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Villalobo A, González-Muñoz M, Berchtold MW. Proteins with calmodulin-like domains: structures and functional roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2299-2328. [PMID: 30877334 PMCID: PMC11105222 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of modular proteins is a widespread phenomenon during the evolution of proteins. The combinatorial arrangement of different functional and/or structural domains within a single polypeptide chain yields a wide variety of activities and regulatory properties to the modular proteins. In this review, we will discuss proteins, that in addition to their catalytic, transport, structure, localization or adaptor functions, also have segments resembling the helix-loop-helix EF-hand motifs found in Ca2+-binding proteins, such as calmodulin (CaM). These segments are denoted CaM-like domains (CaM-LDs) and play a regulatory role, making these CaM-like proteins sensitive to Ca2+ transients within the cell, and hence are able to transduce the Ca2+ signal leading to specific cellular responses. Importantly, this arrangement allows to this group of proteins direct regulation independent of other Ca2+-sensitive sensor/transducer proteins, such as CaM. In addition, this review also covers CaM-binding proteins, in which their CaM-binding site (CBS), in the absence of CaM, is proposed to interact with other segments of the same protein denoted CaM-like binding site (CLBS). CLBS are important regulatory motifs, acting either by keeping these CaM-binding proteins inactive in the absence of CaM, enhancing the stability of protein complexes and/or facilitating their dimerization via CBS/CLBS interaction. The existence of proteins containing CaM-LDs or CLBSs substantially adds to the enormous versatility and complexity of Ca2+/CaM signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Edificio IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María González-Muñoz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Nguyen HH, Varadi M, Tompa P, Pauwels K. Affinity purification of human m-calpain through an intrinsically disordered inhibitor, calpastatin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174125. [PMID: 28319173 PMCID: PMC5358782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are calcium-activated proteases that have biomedical and biotechnological potential. Their activity is tightly regulated by their endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin that binds to the enzyme only in the presence of calcium. Conventional approaches to purify calpain comprise multiple chromatographic steps, and are labor-intensive, leading to low yields. Here we report a new purification procedure for the human m-calpain based on its reversible calcium-mediated interaction with the intrinsically disordered calpastatin. We exploit the specific binding properties of human calpastatin domain 1 (hCSD1) to physically capture human m-calpain from a complex biological mixture. The dissociation of the complex is mediated by chelating calcium, upon which heterodimeric calpain elutes while hCSD1 remains immobilized onto the stationary phase. This novel affinity-based purification was compared to the conventional multistep purification strategy and we find that it is robust, it yields a homogeneous preparation, it can be scaled up easily and it rests on a non-disruptive step that maintains close to physiological conditions that allow further biophysical and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Huy Nguyen
- VIB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mihaly Varadi
- VIB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kris Pauwels
- VIB Center for Structural Biology (CSB), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Curcio M, Salazar IL, Mele M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Calpains and neuronal damage in the ischemic brain: The swiss knife in synaptic injury. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:1-35. [PMID: 27283248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The excessive extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the ischemic brain leads to an overactivation of glutamate receptors with consequent excitotoxic neuronal death. Neuronal demise is largely due to a sustained activation of NMDA receptors for glutamate, with a consequent increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and activation of calcium- dependent mechanisms. Calpains are a group of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases that truncate specific proteins, and some of the cleavage products remain in the cell, although with a distinct function. Numerous studies have shown pre- and post-synaptic effects of calpains on glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, targeting membrane- associated proteins as well as intracellular proteins. The resulting changes in the presynaptic proteome alter neurotransmitter release, while the cleavage of postsynaptic proteins affects directly or indirectly the activity of neurotransmitter receptors and downstream mechanisms. These alterations also disturb the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain, with an impact in neuronal demise. In this review we discuss the evidence pointing to a role for calpains in the dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in brain ischemia, at the pre- and post-synaptic levels, as well as the functional consequences. Although targeting calpain-dependent mechanisms may constitute a good therapeutic approach for stroke, specific strategies should be developed to avoid non-specific effects given the important regulatory role played by these proteases under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Curcio
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
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4
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Bogdanova A, Makhro A, Wang J, Lipp P, Kaestner L. Calcium in red blood cells-a perilous balance. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9848-72. [PMID: 23698771 PMCID: PMC3676817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal signalling molecule involved in regulating cell cycle and fate, metabolism and structural integrity, motility and volume. Like other cells, red blood cells (RBCs) rely on Ca2+ dependent signalling during differentiation from precursor cells. Intracellular Ca2+ levels in the circulating human RBCs take part not only in controlling biophysical properties such as membrane composition, volume and rheological properties, but also physiological parameters such as metabolic activity, redox state and cell clearance. Extremely low basal permeability of the human RBC membrane to Ca2+ and a powerful Ca2+ pump maintains intracellular free Ca2+ levels between 30 and 60 nM, whereas blood plasma Ca2+ is approximately 1.8 mM. Thus, activation of Ca2+ uptake has an impressive impact on multiple processes in the cells rendering Ca2+ a master regulator in RBCs. Malfunction of Ca2+ transporters in human RBCs leads to excessive accumulation of Ca2+ within the cells. This is associated with a number of pathological states including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, phosphofructokinase deficiency and other forms of hereditary anaemia. Continuous progress in unravelling the molecular nature of Ca2+ transport pathways allows harnessing Ca2+ uptake, avoiding premature RBC clearance and thrombotic complications. This review summarizes our current knowledge of Ca2+ signalling in RBCs emphasizing the importance of this inorganic cation in RBC function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogdanova
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and the Zürich, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland; E-Mails: (A.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Asya Makhro
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and the Zürich, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland; E-Mails: (A.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany; E-Mails: (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Lipp
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany; E-Mails: (J.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Lars Kaestner
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Research Centre for Molecular Imaging and Screening, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany; E-Mails: (J.W.); (P.L.)
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5
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Hong KW, Jin HS, Lim JE, Oh B. Association of 20 potential ATP2B1-interacting genes with blood pressure in Koreans. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Eick M, Stöhr C. Proteolysis at the plasma membrane of tobacco roots: biochemical evidence and possible roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:1003-8. [PMID: 19651520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-associated proteases (pm-proteases) exist principally in roots of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, whereas in plasma membrane (pm) vesicles prepared from leaves, protease activity was at the detection limit. Biochemical characterisation revealed a high diversity of particular hydrophobic pm-proteases indicating multiple functions in root tissue. One proportion of chromatographically separated proteases was split up by non-reducing SDS-PAGE in 8-12 single polypeptides, dependent on plant nitrogen nutrition. The active polypeptides could be grouped in those that were (i) inhibited, (ii) stimulated and (iii) independent of bivalent cations. Although, the total specific protease activity of various pm vesicles was almost identical, the composition and activity of individual polypeptides was dependent on nitrogen supply of the plants. Particularly, nitrogen deficiency stimulated the activity of high molecular mass proteases (125 kDa-97 kDa), whereas sufficient nitrate supply enhanced proteolytic activity of 90 kDa, 83 kDa and 65 kDa polypeptides. Endogenous proteolysis within pm vesicles suggested that at least partly protease substrates are localised within the same membrane. A comparison of polypeptides originated from proteolysis of pm vesicles and those exudated by roots into the external medium points to a role of root pm-proteases in the specific release of polypeptides into the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Eick
- University Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Grimmer Strasse 88, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Chen BB, Mallampalli RK. Calmodulin binds and stabilizes the regulatory enzyme, CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33494-33506. [PMID: 17804406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706472200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCTalpha) is a proteolytically sensitive enzyme essential for production of phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid of animal cell membranes. The molecular signals that govern CCTalpha protein stability are unknown. An NH(2)-terminal PEST sequence within CCTalpha did not serve as a degradation signal for the proteinase, calpain. Calmodulin (CaM) stabilized CCTalpha from calpain proteolysis. Adenoviral gene transfer of CaM in cells protected CCTalpha, whereas CaM small interfering RNA accentuated CCTalpha degradation by calpains. CaM bound CCTalpha as revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and two-hybrid analysis. Mapping and site-directed mutagenesis of CCTalpha uncovered a motif (LQERVDKVK) harboring a vital recognition site, Gln(243), whereby CaM directly binds to the enzyme. Mutagenesis of CCTalpha Gln(243) not only resulted in loss of CaM binding but also led to complete calpain resistance in vitro and in vivo. Thus, calpains and CaM both access CCTalpha using a structurally similar molecular signature that profoundly affects CCTalpha levels. These data suggest that CaM, by antagonizing calpain, serves as a novel binding partner for CCTalpha that stabilizes the enzyme under proinflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill B Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.
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8
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Tompa P, Buzder-Lantos P, Tantos A, Farkas A, Szilágyi A, Bánóczi Z, Hudecz F, Friedrich P. On the sequential determinants of calpain cleavage. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20775-85. [PMID: 14988399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313873200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural clues of substrate recognition by calpain are incompletely understood. In this study, 106 cleavage sites in substrate proteins compiled from the literature have been analyzed to dissect the signal for calpain cleavage and also to enable the design of an ideal calpain substrate and interfere with calpain action via site-directed mutagenesis. In general, our data underline the importance of the primary structure of the substrate around the scissile bond in the recognition process. Significant amino acid preferences were found to extend over 11 residues around the scissile bond, from P(4) to P(7)'. In compliance with earlier data, preferred residues in the P(2) position are Leu, Thr, and Val, and in P(1) Lys, Tyr, and Arg. In position P(1) ', small hydrophilic residues, Ser and to a lesser extent Thr and Ala, occur most often. Pro dominates the region flanking the P(2)-P(1)' segment, i.e. positions P(3) and P(2)'-P(4)'; most notable is its occurrence 5.59 times above chance in P(3)'. Intriguingly, the segment C-terminal to the cleavage site resembles the consensus inhibitory region of calpastatin, the specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Further, the position of the scissile bond correlates with certain sequential attributes, such as secondary structure and PEST score, which, along with the amino acid preferences, suggests that calpain cleaves within rather disordered segments of proteins. The amino acid preferences were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of the autolysis sites of Drosophila calpain B; when amino acids at key positions were changed to less preferred ones, autolytic cleavage shifted to other, adjacent sites. Based on these preferences, a new fluorogenic calpain substrate, DABCYLTPLKSPPPSPR-EDANS, was designed and synthesized. In the case of micro- and m-calpain, this substrate is kinetically superior to commercially available ones, and it can be used for the in vivo assessment of the activity of these ubiquitous mammalian calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Tompa
- Institute of Enzymology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 7, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Raynaud F, Bonnal C, Fernandez E, Bremaud L, Cerutti M, Lebart MC, Roustan C, Ouali A, Benyamin Y. The calpain 1-alpha-actinin interaction. Resting complex between the calcium-dependent protease and its target in cytoskeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 270:4662-70. [PMID: 14622253 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 1 behaviour toward cytoskeletal targets was investigated using two alpha-actinin isoforms from smooth and skeletal muscles. These two isoforms which are, respectively, sensitive and resistant to calpain cleavage, interact with the protease when using in vitro binding assays. The stability of the complexes in EGTA [Kd(-Ca2+) = 0.5 +/- 0.1 microM] was improved in the presence of 1 mm calcium ions [Kd(+Ca2+) = 0.05 +/- 0.01 microM]. Location of the binding structures shows that the C-terminal domain of alpha-actinin and each calpain subunit, 28 and 80 kDa, participates in the interaction. In particular, the autolysed calpain form (76/18) affords a similar binding compared to the 80/28 intact enzyme, with an identified binding site in the catalytic subunit, located in the C-terminal region of the chain (domain III-IV). The in vivo colocalization of calpain 1 and alpha-actinin was shown to be likely in the presence of calcium, when permeabilized muscle fibres were supplemented by exogenous calpain 1 and the presence of calpain 1 in Z-line cores was shown by gold-labelled antibodies. The demonstration of such a colocalization was brought by coimmunoprecipitation experiments of calpain 1 and alpha-actinin from C2.7 myogenic cells. We propose that calpain 1 interacts in a resting state with cytoskeletal targets, and that this binding is strengthened in pathological conditions, such as ischaemia and dystrophies, associated with high calcium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Raynaud
- UMR 5539 - CNRS, laboratoire de Motilité Cellulaire - EPHE, cc107, USTL, Montpellier, France
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10
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Abstract
The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases, mu-calpain and m-calpain, and a third polypeptide, calpastatin, whose only known function is to inhibit the two calpains. Both mu- and m-calpain are heterodimers containing an identical 28-kDa subunit and an 80-kDa subunit that shares 55-65% sequence homology between the two proteases. The crystallographic structure of m-calpain reveals six "domains" in the 80-kDa subunit: 1). a 19-amino acid NH2-terminal sequence; 2). and 3). two domains that constitute the active site, IIa and IIb; 4). domain III; 5). an 18-amino acid extended sequence linking domain III to domain IV; and 6). domain IV, which resembles the penta EF-hand family of polypeptides. The single calpastatin gene can produce eight or more calpastatin polypeptides ranging from 17 to 85 kDa by use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. The physiological significance of these different calpastatins is unclear, although all bind to three different places on the calpain molecule; binding to at least two of the sites is Ca2+ dependent. Since 1989, cDNA cloning has identified 12 additional mRNAs in mammals that encode polypeptides homologous to domains IIa and IIb of the 80-kDa subunit of mu- and m-calpain, and calpain-like mRNAs have been identified in other organisms. The molecules encoded by these mRNAs have not been isolated, so little is known about their properties. How calpain activity is regulated in cells is still unclear, but the calpains ostensibly participate in a variety of cellular processes including remodeling of cytoskeletal/membrane attachments, different signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis. Deregulated calpain activity following loss of Ca2+ homeostasis results in tissue damage in response to events such as myocardial infarcts, stroke, and brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell E Goll
- Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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11
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Burgess HA, Reiner O. Alternative splice variants of doublecortin-like kinase are differentially expressed and have different kinase activities. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17696-705. [PMID: 11884394 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111981200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of mRNA transcripts expands the range of protein products from a single gene locus. Several splice variants of DCLK (doublecortin-like kinase) have previously been reported. Here, we report the genomic organization underlying the splice variants of DCLK and examine the expression profile of two splice variants affecting the kinase domain of DCLK and CPG16 (candidate plasticity gene 16), one containing an Arg-rich domain and the other affecting the C terminus of the protein. These splice alternatives were differentially expressed in embryonic and adult brain. Both splice variants disrupted DCLK PEST domains; however, all splice variants remained sensitive to proteolysis by calpain. The adult-specific C-terminal splice variant of DCLK had reduced autophosphorylation activity, but similar kinase activity for myelin basic protein relative to the embryonic splice variant. The splice variant adding an Arg-rich domain gained an autophosphorylation site at Ser-382. Although this protein isoform was expressed mainly in the adult brain, the phosphorylated form was strongly enriched in embryonic brain and adult olfactory bulb, suggesting a possible role in migrating neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Burgess
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Patzke H, Tsai LH. Calpain-mediated cleavage of the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 activator p39 to p29. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8054-60. [PMID: 11784720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109645200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is tightly regulated by binding of its neuronal activators p35 and p39. Upon neurotoxic insults, p35 is cleaved to p25 by the Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain. p25 is accumulated in ischemic brains and in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. p25 deregulates Cdk5 activity by causing prolonged activation and mislocalization of Cdk5. It is unknown whether p39, which is expressed throughout the adult rat brain, is cleaved by calpain, and whether this contributes to deregulation of Cdk5. Here, we show that calpain cleaved p39 in vitro, resulting in generation of a C-terminal p29 fragment. In vivo, p29 was generated in ischemic brain concomitant with increased calpain activity. In fresh brain lysates, generation of p29 was Ca(2+)-dependent, and calpain inhibitors abolished p29 production. The Ca(2+) ionophore ionomycin and the excitotoxin glutamate induced production of p29 in cultures of cortical neurons in a calpain-dependent manner. Like p25, p29 was more stable than p39 and caused redistribution of Cdk5 in cortical neurons. Our data suggest that neurotoxic insults lead to calpain-mediated conversion of p39 to p29, which might contribute to deregulation of Cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Patzke
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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13
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Gabrijelcic-Geiger D, Mentele R, Meisel B, Hinz H, Assfalg-Machleidt I, Machleidt W, Möller A, Auerswald EA. Human micro-calpain: simple isolation from erythrocytes and characterization of autolysis fragments. Biol Chem 2001; 382:1733-7. [PMID: 11843187 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterodimeric p-calpain, consisting of the large (80 kDa) and the small (30 kDa) subunit, was isolated and purified from human erythrocytes by a highly reproducible four-step purification procedure. Obtained material is more than 95% pure and has a specific activity of 6-7 mU/mg. Presence of contaminating proteins could not be detected by HPLC and sequence analysis. During storage at -80 degrees C the enzyme remains fully activatable by Ca2+, although the small subunit is partially processed to a 22 kDa fragment. This novel autolysis product of the small subunit starts with the sequence 60RILG and is further processed to the known 18 kDa fragment. Active forms and typical transient and stable autolysis products of the large subunit were identified by protein sequencing. In casein-zymograms only the activatable forms 80 kDa+30 kDa, 80 kDa+22 kDa and 80 kDa+18 kDa displayed caseinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gabrijelcic-Geiger
- Abteilung für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Biochemie in der Chirurgischen Klinik und Poliklinik-Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munchen, Germany
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14
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Abstract
GAP-43 is a presynaptic protein participating in signal transduction processes in nerve terminals. GAP-43 exists in neurons along with two truncated forms devoid of 4 and 40 N-terminal residues. In this report, we show that these forms of GAP-43 are proteolytic fragments derived from calcium-dependent cleavage of GAP-43 molecule at 5th and 41st residues. GAP-43 site-specific proteolysis in synaptosome and cytosol fractions proved to be dependent on the addition of millimolar amounts of calcium. This fact together with inhibition of GAP-43 proteolysis by calpain inhibitors as well as local composition of the cleavage sites indicates to the participation of calpain in this process. The proteolysis disturbs some properties characteristic for whole GAP-43 molecules, in particular, calmodulin binding and Ser-41 phosphorylation, when the cleavage occurs at 41st residue. Some other GAP-43 properties (G(o) protein activation and membrane attachment) are retained by separate fragments. Therefore, calcium controlled site-specific proteolysis of GAP-43 can be of great physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Zakharov
- Division of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188300 Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia.
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15
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Ramljak D, Calvert RJ, Wiesenfeld PW, Diwan BA, Catipovic B, Marasas WF, Victor TC, Anderson LM, Gelderblom WC. A potential mechanism for fumonisin B1-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis: cyclin D1 stabilization associated with activation of Akt and inhibition of GSK-3β activity. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Ramljak D, Calvert RJ, Wiesenfeld PW, Diwan BA, Catipovic B, Marasas WF, Victor TC, Anderson LM, Gelderblom WC. A potential mechanism for fumonisin B 1 -mediated hepatocarcinogenesis: cyclin D1 stabilization associated with activation of Akt and inhibition of GSK-3β activity. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.8.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Kastrykina TF, Malysheva MK. Calpain as one of the calcium signal mediators in the cell. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hseu MJ, Yen CH, Tzeng MC. Crocalbin: a new calcium-binding protein that is also a binding protein for crotoxin, a neurotoxic phospholipase A2. FEBS Lett 1999; 445:440-4. [PMID: 10094503 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing Marathon-ready cDNA library and a gene-specific primer corresponding to a partial amino acid sequence determined previously, the complete nucleotide sequence for the cDNA of crocalbin, which binds crotoxin (a phospholipase A2) and Ca2+, was obtained by polymerase chain reaction. The open reading frame of the cDNA encodes a novel polypeptide of 315 amino acid residues, including a signal sequence of 19 residues. This protein contains six potential Ca(2+)-binding domains, one N-glycosylation site, and a large amount of acidic amino acid residues. The ability to bind Ca2+ has been ascertained by calcium overlay experiment. Evidenced by sequence similarity in addition, it is concluded that crocalbin is a new member of the reticulocalbin family of calcium-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hseu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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19
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Kinbara K, Ishiura S, Tomioka S, Sorimachi H, Jeong SY, Amano S, Kawasaki H, Kolmerer B, Kimura S, Labeit S, Suzuki K. Purification of native p94, a muscle-specific calpain, and characterization of its autolysis. Biochem J 1998; 335 ( Pt 3):589-96. [PMID: 9794799 PMCID: PMC1219820 DOI: 10.1042/bj3350589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
p94, a skeletal muscle-specific calpain, has attracted much attention because its gene is responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. p94, however, has not been characterized at the protein and enzyme levels, owing to its very rapid autolysis. In the present study, a purification procedure for p94 was first established by using a recombinant inactive p94 expressed in COS cells in which the active site cysteine residue was changed to serine [p94(C129S)]. The isolation of native p94 from rabbit skeletal muscle by the established method with conventional procedures was extremely difficult because p94 became highly unstable in a crude extract on the addition of NaCl for separation. Purification of native p94 was possible with an antibody-affinity column but only as an inactive enzyme; p94(C129S) was purified as a homodimer. Characterization of p94, especially autolysis, was performed with partly purified native p94 and p94(C129S). The autolysis of p94, which consisted at least partly of an intermolecular reaction, proceeded in three consecutive steps; 60 and 58 kDa fragments were produced as intermediates before a stable 55 kDa fragment appeared. Autolysis of p94 was regarded as a degradative step rather than for the activation of the enzyme. All the autolysis cleavage sites were located in the p94-specific insertion sequence 1 region, which explains why p94 is unstable compared with the other calpains. The autolysis sites in p94 clearly showed a different specificity relative to the autolytic and proteolytic cleavage sites of the ubiquitous mu- and m-calpains, in its preference for residues at the P3 to P1' sites, indicating a distinct substrate specificity and function for the muscle enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kinbara
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Function, Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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20
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Dutt P, Arthur JS, Croall DE, Elce JS. m-Calpain subunits remain associated in the presence of calcium. FEBS Lett 1998; 436:367-71. [PMID: 9801150 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that calpain subunits dissociate in the presence of Ca2+ has been tested by methods which avoid interference by Ca2+-induced aggregation and large subunit autolysis. Inactive Cys105Ser-m-calpain, bound either to Ni-NTA-agarose or to immobilized casein, after incubation with Ca2+, could be recovered in high yield as a heterodimer. Natural bovine m-calpain, after irreversible inhibition with Z-LLY-CHN2, also bound to immobilized casein and was eluted as a heterodimer. The Ca2+ requirements of calpain containing a small subunit with EF-hand mutations were higher, both before and after autolysis, than those of wild-type calpain. In mixtures of wild-type and mutant enzymes, subunit exchange did not occur in the presence of Ca2+. The results demonstrate that the subunits in both natural and recombinant m-calpain, in the given experimental conditions, remain associated in the presence of Ca2+ both before and after autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, and The Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, Kingston, Ont., Canada
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carafoli
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
For a long time now, two ubiquitously expressed mammalian calpain isoenzymes have been used to explore the structure and function of calpain. Although these two calpains, mu- and m-calpains, still attract intensive interest because of their unique characteristics, various distinct homologues to the protease domain of mu- and m-calpains have been identified in a variety of organisms. Some of these 'novel' calpain homologues are involved in important biological functions. For example, p94 (also called calpain 3), a mammalian calpain homologue predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is genetically proved to be responsible for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Tra-3, a calpain homologue in nematodes, is involved in the sex determination cascade during early development. PalB, a key gene product involved in the alkaline adaptation of Aspergillus nidulans, is the first example of a calpain homologue present in fungi. These findings indicate various important functional roles for intracellular proteases belonging to the calpain superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sorimachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Function, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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23
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Baouz S, Jacquet E, Bernardi A, Parmeggiani A. The N-terminal moiety of CDC25(Mm), a GDP/GTP exchange factor of Ras proteins, controls the activity of the catalytic domain. Modulation by calmodulin and calpain. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6671-6. [PMID: 9045698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the in vitro properties of full-length CDC25(Mm) (1262 amino acid residues), a GDP/GTP exchange factor (GEF) of H-ras p21. CDC25(Mm), isolated as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and purified by various chromatographic methods, could stimulate the H-ras p21.GDP dissociation rate; however, its specific activity was 25 times lower than that of the isolated catalytic domain comprising the last C-terminal 285 residues (C-CDC25(Mm285)) and 5 times lower than the activity of the C-terminal half-molecule (631 residues). This reveals a negative regulation of the catalytic domain by other domains of the molecule. Accordingly, the GEF activity of CDC25(Mm) was increased severalfold by the Ca2+-dependent protease calpain that cleaves around a PEST-like region (residues 798-853), producing C-terminal fragments of 43-56 kDa. In agreement with the presence of an IQ motif on CDC25(Mm) (residues 202-229), calmodulin interacted functionally with the exchange factor. Depending on the calmodulin concentration an inhibition up to 50% of the CDC25(Mm)-induced nucleotide exchange activity on H-ras p21 was observed, an effect requiring Ca2+ ions. Calmodulin also inhibited C-CDC25(Mm285) but with a approximately 100 times higher IC50 than in the case of CDC25(Mm) ( approximately 10 microM versus 0.1 microM, respectively). Together, these results emphasize the role of the other domains of CDC25(Mm) in controlling the activity of the catalytic domain and support the involvement of calmodulin and calpain in the in vivo regulation of the CDC25(Mm) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baouz
- Groupe de Biophysique-Equipe 2, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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24
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Croall DE, Chacko S, Wang Z. Cleavage of caldesmon and calponin by calpain: substrate recognition is not dependent on calmodulin binding domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1298:276-84. [PMID: 8980652 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(96)00138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The calmodulin binding proteins, caldesmon and calponin, are cleaved by both major isoforms of calpain in vitro. The patterns of fragments generated by each enzyme are essentially identical for a given substrate. Qualitatively, the cleavage pattern of each substrate is unchanged by the presence or absence of calmodulin suggesting that the interaction between calmodulin and these calmodulin-binding proteins does not alter substrate recognition by calpain. However, calmodulin (at microM concentrations) does have a small, but significant, inhibitory effect directly on calpain as evidenced by slower rates of cleavage of alpha-casein, a protein that does not bind calmodulin. Inhibition is more pronounced with mu-calpain (15-25%) than with m-calpain (6-10%). In order to demonstrate, unequivocally, that substrate recognition does not require an interaction between calpain and a substrate's calmodulin-binding domain, recombinant, full-length caldesmon and a mutant lacking the calmodulin binding domain were tested as substrates for calpain in the presence and absence of calmodulin. Calpain produced similar cleavage patterns of the baculovirus expressed caldesmon and the truncated mutant. Competition experiments demonstrated that calpain does not discriminate between the truncated mutant and full length caldesmon. This suggests that substrate recognition by calpain was not altered significantly by the absence of the calmodulin-binding domain. Cleavage of a second calmodulin-binding protein, calponin was also examined. The rate of calponin cleavage was increased in the presence of calmodulin, an observation that is also inconsistent with any requirement for calpain to bind to its calmodulin-binding site. These results demonstrate that calmodulin-binding domains do not provide substrate recognition sites for calpains. It seems likely that the calmodulin-like regions of calpain function to bind calcium and to regulate enzyme conformation as required for activity and that they do not interact directly with most substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Croall
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5735, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Calpain, an intracellular calcium-dependent protease, is activated at cell membranes and cleaves cytoskeletal and submembranous proteins. Calpain is inferred to be a calcium-dependent regulator for cytoskeletal reorganization. Calpastatin, an endogenous calpain inhibitor, inhibits not only the proteolytic activity of calpain but also the binding of calpain to membranes. Calpain activity is strictly regulated by calcium and calpastatin. Calpain has two distinct sites for interaction with calpastatin, one the active site and the other an EF-hand domain. It is believed that calpain interacts with substrates through the same two sites. We discuss the regulation of membrane binding and the activity of calpain through these two sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-Ku, Japan
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26
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Zhang W, Lane RD, Mellgren RL. The major calpain isozymes are long-lived proteins. Design of an antisense strategy for calpain depletion in cultured cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:18825-30. [PMID: 8702541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.31.18825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular Ca2+-dependent proteases that are thought to participate in Ca2+-associated signal transduction pathways. It has been proposed that calpains are activated by an autoproteolytic mechanism. If this is true one would expect a relatively short half-life for calpain protein in cells. To test this hypothesis, WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine, and calpain was immunoprecipitated at various times after chasing with nonradioactive methionine to determine residual radioactivity. The results demonstrated that the two major calpain isozymes, m-calpain and micro-calpain, had metabolic half-lives of approximately 5 days. Calpains were long-lived proteins in several human cell lines, A-431, HeLa, VA-13, C-33A, and TE2 cells. In addition, calpastatin, the calpain-specific inhibitor protein, also had a long metabolic half-life. These observations suggest that the model for calpain activation by autoproteolysis requires re-investigation. Based on a knowledge of calpain metabolic stability, a protocol was devised for chronic exposure of WI-38 cells and HeLa cells to a calpain small subunit antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Depletion of calpain small subunit after 5 or more days of treatment led to inhibition of cell proliferation that could be reversed by removal of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide from the culture medium. Together with previous studies, these results indicate a requirement for calpains in mammalian cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43699-0008, USA
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27
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Wang KK, Yuen PW. Development and therapeutic potential of calpain inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1996; 37:117-52. [PMID: 8891101 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K K Wang
- Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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