1
|
Pampalakis G, Kostoudi S. Chemical, Physical, and Toxicological Properties of V-Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108600. [PMID: 37239944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
V-agents are exceedingly toxic organophosphate nerve agents. The most widely known V-agents are the phosphonylated thiocholines VX and VR. Nonetheless, other V-subclasses have been synthesized. Here, a holistic overview of V-agents is provided, where these compounds have been categorized based on their structures to facilitate their study. A total of seven subclasses of V-agents have been identified, including phospho(n/r)ylated selenocholines and non-sulfur-containing agents, such as VP and EA-1576 (EA: Edgewood Arsenal). Certain V-agents have been designed through the conversion of phosphorylated pesticides to their respective phosphonylated analogs, such as EA-1576 derived from mevinphos. Further, this review provides a description of their production, physical properties, toxicity, and stability during storage. Importantly, V-agents constitute a percutaneous hazard, while their high stability ensures the contamination of the exposed area for weeks. The danger of V-agents was highlighted in the 1968 VX accident in Utah. Until now, VX has been used in limited cases of terrorist attacks and assassinations, but there is an increased concern about potential terrorist production and use. For this reason, studying the chemistry of VX and other less-studied V-agents is important to understand their properties and develop potential countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavroula Kostoudi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hydrolysis versus aminolysis of a potential nerve agent tabun: a computational reaction mechanism study. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
3
|
de A. Cavalcante SF, Simas ABC, Kuča K. Nerve Agents’ Surrogates: Invaluable Tools for Development of Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190806114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of nerve agents as warfare and in terrorist acts has drawn much attention from the governments and societies. Such toxic organophosphorus compounds are listed in Chemical Weapons Convention as Schedule 1 chemicals. The discussion about the chemical identity of the elusive Novichok agents, more potent compounds than best known G- and V-Agents, which have been implicated in recent rumorous assassination plots, clearly demonstrating the importance of the matter. Furthermore, accidents with pesticides or misuse thereof have been a pressing issue in many countries. In this context, the continued development of novel cholinesterase reactivators, antidotes for organophosphorus poisoning, a rather restricted class of pharmaceutical substances, is warranted. Testing of novel candidates may require use of actual nerve agents. Nonetheless, only a few laboratories comply with the requirements for storing, possession and manipulation of such toxic chemicals. To overcome such limitations, nerve agents’ surrogates may be a useful alternative, as they undergo the same reaction with cholinesterases, yielding similar adducts, allowing assays with novel antidote candidates, among other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kassa J, Krejčová G, Samnaliev I. A Comparison of the Neuroprotective Efficacy of Pharmacological Pretreatment and Antidotal Treatment in Soman-Poisoned Rats. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. To study the influence of pharmacological pretreatment (PANPAL or pyridostigmine combined with biperiden) and antidotal treatment (the oxime HI-6 plus atropine) on soman-induced neurotoxicity, male albino rats were poisoned with a lethal dose of soman (54 (g/kg i.m.; 100% of LD50 value) and observed at 24 hours and 7 days following soman challenge. The neurotoxicity of soman was evaluated using a Functional observational battery and an automatic measurement of motor activity. 2. Pharmacological pretreatment as well as antidotal treatment were able to eliminate some of soman-induced neurotoxic effects observed at 24 hours following soman poisoning. The combination of pharmacological pretreatment (PANPAL or pyridostigmine combined with biperiden) and antidotal treatment was found to be more effective in the elimination of soman-induced neurotoxicity in rats at 24 hours following soman challenge in comparison with the administration of pharmacological pretreatment or antidotal treatment alone. To compare both pharmacological pretreatments, the combination of pyridostigmine with biperiden seems to be more efficacious to eliminate soman-induced signs of neurotoxicity than PANPAL. 3. At 7 days following soman poisoning, the combination of pharmacological pretreatment involving pyridostigmine and biperiden with antidotal treatment was only able to completely eliminate somaninduced neurotoxic signs. 4. Thus, our findings confirm that the combination of pharmacological pretreatment and antidotal treatment is able not only to protect the experimental animals from the lethal effects of soman but also to eliminate most soman-induced signs of neurotoxicity in poisoned rats. The pharmacological pretreatment containing pyridostigmine and biperiden appears to be more efficacious to eliminate soman-induced neurotoxic sings than PANPAL.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wilson C, Cooper NJ, Briggs ME, Cooper AI, Adams DJ. Investigating the breakdown of the nerve agent simulant methyl paraoxon and chemical warfare agents GB and VX using nitrogen containing bases. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9285-9291. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02475h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A range of nitrogen containing bases was tested for the hydrolysis of a nerve agent simulant, methyl paraoxon (MP), and the chemical warfare agents, GB and VX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Wilson
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | | | - Michael E. Briggs
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science and Engineering
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Golovin AV, Smirnov IV, Stepanova AV, Zalevskiy AO, Zlobin AS, Ponomarenko NA, Belogurov AA, Knorre VD, Hurs EN, Chatziefthimiou SD, Wilmanns M, Blackburn GM, Khomutov RM, Gabibov AG. Evolution of catalytic centers of antibodies by virtual screening of broad repertoire of mutants using supercomputer. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 475:245-249. [PMID: 28864894 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is proposed to perform quantum mechanical/molecular dynamics calculations of chemical reactions that are planned to be catalyzed by antibodies and then conduct a virtual screening of the library of potential antibody mutants to select an optimal biocatalyst. We tested the effectiveness of this approach by the example of hydrolysis of organophosphorus toxicant paraoxon using kinetic approaches and X-ray analysis of the antibody biocatalyst designed de novo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Golovin
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I V Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A V Stepanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | | | - A S Zlobin
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N A Ponomarenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A A Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - V D Knorre
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - E N Hurs
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | | - M Wilmanns
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G M Blackburn
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - R M Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A G Gabibov
- Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gorecki L, Korabecny J, Musilek K, Malinak D, Nepovimova E, Dolezal R, Jun D, Soukup O, Kuca K. SAR study to find optimal cholinesterase reactivator against organophosphorous nerve agents and pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2831-2859. [PMID: 27582056 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphates leads to many failures in living organism and ultimately in death. Organophosphorus compounds developed as nerve agents such as tabun, sarin, soman, VX and others belong to the most toxic chemical warfare agents and are one of the biggest threats to the modern civilization. Moreover, misuse of nerve agents together with organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. malathion, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos, etc.) which are annually implicated in millions of intoxications and hundreds of thousand deaths reminds us of insufficient protection against these compounds. Basic treatments for these intoxications are based on immediate administration of atropine and acetylcholinesterase reactivators which are currently represented by mono- or bis-pyridinium aldoximes. However, these antidotes are not sufficient to ensure 100 % treatment efficacy even they are administered immediately after intoxication, and in general, they possess several drawbacks. Herein, we have reviewed new efforts leading to the development of novel reactivators and proposition of new promising strategies to design novel and effective antidotes. Structure-activity relationships and biological activities of recently proposed acetylcholinesterase reactivators are discussed and summarized. Among further modifications of known oximes, the main attention has been paid to dual binding site ligands of AChE as the current mainstream strategy. We have also discussed new chemical entities as potential replacement of oxime functional group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Terekhov SS, Bobik TV, Mokrushina YA, Stepanova AV, Aleksandrova NM, Smirnov IV, Belogurov AA, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. Expression of DNA-Encoded Antidote to Organophosphorus Toxins in the Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia Pastoris. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683816020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Kaboudin B, Faghihi MR, Kazemi F, Yokomatsu T. Resolution of Enantiomers of Novel C
2
-Symmetric Aminobisphosphinic Acids via Diastereomeric Salt Formation With Quinine. Chirality 2014; 27:71-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS); Zanjan Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Faghihi
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS); Zanjan Iran
| | - Foad Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS); Zanjan Iran
| | - Tsutomu Yokomatsu
- School of Pharmacy; Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurkova IN, Smirnov IV, Belogurov AA, Ponomarenko NA, Gabibov AG. Creation of catalytic antibodies metabolizing organophosphate compounds. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1139-46. [PMID: 23157294 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of new ways of creating catalytic antibodies possessing defined substrate specificity towards artificial substrates has important fundamental and practical aspects. Low immunogenicity combined with high stability of immunoglobulins in the blood stream makes abzymes potent remedies. A good example is the cocaine-hydrolyzing antibody that has successfully passed clinical trials. Creation of an effective antidote against organophosphate compounds, which are very toxic substances, is a very realistic goal. The most promising antidotes are based on cholinesterases. These antidotes are now expensive, and their production methods are inefficient. Recombinant antibodies are widely applied in clinics and have some advantage compared to enzymatic drugs. A new potential abzyme antidote will combine effective catalysis comparable to enzymes with high stability and the ability to switch on effector mechanisms specific for antibodies. Examples of abzymes metabolizing organophosphate substrates are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I N Kurkova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chemical polysialylation of human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase delivers a long-acting bioscavenger for nerve agents in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1243-8. [PMID: 23297221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The creation of effective bioscavengers as a pretreatment for exposure to nerve agents is a challenging medical objective. We report a recombinant method using chemical polysialylation to generate bioscavengers stable in the bloodstream. Development of a CHO-based expression system using genes encoding human butyrylcholinesterase and a proline-rich peptide under elongation factor promoter control resulted in self-assembling, active enzyme multimers. Polysialylation gives bioscavengers with enhanced pharmacokinetics which protect mice against 4.2 LD(50) of S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) O-isobutyl methanephosphonothioate without perturbation of long-term behavior.
Collapse
|
12
|
Smirnov I, Belogurov A, Friboulet A, Masson P, Gabibov A, Renard PY. Strategies for the selection of catalytic antibodies against organophosphorus nerve agents. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 203:196-201. [PMID: 23123255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the strategies aimed at biocompatible means for organophosphorus nerve agents neutralization, immunoglobulins have attracted attention in the 1990's and 2000's both for their ability to immobilize the toxicants, but also for their ability to be turned into enzymatically active antibodies known as catalytic antibodies or abzymes (antibodies--enzymes). We will present here a critical review of the successive strategies used for the selection of these nerve agent-hydrolyzing abzymes, based on hapten design, namely antibodies raised against a wide variety of transition state analogs, and eventually the strategies based on anti-idiotypic antibodies and reactibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Smirnov
- MM Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marciano D, Columbus I, Elias S, Goldvaser M, Shoshanim O, Ashkenazi N, Zafrani Y. Role of the P–F Bond in Fluoride-Promoted Aqueous VX Hydrolysis: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10042-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301549z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marciano
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Ishay Columbus
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Elias
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Michael Goldvaser
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Ofir Shoshanim
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Nissan Ashkenazi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| | - Yossi Zafrani
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Physics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona,
74100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mandal D, Sen K, Das AK. Aminolysis of a Model Nerve Agent: A Computational Reaction Mechanism Study of O,S-Dimethyl Methylphosphonothiolate. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8382-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305994g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mandal
- Department
of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700
032, India
| | - Kaushik Sen
- Department
of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700
032, India
| | - Abhijit K. Das
- Department
of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700
032, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Creasy WR, Fry RA, McGarvey DJ. Reaction of Nerve Agents with Phosphate Buffer at pH 7. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7279-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3024809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Creasy
- SAIC, P.O. Box 68 Gunpowder Branch, Aberdeen Proving
Ground, Maryland
21010, United States
| | - Roderick A. Fry
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground-Edgewood
Area, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - David J. McGarvey
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground-Edgewood
Area, Maryland 21010, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaboudin B, Emadi S, Faghihi MR, Fallahi M, Sheikh-Hasani V. Synthesis of α-oxycarbanilinophosphonates and their anticholinesterase activities: the most potent derivative is bound to the peripheral site of acetylcholinesterase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:576-82. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.663362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Emadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS),
Gava Zang, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | | | - Vahid Sheikh-Hasani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS),
Gava Zang, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaboudin B, Alaie S, Yokomatsu T. Resolution of enantiomers of [α-hydroxy-(o-chlorophenyl)methyl]phosphinic acid via diastereomeric salt formation with enantiopure 1-phenylethylamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
18
|
Ultrasound-assisted one-pot synthesis of α-oxycarbanilinophosphonates via a three-component condensation of an aldehyde, diethyl phosphite and an isocyanate under solvent-free conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Saint-André G, Kliachyna M, Kodepelly S, Louise-Leriche L, Gillon E, Renard PY, Nachon F, Baati R, Wagner A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of new α-nucleophiles for the hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents: application to the reactivation of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
20
|
Masson P. Evolution of and perspectives on therapeutic approaches to nerve agent poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:5-13. [PMID: 21524695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
After more than 70 years of considerable efforts, research on medical defense against nerve agents has come to a standstill. Major progress in medical countermeasures was achieved between the 50s and 70s with the development of anticholinergic drugs and carbamate-based pretreatment, the introduction of pyridinium oximes as antidotes, and benzodiazepines in emergency treatments. These drugs ensure good protection of the peripheral nervous system and mitigate the acute effects of exposure to lethal doses of nerve agents. However, pyridostigmine and cholinesterase reactivators currently used in the armed forces do not protect/reactivate central acetylcholinesterases. Moreover, other drugs used are not sufficiently effective in protecting the central nervous system against seizures, irreversible brain damages and long-term sequelae of nerve agent poisoning.New developments of medical counter-measures focus on: (a) detoxification of organophosphorus molecules before they react with acetylcholinesterase and other physiological targets by administration of stoichiometric or catalytic scavengers; (b) protection and reactivation of central acetylcholinesterases, and (c) improvement of neuroprotection following delayed therapy.Future developments will aim at treatment of acute and long-term effects of low level exposure to nerve agents, research on alternative routes for optimizing drug delivery, and therapies. Though gene therapy for in situ generation of bioscavengers, and cell therapy based on neural progenitor engraftment for neuronal regeneration have been successfully explored, more studies are needed before practical medical applications can be made of these new approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- IRBA-CRSSA, Toxicology Dept., 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Seto Y. Research and Development of On-site Decontamination System for Biological and Chemical Warfare Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gäb J, John H, Blum MM. Formation of pyrophosphate-like adducts from nerve agents sarin, soman and cyclosarin in phosphate buffer: Implications for analytical and toxicological investigations. Toxicol Lett 2011; 200:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
23
|
Stadler AM, Harrowfield J. Places and chemistry: Strasbourg—a chemical crucible seen through historical personalities. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:2061-108. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Louise-Leriche L, Pǎunescu E, Saint-André G, Baati R, Romieu A, Wagner A, Renard PY. A HTS Assay for the Detection of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Scavengers. Chemistry 2010; 16:3510-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Belogurov A, Kozyr A, Ponomarenko N, Gabibov A. Catalytic antibodies: balancing between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Bioessays 2010; 31:1161-71. [PMID: 19795406 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin molecule is a perfect template for the de novo generation of biocatalytic functions. Catalytic antibodies, or abzymes, obtained by the structural mimicking of enzyme active sites have been shown to catalyze numerous chemical reactions. Natural enzyme analogs for some of these reactions have not yet been found or possibly do not exist at all. Nowadays, the dramatic breakthrough in antibody engineering and expression technologies has promoted a considerable expansion of immunoglobulin's medical applications and is offering abzymes a unique chance to become a promising source of high-precision "catalytic vaccines." At the same time, the discovery of natural abzymes on the background of autoimmune disease revealed their beneficial and pathogenic roles in the disease progression. Thus, the conflicting Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde protective and destructive essences of catalytic antibodies should be carefully considered in the development of therapeutic abzyme applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Belogurov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Masson P, Rochu D. Catalytic bioscavengers against toxic esters, an alternative approach for prophylaxis and treatments of poisonings. Acta Naturae 2009; 1:68-79. [PMID: 22649587 PMCID: PMC3347506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioscavengers are biopharmaceuticals that specifically react with toxicants. Thus, enzymes reacting with poisonous esters can be used as bioscavengers for neutralization of toxic molecules before they reach physiological targets. Parenteral administration of bioscavengers is, therefore, intended for prophylaxis or pre-treatments, emergency and post-exposure treatments of intoxications. These enzymes can also be used for application on skin, mucosa and wounds as active components of topical skin protectants and decontamination solutions. Human butyrylcholinesterase is the first stoichiometric bioscavenger for safe and efficient prophylaxis of organophosphate poisoning. However, huge amounts of a costly enzyme are needed for protection. Thus, the bioscavenger approach will be greatly improved by the use of catalytic bioscavengers. Catalytic bioscavengers are enzymes capable of degrading toxic esters with a turnover. Suitable catalytic bioscavengers are engineered mutants of human enzymes. Efficient mutants of human butyrylcholinesterase have been made that hydrolyze cocaine at a high rate. Mutants of human cholinesterases capable of hydrolyzing OPs have been made, but so far their activity is too low to be of medical interest. Human paraoxonase a promiscuous plasma enzyme is certainly the most promising phosphotriesterase. However, its biotechnology is still in its infancy. Other enzymes and proteins from blood and organs, and secondary biological targets of OPs and carbamates are potential bioscavengers, in particular serum albumin that reacts with OPs and self-reactivates. Lastly, non-human enzymes, phosphotriesterases and oxidases from various bacterial and eukaryotic sources could be used for external use against OP poisoning and for internal use after modifications for immunological compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Toxicology department, La Tronche, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo SETO
- National Research Institute of Police Science
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Kaboudin B, Haghighat H, Yokomatsu T. First resolution of (R,R)- and (S,S)-bis(1-hydroxyphenylmethyl)phosphinic acids via diastereomeric salt formation with enantiopure 1-phenylethylamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Vallet V, Cruz C, Licausi J, Bazire A, Lallement G, Boudry I. Percutaneous penetration and distribution of VX using in vitro pig or human excised skin validation of demeton-S-methyl as adequate simulant for VX skin permeation investigations. Toxicology 2008; 246:73-82. [PMID: 18294748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The organophosphorus (OP) chemical warfare V agent O-ethyl-S-[2(di-isopropylamino)ethyl] methyl phosphonothioate (VX), is a highly toxic compound which mainly penetrates the body via percutaneous pathways. Hence, the following prerequisite: to ascertain compound absorption and percutaneous profile distribution with a view to further assessing the efficacy of topical skin protectants. We first selected the most appropriate receptor fluid to carry out in vitro VX absorption experiments, namely: Hanks's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS). After a 24-h topical exposure time lapse, we measured altogether the percentage of applied dose unabsorbed and absorbed, penetration rate, lag time, permeability coefficient (K(p)), and dose of VXeq present in skin. To such an end, we used full-thickness and split-thickness pig-ear or human abdominal skin membranes. Further, we scrutinised the potential use of two specific molecules as suitable surrogates for VX percutaneous penetration analyses: thus, we compared the present VX toxicokinetic parameters to earlier findings from our research unit, with respect to OP insecticides demethon-S-methyl (DSM) and paraoxon (POX). Within the framework of our study, we wish to highlight the following evidence: (a) pig-ear skin proves a relevant model to predict in vitro human abdominal skin, taking into account a 2-fold higher skin permeability to VXeq; (b) both full or split-thickness skin membranes may be used indiscriminately to gauge penetration rate and absorbed dose; (c) DSM applied on full-thickness pig-ear skin is the most relevant model to mimic the in vitro VX absorption through full-thickness skin model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Vallet
- Department of Toxicology, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smith BM. Catalytic methods for the destruction of chemical warfare agents under ambient conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:470-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b705025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
32
|
Diastereoselective addition of α-substituted α-amino-H-phosphinates to imines using Yb(OTf)3 as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
33
|
Hoque MEU, Dey S, Guha AK, Kim CK, Lee BS, Lee HW. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Aminolysis of Aryl Phenyl Chlorothiophosphates with Anilines. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5493-9. [PMID: 17580896 DOI: 10.1021/jo0700934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic studies of the reactions of aryl phenyl chlorothiophosphates (1) and aryl 4-chlorophenyl chlorothiophosphates (2) with substituted anilines in acetonitrile at 55.0 degrees C are reported. The negative values of the cross-interaction constant rhoXY (rhoXY = -0.22 and -0.50 for 1 and 2, respectively) between substituents in the nucleophile (X) and substrate (Y) indicate that the reactions proceed by concerted SN2 mechanism. The primary kinetic isotope effects (kH/kD = 1.11-1.13 and 1.10-1.46 for 1 and 2, respectively) involving deuterated aniline nucleophiles are obtained. Front- and back-side nucleophilic attack on the substrates is proposed mainly on the basis of the primary kinetic isotope effects. A hydrogen-bonded, four-center-type transition state is suggested for a front-side attack, while the trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate transition state is suggested for a back-side attack. The MO theoretical calculations of the model reactions of dimethyl chlorothiophosphate (1') and dimethyl chlorophosphate (3') with ammonia are carried out. Considering the specific solvation effect, the front-side nucleophilic attack can occur competitively with the back-side attack in the reaction of 1'.
Collapse
|
34
|
Masurier N, Lafont O, Estour F. Les cyclodextrines substituées : un exemple de catalyseurs biomimétiques. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(07)90026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Kaboudin B, Haghighat H, Yokomatsu T. A Novel Method for the Separation of Bis(α-hydroxyalkyl)phosphinic Acid Diastereoisomers via Formation of Novel Cyclic Phosphinic Acids. J Org Chem 2006; 71:6604-6. [PMID: 16901151 DOI: 10.1021/jo060547h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with hypophosphorus acid under microwave irradiation was examined. The reaction gave a mixture of a racemic pair of bis(alpha-hydroxyalkyl)phosphinic acids and acetal derivatives from the corresponding bis(alpha-hydroxyalkyl)phosphinic acids of meso-stereochemistry in good yield. The difference in solubility in organic solvents due to polarity allowed us to readily separate these compounds. This method constitutes an easy, rapid, and good-yielding preparation and separation of bis(alpha-hydroxyalkyl) phosphinic acid diastereoisomers from simple starting materials using microwave irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Gava Zang, Zanjan 45195-1159, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In reactions centered at phosphorus, whether chemical or biochemical, a pentacoordinate transition state species or an intermediate or a stable molecule is very often encountered. In this Account, recent developments in this important area are discussed and compared with the earlier literature. Particular reference, with results from our laboratory, will be made to the apicophilicity, fluxional behavior, bond parameters, and tetra- vs pentacoordination. It is shown that the familiar apicophilicity rules give an oversimplified picture as demonstrated by several exceptions. Extremities of the P-O or P-N bond distances in PX(4)N and PO(4)N systems as revealed by a database search and possible future directions in this area are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Immunologically driven antibodies chemical engineering: design and synthesis of a hapten aimed at nerve agent hydrolysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
38
|
Ghosh KK, Sinha D, Satnami ML, Dubey DK, Rodriguez-Dafonte P, Mundhara GL. Nucleophilic dephosphorylation of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate in cationic micellar media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8664-9. [PMID: 16142945 DOI: 10.1021/la051223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of nucleophilic dephosphorylation of p-nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate by hydroxamate ions (R'(C=O)N(RO-)) have been investigated in aqueous cationic micellar media at pH 9.12 and 27 degrees C. The pseudo-first-order rate constant-surfactant profiles show micelle-assisted bimolecular reactions involving interfacial ion exchange between bulk aqueous media and micellar pseudophase. N-Substituted hydroxamate ion shows higher reactivity over the unsubstituted hydroxamate ions in cationic micellar media. The kinetic data are discussed in terms of the pseudophase ion exchange model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kallol K Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010 India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Russell AJ, Berberich JA, Drevon GF, Koepsel RR. Biomaterials for mediation of chemical and biological warfare agents. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2004; 5:1-27. [PMID: 12704086 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Russell
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cesaro-Tadic S, Lagos D, Honegger A, Rickard JH, Partridge LJ, Blackburn GM, Plückthun A. Turnover-based in vitro selection and evolution of biocatalysts from a fully synthetic antibody library. Nat Biotechnol 2003; 21:679-85. [PMID: 12754520 DOI: 10.1038/nbt828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the selection of highly efficient antibody catalysts by combining chemical selection from a synthetic library with directed in vitro protein evolution. Evolution started from a naive antibody library displayed on phage made from fully synthetic, antibody-encoding genes (the Human Combinatorial Antibody Library; HuCAL-scFv). HuCAL-scFv was screened by direct selection for catalytic antibodies exhibiting phosphatase turnover. The substrate used was an aryl phosphate, which is spontaneously transformed into an electrophilic trapping reagent after cleavage. Chemical selection identified an efficient biocatalyst that then served as a template for error-prone PCR (epPCR) to generate randomized repertoires that were subjected to further selection cycles. The resulting superior catalysts displayed cumulative mutations throughout the protein sequence; the ten-fold improvement of their catalytic proficiencies (>10(10) M(-1)) resulted from increased kcat values, thus demonstrating direct selection for turnover. The strategy described here makes the search for new catalysts independent of the immune system and the antibody framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Cesaro-Tadic
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Polyclonal catalytic antibodies offer advantages in the evaluation of immunogens and in the ease of production of large quantities of antibodies. They comprise the entire immune response of an animal to an immunogen where monoclonals represent a subset. Polyclonal antibodies are consequently particularly suitable for evaluating catalytic antibody responses generated by different haptens or a group of structurally related haptens. The authors reported the first polyclonal catalytic antibodies in 1990. An unexpected finding is that polyclonal catalytic antibodies show single-site kinetic behaviour, i.e. whatever structural heterogeneity exists, the kinetic behaviour is homogeneous. Many groups worldwide have since published work in this area. Three groups are prominent. The authors' group, a group based in Austin, Texas, and led by Iverson, and a Shanghai group. The authors' group works with sheep antibodies and has published mechanistic studies and, more recently, specificity studies that revealed the catalysis of a beta-lactam. Most of this work over a 10-year period was performed by using a single bleed from a single sheep, which gives an indication of the ease of production and utility of such catalytic antibodies. Iverson's group works with rabbit antibodies and has published much work on the evaluation of catalytic antibodies generated by structurally related haptens. The Shanghai group has concentrated on the studies of polyclonal catalytic antibodies for electrocyclic reactions where any danger of contaminating enzymes is reduced. The use of immunisation to generate therapeutically useful catalytic antibodies (necessarily polyclonal) in a host animal is an attractive target. Several groups are working towards this. The authors themselves have published in this area and promising recent studies come from a group working in France on immunisation to protect against nerve agents and a Texas group (based in Houston) that has demonstrated active immunisation to generate antibodies that catalyse the hydrolysis of a carbamate insecticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Ostler
- Division of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gauchet C, Taran F, Renard PY, Créminon C, Grassi J, Pradelles P, Mioskowski C. The use of enzyme immunoassays for the detection of abzymatic activities. Application to an enantioselective thioacetal hydrolysis activity. J Immunol Methods 2002; 269:133-45. [PMID: 12379358 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Relying on the particularly high specificity displayed by antibodies, enzyme immunoassays have proved to be one of the most efficient tools for early detection of the catalytic activities displayed by antibodies. We took advantage of such an assay, namely the Cat-enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) approach developed in our laboratories, both to exhibit and characterise an antibody-catalysed thioacetal hydrolysis. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) H3-32 was thus identified to accelerate the hydrolysis reaction of thioacetal substrate (NC9) to vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), with a k(cat) of 0.148 h(-1) (k(uncat) = 6.85 x 10(-5) h(-1)), and a K(M) of 720 microM. Taking advantage of the enantiomeric discrimination between (R)- and (S)-VMA displayed by some of the anti-H3 monoclonal antibodies, we were also able to determine that (S)-VMA was preferentially formed during this abzymatic hydrolysis with a 47% enantiomeric excess. All these EIA measurements were confirmed through HPLC analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gauchet
- Service des Molécules Marquées, DBCM/DSV CEA Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Morales-Rojas H, Moss RA. Phosphorolytic reactivity of o-iodosylcarboxylates and related nucleophiles. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2497-521. [PMID: 12105934 DOI: 10.1021/cr9405462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Morales-Rojas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang J, Han Y, Liang S, Wilkinson MF. Catalytic antibody therapy against the insecticide carbaryl. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:605-10. [PMID: 11855832 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic antibodies have been studied widely, but little is known about their applicability as therapeutic reagents in vivo. Here we report that carbaryl, a widely used broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide that is toxic to animals and humans, is hydrolyzed by polyclonal catalytic antibodies induced in vivo by a phosphate immunogen. To test the efficacy of the in vivo-induced polyclonal antibodies, we immunized mice with the phosphate immunogen and assayed their sensitivity to carbaryl by determining the ED(50) value, the dose that produces lowest-grade tremors in 50% of animals. We found that the ED(50) for immunized mice was 43% higher than that for nonimmunized mice and that this increase in ED(50) probably resulted from the hydrolysis of carbaryl by the catalytic antibodies in vivo. Our results suggest that polyclonal catalytic antibodies can be used as therapeutic reagents in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang H, Han WG, Noodleman L, Grynszpan F. Multiple reactive immunization towards the hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents: hapten design and synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3185-95. [PMID: 11711294 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a series of haptens to elicit catalytic antibodies with phosphatase activity against nerve agents. The design is based on the novel concept of multiple reactive immunization which aims to afford two or more catalytic residues within the antibody's binding cleft. The haptens showed the desired reactivity in vitro and were submitted for immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hitting the right nerve. Nature 2000. [DOI: 10.1038/news000713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|