1
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Kupferberg JE, Syrgiannis Z, Đorđević L, Bruckner EP, Jaynes TJ, Ha HH, Qi E, Wek KS, Dannenhoffer AJ, Sather NA, Fry HC, Palmer LC, Stupp SI. Biopolymer-supramolecular polymer hybrids for photocatalytic hydrogen production. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6275-6288. [PMID: 39072531 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00373j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Solar generation of H2 is a promising strategy for dense energy storage. Supramolecular polymers composed of chromophore amphiphile monomers containing perylene monoimide (PMI) have been reported as crystalline light-harvesting assemblies for aqueous H2-evolving catalysts. Gelation of these supramolecular polymers with multivalent ions creates hydrogels with high diffusivity but insufficient mechanical stability and catalyst retention for reusability. We report here on using sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer to both induce supramolecular polymerization of PMI and co-immobilize them with catalysts in a robust hydrogel with high diffusivity that can also be 3D-printed. Faster mass transfer was achieved by controlling the material macrostructure by reducing gel diameter and microstructure by reducing biopolymer loading. Optimized gels produce H2 at rates rivaling solution-based PMI and generate H2 for up to 6 days. The PMI assemblies in the SA matrix create a percolation network capable of bulk-electron transfer under illumination. These PMI-SA materials were then 3D-printed on conductive substrates to create 3D hydrogel photoelectrodes with optimized porosity. The design of these versatile hybrid materials was bioinspired by the soft matter environment of natural photosynthetic systems and opens the opportunity to carry out light-to-fuel conversion within soft matter with arbitrary shapes and particular local environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Kupferberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zois Syrgiannis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Eric P Bruckner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Tyler J Jaynes
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hakim H Ha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Evan Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Kristen S Wek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Adam J Dannenhoffer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Sather
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - H Christopher Fry
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Liam C Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Hagiwara R, Nishimura S, Okeyoshi K. Precise design of copolymer-conjugated nanocatalysts for active electron transfer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:280-283. [PMID: 38088198 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A copolymer-conjugated nanocatalytic system has been designed for active electron transfer. To enhance photoinduced H2 generation, we precisely synthesize ternary random copolymers capable of transferring electrons through phase transitions, extending and shrinking in response to viologen's redox changes within 2 nm distance from the surface of the catalytic nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Shun Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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3
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Reinhard M, Gallo A, Guo M, Garcia-Esparza AT, Biasin E, Qureshi M, Britz A, Ledbetter K, Kunnus K, Weninger C, van Driel T, Robinson J, Glownia JM, Gaffney KJ, Kroll T, Weng TC, Alonso-Mori R, Sokaras D. Ferricyanide photo-aquation pathway revealed by combined femtosecond Kβ main line and valence-to-core x-ray emission spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2443. [PMID: 37147295 PMCID: PMC10163258 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliably identifying short-lived chemical reaction intermediates is crucial to elucidate reaction mechanisms but becomes particularly challenging when multiple transient species occur simultaneously. Here, we report a femtosecond x-ray emission spectroscopy and scattering study of the aqueous ferricyanide photochemistry, utilizing the combined Fe Kβ main and valence-to-core emission lines. Following UV-excitation, we observe a ligand-to-metal charge transfer excited state that decays within 0.5 ps. On this timescale, we also detect a hitherto unobserved short-lived species that we assign to a ferric penta-coordinate intermediate of the photo-aquation reaction. We provide evidence that bond photolysis occurs from reactive metal-centered excited states that are populated through relaxation of the charge transfer excited state. Beyond illuminating the elusive ferricyanide photochemistry, these results show how current limitations of Kβ main line analysis in assigning ultrafast reaction intermediates can be circumvented by simultaneously using the valence-to-core spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reinhard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | - Meiyuan Guo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Elisa Biasin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn Ledbetter
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Clemens Weninger
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Kroll
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. High-Yielding Syntheses of Multifunctionalized Ru II Polypyridyl-Type Sensitizer: Experimental and Computational Insights into Coordination. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9822-9832. [PMID: 31322344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RuII complexes based on functionalized 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine (dqp) ligands feature excellent photophysical and geometrical properties, thus suggesting dqp ligands as ideal surrogates for 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (tpy). However, the synthesis of multifunctionalized [Ru(dqp)2]2+-based complexes is often low-yielding, which has hampered their practical value to date. In this study, a universal high-yielding route was explored and corroborated by a mechanistic investigation based on 1H NMR, MS, and density functional theory. With application of high-boiling but less-coordinating solvents (i.e., DMF) during the coordination of dqp by the precursor [Ru(dqp)(MeCN)3]2+, the required reaction temperature is lowered considerably (by 30 °C). In comparison to tpy, the reaction rate for dqp is further reduced which is assigned to the higher steric demand upon the coordination process. Namely, the onset of coordination of a tpy derivative at 60 °C and of dqp at 90 °C is significantly milder than in previous protocols. The versatility of the procedure is demonstrated by the high-yielding syntheses of multifunctionalized RuII complexes reaching up to 90%, whereby the presence of hydroxyl groups and losses during purification may lower the isolated yields substantially. In addition, the same strategy of high-boiling but less-coordinating solvents enabled a milder one-pot protocol to prepare [Ru(dqp)2]2+ from a [Ru(MeCN)6]2+ source, i.e., without the need for in situ reduction or halide abstraction as typical for RuIIICl3 hydrate. Hence, the developed protocol benefits from an improved thermal tolerance of sensitive functional groups, which may be applicable also to related polypyridyl-type ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a , 07743 Jena , Germany
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5
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Okeyoshi K, Yoshida R. Polymeric Design for Electron Transfer in Photoinduced Hydrogen Generation through a Coil-Globule Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7304-7307. [PMID: 30939208 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To realize a renewable energy society, a polymeric system for photoinduced hydrogen generation utilizing a copolymer containing an electron acceptor was designed. In this system, the redox changes of viologen introduced into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) cause cyclic conformational changes owing to the shifting of the phase transition temperature (PTT). The polymeric coil-globule transitions with hydrophilic/hydrophobic changes accelerate the electron transfer for hydrogen generation. In particular, hydrogen generation using visible-light energy with high efficiency is achieved around the PTT. In contrast to conventional solution systems, our polymeric system enables efficient hydrogen generation in a close molecular arrangement without the aggregation of catalytic nanoparticles. The utilization of conformational changes will provide a new strategy for synthesizing artificial photosynthetic hydrogels that split water to generate both hydrogen and oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Present address: Japan Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Okeyoshi K, Yoshida R. Polymeric Design for Electron Transfer in Photoinduced Hydrogen Generation through a Coil–Globule Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Department of Materials EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Present address: Japan Advanced Institute of, Science and Technology 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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7
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Yamazaki Y, Rohacova J, Ohtsu H, Kawano M, Ishitani O. Synthesis of Re(I) Rings Comprising Different Re(I) Units and Their Light-Harvesting Abilities. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15158-15171. [PMID: 30485078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (Me3NO) could selectively remove only one CO ligand from fac-[Re(N^N)(CO)3(PR2R')]+ (N^N = diimine ligand), whereby only the CO ligand in the trans position to the phosphorus ligand was selectively removed to give cis,trans-[ReI(N^N)(CO)2(PR2R')(L)] n+ in good yields. This decarbonylation reaction using Me3NO was found to be especially useful for synthesizing biscarbonyl Re(I) complexes with electron-withdrawing groups in the diimine ligand, which could not be synthesized or were obtained only in low yields by the photochemical method. Me3NO also selectively removed the carbonyl ligands in the trans position to the phosphorus ligands from the edge Re(I) complex units, which have the fac-[Re(N^N)(CO)3(PR2R')]+ structure, in linear-shaped Re(I) multinuclear complexes. This reaction was successfully applied to synthesize a novel precursor with ring-shaped multinuclear Re complexes (Re-rings) comprising different kinds of Re(I) units. The newly synthesized Re-rings, which consist of one Re unit with a 4,4'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (CF3bpy) ligand and one or two Re unit(s) with a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligand, showed almost quantitative excitation-energy harvesting ability from the Re unit(s) with bpy to that with CF3bpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Jana Rohacova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ohtsu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Masaki Kawano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
| | - Osamu Ishitani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE-1, O-okayama , Meguro-ku , Tokyo 152-8550 , Japan
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8
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Deria P, Yu J, Smith T, Balaraman RP. Ground-State versus Excited-State Interchromophoric Interaction: Topology Dependent Excimer Contribution in Metal–Organic Framework Photophysics. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5973-5983. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Tanner Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Rajesh P. Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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9
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Kumar NSS, Shafikov MZ, Whitwood AC, Donnio B, Karadakov PB, Kozhevnikov VN, Bruce DW. Mesomorphism and Photophysics of Some Metallomesogens Based on Hexasubstituted 2,2':6', 2''-Terpyridines. Chemistry 2016; 22:8215-33. [PMID: 27138194 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201505072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The luminescent and mesomorphic properties of a series of metal complexes based on hexacatenar 2,2':6',2''-terpyridines are investigated using experimental methods and density functional theory (DFT). Two types of ligand are examined, namely 5,5''-di(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl)terpyridine with or without a fused cyclopentene ring on each pyridine and their complexes were prepared with the following transition metals: Zn(II) , Co(III) , Rh(III) , Ir(III) , Eu(III) and Dy(III) . The exact geometry of some of these complexes was determined by single X-ray diffraction. All complexes with long alkyl chains were found to be liquid crystalline, which property was induced on complexation. The liquid-crystalline behaviour of the complexes was studied by polarising optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction. Some of the transition metal complexes (for example, those with Zn(II) and Ir(III) ) are luminescent in solution, the solid state and the mesophase; their photophysical properties were studied both experimentally and using DFT methods (M06-2X and B3LYP).
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Saleesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marsel Z Shafikov
- Department of TOS, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira str., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7504), 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Valery N Kozhevnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Duncan W Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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10
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Okeyoshi K, Kawamura R, Yoshida R, Osada Y. Design of Polymer Networks Involving a Photoinduced Electronic Transmission Circuit toward Artificial Photosynthesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:626-631. [PMID: 26735211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many strategies have been explored to achieve artificial photosynthesis utilizing mediums such as liposomes and supramolecules. Because the photochemical reaction is composed of multiple functional molecules, the surrounding microenvironment is expected to be rationally integrated as observed during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. In this study, photoinduced electronic transmission surrounding the microenvironment of Ru(bpy)3(2+) in a polymer network was investigated using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-Ru(bpy)3), poly(acrylamide-co-Ru(bpy)3), and Ru(bpy)3-conjugated microtubules. Photoinduced energy conversion was evaluated by investigating the effects of (i) Ru(bpy)3(2+) immobilization, (ii) polymer type, (iii) thermal energy, and (iv) cross-linking. The microenvironment surrounding copolymerized Ru(bpy)3(2+) in poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) suppressed quenching and had a higher radiative process energy than others. This finding is related to the nonradiative process, i.e., photoinduced H2 generation with significantly higher overall quantum efficiency (13%) than for the bulk solution. We envision that useful molecules will be generated by photoinduced electronic transmission in polymer networks, resulting in the development of a wide range of biomimetic functions with applications for a sustainable society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okeyoshi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi-shi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Saitama University , 225 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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11
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Deria P, Yu J, Balaraman RP, Mashni J, White SN. Topology-dependent emissive properties of zirconium-based porphyrin MOFs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:13031-13034. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Topological control over the photophysical properties of MOFs via modular interchromophoric electronic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Deria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Jierui Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Rajesh P. Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Jamil Mashni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Sandra N. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
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12
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Okeyoshi K, Kawamura R, Yoshida R, Osada Y. Effect of microtubule polymerization on photoinduced hydrogen generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11607-10. [PMID: 26097911 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a novel reaction field for photoinduced H2 generation by using microtubules as a medium. By controlling the tubulin/microtubule hierarchical structure, synergistic effects by which the Ru(bpy)3(2+)-conjugated microtubule network causes suppression of energy loss by collision are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okeyoshi
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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13
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Morseth ZA, Wang L, Puodziukynaite E, Leem G, Gilligan AT, Meyer TJ, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR, Papanikolas JM. Ultrafast dynamics in multifunctional Ru(II)-loaded polymers for solar energy conversion. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:818-27. [PMID: 25647081 DOI: 10.1021/ar500382u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of sunlight to make chemical fuels (i.e., solar fuels) is an attractive approach in the quest to develop sustainable energy sources. Using nature as a guide, assemblies for artificial photosynthesis will need to perform multiple functions. They will need to be able to harvest light across a broad region of the solar spectrum, transport excited-state energy to charge-separation sites, and then transport and store redox equivalents for use in the catalytic reactions that produce chemical fuels. This multifunctional behavior will require the assimilation of multiple components into a single macromolecular system. A wide variety of different architectures including porphyrin arrays, peptides, dendrimers, and polymers have been explored, with each design posing unique challenges. Polymer assemblies are attractive due to their relative ease of production and facile synthetic modification. However, their disordered nature gives rise to stochastic dynamics not present in more ordered assemblies. The rational design of assemblies requires a detailed understanding of the energy and electron transfer events that follow light absorption, which can occur on time scales ranging from femtoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, necessitating the use of sophisticated techniques. We have used a combination of time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopies with observation times that span 9 orders of magnitude to follow the excited-state evolution within polymer-based molecular assemblies. We complement experimental observations with molecular dynamics simulations to develop a microscopic view of these dynamics. This Account provides an overview of our work on polymers decorated with pendant Ru(II) chromophores, both in solution and on surfaces. We have examined site-to-site energy transport among the Ru(II) complexes, and in systems incorporating π-conjugated polymers, we have observed ultrafast formation of a long-lived charge-separated state. When attached to TiO2, these assemblies exhibit multifunctional behavior in which photon absorption is followed by energy transport to the surface and electron injection to produce an oxidized metal complex. The oxidizing equivalent is then transferred to the conjugated polymer, giving rise to a long-lived charge-separated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Morseth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Egle Puodziukynaite
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alexander T. Gilligan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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14
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Mongwaketsi NP, Kotsedi L, Nuru ZY, Sparrow R, Garab G, Maaza M. Porphyrin nanorods-polymer composites for solar radiation harvesting applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interest in exploring porphyrin-based nanostructures for artificial solar radiation harvesting stems from their structural similarity to chlorophylls. In nature, the precise organization and orientation of the chlorophylls result in efficient absorption of light energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring architectures relevant optical studies including the dynamics of intermolecular and intra-molecular processes of the porphyrin nanorods were investigated. The design of artificial light harvesting systems requires several key factors, such as absorption in the UV-visible and near-infrared wavelengths, energy transfer ability and the selection of light absorbing pigments. Another key factor is the organizational structure through which the components will interact. We attempted to accomplish this by incorporating porphyrin nanorods into polymer matrices and this will also aid in achieving an arrangement where they can be directly used as devices. The nanorods were embedded in a polymeric matrix, using latex technology and electrospinning which gave the possibility of investigating the orientation of nanorods in the polymer. Spectroscopic and microscopic studies were conducted to investigate the optical and morphological properties of the porphyrin nanorods-polymer composites for applications in artificial solar radiation harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nametso P. Mongwaketsi
- iThemba LABS, Materials Research Department, National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722 Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| | - Lebogang Kotsedi
- iThemba LABS, Materials Research Department, National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722 Somerset West 7129, South Africa
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P. O. Box 392, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Zebib Y. Nuru
- iThemba LABS, Materials Research Department, National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722 Somerset West 7129, South Africa
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P. O. Box 392, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Raymond Sparrow
- Council for Scientific & Industrial Research, Biosciences, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Gyozo Garab
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, P. O. Box 521, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
| | - Malik Maaza
- iThemba LABS, Materials Research Department, National Research Foundation, P. O. Box 722 Somerset West 7129, South Africa
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P. O. Box 392, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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15
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Chen CH, Satyanarayana K, Liu YH, Huang SL, Lim TS, Luh TY. Excimer formation in a confined space: photophysics of ladderphanes with tetraarylethylene linkers. Chemistry 2015; 21:800-7. [PMID: 25345595 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Communication between chromophores is vital for both natural and non-natural photophysical processes. Spatial confinements offer unique conditions to scrutinize such interactions. Polynorbornene- and polycyclobutene-based ladderphanes are ideal model compounds in which all tetraarylethylene (TAE) linkers are aligned coherently. The spans for each of the monomeric units in these ladderphanes are 4.5-5.5 Å. Monomers do not exhibit emission, because bond rotation in TAE can quench the excited-state energy. However, polymers emit at 493 nm (Φ=0.015) with large Stokes shift under ambient conditions and exhibit dual emission at 450 and 493 nm at 150 K. When the temperature is lowered, the emission intensity at 450 nm increases, whereas that at 493 nm decreases. At 100 K, both monomers and polymers emit only at 450 nm. This shorter-wavelength emission arises from the intrinsic emission of TAE chromophore, and the emission at 493 nm could be attributed to the excimer emission in the confined space of ladderphanes. The fast kinetics suggest diffusion-controlled formation of the excimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 (Taiwan); Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 (Taiwan)
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16
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Lin NT, Satyanarayana K, Chen CH, Tsai YF, Yu SSF, Chan SI, Luh TY. Controlling the Orientation of Pendants in Two-Dimensional Comb-Like Polymers by Varying Stiffness of Polymeric Backbones. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5007655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ti Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hsien Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsai
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Steve Sheng-Fa Yu
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Sunney I. Chan
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 115 Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
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17
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Litke SV, Ershov AY, Meyer TJ. Photophysics of Bis-bipyridyl Nitro Complexes of Ruthenium(II) with Pyridine Ligands: Substituent Effects. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6216-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Litke
- Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St.
Petersburg 198904, Russia
| | - Aleksei Yu. Ershov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198904, Russia
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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18
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Yehezkeli O, Tel-Vered R, Michaeli D, Willner I, Nechushtai R. Photosynthetic reaction center-functionalized electrodes for photo-bioelectrochemical cells. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 120:71-85. [PMID: 23371753 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, intensive research efforts have been directed toward the application of several highly efficient light-harvesting photosynthetic proteins, including reaction centers (RCs), photosystem I (PSI), and photosystem II (PSII), as key components in the light-triggered generation of fuels or electrical power. This review highlights recent advances for the nano-engineering of photo-bioelectrochemical cells through the assembly of the photosynthetic proteins on electrode surfaces. Various strategies to immobilize the photosynthetic complexes on conductive surfaces and different methodologies to electrically wire them with the electrode supports are presented. The different photoelectrochemical systems exhibit a wide range of photocurrent intensities and power outputs that sharply depend on the nano-engineering strategy and the electroactive components. Such cells are promising candidates for a future production of biologically-driven solar power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Yehezkeli
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Biohybrid Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Puodziukynaite E, Wang L, Schanze KS, Papanikolas JM, Reynolds JR. Poly(fluorene-co-thiophene)-based ionic transition-metal complex polymers for solar energy harvesting and storage applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01582c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Yang Y, Jankowiak R, Lin C, Pawlak K, Reus M, Holzwarth AR, Li J. Effect of the LHCII pigment–protein complex aggregation on photovoltaic properties of sensitized TiO2 solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20856-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chl–Chl charge transfer states formed in LHCII aggregates are observed to enhance the photocurrent generation in LHCII sensitized solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan, USA
| | | | - Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC)
- , Germany
| | - Michael Reus
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion (MPI-CEC)
- , Germany
| | | | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Kansas State University
- Manhattan, USA
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21
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Zhang W, Shimakoshi H, Houfuku N, Song XM, Hisaeda Y. A polymerized ionic liquid-supported B12 catalyst with a ruthenium trisbipyridine photosensitizer for photocatalytic dechlorination in ionic liquids. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:13972-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-driven catalytic reaction efficiently proceeded in ionic liquids using a PIL-supported B12 catalyst with a Ru(ii) trisbipyridine photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials
| | - Hisashi Shimakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Houfuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xi-Ming Song
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036, P.R. China
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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22
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Okeyoshi K, Kawamura R, Yoshida R, Osada Y. Thermo- and photo-enhanced microtubule formation from Ru(bpy)32+-conjugated tubulin. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:41-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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So MC, Jin S, Son HJ, Wiederrecht GP, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of Oriented Porous Thin Films Based on Porphyrin-Containing Metal–Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15698-701. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4078705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica C. So
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shengye Jin
- Nanoscience & Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ho-Jin Son
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gary P. Wiederrecht
- Nanoscience & Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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24
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Morimoto T, Nishiura C, Tanaka M, Rohacova J, Nakagawa Y, Funada Y, Koike K, Yamamoto Y, Shishido S, Kojima T, Saeki T, Ozeki T, Ishitani O. Ring-shaped Re(I) multinuclear complexes with unique photofunctional properties. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13266-9. [PMID: 23968314 DOI: 10.1021/ja406144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized for the first time a series of emissive ring-shaped Re(I) complexes (Re-rings) with various numbers of Re(I) units and various lengths of bridge ligands. The photophysical properties of the Re-rings could be varied widely through changes in the size of the central cavity. A smaller central cavity of the Re-rings induced intramolecular π-π interactions between the ligands and consequently caused a stronger emission and a longer lifetime of the excited state. The Re-rings can function as efficient and durable photosensitizers. The combination of a trinuclear Re-ring photosensitizer with fac-[Re(bpy)(CO)3(MeCN)](+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as a catalyst photocatalyzed CO2 reduction with the highest quantum yield of 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-NE1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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25
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Song W, Ito A, Binstead RA, Hanson K, Luo H, Brennaman MK, Concepcion JJ, Meyer TJ. Accumulation of multiple oxidative equivalents at a single site by cross-surface electron transfer on TiO2. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11587-94. [PMID: 23848562 DOI: 10.1021/ja4032538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The photodriven accumulation of two oxidative equivalents at a single site was investigated on TiO2 coloaded with a ruthenium polypyridyl chromophore [Ru(bpy)2((4,4'-(OH)2PO)2bpy)](2+) (Ru(II)P(2+), bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, ((OH)2PO)2-bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-diyldiphosphonic acid) and a water oxidation catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy) ((4,4'-(OH)2PO-CH2)2bpy)(OH2)](2+) (Ru(II)OH2(2+), Mebimpy = 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine, (4,4'-(OH)2PO-CH2)2bpy) = 4,4'-bis-methlylenephosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine). Electron injection from the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state of -Ru(II)P(2+) (-Ru(II)P(2+)*) to give -Ru(III)P(3+) and TiO2(e(-)) was followed by rapid (<20 ns) nearest-neighbor -Ru(II)OH2(2+) to -Ru(III)P(3+) electron transfer. On surfaces containing both -Ru(II)P(2+) and -Ru(III)OH2(3+) (or -Ru(III)OH(2+)), -Ru(II)OH2(2+) was formed by random migration of the injected electron inside the TiO2 nanoparticle and recombination with the preoxidized catalyst, followed by relatively slow (μs-ms) non-nearest neighbor cross-surface electron transfer from -Ru(II)OH2(2+) to -Ru(III)P(3+). Steady state illumination of coloaded TiO2 photoanodes in a dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) configuration resulted in the buildup of -Ru(III)P(3+), -Ru(III)OH(2+), and -Ru(IV)═O(2+), with -Ru(IV)═O(2+) formation favored at high chromophore to catalyst ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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26
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Abstract
In 1974, the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state,
[Ru(bpy)3]2+*, was shown to undergo electron transfer
quenching by methylviologen dication (MV2+), inspiring a new approach
to artificial photosynthesis based on molecules, molecular-level phenomena, and
a “modular approach”. In the intervening years, application of synthesis,
excited-state measurements, and theory to [Ru(bpy)3]2+*
and its relatives has had an outsized impact on photochemistry and photophysics.
They have provided a basis for exploring the energy gap law for nonradiative
decay and the role of molecular vibrations and solvent and medium effects on
excited-state properties. Much has been learned about light absorption,
excited-state electronic and molecular structure, and excited-state dynamics on
timescales from femtoseconds to milliseconds. Excited-state properties and
reactivity have been exploited in the investigation of electron and energy
transfer in solution, in molecular assemblies, and in derivatized polymers and
oligoprolines. An integrated, hybrid approach to solar fuels, based on
dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs), has emerged and is being
actively investigated.
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27
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Son HJ, Jin S, Patwardhan S, Wezenberg SJ, Jeong NC, So M, Wilmer CE, Sarjeant AA, Schatz GC, Snurr RQ, Farha OK, Wiederrecht GP, Hupp JT. Light-harvesting and ultrafast energy migration in porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:862-9. [PMID: 23249338 DOI: 10.1021/ja310596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given that energy (exciton) migration in natural photosynthesis primarily occurs in highly ordered porphyrin-like pigments (chlorophylls), equally highly ordered porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) might be expected to exhibit similar behavior, thereby facilitating antenna-like light-harvesting and positioning such materials for use in solar energy conversion schemes. Herein, we report the first example of directional, long-distance energy migration within a MOF. Two MOFs, namely F-MOF and DA-MOF that are composed of two Zn(II) porphyrin struts [5,15-dipyridyl-10,20-bis(pentafluorophenyl)porphinato]zinc(II) and [5,15-bis[4-(pyridyl)ethynyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II), respectively, were investigated. From fluorescence quenching experiments and theoretical calculations, we find that the photogenerated exciton migrates over a net distance of up to ~45 porphyrin struts within its lifetime in DA-MOF (but only ~3 in F-MOF), with a high anisotropy along a specific direction. The remarkably efficient exciton migration in DA-MOF is attributed to enhanced π-conjugation through the addition of two acetylene moieties in the porphyrin molecule, which leads to greater Q-band absorption intensity and much faster exciton-hopping (energy transfer between adjacent porphyrin struts). The long distance and directional energy migration in DA-MOF suggests promising applications of this compound or related compounds in solar energy conversion schemes as an efficient light-harvesting and energy-transport component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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28
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Fox MA. Photophysical probes for multiple-redox and multiple-excited-state interactions in molecular aggregates. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1875-86. [PMID: 23004222 DOI: 10.1021/ar3000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis takes place through a highly efficient series of energy, electron, and proton transfers initiated by absorption of one or more photons within the visible region of the solar spectrum. Because of the presence of multiple chromophores needed for effective light harvesting, extinction coefficients must be very high. The absorbing multiunit array is held within a rigidly arranged structure that facilitates each electron hop. A fully artificial, yet biomimetic, alternative to photosynthesis that produces fuels directly and efficiently from sunlight and simple low molecular weight molecules would change the world. Achieving this goal requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of the key steps of the complex chemical and photochemical processes taking place in natural photosynthesis. One of these mechanisms relies on light harvesting to initiate multiple-step sequences to obtain combustible molecules suitable for burning. In particular, we are devising and testing photophysical models with characteristics that facilitate multiple electron transfers within a single aggregate and are directly relevant to light harvesting. We focus on structural features that promote photoinduced electron transfer at high dye densities, placed for optimal solar utilization and catalysis. The reaction producing oxygen is further complicated by the need for four electrons to complete the sequence, even though the first initiation step is presumably absorption of a single photon. Therefore we explore steps that accumulate charge or have the potential to do so. We also emphasize the synthesis of model systems that probe the complexity of individual steps. This Account examines the factors that influence the efficiency of electron redistribution in multiple-dye, multiple-excited-state, and multiple-redox equivalent arrays. Such knowledge will allow us to optimize the efficiency of electron migration and may contribute to a better understanding of multiple-equivalent light harvesting events by which photosynthetic energy storage takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marye Anne Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Road, La Jolla, California 92305, United States
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29
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Wang L, Puodziukynaite E, Vary RP, Grumstrup EM, Walczak RM, Zolotarskaya OY, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR, Papanikolas JM. Competition between Ultrafast Energy Flow and Electron Transfer in a Ru(II)-Loaded Polyfluorene Light-Harvesting Polymer. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2453-2457. [PMID: 26292132 DOI: 10.1021/jz300979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the synthesis and photophysical characterization of a Ru(II) assembly consisting of metal polypyridyl complexes linked together by a polyfluorene scaffold. Unlike many scaffolds incorporating saturated linkages, the conjugated polymer in this system acts as a functional light-harvesting component. Conformational disorder breaks the conjugation in the polymer backbone, resulting in a chain composed of many chromophore units, whose relative energies depend on the segment lengths. Photoexcitation of the polyfluorene by a femtosecond laser pulse results in the excitation of polyfluorene, which then undergoes direct energy transfer to the pendant Ru(II) complexes, producing Ru(II)* excited states within 500 fs after photoexcitation. Femtosecond transient absorption data show the presence of electron transfer from PF* to Ru(II) to form charge-separated (CS) products within 1-2 ps. The decay of the oxidized and reduced products, PF(+•) and Ru(I), through back electron transfer are followed using picosecond transient absorption methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Egle Puodziukynaite
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Ryan P Vary
- †Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erik M Grumstrup
- †Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ryan M Walczak
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Olga Y Zolotarskaya
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
- §School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- †Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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30
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Breul AM, Pietsch C, Menzel R, Schäfer J, Teichler A, Hager MD, Popp J, Dietzek B, Beckert R, Schubert US. Blue emitting side-chain pendant 4-hydroxy-1,3-thiazoles in polystyrenes synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Walsh JJ, Zeng Q, Forster RJ, Keyes TE. Highly luminescent Ru(ii) metallopolymers: photonic and redox properties in solution and as thin films. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1547-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of the prospects for bio-solar energy conversion. The Global Artificial Photosynthesis meeting at Lord Howe Island (14–18 August 2011) underscored the dependence that the world has placed on non-renewable energy supplies, particularly for transport fuels, and highlighted the potential of solar energy. Biology has used solar energy for free energy gain to drive chemical reactions for billions of years. The principal conduits for energy conversion on earth are photosynthetic reaction centres – but can they be harnessed, copied and emulated? In this communication, we initially discuss algal-based biofuels before investigating bio-inspired solar energy conversion in artificial and engineered systems. We show that the basic design and engineering principles for assembling photocatalytic proteins can be used to assemble nanocatalysts for solar fuel production.
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33
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Happ B, Winter A, Hager MD, Schubert US. Photogenerated avenues in macromolecules containing Re(i), Ru(ii), Os(ii), and Ir(iii) metal complexes of pyridine-based ligands. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2222-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Majewski MB, de Tacconi NR, MacDonnell FM, Wolf MO. Ligand-triplet-fueled long-lived charge separation in ruthenium(II) complexes with bithienyl-functionalized ligands. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9939-41. [PMID: 21936493 DOI: 10.1021/ic201895y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with pendant bithienyl ligands exhibiting unusually long-lived (τ ~ 3-7 μs) charge-separated excited states and a large amount of stored energy (ΔG° ~ 2.0 eV) are reported. A long-lived ligand-localized triplet acts as an energy reservoir to fuel population of an interligand charge-transfer state via an intermediate metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state in these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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36
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Lee CY, Farha OK, Hong BJ, Sarjeant AA, Nguyen ST, Hupp JT. Light-harvesting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): efficient strut-to-strut energy transfer in bodipy and porphyrin-based MOFs. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15858-61. [PMID: 21916479 DOI: 10.1021/ja206029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A pillared-paddlewheel type metal-organic framework material featuring bodipy- and porphyrin-based struts, and capable of harvesting light across the entire visible spectrum, has been synthesized. Efficient-essentially quantitative-strut-to-strut energy transfer (antenna behavior) was observed for the well-organized donor-acceptor assembly consituting the ordered MOF structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Happ B, Schäfer J, Menzel R, Hager MD, Winter A, Popp J, Beckert R, Dietzek B, Schubert US. Synthesis and Resonance Energy Transfer Study on a Random Terpolymer Containing a 2-(Pyridine-2-yl)thiazole Donor-Type Ligand and a Luminescent [Ru(bpy)2(2-(triazol-4-yl)pyridine)]2+ Chromophore. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201193e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Happ
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Schäfer
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Photonic Technology Jena (IPhT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto Menzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Photonic Technology Jena (IPhT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Beckert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Photonic Technology Jena (IPhT), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Menzel R, Breul A, Pietsch C, Schäfer J, Friebe C, Täuscher E, Weiß D, Dietzek B, Popp J, Beckert R, Schubert US. Blue-Emitting Polymers Based on 4-Hydroxythiazoles Incorporated in a Methacrylate Backbone. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Shimakoshi H, Nishi M, Tanaka A, Chikama K, Hisaeda Y. Photocatalytic function of a polymer-supported B12 complex with a ruthenium trisbipyridine photosensitizer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6548-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11970b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Kent CA, Mehl BP, Ma L, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ, Lin W. Energy Transfer Dynamics in Metal−Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12767-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102804s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Kent
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Brian P. Mehl
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Liqing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, CB#3290, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Sankaran NB, Rys AZ, Nassif R, Nayak MK, Metera K, Chen B, Bazzi HS, Sleiman HF. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymers for Biodetection and Signal Amplification: Synthesis and Self-Assembly. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100234j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. B. Sankaran
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Andrzej Z. Rys
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Rachel Nassif
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Manoj K. Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kimberly Metera
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Hassan S. Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanadi F. Sleiman
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada
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Kalyanasundaram K, Graetzel M. Artificial photosynthesis: biomimetic approaches to solar energy conversion and storage. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:298-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Sun Y, Collins SN, Joyce LE, Turro C. Unusual Photophysical Properties of a Ruthenium(II) Complex Related to [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4257-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9025365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | - Lauren E. Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Muñoz AG, Lewerenz HJ. Advances in Photoelectrocatalysis with Nanotopographical Photoelectrodes. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1603-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Ghosh PK, Smirnov AY, Nori F. Modeling light-driven proton pumps in artificial photosynthetic reaction centers. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:035102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3170939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Wang HW, Liu ZC, Chen CH, Lim TS, Fann W, Chao CG, Yu JY, Lee SL, Chen CH, Huang SL, Luh TY. Coherently Aligned Porphyrin-Appended Polynorbornenes. Chemistry 2009; 15:5719-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Fleming CN, Brennaman MK, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Efficient, long-range energy migration in RuII polypyridyl derivatized polystyrenes in rigid media. Antennae for artificial photosynthesis. Dalton Trans 2009:3903-10. [DOI: 10.1039/b821162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Knutson C, Benkö G, Rocheleau T, Mouffouk F, Maselko J, Chen L, Shreve AP, Rasmussen S. Metabolic photofragmentation kinetics for a minimal protocell: rate-limiting factors, efficiency, and implications for evolution. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2008; 14:189-201. [PMID: 18331190 DOI: 10.1162/artl.2008.14.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key requirement of an autonomous self-replicating molecular machine, a protocell, is the ability to digest resources and turn them into building blocks. Thus a protocell needs a set of metabolic processes fueled by external free energy in the form of available chemical redox potential or light. We introduce and investigate a minimal photodriven metabolic system, which is based on photofragmentation of resource molecules catalyzed by genetic molecules. We represent and analyze the full metabolic set of reaction-kinetic equations and, through a set of approximations, simplify the reaction kinetics so that analytical expressions can be obtained for the building block production. The analytical approximations are compared with the full equation set and with corresponding experimental results to the extent they are available. It should be noted, however, that the proposed metabolic system has not been experimentally implemented, so this investigation is conducted to obtain a deeper understanding of its dynamics and perhaps to anticipate its limitations. We demonstrate that this type of minimal photodriven metabolic scheme is typically rate-limited by the front-end photoexcitation process, while its yield is determined by the genetic catalysis. We further predict that gene-catalyzed metabolic reactions can undergo evolutionary selection only for certain combinations of the involved reaction rates due to their intricate interactions. We finally discuss how the expected range of metabolic rates likely affects other key protocellular processes such as container growth and division as well as gene replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Knutson
- EES-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-D462, Los Alamos, NM 87545.
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Abstract
Energy is the most important issue of the 21st century. About 85% of our energy comes from fossil fuels, a finite resource unevenly distributed beneath the Earth's surface. Reserves of fossil fuels are progressively decreasing, and their continued use produces harmful effects such as pollution that threatens human health and greenhouse gases associated with global warming. Prompt global action to solve the energy crisis is therefore needed. To pursue such an action, we are urged to save energy and to use energy in more efficient ways, but we are also forced to find alternative energy sources, the most convenient of which is solar energy for several reasons. The sun continuously provides the Earth with a huge amount of energy, fairly distributed all over the world. Its enormous potential as a clean, abundant, and economical energy source, however, cannot be exploited unless it is converted into useful forms of energy. This Review starts with a brief description of the mechanism at the basis of the natural photosynthesis and, then, reports the results obtained so far in the field of photochemical conversion of solar energy. The "grand challenge" for chemists is to find a convenient means for artificial conversion of solar energy into fuels. If chemists succeed to create an artificial photosynthetic process, "... life and civilization will continue as long as the sun shines!", as the Italian scientist Giacomo Ciamician forecast almost one hundred years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Wöll D, Laimgruber S, Galetskaya M, Smirnova J, Pfleiderer W, Heinz B, Gilch P, Steiner UE. On the Mechanism of Intramolecular Sensitization of Photocleavage of the 2-(2-Nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl (NPPOC) Protecting Group. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12148-58. [PMID: 17877342 DOI: 10.1021/ja072355p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A spectroscopic study of a variety of covalently linked thioxanthone(TX)-linker-2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl(NPPOC)-substrate conjugates is presented. Herein, the TX chromophore functions as an intramolecular sensitizer to the NPPOC moiety, a photolabile protecting group used in photolithographic DNA chip synthesis. The rate of electronic energy transfer between TX and NPPOC was quantified by means of stationary fluorescence as well as nanosecond and femtosecond time-resolved laser spectroscopy. A dual mechanism of triplet-triplet energy transfer has been observed comprising a slower mechanism involving the T1(pipi*) state of TX with linker-length-dependent time constants longer than 20 ns and a fast mechanism with linker-length-dependent time constants shorter than 3 ns. Evidence is provided that the latter mechanism is due to energy transfer from the T2(npi*) state which is in fast equilibrium with the fluorescent S1(pipi*) state. In the case of direct linkage between the aromatic rings of TX and NPPOC, the spectroscopic properties are indicative of one united chromophore which, however, still shows the typical NPPOC cleavage reaction triggered by intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer to the nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wöll
- Contribution from the Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, 78465 Konstanz, Germany
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