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Bertsova YV, Serebryakova MV, Anashkin VA, Baykov AA, Bogachev AV. A Redox-Regulated, Heterodimeric NADH:cinnamate Reductase in Vibrio ruber. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:241-256. [PMID: 38622093 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Genes of putative reductases of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids are abundant among anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms, yet substrate specificity has been experimentally verified for few encoded proteins. Here, we co-produced in Escherichia coli a heterodimeric protein of the facultatively anaerobic marine bacterium Vibrio ruber (GenBank SJN56019 and SJN56021; annotated as NADPH azoreductase and urocanate reductase, respectively) with Vibrio cholerae flavin transferase. The isolated protein (named Crd) consists of the sjn56021-encoded subunit CrdB (NADH:flavin, FAD binding 2, and FMN bind domains) and an additional subunit CrdA (SJN56019, a single NADH:flavin domain) that interact via their NADH:flavin domains (Alphafold2 prediction). Each domain contains a flavin group (three FMNs and one FAD in total), one of the FMN groups being linked covalently by the flavin transferase. Crd readily reduces cinnamate, p-coumarate, caffeate, and ferulate under anaerobic conditions with NADH or methyl viologen as the electron donor, is moderately active against acrylate and practically inactive against urocanate and fumarate. Cinnamates induced Crd synthesis in V. ruber cells grown aerobically or anaerobically. The Crd-catalyzed reduction started by NADH demonstrated a time lag of several minutes, suggesting a redox regulation of the enzyme activity. The oxidized enzyme is inactive, which apparently prevents production of reactive oxygen species under aerobic conditions. Our findings identify Crd as a regulated NADH-dependent cinnamate reductase, apparently protecting V. ruber from (hydroxy)cinnamate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Bertsova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Victor A Anashkin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Baykov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Bogachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.
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Degradation of Exogenous Fatty Acids in Escherichia coli. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081019. [PMID: 35892328 PMCID: PMC9329746 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria possess all the machineries required to grow on fatty acids (FA) as a unique source of carbon and energy. FA degradation proceeds through the β-oxidation cycle that produces acetyl-CoA and reduced NADH and FADH cofactors. In addition to all the enzymes required for β-oxidation, FA degradation also depends on sophisticated systems for its genetic regulation and for FA transport. The fact that these machineries are conserved in bacteria suggests a crucial role in environmental conditions, especially for enterobacteria. Bacteria also possess specific enzymes required for the degradation of FAs from their environment, again showing the importance of this metabolism for bacterial adaptation. In this review, we mainly describe FA degradation in the Escherichia coli model, and along the way, we highlight and discuss important aspects of this metabolism that are still unclear. We do not detail exhaustively the diversity of the machineries found in other bacteria, but we mention them if they bring additional information or enlightenment on specific aspects.
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Santamaría L, Reverón I, López de Felipe F, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Unravelling the Reduction Pathway as an Alternative Metabolic Route to Hydroxycinnamate Decarboxylation in Lactobacillus plantarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01123-18. [PMID: 29776925 PMCID: PMC6052270 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01123-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is the lactic acid bacterial species most frequently found in plant-food fermentations where hydroxycinnamic acids are abundant. L. plantarum efficiently decarboxylates these compounds and also reduces them, yielding substituted phenylpropionic acids. Although the reduction step is known to be induced by a hydroxycinnamic acid, the enzymatic machinery responsible for this reduction pathway has not been yet identified and characterized. A previous study on the transcriptomic response of L. plantarum to p-coumaric acid revealed a marked induction of two contiguous genes, lp_1424 and lp_1425, encoding putative reductases. In this work, the disruption of these genes abolished the hydroxycinnamate reductase activity of L. plantarum, supporting their involvement in such chemical activity. Functional in vitro studies revealed that Lp_1425 (HcrB) exhibits hydroxycinnamate reductase activity but was unstable in solution. In contrast, Lp_1424 (HcrA) was inactive but showed high stability. When the hcrAB genes were co-overexpressed, the formation of an active heterodimer (HcrAB) was observed. Since L. plantarum reductase activity was only observed on hydroxycinnamic acids (o-coumaric, m-coumaric, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic acids), the presence of a hydroxyl group substituent on the benzene ring appears to be required for activity. In addition, hydroxycinnamate reductase activity was not widely present among lactic acid bacteria, and it was associated with the presence of hcrAB genes. This study revealed that L. plantarum hydroxycinnamate reductase is a heterodimeric NADH-dependent coumarate reductase acting on a carbon-carbon double bond.IMPORTANCELactobacillus plantarum is a bacterial species frequently found in the fermentation of vegetables where hydroxycinnamic acids are present. The bacterial metabolism on these compounds during fermentation plays a fundamental role in the biological activity of hydroxycinnamates. L. plantarum strains exhibit an as yet unknown reducing activity, transforming hydroxycinnamates to substituted phenylpropionic acids, which possess higher antioxidant activity than their precursors. The protein machinery involved in hydroxycinnamate reduction, HcrAB, was genetically identified and characterized. The heterodimeric NADH-dependent coumarate reductase HcrAB described in this work provides new insights on the L. plantarum metabolic response to counteract the stressful conditions generated by food phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Reverón
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix López de Felipe
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca de Las Rivas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Bacteriana, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Kawasaki Y, Aniruddha N, Minakawa H, Masuo S, Kaneko T, Takaya N. Novel polycondensed biopolyamide generated from biomass-derived 4-aminohydrocinnamic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:631-639. [PMID: 29150705 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass plastics are expected to contribute to the establishment of a carbon-neutral society by replacing conventional plastics derived from petroleum. The biomass-derived aromatic amine 4-aminocinnamic acid (4ACA) produced by recombinant bacteria is applied to the synthesis of high-performance biopolymers such as polyamides and polyimides. Here, we developed a microbial catalyst that hydrogenates the α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid of 4ACA to generate 4-aminohydrocinnamic acid (4AHCA). The ability of 10 microbial genes for enoate and xenobiotic reductases expressed in Escherichia coli to convert 4ACA to 4AHCA was assessed. A strain producing 2-enoate reductase from Clostridium acetobutylicum (ca2ENR) reduced 4ACA to 4AHCA with a yield of > 95% mol mol-1 and reaction rates of 3.4 ± 0.4 and 4.4 ± 0.6 mM h-1 OD600-1 at the optimum pH of 7.0 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. This recombinant strain reduced caffeic, cinnamic, coumaric, and 4-nitrocinnamic acids to their corresponding propanoic acid derivatives. We polycondensed 4AHCA generated from biomass-derived 4ACA by dehydration under a catalyst to form high-molecular-weight poly(4AHCA) with a molecular weight of M n = 1.94 MDa. This polyamide had high thermal properties as indicated by a 10% reduction in weight at a temperature of T d10 = 394 °C and a glass transition temperature of T g = 240 °C. Poly(4AHCA) derived from biomass is stable at high temperatures and could be applicable to the production of high-performance engineering plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Kawasaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Nag Aniruddha
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hajime Minakawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Masuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa, 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Naoki Takaya
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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Joo JC, Khusnutdinova AN, Flick R, Kim T, Bornscheuer UT, Yakunin AF, Mahadevan R. Alkene hydrogenation activity of enoate reductases for an environmentally benign biosynthesis of adipic acid. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1406-1413. [PMID: 28616142 PMCID: PMC5460604 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02842j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipic acid, a precursor for Nylon-6,6 polymer, is one of the most important commodity chemicals, which is currently produced from petroleum. The biosynthesis of adipic acid from glucose still remains challenging due to the absence of biocatalysts required for the hydrogenation of unsaturated six-carbon dicarboxylic acids to adipic acid. Here, we demonstrate the first enzymatic hydrogenation of 2-hexenedioic acid and muconic acid to adipic acid using enoate reductases (ERs). ERs can hydrogenate 2-hexenedioic acid and muconic acid producing adipic acid with a high conversion rate and yield in vivo and in vitro. Purified ERs exhibit a broad substrate spectrum including aromatic and aliphatic 2-enoates and a significant oxygen tolerance. The discovery of the hydrogenation activity of ERs contributes to an understanding of the catalytic mechanism of these poorly characterized enzymes and enables the environmentally benign biosynthesis of adipic acid and other chemicals from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Chan Joo
- Center for Bio-based Chemistry , Division of Convergence Chemistry , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Anna N Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada . ;
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada . ;
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada . ;
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry , Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis , Greifswald University , Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 , 17487 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Alexander F Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada . ;
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada . ;
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Sun J, Lin Y, Shen X, Jain R, Sun X, Yuan Q, Yan Y. Aerobic biosynthesis of hydrocinnamic acids in Escherichia coli with a strictly oxygen-sensitive enoate reductase. Metab Eng 2016; 35:75-82. [PMID: 26873116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
3-Phenylpropionic acid (3PPA) and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPPA) are important commodity aromatic acids widely used in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Currently, 3PPA and HPPA are mainly manufactured through chemical synthesis, which contains multiple steps involving toxic solvents and catalysts harmful to environment. Therefore, replacement of such existing petroleum-derived approaches with simple and environmentally friendly biological processes is highly desirable for manufacture of these chemicals. Here, for the first time we demonstrated the de novo biosynthesis of 3PPA and HPPA using simple carbon sources in E. coli by extending the cinnamic acids biosynthesis pathways through biological hydrogenation. We first screened 11 2-enoate reductases (ER) from nine microorganisms, leading to efficient conversion of cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid to 3PPA and HPPA, respectively. Surprisingly, we found a strictly oxygen-sensitive Clostridia ER capable of functioning efficiently in E. coli even under aerobic conditions. On this basis, reconstitution of the full pathways led to the de novo production of 3PPA and HPPA and the accumulation of the intermediates (cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid) with cell toxicity. To address this problem, different expression strategies were attempted to optimize individual enzyme׳s expression level and minimize intermediates accumulation. Finally, the titers of 3PPA and HPPA reached 366.77mg/L and 225.10mg/L in shake flasks, respectively. This study not only demonstrated the potential of microbial approach as an alternative to chemical process, but also proved the possibility of using oxygen-sensitive enzymes under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | | | - Xiaolin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rachit Jain
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yajun Yan
- BiotecEra Inc., Athens, GA 30602, USA; BioChemical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Our current knowledge of the pathways and genes involved in the biosynthesis of the methanogenic coenzymes methanopterin, coenzyme B, methanofuran, coenzyme F420, and coenzyme M is presented. Proposed reaction mechanisms for several of the novel reactions involved in the pathways are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Rohdich F, Wiese A, Feicht R, Simon H, Bacher A. Enoate reductases of Clostridia. Cloning, sequencing, and expression. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:5779-87. [PMID: 11060310 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008656200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enr genes specifying enoate reductases of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Clostridium thermoaceticum were cloned and sequenced. Sequence comparison shows that enoate reductases are similar to a family of flavoproteins comprising 2,4-dienoyl-coenzyme A reductase from Escherichia coli and old yellow enzyme from yeast. The C. thermoaceticum enr gene product was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli cells growing under anaerobic conditions. The recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rohdich
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
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Liang X, Thorpe C, Schulz H. 2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase from Escherichia coli is a novel iron-sulfur flavoprotein that functions in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 380:373-9. [PMID: 10933894 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase is an enzyme that is required for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with even-numbered double bonds. The 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase from Escherichia coli was studied to explore the catalytic and structural properties that distinguish this enzyme from the corresponding eukaryotic reductases. The E. coli reductase was found to contain 1 mol of flavin mononucleotide and 4 mol each of acid-labile iron and sulfur in addition to 1 mol of flavin adenine dinucleotide per mole of protein. Redox titrations revealed a requirement for 5 mol of electrons to completely reduce 1 mol of enzyme and provided evidence for the formation of a red semiquinone intermediate. The reductase caused a significant polarization of the substrate carbonyl group as indicated by an enzyme-induced red shift of 38 nm in the spectrum of 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA. However, suspected cis --> trans isomerase and Delta(3),Delta(2)-enoyl-CoA isomerase activities were not detected in this enzyme. It is concluded that the 2, 4-dienoyl-CoA reductases from E. coli and eukaryotic organisms are structurally and mechanistically unrelated enzymes that catalyze the same type of reaction with similar efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- Department of Chemistry, City College of the City University of New York, Convent Avenue at 138th Street, New York, New York 10031, USA
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Chiral synthons by selective redox reactions catalysed by hitherto unknown enzymes present in resting microbial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(97)80043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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