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Lebart MC, Trousse F, Valette G, Torrent J, Denus M, Mestre-Frances N, Marcilhac A. Reg-1α, a New Substrate of Calpain-2 Depending on Its Glycosylation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158591. [PMID: 35955718 PMCID: PMC9369050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg-1α/lithostathine, a protein mainly associated with the digestive system, was previously shown to be overexpressed in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease. In vitro, the glycosylated protein was reported to form fibrils at physiological pH following the proteolytic action of trypsin. However, the nature of the protease able to act in the central nervous system is unknown. In the present study, we showed that Reg-1α can be cleaved in vitro by calpain-2, the calcium activated neutral protease, overexpressed in neurodegenerative diseases. Using chemical crosslinking experiments, we found that the two proteins can interact with each other. Identification of the cleavage site using mass spectrometry, between Gln4 and Thr5, was found in agreement with the in silico prediction of the calpain cleavage site, in a position different from the one reported for trypsin, i.e., Arg11-Ile12 peptide bond. We showed that the cleavage was impeded by the presence of the neighboring glycosylation of Thr5. Moreover, in vitro studies using electron microscopy showed that calpain-cleaved protein does not form fibrils as observed after trypsin cleavage. Collectively, our results show that calpain-2 cleaves Reg-1α in vitro, and that this action is not associated with fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-6714-3889
| | - Françoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Joan Torrent
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Denus
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
| | - Nadine Mestre-Frances
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.T.); (J.T.); (M.D.); (N.M.-F.); (A.M.)
- EPHE, PSL Research University, 75014 Paris, France
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2
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Ligand and pathogen specificity of the Atlantic salmon serum C-type lectin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Acquatella-Tran Van Ba I, Marchal S, François F, Silhol M, Lleres C, Michel B, Benyamin Y, Verdier JM, Trousse F, Marcilhac A. Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α) protein is new neuronal secreted factor that stimulates neurite outgrowth via exostosin Tumor-like 3 (EXTL3) receptor. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4726-39. [PMID: 22158612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived 1α (Reg-1α)/lithostathine, a member of a family of secreted proteins containing a C-type lectin domain, is expressed in various organs and plays a role in proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and carcinogenesis of cells of the digestive system. We previously reported that Reg-1α is overexpressed during the very early stages of Alzheimer disease, and Reg-1α deposits were detected in the brain of patients with Alzheimer disease. However, the physiological function of Reg-1α in neural cells remains unknown. Here, we show that Reg-1α is expressed in neuronal cell lines (PC12 and Neuro-2a) and in rat primary hippocampal neurons (E17.5). Reg-1α is mainly localized around the nucleus and at the membrane of cell bodies and neurites. Transient overexpression of Reg-1α or addition of recombinant Reg-1α significantly increases the number of cells with longer neurites by stimulating neurite outgrowth. These effects are abolished upon down-regulation of Reg-1α by siRNA and following inhibition of secreted Reg-1α by antibodies. Moreover, Reg-1α colocalizes with exostosin tumor-like 3 (EXTL3), its putative receptor, at the membrane of these cells. Overexpression of EXTL3 increases the effect of recombinant Reg-1α on neurite outgrowth, and Reg-1α is not effective when EXTL3 overexpression is down-regulated by shRNA. Our findings indicate that Reg-1α regulates neurite outgrowth and suggest that this effect is mediated by its receptor EXTL3.
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Ogawa T, Watanabe M, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. Diversified carbohydrate-binding lectins from marine resources. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:838914. [PMID: 22312473 PMCID: PMC3269628 DOI: 10.4061/2011/838914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine bioresources produce a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules including natural organic compounds such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins, and enzymes. Lectins are also one of the promising candidates for useful therapeutic agents because they can recognize the specific carbohydrate structures such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in the regulation of various cells via glycoconjugates and their physiological and pathological phenomenon through the host-pathogen interactions and cell-cell communications. Here, we review the multiple lectins from marine resources including fishes and sea invertebrate in terms of their structure-activity relationships and molecular evolution. Especially, we focus on the unique structural properties and molecular evolution of C-type lectins, galectin, F-type lectin, and rhamnose-binding lectin families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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5
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Jin CX, Hayakawa T, Ko SBH, Ishiguro H, Kitagawa M. Pancreatic stone protein/regenerating protein family in pancreatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Intern Med 2011; 50:1507-16. [PMID: 21804274 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stone protein (PSP; reported in 1979), pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP; 1984) and regenerating protein (Reg I; 1988) were discovered independently in the fields of the exocrine (pancreatitis) and endocrine (diabetes) pancreas. Subsequent analysis revealed that PSP and Reg I are identical and PAP belongs to the same protein family. PSP/Reg I and PAP share a selective and specific trypsin cleavage site and result in insoluble fibrils (PTP, PATP). Search for a functional role of PSP had led to the idea that it might serve as an inhibitor in pancreatic stone formation and PSP was renamed lithostathine. Inhibitory effects of lithostathine in stone formation have been questioned. Evidence so far obtained can support a lithogenic role rather than a lithostatic role of PSP. PAP and its isoforms have been investigated mainly regarding responses to inflammation and stress. Reg I and its isoforms have been examined on regeneration, growth and mitogenesis in gastrointestinal neoplastic diseases as well as diabetes. Evidence obtained can be applied in the prediction of prognosis and therapy for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Xiang Jin
- The First Clinical College of Norman Bethune Medical Division, Jilin University, China
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Abstract
The superfamily of proteins containing C-type lectin-like domains (CTLDs) is a large group of extracellular Metazoan proteins with diverse functions. The CTLD structure has a characteristic double-loop ('loop-in-a-loop') stabilized by two highly conserved disulfide bridges located at the bases of the loops, as well as a set of conserved hydrophobic and polar interactions. The second loop, called the long loop region, is structurally and evolutionarily flexible, and is involved in Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding and interaction with other ligands. This loop is completely absent in a subset of CTLDs, which we refer to as compact CTLDs; these include the Link/PTR domain and bacterial CTLDs. CTLD-containing proteins (CTLDcps) were originally classified into seven groups based on their overall domain structure. Analyses of the superfamily representation in several completely sequenced genomes have added 10 new groups to the classification, and shown that it is applicable only to vertebrate CTLDcps; despite the abundance of CTLDcps in the invertebrate genomes studied, the domain architectures of these proteins do not match those of the vertebrate groups. Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding is the most common CTLD function in vertebrates, and apparently the ancestral one, as suggested by the many humoral defense CTLDcps characterized in insects and other invertebrates. However, many CTLDs have evolved to specifically recognize protein, lipid and inorganic ligands, including the vertebrate clade-specific snake venoms, and fish antifreeze and bird egg-shell proteins. Recent studies highlight the functional versatility of this protein superfamily and the CTLD scaffold, and suggest further interesting discoveries have yet to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zelensky
- Computational Proteomics and Therapy Design Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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7
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Morozov VN, Vsevolodov NN, Elliott A, Bailey C. Recognition of Proteins by Crystallization Patterns in an Array of Reporter Solution Microdroplets. Anal Chem 2005; 78:258-64. [PMID: 16383335 DOI: 10.1021/ac0512857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new technique is described for specific recognition of protein analytes by observing protein-induced changes in the drying/crystallization patterns (DCP) of an array of microdroplets containing solutions of different reporter substances. Recognition is based on a difference in interaction of the protein analyte crystalline elements (planes, edges, defects, etc.) in the growing reporter crystals. Using a set of natural L-amino acids as reporters and denoting the amino acid solutions displaying substantial protein-induced changes in the DCP as "1" and those that show no or small changes as "0", a digital binary code was determined for several proteins at multiple concentrations. It was demonstrated that globular proteins can be reliably identified using this code as a "signature" when only 2-100 ng of protein was added to amino acid microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Morozov
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA.
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8
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Laurine E, Manival X, Montgelard C, Bideau C, Bergé-Lefranc JL, Erard M, Verdier JM. PAP IB, a new member of the Reg gene family: cloning, expression, structural properties, and evolution by gene duplication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1727:177-87. [PMID: 15777617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reg proteins are expressed in various organs and are involved in cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. They display a typical C-type lectin-like domain but possess additional highly conserved amino acids. By studying human databases and Expressed Sequence Tags library, we identified a new member called PAP IB. Using probabilistic approaches, we established a phylogenetic tree of eighteen Reg proteins. The dendogram showed that they constitute a superfamily composed of three distinct families (FI to FIII) of paralogues that resulted from duplication. We therefore focused on two proteins, REG Ialpha and PAP IB, belonging to the more closely related FI and FII families, respectively. REG Ialpha and PAP IB share 50% sequence identity. After cloning PAP IB, however, we found that it was expressed almost only in pancreas, unlike REG Ialpha, whose expression is ubiquitous. In addition, by building a model of the structure of PAP IB based on the X-ray structure of REG Ialpha, we observed that the two proteins displayed distinctive surface charge distribution, which may lead to different ligands binding. In spite of their common fold that should result in closely related functions, REG Ialpha and PAP IB are a good example of duplication and divergence, probably with the acquisition of new functions, thus participating in the evolution of the protein repertoire.
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9
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Diez-Tascón C, Keane OM, Wilson T, Zadissa A, Hyndman DL, Baird DB, McEwan JC, Crawford AM. Microarray analysis of selection lines from outbred populations to identify genes involved with nematode parasite resistance in sheep. Physiol Genomics 2005; 21:59-69. [PMID: 15623564 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00257.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes infect sheep grazing contaminated pastures. Traditionally, these have been controlled with anthelmintic drenching. The selection of animals resistant to nematodes is an alternative to complete reliance on drugs, but the genetic basis of host resistance is poorly understood. Using a 10,204 bovine cDNA microarray, we have examined differences in gene expression between genetically resistant and susceptible lambs previously field challenged with larval nematodes. Northern blot analysis for a selection of genes validated the data obtained from the microarrays. The results identified over one hundred genes that were differentially expressed based on conservative criteria. The microarray results were further analyzed to identify promoter motifs common to the differentially expressed genes. Motifs identified in upregulated gene promoters were primarily restricted to those promoters; however, motifs identified in downregulated gene promoters were also found in the promoters of upregulated genes but not in the promoters of genes whose expression was unaltered. Protein Annotators’ Assistant was used for lexical analysis of the differentially expressed genes, and Gene Ontology was used to look for metabolic and cell signaling pathways associated with parasite resistance. Two pathways represented by genes differentially expressed in resistant animals were those involved with the development of an acquired immune response and those related to the structure of the intestine smooth muscle. Genes involved in these processes appear from our analysis to be key genetic determinants of parasite resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Diez-Tascón
- AgResearch, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Zelensky AN, Gready JE. C-type lectin-like domains in Fugu rubripes. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:51. [PMID: 15285787 PMCID: PMC514892 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the C-type lectin domain (CTLD) superfamily are metazoan proteins functionally important in glycoprotein metabolism, mechanisms of multicellular integration and immunity. Three genome-level studies on human, C. elegans and D. melanogaster reported previously demonstrated almost complete divergence among invertebrate and mammalian families of CTLD-containing proteins (CTLDcps). Results We have performed an analysis of CTLD family composition in Fugu rubripes using the draft genome sequence. The results show that all but two groups of CTLDcps identified in mammals are also found in fish, and that most of the groups have the same members as in mammals. We failed to detect representatives for CTLD groups V (NK cell receptors) and VII (lithostathine), while the DC-SIGN subgroup of group II is overrepresented in Fugu. Several new CTLD-containing genes, highly conserved between Fugu and human, were discovered using the Fugu genome sequence as a reference, including a CSPG family member and an SCP-domain-containing soluble protein. A distinct group of soluble dual-CTLD proteins has been identified, which may be the first reported CTLDcp group shared by invertebrates and vertebrates. We show that CTLDcp-encoding genes are selectively duplicated in Fugu, in a manner that suggests an ancient large-scale duplication event. We have verified 32 gene structures and predicted 63 new ones, and make our annotations available through a distributed annotation system (DAS) server and their sequences as additional files with this paper. Conclusions The vertebrate CTLDcp family was essentially formed early in vertebrate evolution and is completely different from the invertebrate families. Comparison of fish and mammalian genomes revealed three groups of CTLDcps and several new members of the known groups, which are highly conserved between fish and mammals, but were not identified in the study using only mammalian genomes. Despite limitations of the draft sequence, the Fugu rubripes genome is a powerful instrument for gene discovery and vertebrate evolutionary analysis. The composition of the CTLDcp superfamily in fish and mammals suggests that large-scale duplication events played an important role in the evolution of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zelensky
- Computational Proteomics and Therapy Design Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jill E Gready
- Computational Proteomics and Therapy Design Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, PO Box 334, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Su SV, Hong P, Baik S, Negrete OA, Gurney KB, Lee B. DC-SIGN binds to HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 in a distinct but overlapping fashion compared with ICAM-2 and ICAM-3. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19122-32. [PMID: 14970226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400184200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin that binds to endogenous adhesion molecules ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 as well as the viral envelope glycoprotein human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, glycoprotein (gp) 120. We wished to determine whether DC-SIGN binds differently to its endogenous ligands ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 versus HIV-1 gp120. We found that recombinant soluble DC-SIGN bound to gp120-Fc more than 100- and 50-fold better than ICAM-2-Fc and ICAM-3-Fc, respectively. This relative difference was maintained using DC-SIGN expressed on three different CD4-negative cell lines. Although the cell surface affinity for gp120 varied by up to 4-fold on the cell lines examined, the affinity for gp120 was not a correlate of the ability of the cell line to transfer virus. Monosaccharides with equatorial 4-OH groups competed as well as D-mannose for gp120 binding to DC-SIGN, regardless of how the other hydroxyl groups were positioned. Disaccharide competitors and glycan chip analysis showed that DC-SIGN has a preference for oligosaccharides linked in an alpha-anomeric configuration. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of DC-SIGN revealed that highly conserved residues that coordinate calcium (Asp-366) and/or are involved in both calcium and specific carbohydrate interactions (Glu-347, Asn-349, Glu-354, and Asp-355) significantly compromised binding to all three ligands. Mutating non-conserved residues (Asn-311, Arg-345, Val-351, Gly-352, Glu-353, Ser-360, Gly-361, and Asn-362) minimally affected binding except for the Asp-367 mutant, which enhanced gp120 binding but diminished ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 binding. Conversely, mutating the moderately conserved residue (Gly-346) abrogated gp120 binding but enhanced ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 binding. Thus, DC-SIGN appears to bind in a distinct but overlapping manner to gp120 when compared with ICAM-2 and ICAM-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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12
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Zelensky AN, Gready JE. Comparative analysis of structural properties of the C-type-lectin-like domain (CTLD). Proteins 2003; 52:466-77. [PMID: 12866057 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily of proteins containing the C-type-lectin-like domain (CTLD) is a group of abundant extracellular metazoan proteins characterized by evolutionary flexibility and functional versatility. Several CTLDs are also found in parasitic prokaryotes and viruses. The 37 distinct currently available CTLD structures demonstrate significant structural conservation despite low or undetectable sequence similarity. Our aim in this study was to perform an extensive comparative analysis of all available CTLD structures to establish the most conserved structural features of the fold, and to test and extend the early analysis of Drickamer. By implication, these features should be those critical for maintenance of integrity of the fold. By analyzing CTLD structures superimposed by several methods, we have established groups of conserved structural positions involved in fold maintenance but not in ligand binding; these are consistent with the fold's known functional flexibility. In addition to the well-recognized disulfide bridges, groups of conserved residues are involved in hydrophobic interactions stabilizing the core of the fold and the long loop region, and in an alpha2-beta1-beta5 polar interaction. Evaluation of the conclusions of the structure comparison study compared with alignments of all available human, mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans CTLD sequences showed that conservation patterns are preserved throughout the whole CTLD sequence space. Our observations provide an improved understanding of CTLD structure, and will help in identification of new CTLDs and the mechanisms that drive and constrain the coevolution of the structure and function of the fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Zelensky
- Computational Proteomics and Therapy Design Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Most metazoans require skeletal support systems. While the formation of bones and teeth in vertebrates has been well studied, endo- and exoskeleton development of non-vertebrates, especially calcification during terminal differentiation, has been neglected. Biomineralization of skeletons in invertebrates presents interesting research opportunities. We undertake here to survey some of the better understood examples of skeletal development in selected invertebrates. The differentiation of the skeletal spicules of euechinoid larvae and other non-vertebrate deuterostomes, the shells of molluscs, and the calcification of crustacean carapaces are surveyed. The diversity of these different kinds of animals and our present limited understanding make it difficult to identify unifying themes, but there certainly are unifying questions: How is the mineral precursor secreted? What is the nature of the interaction of mineral with the matrix proteins of the skeleton? Is there any conservation of protein domains in matrix proteins found in skeletal elements from different phyla? Are there common strategies in the development of organs that form mineralized structures?
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Wilt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA.
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14
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Abstract
This review examines polarized calcium and calmodulin signaling in exocrine epithelial cells. The calcium ion is a simple, evolutionarily ancient, and universal second messenger. In exocrine epithelial cells, it regulates essential functions such as exocytosis, fluid secretion, and gene expression. Exocrine cells are structurally polarized, with the apical region usually dedicated to secretion. Recent advances in technology, in particular the development of videoimaging and confocal microscopy, have led to the discovery of polarized, subcellular calcium signals in these cell types. The properties of a rich variety of local and global calcium signals have now been described in secretory epithelial cells. Secretagogues stimulate apical-to-basal waves of calcium in many exocrine cell types, but there are some interesting exceptions to this rule. The shapes of intracellular calcium signals are determined by the distribution of calcium-releasing channels and mechanisms that limit calcium elevation. Polarized distribution of calcium-handling mechanisms also leads to transcellular calcium transport in exocrine epithelial cells. This transport can deliver considerable amounts of calcium into secreted fluids. Multicellular polarized calcium signals can coordinate the activity of many individual cells in epithelial secretory tissue. Certain particularly sensitive cells serve as pacemakers for initiation of intercellular calcium waves. Many calcium signaling pathways involve activation of calmodulin. This ubiquitous protein regulates secretion in exocrine cells and also activates interesting feedback interactions with calcium channels and transporters. Very recently it became possible to directly study polarized calcium-calmodulin reactions and to visualize the process of hormone-induced redistribution of calmodulin in live cells. The structural and functional polarity of secretory epithelia alongside the polarity of its calcium and calmodulin signaling present an interesting lesson in tissue organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Ashby
- Medical Research Council Secretory Control Research Group, The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Banchuin N, Boonyasrisawat W, Pulsawat P, Vannasaeng S, Deerochanawong C, Sriussadaporn S, Ploybutr S, Pasurakul T, Yenchitsomanus PT. No abnormalities of reg1 alpha and reg1 beta gene associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 55:105-11. [PMID: 11796176 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(01)00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether there would be any association between abnormalities of either reg1 alpha or reg1 beta gene and diabetes mellitus in man, these two genes were analyzed in 42 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, 12 with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, 37 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 22 normal controls, by PCR-SSCP analysis and nucleotide sequencing technique. Polymorphism in the reg1 alpha gene resulted in three mobility patterns in the PCR-SSCP analysis, due to nucleotide constituents at position -10 before exon 1 being either C/C, T/C or T/T. These three mobility patterns were observed in every group of subjects. The analysis of reg1 beta gene showed nucleotide substitutions in exon 4 in one patient, exon 5 in another patient with type 1 diabetes, and in exon 4 and intron 5 in one patient with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy. The nucleotide substitutions in exon 4 in the patient with type 1 diabetes and that with fibrocalculous pancreatopathy occurred at codons 103 and 84 while that in exon 5 in the patient with type 1 diabetes occurred at codon 141, changing the codons from CAT to CAC, GTG to GCG, and ACT to AAT and resulting in H103H silent, V84A and T141N missense mutations, respectively. In conclusion, using PCR-SSCP and nucleotide sequence analyses, we did not find any association between abnormalities of either reg1 alpha or reg1 beta gene with any type of diabetes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napatawn Banchuin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Grégoire C, Marco S, Thimonier J, Duplan L, Laurine E, Chauvin JP, Michel B, Peyrot V, Verdier JM. Three-dimensional structure of the lithostathine protofibril, a protein involved in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO J 2001; 20:3313-21. [PMID: 11432819 PMCID: PMC125531 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.13.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the presence of filamentous aggregates of proteins. We previously established that lithostathine is a protein overexpressed in the pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, it is present in the pathognomonic lesions associated with Alzheimer's disease. After self-proteolysis, the N-terminally truncated form of lithostathine leads to the formation of fibrillar aggregates. Here we observed using atomic force microscopy that these aggregates consisted of a network of protofibrils, each of which had a twisted appearance. Electron microscopy and image analysis showed that this twisted protofibril has a quadruple helical structure. Three-dimensional X-ray structural data and the results of biochemical experiments showed that when forming a protofibril, lithostathine was first assembled via lateral hydrophobic interactions into a tetramer. Each tetramer then linked up with another tetramer as the result of longitudinal electrostatic interactions. All these results were used to build a structural model for the lithostathine protofibril called the quadruple-helical filament (QHF-litho). In conclusion, lithostathine strongly resembles the prion protein in its dramatic proteolysis and amyloid proteins in its ability to form fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Grégoire
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Sergio Marco
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean Thimonier
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Laure Duplan
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Emmanuelle Laurine
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean-Paul Chauvin
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Bernard Michel
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Vincent Peyrot
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- UMR CNRS 6032, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, Laboratoire des Protéines Complexes, Université de Tours, UPRES EA 32-90, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Physiologie du Développement, IBDM, Marseille and Unité de Neurogériatrie, Hôpital Sainte-Marguerite, Marseille, France Corresponding author e-mail:
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Gerbaud V, Pignol D, Loret E, Bertrand JA, Berland Y, Fontecilla-Camps JC, Canselier JP, Gabas N, Verdier JM. Mechanism of calcite crystal growth inhibition by the N-terminal undecapeptide of lithostathine. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:1057-64. [PMID: 10625646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic juice is supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Calcite crystals therefore may occur, obstruct pancreatic ducts, and finally cause a lithiasis. Human lithostathine, a protein synthesized by the pancreas, inhibits the growth of calcite crystals by inducing a habit modification: the rhombohedral (10 14) usual habit is transformed into a needle-like habit through the (11 0) crystal form. A similar observation was made with the N-terminal undecapeptide (pE(1)R(11)) of lithostathine. We therefore aimed at discovering how peptides inhibit calcium salt crystal growth. We solved the complete x-ray structure of lithostathine, including the flexible N-terminal domain, at 1.3 A. Docking studies of pE(1)R(11) with the (10 14) and (11 0) faces through molecular dynamics simulation resulted in three successive steps. First, the undecapeptide progressively unfolded as it approached the calcite surface. Second, mobile lateral chains of amino acids made hydrogen bonds with the calcite surface. Last, electrostatic bonds between calcium ions and peptide bonds stabilized and anchored pE(1)R(11) on the crystal surface. pE(1)R(11)-calcite interaction was stronger with the (11 0) face than with the (10 14) face, confirming earlier experimental observations. Energy contributions showed that the peptide backbone governed the binding more than did the lateral chains. The ability of peptides to inhibit crystal growth is therefore essentially based on backbone flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gerbaud
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 5503, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Génie Chimique-Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse/Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, Cedex 4 31078, France
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18
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Cerini C, Peyrot V, Garnier C, Duplan L, Veesler S, Le Caer JP, Bernard JP, Bouteille H, Michel R, Vazi A, Dupuy P, Michel B, Berland Y, Verdier JM. Biophysical characterization of lithostathine. Evidences for a polymeric structure at physiological pH and a proteolysis mechanism leading to the formation of fibrils. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22266-74. [PMID: 10428794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithostathine is a calcium carbonate crystal habit modifier. It is found precipitated under the form of fibrils in chronic calcifying pancreatitis or Alzheimer's disease. In order to gain better insight into the nature and the formation of fibrils, we have expressed and purified recombinant lithostathine. Analytical ultracentrifugation and quasi-elastic light scattering techniques were used to demonstrate that lithostathine remains essentially monomeric at acidic pH while it aggregates at physiological pH. Analysis of these aggregates by electron microscopy showed an apparently unorganized structure of numerous monomers which tend to precipitate forming regular unbranched fibrils. Aggregated forms seem to occur prior to the apparition of fibrils. In addition, we have demonstrated that these fibrils resulted from a proteolysis mechanism due to a specific cleavage of the Arg(11)-Ile(12) peptide bond. It is deduced that the NH(2)-terminal undecapeptide of lithostathine normally impedes fiber formation but not aggregation. A theoretical model explaining the formation of amyloid plaques in neurodegenerative diseases or stones in lithiasis starting from lithostathine is described. Therefore we propose that lithostathine, whose major function is unknown, defines a new class of molecules which is activated by proteolysis and is not involved in cytoskeleton nor intermediate filament functions.
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19
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Yang DS, Hon WC, Bubanko S, Xue Y, Seetharaman J, Hew CL, Sicheri F. Identification of the ice-binding surface on a type III antifreeze protein with a "flatness function" algorithm. Biophys J 1998; 74:2142-51. [PMID: 9591641 PMCID: PMC1299557 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) adsorb to surfaces of growing ice crystals, thereby arresting their growth. The prevailing hypothesis explains the nature of adsorption in terms of a match between the hydrophilic side chains on the AFP's ice-binding surface (IBS) and the water molecules on the ice surface. The number and spatial arrangement of hydrogen bonds thus formed have been proposed to account, respectively, for the binding affinity and specificity. The crystal structure of a type III AFP from ocean pout (isoform HPLC-3) has been determined to 2.0-A resolution. The structure reveals an internal dyad motif formed by two 19-residue, loop-shaped elements. Based on of the flatness observed on the type I alpha-helical AFP's IBS, an automated algorithm was developed to analyze the surface planarity of the globular type III AFP and was used to identify the IBS on this protein. The surface with the highest flatness score is formed by one loop of the dyad motif and is identical to the IBS deduced from earlier mutagenesis studies. Interestingly, 67% of this surface contains nonpolar solvent-accessible surface area. The success of our approach to identifying the IBS on an AFP, without considering the presence of polar side chains, indicates that flatness is the first approximation of an IBS. We further propose that the specificity of interactions between an IBS and a particular ice-crystallographic plane arises from surface complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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De Reggi M, Gharib B, Patard L, Stoven V. Lithostathine, the presumed pancreatic stone inhibitor, does not interact specifically with calcium carbonate crystals. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:4967-71. [PMID: 9478942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.9.4967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithostathine (pancreatic stone protein, Reg protein) is, in addition to albumin, the major nonenzymatic protein of the pancreatic juice. It has been assumed to inhibit calcium carbonate precipitation and therefore to prevent stone formation in the pancreatic ducts. This function is, however, debatable. The assumption is based on the inhibition of in vitro crystal nucleation and growth by lithostathine. Considering that these phenomena occur only under certain critical conditions, we re-examined the question using a protein preparation where the purity and folding have been tested by mass spectroscopy and NMR in the absence of nonprotein contaminants. Under these conditions, we showed conclusively that lithostathine does not inhibit calcium carbonate nucleation and crystal growth. We demonstrated that previous findings on the alleged inhibition can be attributed to the uncontrolled presence of salts in the protein preparation used. Moreover, the affinity of lithostathine to calcite crystals, expressed as the half-life of bound iodinated protein in the presence of unlabeled competitor, was significantly lower than that of bovine serum albumin (8.8 and 11.2 h, respectively). Using glass microspheres instead of crystals did not significantly change the half-life of bound lithostathine (8.0 h). These findings are incompatible with the hypothesis of a specific interaction of lithostathine with calcium carbonate crystals. In conclusion, considering that components of pancreatic juice such as NaCl and phosphate ions are powerful inhibitors of calcium carbonate crystal growth, the mechanism of stone formation in pancreatic ducts must be reconsidered. The presence in normal pancreatic juice of small amounts of the 133-residue isoform of lithostathine (PSP-S1), which precipitates at physiological pH, should be noted, and the possibility should be considered that they form micro-precipitates that aggregate and are progressively calcified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Reggi
- INSERM U399, 27 Boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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21
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Schinke T, Koide T, Jahnen-Dechent W. Human histidine-rich glycoprotein expressed in SF9 insect cells inhibits apatite formation. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:559-62. [PMID: 9276466 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is structurally related to the alpha2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin family of mammalian plasma proteins; both belong to the cystatin superfamily of proteins. We expressed recombinant human HRG and alpha2-HS in Sf9 insect cells for functional analysis. Recombinant HRG bound heparin and fibrinogen while alpha2-HS did not. Both proteins inhibited the formation of apatite, recombinant HRG (IC50 approximately 1 microM) with 2-fold lower molar activity than alpha2-HS (IC50 approximately 0.5 microM). The inhibition in vitro of apatite formation suggests a new function for plasma HRG protein, inhibition of phase separation in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schinke
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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