [PMID: 33677389 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of the rac1, rhoA and cdc42 proteins in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected cells was examined. All three rhoGTPases were detected within inclusion bodies, and while the rhoA and rac1 proteins were associated with virus filaments, only the rac1 protein was localised throughout the virus filaments. RSV infection led to increased rac1 protein activation, and using the rac1 protein inhibitor NS23766 we provided evidence that the increased rac1 activation occurred at the site of RSV assembly and facilitated F-actin remodeling during virus morphogenesis. A non-infectious virus-like particle (VLP) assay showed that the RSV VLPs formed in lipid-raft microdomains containing the rac1 protein, together with F-actin and filamin-1 (cell proteins associated with virus filaments). This provided evidence that the virus envelope proteins are trafficked to membrane microdomains containing the rac1 protein. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the rac1 protein plays a direct role in the RSV assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Iyer Ravi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Timothy J Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Defense Medical and Environment Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, 117510, Singapore; Infection and Immunity, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.
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Lamsoul I, Dupré L, Lutz PG. Molecular Tuning of Filamin A Activities in the Context of Adhesion and Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:591323. [PMID: 33330471 PMCID: PMC7714767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.591323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic organization of actin cytoskeleton meshworks relies on multiple actin-binding proteins endowed with distinct actin-remodeling activities. Filamin A is a large multi-domain scaffolding protein that cross-links actin filaments with orthogonal orientation in response to various stimuli. As such it plays key roles in the modulation of cell shape, cell motility, and differentiation throughout development and adult life. The essentiality and complexity of Filamin A is highlighted by mutations that lead to a variety of severe human disorders affecting multiple organs. One of the most conserved activity of Filamin A is to bridge the actin cytoskeleton to integrins, thereby maintaining the later in an inactive state. We here review the numerous mechanisms cells have developed to adjust Filamin A content and activity and focus on the function of Filamin A as a gatekeeper to integrin activation and associated adhesion and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lamsoul
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre G Lutz
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
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30
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Ljubojevic N, Henderson JM, Zurzolo C. The Ways of Actin: Why Tunneling Nanotubes Are Unique Cell Protrusions. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:130-142. [PMID: 33309107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin remodeling is at the heart of the response of cells to external or internal stimuli, allowing a variety of membrane protrusions to form. Fifteen years ago, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) were identified, bringing a novel addition to the family of actin-supported cellular protrusions. Their unique property as conduits for cargo transfer between distant cells emphasizes the unique nature of TNTs among other protrusions. While TNTs in different pathological and physiological scenarios have been described, the molecular basis of how TNTs form is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the role of several actin regulators in the formation of TNTs and suggest potential players based on their comparison with other actin-based protrusions. New perspectives for discovering a distinct TNT formation pathway would enable us to target them in treating the increasing number of TNT-involved pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ljubojevic
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, ED394 - Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Michael Henderson
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
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31
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Apken LH, Oeckinghaus A. The RAL signaling network: Cancer and beyond. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 361:21-105. [PMID: 34074494 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The RAL proteins RALA and RALB belong to the superfamily of small RAS-like GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases). RAL GTPases function as molecular switches in cells by cycling through GDP- and GTP-bound states, a process which is regulated by several guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and two heterodimeric GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). Since their discovery in the 1980s, RALA and RALB have been established to exert isoform-specific functions in central cellular processes such as exocytosis, endocytosis, actin organization and gene expression. Consequently, it is not surprising that an increasing number of physiological functions are discovered to be controlled by RAL, including neuronal plasticity, immune response, and glucose and lipid homeostasis. The critical importance of RAL GTPases for oncogenic RAS-driven cellular transformation and tumorigenesis still attracts most research interest. Here, RAL proteins are key drivers of cell migration, metastasis, anchorage-independent proliferation, and survival. This chapter provides an overview of normal and pathological functions of RAL GTPases and summarizes the current knowledge on the involvement of RAL in human disease as well as current therapeutic targeting strategies. In particular, molecular mechanisms that specifically control RAL activity and RAL effector usage in different scenarios are outlined, putting a spotlight on the complexity of the RAL GTPase signaling network and the emerging theme of RAS-independent regulation and relevance of RAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Apken
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Oeckinghaus
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Wang S, Roy JP, Tomlinson AJ, Wang EB, Tsai YH, Cameron L, Underwood J, Spence JR, Walton KD, Stacker SA, Gumucio DL, Lechler T. RYK-mediated filopodial pathfinding facilitates midgut elongation. Development 2020; 147:dev195388. [PMID: 32994164 PMCID: PMC7648600 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Between embryonic days 10.5 and 14.5, active proliferation drives rapid elongation of the murine midgut epithelial tube. Within this pseudostratified epithelium, nuclei synthesize DNA near the basal surface and move apically to divide. After mitosis, the majority of daughter cells extend a long, basally oriented filopodial protrusion, building a de novo path along which their nuclei can return to the basal side. WNT5A, which is secreted by surrounding mesenchymal cells, acts as a guidance cue to orchestrate this epithelial pathfinding behavior, but how this signal is received by epithelial cells is unknown. Here, we have investigated two known WNT5A receptors: ROR2 and RYK. We found that epithelial ROR2 is dispensable for midgut elongation. However, loss of Ryk phenocopies the Wnt5a-/- phenotype, perturbing post-mitotic pathfinding and leading to apoptosis. These studies reveal that the ligand-receptor pair WNT5A-RYK acts as a navigation system to instruct filopodial pathfinding, a process that is crucial for continuous cell cycling to fuel rapid midgut elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James P Roy
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Abigail J Tomlinson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ellen B Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Julie Underwood
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Partners in crime: POPX2 phosphatase and its interacting proteins in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 33037179 PMCID: PMC7547661 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation govern intracellular signal transduction and cellular functions. Kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation and development of many diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. While the functions and roles of many kinases, as well as their substrates, are well understood, phosphatases are comparatively less well studied. Recent studies have shown that rather than acting on fewer and more distinct substrates like the kinases, phosphatases can recognize specific phosphorylation sites on many different proteins, making the study of phosphatases and their substrates challenging. One approach to understand the biological functions of phosphatases is through understanding their protein–protein interaction network. POPX2 (Partner of PIX 2; also known as PPM1F or CaMKP) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that belongs to the PP2C family. It has been implicated in cancer cell motility and invasiveness. This review aims to summarize the different binding partners of POPX2 phosphatase and explore the various functions of POPX2 through its interactome in the cell. In particular, we focus on the impact of POPX2 on cancer progression. Acting via its different substrates and interacting proteins, POPX2’s involvement in metastasis is multifaceted and varied according to the stages of metastasis.
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Lian G, Chenn A, Ekuta V, Kanaujia S, Sheen V. Formin 2 Regulates Lysosomal Degradation of Wnt-Associated β-Catenin in Neural Progenitors. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1938-1952. [PMID: 29659741 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neural progenitor proliferation along the ventricular zone is regulated by β-catenin through Wnt signaling, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that regulate expression and localization of these proteins are not well understood. Our prior studies have shown that loss of the actin-binding Filamin A (FlnA) and actin-nucleating protein Formin 2 (Fmn2) impairs endocytosis of low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6 (Lrp6), thereby disrupting β-catenin activation, resulting in decreased brain size. Here, we report that activated RhoA-GTPase disengages Fmn2 N- to C-terminal binding to promote Fmn2 activation and redistribution into lysosomal vesicles. Fmn2 colocalizes with β-catenin in lysosomes and promotes its degradation. Further, Fmn2 binds the E3 ligase Smurf2, enhances Smurf2-dependent ubiquitination, and degradation of Dishevelled-2 (Dvl2), thereby initiates β-catenin degradation. Finally, Fmn2 overexpression disrupts neuroepithelial integrity, neuronal migration, and proliferation-phenotypes in E13 mouse embryos, as seen with loss of Fmn2+FlnA function. Conversely, co-expression of Dvl2 with Fmn2 rescues the proliferation defect due to Fmn2 overexpression in mouse embryos. These findings suggest that there is a homeostatic feedback mechanism in the cytoskeletal-dependent regulation of neural proliferation within the cerebral cortex. Upstream, Fmn2 promotes proliferation by stabilizing the Lrp6 receptor, leading to β-catenin activation. Downstream, RhoA-activated Fmn2 promotes lysosomal degradation of Dvl2, leading to β-catenin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anjen Chenn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Victor Ekuta
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sneha Kanaujia
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volney Sheen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Galardi A, Colletti M, Lavarello C, Di Paolo V, Mascio P, Russo I, Cozza R, Romanzo A, Valente P, De Vito R, Pascucci L, Peinado H, Carcaboso AM, Petretto A, Locatelli F, Di Giannatale A. Proteomic Profiling of Retinoblastoma-Derived Exosomes Reveals Potential Biomarkers of Vitreous Seeding. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061555. [PMID: 32545553 PMCID: PMC7352325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common tumor of the eye in early childhood. Although recent advances in conservative treatment have greatly improved the visual outcome, local tumor control remains difficult in the presence of massive vitreous seeding. Traditional biopsy has long been considered unsafe in RB, due to the risk of extraocular spread. Thus, the identification of new biomarkers is crucial to design safer diagnostic and more effective therapeutic approaches. Exosomes, membrane-derived nanovesicles that are secreted abundantly by aggressive tumor cells and that can be isolated from several biological fluids, represent an interesting alternative for the detection of tumor-associated biomarkers. In this study, we defined the protein signature of exosomes released by RB tumors (RBT) and vitreous seeding (RBVS) primary cell lines by high resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 5666 proteins were identified. Among these, 5223 and 3637 were expressed in exosomes RBT and one RBVS group, respectively. Gene enrichment analysis of exclusively and differentially expressed proteins and network analysis identified in RBVS exosomes upregulated proteins specifically related to invasion and metastasis, such as proteins involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and interaction, resistance to anoikis and the metabolism/catabolism of glucose and amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Galardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Marta Colletti
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-066859-3516
| | - Chiara Lavarello
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (C.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Virginia Di Paolo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Paolo Mascio
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Ida Russo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Raffaele Cozza
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Antonino Romanzo
- Ophtalmology Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Paola Valente
- Ophtalmology Unit, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Rita De Vito
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza di Sant’ Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Hector Peinado
- Microenvironment & Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Core Facilities-Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy; (C.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
- Department of Ginecology/Obstetrics & Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Di Giannatale
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (V.D.P.); (P.M.); (I.R.); (R.C.); (F.L.); (A.D.G.)
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Arora PD, Nakajima K, Nanda A, Plaha A, Wilde A, Sacks DB, McCulloch CA. Flightless anchors IQGAP1 and R-ras to mediate cell extension formation and matrix remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1595-1610. [PMID: 32432944 PMCID: PMC7521798 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tractional remodeling of collagen fibrils by fibroblasts requires long cell extensions that mediate fibril alignment. The formation of these cell extensions involves flightless I (FliI), an actin-binding protein that contains a leucine-rich-repeat (LRR), which binds R-ras and may regulate cdc42. We considered that FliI interacts with small GTPases and their regulators to mediate assembly of cell extensions. Mass spectrometry analyses of FliI immunoprecipitates showed abundant Ras GTPase-activating-like protein (IQGAP1), which in immunostained samples colocalized with FliI at cell adhesions. Knockdown of IQGAP1 reduced the numbers of cell extensions and the alignment of collagen fibrils. In experiments using dominant negative mutants, cdc42 activity was required for the formation of short extensions while R-ras was required for the formation of long extensions. Immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutant constructs showed that IQGAP1 associated with cdc42 and R-ras; this association required the GAP-related domain (1004–1237 aa) of IQGAP1. In cells transfected with FliI mutants, the LRR of FliI, but not its gelsolin-like domains, mediated association with cdc42, R-ras, and IQGAP1. We conclude that FliI interacts with IQGAP1 and co-ordinates with cdc42 and R-ras to control the formation of cell extensions that enable collagen tractional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Arora
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - K Nakajima
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - A Nanda
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - A Plaha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - A Wilde
- Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - D B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - C A McCulloch
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
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Lian G, Wong T, Lu J, Hu J, Zhang J, Sheen V. Cytoskeletal Associated Filamin A and RhoA Affect Neural Progenitor Specification During Mitosis. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1280-1290. [PMID: 29462287 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor proliferation and cell fate decision from self-renewal to differentiation are crucial factors in determining brain size and morphology. The cytoskeletal dependent regulation of these processes is not entirely known. The actin-binding filamin A (FlnA) was shown to regulate proliferation of progenitors by directing changes in cell cycles proteins such as Cdk1 during G2/M phase. Here we report that functional loss of FlnA not only affects the rate of proliferation by altering cell cycle length but also causes a defect in early differentiation through changes in cell fate specification. FlnA interacts with Rho GTPase RhoA, and FlnA loss impairs RhoA activation. Disruption of either of these cytoskeletal associated proteins delays neurogenesis and promotes neural progenitors to remain in proliferative states. Aurora kinase B (Aurkb) has been implicated in cytokinesis, and peaks in expression during the G2/M phase. Inhibition of FlnA or RhoA impairs Aurkb degradation and alters its localization during mitosis. Overexpression of Aurkb replicates the same delay in neurogenesis seen with loss of FlnA or RhoA. Our findings suggest that shared cytoskeletal processes can direct neural progenitor proliferation by regulating the expression and localization of proteins that are implicated in the cell cycle progression and cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Wong
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volney Sheen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen C, Ye C, Xia J, Zhou Y, Wu R. Ezrin T567 phosphorylation regulates migration and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells by changing actin cytoskeleton. Life Sci 2020; 254:117681. [PMID: 32380081 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The enhanced ability of endometrial cell migration and invasion is the foundation for formation of ectopic lesions in endometriosis. Ezrin has been reported to regulate cell motility by remodeling the cytoskeleton. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which ezrin remodels the cytoskeleton and cell structure to promote cell motility in endometriosis. METHODS In our study, expression and distribution of ezrin, and Rho pathway were detected through immunohistochemical analysis. The effects of inhibiting ezrin T567 phosphorylation on Rho signaling pathway and cytoskeleton were investigated through western blot, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis. KEY FINDINGS We found that the expression of ezrin and Rho pathway was higher in ectopic endometrium. NSC305787 inhibited the phosphorylation of ezrin T567, resulting in decreased expression of Rho pathway and reduced filopodia formation in ectopic endometrial stromal cells. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our study suggested that ezrin T567 phosphorylation modulated migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs through actin reconstructions, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target in ovarian endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolu Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Chaoshuang Ye
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Jianmei Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Wade EM, Halliday BJ, Jenkins ZA, O'Neill AC, Robertson SP. The X‐linked filaminopathies: Synergistic insights from clinical and molecular analysis. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:865-883. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Wade
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Benjamin J. Halliday
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Zandra A. Jenkins
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Adam C. O'Neill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Stephen P. Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of MedicineUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Wagner M, Skorobogatko Y, Pode-Shakked B, Powell CM, Alhaddad B, Seibt A, Barel O, Heimer G, Hoffmann C, Demmer LA, Perilla-Young Y, Remke M, Wieczorek D, Navaratnarajah T, Lichtner P, Klee D, Shamseldin HE, Al Mutairi F, Mayatepek E, Strom T, Meitinger T, Alkuraya FS, Anikster Y, Saltiel AR, Distelmaier F. Bi-allelic Variants in RALGAPA1 Cause Profound Neurodevelopmental Disability, Muscular Hypotonia, Infantile Spasms, and Feeding Abnormalities. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:246-255. [PMID: 32004447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ral (Ras-like) GTPases play an important role in the control of cell migration and have been implicated in Ras-mediated tumorigenicity. Recently, variants in RALA were also described as a cause of intellectual disability and developmental delay, indicating the relevance of this pathway to neuropediatric diseases. Here, we report the identification of bi-allelic variants in RALGAPA1 (encoding Ral GTPase activating protein catalytic alpha subunit 1) in four unrelated individuals with profound neurodevelopmental disability, muscular hypotonia, feeding abnormalities, recurrent fever episodes, and infantile spasms . Dysplasia of corpus callosum with focal thinning of the posterior part and characteristic facial features appeared to be unifying findings. RalGAPA1 was absent in the fibroblasts derived from two affected individuals suggesting a loss-of-function effect of the RALGAPA1 variants. Consequently, RalA activity was increased in these cell lines, which is in keeping with the idea that RalGAPA1 deficiency causes a constitutive activation of RalA. Additionally, levels of RalGAPB, a scaffolding subunit of the RalGAP complex, were dramatically reduced, indicating a dysfunctional RalGAP complex. Moreover, RalGAPA1 deficiency clearly increased cell-surface levels of lipid raft components in detached fibroblasts, which might indicate that anchorage-dependence of cell growth signaling is disturbed. Our findings indicate that the dysregulation of the RalA pathway has an important impact on neuronal function and brain development. In light of the partially overlapping phenotype between RALA- and RALGAPA1-associated diseases, it appears likely that dysregulation of the RalA signaling pathway leads to a distinct group of genetic syndromes that we suggest could be named RALopathies.
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Filamin A: key actor in platelet biology. Blood 2020; 134:1279-1288. [PMID: 31471375 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamins (FLNs) are large dimeric actin-binding proteins that regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling. In addition, FLNs serve as scaffolds for signaling proteins, such as tyrosine kinases, GTPases, or phosphatases, as well as for adhesive receptors, such as integrins. Thus, they connect adhesive receptors to signaling pathways and to cytoskeleton. There are 3 isoforms of FLN (filamin a [FLNa], FLNb, FLNc) that originate from 3 homologous genes. FLNa has been the recent focus of attention because its mutations are responsible for a wide spectrum of defects called filaminopathies A, affecting brain (peri-ventricular nodular heterotopia), heart (valve defect), skeleton, gastrointestinal tract, and, more recently, the megakaryocytic lineage. This review will focus on the physiological and pathological roles of FLNa in platelets. Indeed, FLNa mutations alter platelet production from their bone marrow precursors, the megakaryocytes, yielding giant platelets in reduced numbers (macrothrombocytopenia). In platelets per se, FLNa mutations may lead to impaired αIIbβ3 integrin activation or in contrast, increased αIIbβ3 activation, potentially enhancing the risk of thrombosis. Experimental work delineating the interaction of FLNa with its platelet partners, including αIIbβ3, the von Willebrand factor receptor GPIb-IX-V, the tyrosine kinase Syk, and the signaling pathway of the collagen receptor GPVI, will also be reviewed.
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Cheng M, Jiang Y, Yang H, Zhao D, Li L, Liu X. FLNA promotes chemoresistance of colorectal cancer through inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and smad2 signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:403-423. [PMID: 32195017 PMCID: PMC7061762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a leading cause of tumor relapse and treatment failure in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and is correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study was aimed to explore the mechanism of EMT in chemoresistant CRC. Bioinformatic method was used to screen differentially expressed genes between 5-FU sensitive and resistant CRC cells. Immunohistochemistry staining was utilized to analyze the expression of FLNA in CRC tissues. The roles of FLNA in chemoresistance were validated via loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments in vitro and in an orthotopic CRC animal model. The regulation of c-Met signaling by FLNA was explored via Co-Immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Our results suggested FLNA directly regulated the metastasis and EMT of chemoresistant CRC cells. Moreover, c-Met-AKT mediated ser2152 phosphorylation of FLNA was demonstrated to be correlated with EMT. In turn, FLNA enhanced c-Met promoter activity by its interaction with smad2. Clinically, the expression of FLNA was significantly associated with c-Met protein levels in CRC tissues. These data established that FLNA could be a novel and reliable CRC marker and a potential therapeutic target against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Yannan Jiang
- Key Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal HospitalSuzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityNo. 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongyao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityNo. 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital of Henan UniversityZhengzhou 450003, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityNo. 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Disrupted filamin A/α IIbβ 3 interaction induces macrothrombocytopenia by increasing RhoA activity. Blood 2019; 133:1778-1788. [PMID: 30602618 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-861427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamin A (FLNa) links the cell membrane with the cytoskeleton and is central in several cellular processes. Heterozygous mutations in the X-linked FLNA gene are associated with a large spectrum of conditions, including macrothrombocytopenia, called filaminopathies. Using an isogenic pluripotent stem cell model derived from patients, we show that the absence of the FLNa protein in megakaryocytes (MKs) leads to their incomplete maturation, particularly the inability to produce proplatelets. Reduction in proplatelet formation potential is associated with a defect in actomyosin contractility, which results from inappropriate RhoA activation. This dysregulated RhoA activation was observed when MKs were plated on fibrinogen but not on other matrices (fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen 1, and von Willebrand factor), strongly suggesting a role for FLNa/αIIbβ3 interaction in the downregulation of RhoA activity. This was confirmed by experiments based on the overexpression of FLNa mutants deleted in the αIIbβ3-binding domain and the RhoA-interacting domain, respectively. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of the RhoA-associated kinase ROCK1/2 restored a normal phenotype and proplatelet formation. Overall, this work suggests a new etiology for macrothrombocytopenia, in which increased RhoA activity is associated with disrupted FLNa/αIIbβ3 interaction.
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The Host Scaffolding Protein Filamin A and the Exocyst Complex Control Exocytosis during InlB-Mediated Entry of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2018; 87:IAI.00689-18. [PMID: 30348826 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00689-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion. Listeria induces its internalization (entry) into some human cells through interaction of the bacterial surface protein InlB with its host receptor, the Met tyrosine kinase. InlB and Met promote entry, in part, through stimulation of localized exocytosis. How exocytosis is upregulated during entry is not understood. Here, we show that the human signaling proteins mTOR, protein kinase C-α (PKC-α), and RalA promote exocytosis during entry by controlling the scaffolding protein Filamin A (FlnA). InlB-mediated uptake was accompanied by PKC-α-dependent phosphorylation of serine 2152 in FlnA. Depletion of FlnA by RNA interference (RNAi) or expression of a mutated FlnA protein defective in phosphorylation impaired InlB-dependent internalization. These findings indicate that phosphorylation of FlnA by PKC-α contributes to entry. mTOR and RalA were found to mediate the recruitment of FlnA to sites of InlB-mediated entry. Depletion of PKC-α, mTOR, or FlnA each reduced exocytosis during InlB-mediated uptake. Because the exocyst complex is known to mediate polarized exocytosis, we examined if PKC-α, mTOR, RalA, or FlnA affects this complex. Depletion of PKC-α, mTOR, RalA, or FlnA impaired recruitment of the exocyst component Exo70 to sites of InlB-mediated entry. Experiments involving knockdown of Exo70 or other exocyst proteins demonstrated an important role for the exocyst complex in uptake of Listeria Collectively, our results indicate that PKC-α, mTOR, RalA, and FlnA comprise a signaling pathway that mobilizes the exocyst complex to promote infection by Listeria.
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Wang S, Cebrian C, Schnell S, Gumucio DL. Radial WNT5A-Guided Post-mitotic Filopodial Pathfinding Is Critical for Midgut Tube Elongation. Dev Cell 2018; 46:173-188.e3. [PMID: 30016620 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The early midgut undergoes intensive elongation, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are unknown. The early midgut epithelium is pseudostratified, and its nuclei travel between apical and basal surfaces in concert with cell cycle. Using 3D confocal imaging and 2D live imaging, we profiled behaviors of individual dividing cells. As nuclei migrate apically for mitosis, cells maintain a basal process (BP), which splits but is inherited by only one daughter. After mitosis, some daughters directly use the inherited BP as a "conduit" to transport the nucleus basally, while >50% of daughters generate a new basal filopodium and use it as a path to return the nucleus. Post-mitotic filopodial "pathfinding" is guided by mesenchymal WNT5A. Without WNT5A, some cells fail to tether basally and undergo apoptosis, leading to a shortened midgut. Thus, these studies reveal previously unrecognized strategies for efficient post-mitotic nuclear trafficking, which is critical for early midgut elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Santiago Schnell
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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46
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Kokate SB, Dixit P, Poirah I, Roy AD, Chakraborty D, Rout N, Singh SP, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Bhattacharyya A. Testin and filamin-C downregulation by acetylated Siah2 increases invasiveness of Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 103:14-24. [PMID: 30063986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk-factor for gastric cancer. However, its role in gastric cancer metastasis remains unclear. Previously we have reported that H. pylori promotes gastric cancer invasiveness by stabilizing the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah2 which is mediated by Siah2 acetylation at Lys 139 (K139) residue. Here we identify that cell adhesion-related proteins testin (TES) and filamin-C (FLN-C) interact with Siah2 and get proteasomally degraded. The efficiency of TES and FLN-C degradation is significantly potentiated by K139-acetylated Siah2 (ac-K139 Siah2) in infected gastric cancer cells (GCCs). ac-Siah2-mediated downregulation of TES and FLN-C disrupts filopodia structures but promotes lamellipodia formation and enhances invasiveness and migration of infected GCCs. Since H. felis-infected mice as well as human gastric cancer biopsy samples also show high level of ac-K139 Siah2 and downregulated TES and FLN-C, we believe that acetylation of Siah2 is an important checkpoint that can be useful for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Babanrao Kokate
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Pragyesh Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Indrajit Poirah
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Arjama Dhar Roy
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Debashish Chakraborty
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Niranjan Rout
- Department of Oncopathology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack 753007, Odisha, India
| | | | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India.
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47
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Rondon AMR, de Almeida VH, Gomes T, Verçoza BRF, Carvalho RS, König S, Rodrigues JCF, Mermelstein CDS, Versteeg HH, Monteiro RQ. Tissue factor mediates microvesicles shedding from MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:137-144. [PMID: 29787758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as microvesicles (MVs), were identified as important players in tumor progression and acquisition of an aggressive phenotype. Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane protein that initiates the blood coagulation cascade. In tumor cells, TF has been associated with aggressiveness and cancer progression. Previous studies demonstrate that TF is incorporated into MVs secreted by tumor cells; however, it is unknown whether TF is actively involved in the release of MVs. Here, we investigated the influence of TF expression on the release of MVs. TF silencing was achieved through CRISPR/Cas9 approaches in the human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. TF knockout in MDA-MB-231 cells efficiently reduced TF-dependent signaling and procoagulant activity. Remarkably, silencing of TF caused a significant decrease in the number of MVs released by MDA-MB-231 cells. We also observed an increase in actin-positive membrane projections in TF knockout cells and a reduction in RhoA expression when compared to TF-expressing cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway inhibitor, fasudil, significantly reduced the release of MVs. Taken together, our results suggest a novel and relevant role for TF in tumor biology by playing an active role in the MVs secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araci M R Rondon
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor H de Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Tainá Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Brunno R F Verçoza
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Polo Avançado de Xerém, UFRJ, Duque de Caxias, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Carvalho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Juliany C F Rodrigues
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia (NUMPEX-BIO), Polo Avançado de Xerém, UFRJ, Duque de Caxias, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Henri H Versteeg
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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48
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Sepúlveda-Ramírez SP, Toledo-Jacobo L, Henson JH, Shuster CB. Cdc42 controls primary mesenchyme cell morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 2018; 437:140-151. [PMID: 29555242 PMCID: PMC5973877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the sea urchin embryo, gastrulation is characterized by the ingression and directed cell migration of primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), as well as the primary invagination and convergent extension of the endomesoderm. Like all cell shape changes, individual and collective cell motility is orchestrated by Rho family GTPases and their modulation of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. And while endomesoderm specification has been intensively studied in echinoids, much less is known about the proximate regulators driving cell motility. Toward these ends, we employed anti-sense morpholinos, mutant alleles and pharmacological inhibitors to assess the role of Cdc42 during sea urchin gastrulation. While inhibition of Cdc42 expression or activity had only mild effects on PMC ingression, PMC migration, alignment and skeletogenesis were disrupted in the absence of Cdc42, as well as elongation of the archenteron. PMC migration and patterning of the larval skeleton relies on the extension of filopodia, and Cdc42 was required for filopodia in vivo as well as in cultured PMCs. Lastly, filopodial extension required both Arp2/3 and formin actin-nucleating factors, supporting models of filopodial nucleation observed in other systems. Together, these results suggest that Cdc42 plays essential roles during PMC cell motility and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia P Sepúlveda-Ramírez
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States
| | - Leslie Toledo-Jacobo
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States
| | - John H Henson
- University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States; Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States
| | - Charles B Shuster
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States; University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, United States.
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49
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Roth L, Srivastava S, Lindzen M, Sas-Chen A, Sheffer M, Lauriola M, Enuka Y, Noronha A, Mancini M, Lavi S, Tarcic G, Pines G, Nevo N, Heyman O, Ziv T, Rueda OM, Gnocchi D, Pikarsky E, Admon A, Caldas C, Yarden Y. SILAC identifies LAD1 as a filamin-binding regulator of actin dynamics in response to EGF and a marker of aggressive breast tumors. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaan0949. [PMID: 29382783 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations mimicking growth factor-induced proliferation and motility characterize aggressive subtypes of mammary tumors. To unravel currently unknown players in these processes, we performed phosphoproteomic analysis on untransformed mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) that were stimulated in culture with epidermal growth factor (EGF). We identified ladinin-1 (LAD1), a largely uncharacterized protein to date, as a phosphorylation-regulated mediator of the EGF-to-ERK pathway. Further experiments revealed that LAD1 mediated the proliferation and migration of mammary cells. LAD1 was transcriptionally induced, phosphorylated, and partly colocalized with actin stress fibers in response to EGF. Yeast two-hybrid, proximity ligation, and coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that LAD1 bound to actin-cross-linking proteins called filamins. Cosedimentation analyses indicated that LAD1 played a role in actin dynamics, probably in collaboration with the scaffold protein 14-3-3σ (also called SFN). Depletion of LAD1 decreased the expression of transcripts associated with cell survival and inhibited the growth of mammary xenografts in an animal model. Furthermore, LAD1 predicts poor patient prognosis and is highly expressed in aggressive subtypes of breast cancer characterized as integrative clusters 5 and 10, which partly correspond to triple-negative and HER2-positive tumors. Thus, these findings reveal a cytoskeletal component that is critically involved in cell migration and the acquisition of oncogenic attributes in human mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Roth
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshit Lindzen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aldema Sas-Chen
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Sheffer
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Enuka
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ashish Noronha
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maicol Mancini
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sara Lavi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabi Tarcic
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gur Pines
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nava Nevo
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Heyman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamar Ziv
- The Smoler Protein Center, Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and the Cambridge Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
| | - Davide Gnocchi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research and Department Pathology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91010, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- The Smoler Protein Center, Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and the Cambridge Cancer Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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50
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Abstract
More than a hundred proteins comprise the RAS superfamily of small GTPases. This family can be divided into RAS, RHO, RAB, RAN, ARF, and RAD subfamilies, with each shown to play distinct roles in human cells in both health and disease. The RAS subfamily has a well-established role in human cancer with the three genes, HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS being the commonly mutated in tumors. These RAS mutations, most often functionally activating, are especially common in pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancers. Efforts to inhibit RAS and related GTPases have produced inhibitors targeting the downstream effectors of RAS signaling, including inhibitors of the RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)-ERK kinase pathway and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase-AKT-mTOR kinase pathway. A third effector arm of RAS signaling, mediated by RAL (RAS like) has emerged in recent years as a critical driver of RAS oncogenic signaling and has not been targeted until recently. RAL belongs to the RAS branch of the RAS superfamily and shares a high structural similarity with RAS. In human cells, there are two genes, RALA and RALB, both of which have been shown to play roles in the proliferation, survival, and metastasis of a variety of human cancers, including lung, colon, pancreatic, prostate, skin, and bladder cancers. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge of RAL in the context of human cancer and the recent advancements in the development of cancer therapeutics targeting RAL small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (C.Y.); Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (D.T.); and University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado (D.T.)
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China (C.Y.); Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (D.T.); and University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado (D.T.)
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