1
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Zhou Q, Tu X, Hou X, Yu J, Zhao F, Huang J, Kloeber J, Olson A, Gao M, Luo K, Zhu S, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Sun C, Zeng X, Schoolmeester KJ, Weroha JS, Hu X, Jiang Y, Wang L, Mutter RW, Lou Z. Syk-dependent homologous recombination activation promotes cancer resistance to DNA targeted therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 74:101085. [PMID: 38636338 PMCID: PMC11095636 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Enhanced DNA repair is an important mechanism of inherent and acquired resistance to DNA targeted therapies, including poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Spleen associated tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase acknowledged for its regulatory roles in immune cell function, cell adhesion, and vascular development. This study presents evidence indicating that Syk expression in high-grade serous ovarian cancer and triple-negative breast cancers promotes DNA double-strand break resection, homologous recombination (HR), and subsequent therapeutic resistance. Our investigations reveal that Syk is activated by ATM following DNA damage and is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks by NBS1. Once localized to the break site, Syk phosphorylates CtIP, a pivotal mediator of resection and HR, at Thr-847 to promote repair activity, particularly in Syk-expressing cancer cells. Inhibition of Syk or its genetic deletion impedes CtIP Thr-847 phosphorylation and overcomes the resistant phenotype. Collectively, our findings suggest a model wherein Syk fosters therapeutic resistance by promoting DNA resection and HR through a hitherto uncharacterized ATM-Syk-CtIP pathway. Moreover, Syk emerges as a promising tumor-specific target to sensitize Syk-expressing tumors to PARP inhibitors, radiation and other DNA-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Jake Kloeber
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Anna Olson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Kuntian Luo
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Shouhai Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Zheming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, United States
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | | | - John S Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Xiwen Hu
- Nursing Department, Rochester Community and Technical College, Rochester, MN 55904, United States
| | - Yanxia Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Robert W Mutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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2
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Muñoz Forti K, Weisman GA, Jasmer KJ. Cell type-specific transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the regulation of salivary gland fibrosis and regeneration. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:257-272. [PMID: 38559587 PMCID: PMC10979288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland damage and hypofunction result from various disorders, including autoimmune Sjögren's disease (SjD) and IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), as well as a side effect of radiotherapy for treating head and neck cancers. There are no therapeutic strategies to prevent the loss of salivary gland function in these disorders nor facilitate functional salivary gland regeneration. However, ongoing aquaporin-1 gene therapy trials to restore saliva flow show promise. To identify and develop novel therapeutic targets, we must better understand the cell-specific signaling processes involved in salivary gland regeneration. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential to tissue fibrosis, a major endpoint in salivary gland degeneration, which develops in the salivary glands of patients with SjD, IgG4-RD, and radiation-induced damage. Though the deposition and remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins are essential to repair salivary gland damage, pathological fibrosis results in tissue hardening and chronic salivary gland dysfunction orchestrated by multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, stromal cells, and lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cell populations. This review is focused on the role of TGF-β signaling in the development of salivary gland fibrosis and the potential for targeting TGF-β as a novel therapeutic approach to regenerate functional salivary glands. The studies presented highlight the divergent roles of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland development and dysfunction and illuminate specific cell populations in damaged or diseased salivary glands that mediate the effects of TGF-β. Overall, these studies strongly support the premise that blocking TGF-β signaling holds promise for the regeneration of functional salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
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3
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Zhou Q, Tu X, Hou X, Yu J, Zhao F, Huang J, Kloeber J, Olson A, Gao M, Luo K, Zhu S, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Sun C, Zeng X, Schoolmeester K, Weroha J, Wang L, Mutter R, Lou Z. Syk-dependent alternative homologous recombination activation promotes cancer resistance to DNA targeted therapy. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2922520. [PMID: 37333340 PMCID: PMC10275042 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2922520/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced DNA repair is an important mechanism of inherent and acquired resistance to DNA targeted therapies, including poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibition. Spleen associated tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase known to regulate immune cell function, cell adhesion, and vascular development. Here, we report that Syk can be expressed in high grade serous ovarian cancer and triple negative breast cancers and promotes DNA double strand break resection, homologous recombination (HR) and therapeutic resistance. We found that Syk is activated by ATM following DNA damage and is recruited to DNA double strand breaks by NBS1. Once at the break site, Syk phosphorylates CtIP, a key mediator of resection and HR, at Thr-847 to promote repair activity, specifically in Syk expressing cancer cells. Syk inhibition or genetic deletion abolished CtIP Thr-847 phosphorylation and overcame the resistant phenotype. Collectively, our findings suggest that Syk drives therapeutic resistance by promoting DNA resection and HR through a novel ATM-Syk-CtIP pathway, and that Syk is a new tumor-specific target to sensitize Syk-expressing tumors to PARPi and other DNA targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic
| | | | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic
| | | | | | | | - Ming Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic
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4
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Yakymovych I, Yakymovych M, Hamidi A, Landström M, Heldin CH. The type II TGF-β receptor phosphorylates Tyr
182
in the type I receptor to activate downstream Src signaling. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabp9521. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abp9521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling has important roles during embryonic development and in tissue homeostasis. TGF-β ligands exert cellular effects by binding to type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) receptors and inducing both SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent intracellular signaling pathways, the latter of which includes the activation of the tyrosine kinase Src. We investigated the mechanism by which TGF-β stimulation activates Src in human and mouse cells. Before TGF-β stimulation, inactive Src was complexed with TβRII. Upon TGF-β1 stimulation, TβRII associated with and phosphorylated TβRI at Tyr
182
. Binding of Src to TβRI involved the interaction of the Src SH2 domain with phosphorylated Tyr
182
and the interaction of the Src SH3 domain with a proline-rich region in TβRI and led to the activation of Src kinase activity and Src autophosphorylation. TGF-β1–induced Src activation required the kinase activities of TβRII and Src but not that of TβRI. Activated Src also phosphorylated TβRI on several tyrosine residues, which may stabilize the binding of Src to the receptor. Src activation was required for the ability of TGF-β to induce fibronectin production and migration in human breast carcinoma cells and to induce α–smooth muscle actin and actin reorganization in mouse fibroblasts. Thus, TGF-β induces Src activation by stimulating a direct interaction with TβRI that depends on tyrosine phosphorylation of TβRI by TβRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Yakymovych
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mariya Yakymovych
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anahita Hamidi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maréne Landström
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology Section, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Importance of Fibrosis in the Pathogenesis of Uterine Leiomyoma and the Promising Anti-fibrotic Effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitors in the Treatment of Uterine Leiomyoma. Reprod Sci 2022; 30:1383-1398. [PMID: 35969363 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroid or leiomyoma is the most common benign uterus tumor. The tumor is primarily composed of smooth muscle (fibroid) cells, myofibroblast, and a significant amount of extracellular matrix components. It mainly affects women of reproductive age. They are uncommon before menarche and usually disappear after menopause. The fibroids have excessive extracellular matrix components secreted by activated fibroblast cells (myofibroblast). Myofibroblast has the characteristics of fibroblast and smooth muscle cells. These cells possess contractile capability due to the expression of contractile proteins which are normally found only in muscle tissues. The rigid nature of the tumor is responsible for many side effects associated with uterine fibroids. The current drug treatment strategies are primarily hormone-driven and not anti-fibrotic. This paper emphasizes the fibrotic background of uterine fibroids and the mechanisms behind the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix components. The transforming growth factor-β, hippo, and focal adhesion kinase-mediated signaling pathways activate the fibroblast cells and deposit excessive extracellular matrix materials. We also exemplify how dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and fibroblast activation protein inhibitors could be beneficial in reducing the fibrotic process in leiomyoma. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and fibroblast activation protein inhibitors prevent the fibrotic process in organs such as the kidneys, lungs, liver, and heart. These inhibitors are proven to inhibit the signaling pathways mentioned above at various stages of their activation. Based on literature evidence, we constructed a narrative review on the mechanisms that support the beneficial effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and fibroblast activation protein inhibitors for treating uterine fibroids.
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6
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Cate RL. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Signal Transduction involved in Müllerian Duct Regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:905324. [PMID: 35721723 PMCID: PMC9201060 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.905324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over seventy years ago it was proposed that the fetal testis produces a hormone distinct from testosterone that is required for complete male sexual development. At the time the hormone had not yet been identified but was invoked by Alfred Jost to explain why the Müllerian duct, which develops into the female reproductive tract, regresses in the male fetus. That hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and its specific receptor, AMHR2, have now been extensively characterized and belong to the transforming growth factor-β families of protein ligands and receptors involved in growth and differentiation. Much is now known about the downstream events set in motion after AMH engages AMHR2 at the surface of specific Müllerian duct cells and initiates a cascade of molecular interactions that ultimately terminate in the nucleus as activated transcription factors. The signals generated by the AMH signaling pathway are then integrated with signals coming from other pathways and culminate in a complex gene regulatory program that redirects cellular functions and fates and leads to Müllerian duct regression.
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7
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Aashaq S, Batool A, Mir SA, Beigh MA, Andrabi KI, Shah ZA. TGF-β signaling: A recap of SMAD-independent and SMAD-dependent pathways. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:59-85. [PMID: 34286853 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and tumorigenesis. TGF-β-mediated physiological effects are heterogeneous and vary among different types of cells and environmental conditions. TGF-β serves as an antiproliferative agent and inhibits tumor development during primary stages of tumor progression; however, during the later stages, it encourages tumor development and mediates metastatic progression and chemoresistance. The fundamental elements of TGF-β signaling have been divulged more than a decade ago; however, the process by which the signals are relayed from cell surface to nucleus is very complex with additional layers added in tumor cell niches. Although the intricate understanding of TGF-β-mediated signaling pathways and their regulation are still evolving, we tried to make an attempt to summarize the TGF-β-mediated SMAD-dependent andSMAD-independent pathways. This manuscript emphasizes the functions of TGF-β as a metastatic promoter and tumor suppressor during the later and initial phases of tumor progression respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, JK, India
| | - Asiya Batool
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, JK, India
| | | | | | | | - Zaffar Amin Shah
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, JK, India
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8
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Mendoza FA, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis in systemic sclerosis and potential therapeutic role of their inhibition. Transl Res 2021; 231:139-158. [PMID: 33422651 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an idiopathic autoimmune disease with a heterogeneous clinical phenotype ranging from limited cutaneous involvement to rapidly progressive diffuse SSc. The most severe SSc clinical and pathologic manifestations result from an uncontrolled fibrotic process involving the skin and various internal organs. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of the SSc fibrotic process have not been fully elucidated. Recently it has been suggested that tyrosine protein kinases play a role. The implicated kinases include receptor-activated tyrosine kinases and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The receptor kinases are activated following specific binding of growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or vascular endothelial growth factor). Other receptor kinases are the discoidin domain receptors activated by binding of various collagens, the ephrin receptors that are activated by ephrins and the angiopoetin-Tie-2s receptors. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinases c-Abl, Src, Janus, and STATs have also been shown to participate in SSc-associated tissue fibrosis. Currently, there are no effective disease-modifying therapies for SSc-associated tissue fibrosis. Therefore, extensive investigation has been conducted to examine whether tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may exert antifibrotic effects. Here, we review the role of receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of the frequently progressive cutaneous and systemic fibrotic alterations in SSc, and the potential of TKIs as SSc disease-modifying antifibrotic therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Mendoza
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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9
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TGF-β Pathway in Salivary Gland Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239138. [PMID: 33266300 PMCID: PMC7730716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, whereas TGF-β3 and some bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are anti-fibrotic ligands. TGF-β1 is thought to be associated with the pro-fibrotic pathogenesis of sialadenitis, post-radiation salivary gland dysfunction, and Sjögren’s syndrome. Potential therapeutic strategies that target multiple levels in the TGF-β pathway are under preclinical and clinical research for fibrosis. Despite the anti-fibrotic effect of BMPs, their in vivo delivery poses a challenge in terms of adequate clinical efficacy. In this article, we will review the relevance of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland fibrosis and advances of potential therapeutic options in the field.
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10
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Li Y, Liu Y, Chiang YJ, Huang F, Li Y, Li X, Ning Y, Zhang W, Deng H, Chen YG. DNA Damage Activates TGF-β Signaling via ATM-c-Cbl-Mediated Stabilization of the Type II Receptor TβRII. Cell Rep 2020; 28:735-745.e4. [PMID: 31315051 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of both the DNA damage response (DDR) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling induces growth arrest of most cell types. However, it is unclear whether the DDR activates TGF-β signaling that in turn contributes to cell growth arrest. Here, we show that in response to DNA damage, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) stabilizes the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII) and thus enhancement of TGF-β signaling. Mechanistically, ATM phosphorylates and stabilizes c-Cbl, which promotes TβRII neddylation and prevents its ubiquitination-dependent degradation. Consistently, DNA damage enhances the interaction among ATM, c-Cbl, and TβRII. The ATM-c-Cbl-TβRII axis plays a pivotal role in intestinal regeneration after X-ray-induced DNA damage in mouse models. Therefore, ATM not only mediates the canonical DDR pathway but also activates TGF-β signaling by stabilizing TβRII. The double brake system ensures full cell-cycle arrest, allowing efficient DNA damage repair and avoiding passage of the damaged genome to the daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Jeffrey Chiang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yehua Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xintong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanheng Ning
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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11
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Bozhokin MS, Sopova YV, Kachkin DV, Rubel AA, Khotin MG. Mechanisms of TGFβ3 Action as a Therapeutic Agent for Promoting the Synthesis of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Hyaline Cartilage. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:436-447. [PMID: 32569551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is a nonvascular connective tissue covering the joint surface. It consists mostly of the extracellular matrix proteins and a small number of highly differentiated chondrocytes. At present, various techniques for repairing joint surfaces damage, for example, the use of modified cell cultures and biodegradable scaffolds, are under investigation. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage tissue proliferation have been also actively studied in recent years. TGFβ3, which plays a critical role in the proliferation of normal cartilage tissue, is one of the most important protein among cytokines and growth factors affecting chondrogenesis. By interacting directly with receptors on the cell membrane surface, TGFβ3 triggers a cascade of molecular interactions involving transcription factor Sox9. In this review, we describe the effects of TGFβ3 on the receptor complex activation and subsequent intracellular trafficking of Smad proteins and analyze the relation between these processes and upregulation of expression of major extracellular matrix genes, such as col2a1 and acan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bozhokin
- Vreden Russian Scientific Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, St. Petersburg, 195427, Russia. .,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Y V Sopova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - D V Kachkin
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Rubel
- St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - M G Khotin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Science, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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12
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Chen Y, Li Q, Tu K, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu D, Chen C, Liu D, Yang R, Qiu W, Kang N. Focal Adhesion Kinase Promotes Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation by Regulating Plasma Membrane Localization of TGFβ Receptor 2. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:268-283. [PMID: 32025610 PMCID: PMC6996408 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) induces hepatic stellate cell (HSC) differentiation into tumor-promoting myofibroblast, although underlying mechanism remains incompletely understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is activated in response to TGFβ stimulation, so it transmits TGFβ stimulus to extracellular signal-regulated kinase and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. However, it is unknown whether FAK can, in return, modulate TGFβ receptors. In this study, we tested whether FAK phosphorylated TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFβR2) and regulated TGFβR2 intracellular trafficking in HSCs. The FAKY397F mutant and PF-573,228 were used to inhibit the kinase activity of FAK, the TGFβR2 protein level was quantitated by immunoblotting, and HSC differentiation into myofibroblast was assessed by expression of HSC activation markers, alpha-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, or connective tissue growth factor. We found that targeting FAK kinase activity suppressed the TGFβR2 protein level, TGFβ1-induced mothers against decapentaplegic homolog phosphorylation, and myofibroblastic activation of HSCs. At the molecular and cellular level, active FAK (phosphorylated FAK at tyrosine 397) bound to TGFβR2 and kept TGFβR2 at the peripheral plasma membrane of HSCs, and it induced TGFβR2 phosphorylation at tyrosine 336. In contrast, targeting FAK or mutating Y336 to F on TGFβR2 led to lysosomal sorting and degradation of TGFβR2. Using RNA sequencing, we identified that the transcripts of 764 TGFβ target genes were influenced by FAK inhibition, and that through FAK, TGFβ1 stimulated HSCs to produce a panel of tumor-promoting factors, including extracellular matrix remodeling proteins, growth factors and cytokines, and immune checkpoint molecule PD-L1. Functionally, targeting FAK inhibited tumor-promoting effects of HSCs in vitro and in a tumor implantation mouse model. Conclusion: FAK targets TGFβR2 to the plasma membrane and protects TGFβR2 from lysosome-mediated degradation, thereby promoting TGFβ-mediated HSC activation. FAK is a target for suppressing HSC activation and the hepatic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunru Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
- Present address:
First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShanxiP. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
- Present address:
First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShanxiP. R. China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
- Present address:
First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShanxiP. R. China
| | - Yuanguo Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
| | - Xianghu Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
| | - Dandan Liu
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
| | - Chen Chen
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
- Present address:
First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShanxiP. R. China
| | - Donglian Liu
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
- Present address:
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityQingyuanGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Rendong Yang
- Computational Cancer GenomicsHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer BiologyLoyola University Chicago Stritch School of MedicineMaywoodIL
| | - Ningling Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment and MetastasisHormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinMN
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13
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Ravi S, Sayed CJ. Fibrotic Signaling Pathways of Skin Fibroblasts in Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-019-00306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Yuan B, Liu J, Cao J, Yu Y, Zhang H, Wang F, Zhu Y, Xiao M, Liu S, Ye Y, Ma L, Xu D, Xu N, Li Y, Zhao B, Xu P, Jin J, Xu J, Chen X, Shen L, Lin X, Feng X. PTPN3 acts as a tumor suppressor and boosts TGF-β signaling independent of its phosphatase activity. EMBO J 2019; 38:e99945. [PMID: 31304624 PMCID: PMC6627230 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β controls a variety of cellular functions during development. Abnormal TGF-β responses are commonly found in human diseases such as cancer, suggesting that TGF-β signaling must be tightly regulated. Here, we report that protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 3 (PTPN3) profoundly potentiates TGF-β signaling independent of its phosphatase activity. PTPN3 stabilizes TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) through attenuating the interaction between Smurf2 and TβRI. Consequently, PTPN3 facilitates TGF-β-induced R-Smad phosphorylation, transcriptional responses, and subsequent physiological responses. Importantly, the leucine-to-arginine substitution at amino acid residue 232 (L232R) of PTPN3, a frequent mutation found in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), disables its role in enhancing TGF-β signaling and abolishes its tumor-suppressive function. Our findings have revealed a vital role of PTPN3 in regulating TGF-β signaling during normal physiology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jinquan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jin Cao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yi Yu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Hanchenxi Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Fei Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yezhang Zhu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Mu Xiao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Sisi Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Youqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Dewei Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Ningyi Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Bin Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Pinglong Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jianping Jin
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Li Shen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Xin‐Hua Feng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Michael DeBakey Department of SurgeryBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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15
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Moghaddam T, Neshati Z. Role of microRNAs in osteogenesis of stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14136-14155. [PMID: 31069839 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation is a controlled developmental process in which external and internal factors including cytokines, growth factors, transcription factors (TFs), signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles. Various stimulatory and inhibitory TFs contribute to osteogenic differentiation and are responsible for bone development. In addition, cross-talk between several complex signaling pathways regulates the osteogenic differentiation of some stem cells. Although much is known about regulatory genes and signaling pathways in osteogenesis, the role of miRNAs in osteogenic differentiation still needs to be explored. miRNAs are small, approximately 22 nucleotides, single-stranded nonprotein coding RNAs which are abundant in many mammalian cell types. They paly significant regulated roles in various biological processes and serve as promising biomarkers for disease states. Recently, emerging evidence have shown that miRNAs are the key regulators of osteogenesis of stem cells. They may endogenously regulate osteogenic differentiation of stem cells through direct targeting of positive or negative directors of osteogenesis and depending on the target result in the promotion or inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. This review aims to provide a general overview of miRNAs participating in osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and explain their regulatory effect based on the genes targeted with these miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebe Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Neshati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Derynck R, Budi EH. Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-β family signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/570/eaav5183. [PMID: 30808818 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if not all, cell lineages and many aspects of cell and tissue physiology in multicellular eukaryotes. Deregulation of TGF-β family signaling leads to developmental anomalies and disease, whereas enhanced TGF-β signaling contributes to cancer and fibrosis. Here, we review the fundamentals of the signaling mechanisms that are initiated upon TGF-β ligand binding to its cell surface receptors and the dependence of the signaling responses on input from and cooperation with other signaling pathways. We discuss how cells exquisitely control the functional presentation and activation of heteromeric receptor complexes of transmembrane, dual-specificity kinases and, thus, define their context-dependent responsiveness to ligands. We also introduce the mechanisms through which proteins called Smads act as intracellular effectors of ligand-induced gene expression responses and show that the specificity and impressive versatility of Smad signaling depend on cross-talk from other pathways. Last, we discuss how non-Smad signaling mechanisms, initiated by distinct ligand-activated receptor complexes, complement Smad signaling and thus contribute to cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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17
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Zhang Q, Xiao M, Gu S, Xu Y, Liu T, Li H, Yu Y, Qin L, Zhu Y, Chen F, Wang Y, Ding C, Wu H, Ji H, Chen Z, Zu Y, Malkoski S, Li Y, Liang T, Ji J, Qin J, Xu P, Zhao B, Shen L, Lin X, Feng XH. ALK phosphorylates SMAD4 on tyrosine to disable TGF-β tumour suppressor functions. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:179-189. [PMID: 30664791 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of TGF-β tumour suppressive response is a hallmark of human cancers. As a central player in TGF-β signal transduction, SMAD4 (also known as DPC4) is frequently mutated or deleted in gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancer. However, such genetic alterations are rare in most cancer types and the underlying mechanism for TGF-β resistance is not understood. Here we describe a mechanism of TGF-β resistance in ALK-positive tumours, including lymphoma, lung cancer and neuroblastoma. We demonstrate that, in ALK-positive tumours, ALK directly phosphorylates SMAD4 at Tyr 95. Phosphorylated SMAD4 is unable to bind to DNA and fails to elicit TGF-β gene responses and tumour suppressing responses. Chemical or genetic interference of the oncogenic ALK restores TGF-β responses in ALK-positive tumour cells. These findings reveal that SMAD4 is tyrosine-phosphorylated by an oncogenic tyrosine kinase during tumorigenesis. This suggests a mechanism by which SMAD4 is inactivated in cancers and provides guidance for targeted therapies in ALK-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mu Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuchen Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Qin
- DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yezhang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fenfang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Ding
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youli Zu
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Malkoski
- Department of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and the Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pinglong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Lin
- DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Savage-Dunn C, Gleason RJ, Liu J, Padgett RW. Mutagenesis and Imaging Studies of BMP Signaling Mechanisms in C. elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1891:51-73. [PMID: 30414126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8904-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C. elegans has played a central role in the elucidation of the TGFβ pathway over the last two decades. This is due to the high conservation of the pathway components and the power of genetic and cell biological approaches applied toward understanding how the pathway signals. In Subheading 3, we detail approaches to study the BMP branch of the TGFβ pathway in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, CUNY, Flushing, NY, USA
- PhD Programs in Biology and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan J Gleason
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Richard W Padgett
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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19
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Cobbaut M, Derua R, Parker PJ, Waelkens E, Janssens V, Van Lint J. Protein kinase D displays intrinsic Tyr autophosphorylation activity: insights into mechanism and regulation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2432-2443. [PMID: 29933512 PMCID: PMC6099456 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family is regulated through multi-site phosphorylation, including autophosphorylation. For example, PKD displays in vivo autophosphorylation on Ser-742 (and Ser-738 in vitro) in the activation loop and Ser-910 in the C-tail (hPKD1 numbering). In this paper, we describe the surprising observation that PKD also displays in vitro autocatalytic activity towards a Tyr residue in the P + 1 loop of the activation segment. We define the molecular determinants for this unusual activity and identify a Cys residue (C705 in PKD1) in the catalytic loop as of utmost importance. In cells, PKD Tyr autophosphorylation is suppressed through the association of an inhibitory factor. Our findings provide important novel insights into PKD (auto)regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
- Present address:
Protein Phosphorylation LabThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation LabThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonUK
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and ProteomicsDepartment of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineKU LeuvenBelgium
- Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI)KU LeuvenBelgium
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20
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Yan X, Xiong X, Chen YG. Feedback regulation of TGF-β signaling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:37-50. [PMID: 29228156 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multi-functional polypeptide that plays a critical role in regulating a broad range of cellular functions and physiological processes. Signaling is initiated when TGF-β ligands bind to two types of cell membrane receptors with intrinsic Ser/Thr kinase activity and transmitted by the intracellular Smad proteins, which act as transcription factors to regulate gene expression in the nucleus. Although it is relatively simple and straight-forward, this TGF-β/Smad pathway is regulated by various feedback loops at different levels, including the ligand, the receptor, Smads and transcription, and is thus fine-tuned in terms of signaling robustness, duration, specificity, and plasticity. The precise control gives rise to versatile and context-dependent pathophysiological functions. In this review, we firstly give an overview of TGF-β signaling, and then discuss how each step of TGF-β signaling is finely controlled by distinct modes of feedback mechanisms, involving both protein regulators and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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IRS4, a novel modulator of BMP/Smad and Akt signalling during early muscle differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8778. [PMID: 28821740 PMCID: PMC5562708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elaborate regulatory networks of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways ensure precise signalling outcome during cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Here, we identified IRS4 as a novel regulator of BMP signal transduction and provide molecular insights how it integrates into the signalling pathway. We found that IRS4 interacts with the BMP receptor BMPRII and specifically targets Smad1 for proteasomal degradation consequently leading to repressed BMP/Smad signalling in C2C12 myoblasts while concomitantly activating the PI3K/Akt axis. IRS4 is present in human and primary mouse myoblasts, the expression increases during myogenic differentiation but is downregulated upon final commitment coinciding with Myogenin expression. Functionally, IRS4 promotes myogenesis in C2C12 cells, while IRS4 knockdown inhibits differentiation of myoblasts. We propose that IRS4 is particularly critical in the myoblast stage to serve as a molecular switch between BMP/Smad and Akt signalling and to thereby control cell commitment. These findings provide profound understanding of the role of BMP signalling in early myogenic differentiation and open new ways for targeting the BMP pathway in muscle regeneration.
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22
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related ligands have potent effects on an enormous diversity of biological functions in all animals examined. Because of the strong conservation of TGF-β family ligand functions and signaling mechanisms, studies from multiple animal systems have yielded complementary and synergistic insights. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, early studies were instrumental in the elucidation of TGF-β family signaling mechanisms. Current studies in C. elegans continue to identify new functions for the TGF-β family in this organism as well as new conserved mechanisms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, and the Graduate Center, New York, New York 11367
| | - Richard W Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
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23
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Budi EH, Duan D, Derynck R. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors and Smads: Regulatory Complexity and Functional Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:658-672. [PMID: 28552280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and disease. The mechanisms of how TGF-β family ligands interact with heteromeric complexes of cell surface receptors to then activate Smad signaling that directs changes in gene expression are often seen as established. Even though TGF-β-induced Smad signaling may be seen as a linear signaling pathway with predictable outcomes, this pathway provides cells with a versatile means to induce different cellular responses. Fundamental questions remain as to how, at the molecular level, TGF-β and TGF-β family proteins activate the receptor complexes and induce a context-dependent diversity of cell responses. Among the areas of progress, we summarize new insights into how cells control TGF-β responsiveness by controlling the TGF-β receptors, and into the key roles and versatility of Smads in directing cell differentiation and cell fate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Dana Duan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Cobbaut M, Derua R, Döppler H, Lou HJ, Vandoninck S, Storz P, Turk BE, Seufferlein T, Waelkens E, Janssens V, Van Lint J. Differential regulation of PKD isoforms in oxidative stress conditions through phosphorylation of a conserved Tyr in the P+1 loop. Sci Rep 2017; 7:887. [PMID: 28428613 PMCID: PMC5430542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are essential molecules in life and their crucial function requires tight regulation. Many kinases are regulated via phosphorylation within their activation loop. This loop is embedded in the activation segment, which additionally contains the Mg2+ binding loop and a P + 1 loop that is important in substrate binding. In this report, we identify Abl-mediated phosphorylation of a highly conserved Tyr residue in the P + 1 loop of protein kinase D2 (PKD2) during oxidative stress. Remarkably, we observed that the three human PKD isoforms display very different degrees of P + 1 loop Tyr phosphorylation and we identify one of the molecular determinants for this divergence. This is paralleled by a different activation mechanism of PKD1 and PKD2 during oxidative stress. Tyr phosphorylation in the P + 1 loop of PKD2 increases turnover for Syntide-2, while substrate specificity and the role of PKD2 in NF-κB signaling remain unaffected. Importantly, Tyr to Phe substitution renders the kinase inactive, jeopardizing its use as a non-phosphorylatable mutant. Since large-scale proteomics studies identified P + 1 loop Tyr phosphorylation in more than 70 Ser/Thr kinases in multiple conditions, our results do not only demonstrate differential regulation/function of PKD isoforms under oxidative stress, but also have implications for kinase regulation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hua Jane Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sandy Vandoninck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin E Turk
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Etienne Waelkens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Lint
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-Smad signaling pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which non-Smad signaling pathways are directly activated in response to ligand binding, how activation of these pathways impinges on Smads and non-Smad targets, and how final cellular responses are affected in response to these noncanonical signaling modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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26
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Abstract
Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as well as stem-cell self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. Smad proteins are critical downstream mediators of these signaling activities. In addition to regulating the transcription of direct target genes of TGF-β, BMP, activin, or Nodal, Smad proteins also participate in extensive cross talk with other signaling pathways, often in a cell-type- or developmental stage-specific manner. These combinatorial signals often produce context-, time-, and location-dependent biological outcomes that are critical for development. This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of the cross talk between Smad proteins and signaling pathways of Wnt, Notch, Hippo, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein (MAP), kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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Luo K. Signaling Cross Talk between TGF-β/Smad and Other Signaling Pathways. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017. [PMID: 27836834 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, as well as stem-cell self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation. Smad proteins are critical downstream mediators of these signaling activities. In addition to regulating the transcription of direct target genes of TGF-β, BMP, activin, or Nodal, Smad proteins also participate in extensive cross talk with other signaling pathways, often in a cell-type- or developmental stage-specific manner. These combinatorial signals often produce context-, time-, and location-dependent biological outcomes that are critical for development. This review discusses recent progress in our understanding of the cross talk between Smad proteins and signaling pathways of Wnt, Notch, Hippo, Hedgehog (Hh), mitogen-activated protein (MAP), kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, and Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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28
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Rosenbloom J, Macarak E, Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Human Fibrotic Diseases: Current Challenges in Fibrosis Research. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1627:1-23. [PMID: 28836191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7113-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrotic diseases constitute a major health problem worldwide owing to the large number of affected individuals, the incomplete knowledge of the fibrotic process pathogenesis, the marked heterogeneity in their etiology and clinical manifestations, the absence of appropriate and fully validated biomarkers, and, most importantly, the current void of effective disease-modifying therapeutic agents. The fibrotic disorders encompass a wide spectrum of clinical entities including systemic fibrotic diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), sclerodermatous graft vs. host disease, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, as well as numerous organ-specific disorders including radiation-induced fibrosis and cardiac, pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Although their causative mechanisms are quite diverse and in several instances have remained elusive, these diseases share the common feature of an uncontrolled and progressive accumulation of fibrotic tissue in affected organs causing their dysfunction and ultimate failure. Despite the remarkable heterogeneity in the etiologic mechanisms responsible for the development of fibrotic diseases and in their clinical manifestations, numerous studies have identified activated myofibroblasts as the common cellular element ultimately responsible for the replacement of normal tissues with nonfunctional fibrotic tissue. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but also involving numerous cytokines and signaling molecules which stimulate profibrotic reactions in myofibroblasts, offer potential therapeutic targets. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tissue fibrosis and point out some of the most important challenges to research in the fibrotic diseases and to the development of effective therapeutic approaches for this often fatal group of disorders. Efforts to further clarify the complex pathogenetic mechanisms of the fibrotic process should be encouraged to attain the elusive goal of developing effective therapies for these serious, untreatable, and often fatal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Macarak
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases and The Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Chaikuad A, Bullock AN. Structural Basis of Intracellular TGF-β Signaling: Receptors and Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022111. [PMID: 27549117 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family receptors activates an intracellular phosphorylation-dependent signaling cascade that culminates in Smad transcriptional activation and turnover. Structural studies have identified a number of allosteric mechanisms that control the localization, conformation, and oligomeric state of the receptors and Smads. Such mechanisms dictate the ordered binding of substrate and adaptor proteins that determine the directionality of the signaling process. Activation of the pathway has been illustrated by the various structures of the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads) with SARA, Smad4, and YAP, respectively, whereas mechanisms of down-regulation have been elucidated by the structural complexes of FKBP12, Ski, and Smurf1. Interesting parallels have emerged between the R-Smads and the Forkhead-associated (FHA) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-associated domains, as well as the Hippo pathway. However, important questions remain as to the mechanism of Smad-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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TGFβ1 - induced recruitment of human bone mesenchymal stem cells is mediated by the primary cilium in a SMAD3-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35542. [PMID: 27748449 PMCID: PMC5066273 DOI: 10.1038/srep35542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a crucial process in the development, maintenance and repair of tissues throughout the body. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is a potent chemokine essential for the recruitment of MSCs in bone, coupling the remodelling cycle. The primary cilium is a sensory organelle with important roles in bone and has been associated with cell migration and more recently TGFβ signalling. Dysregulation of TGFβ signalling or cilia has been linked to a number of skeletal pathologies. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of the primary cilium in TGFβ1 signalling and associated migration in human MSCs. In this study we demonstrate that low levels of TGFβ1 induce the recruitment of MSCs, which relies on proper formation of the cilium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that receptors and downstream signalling components in canonical TGFβ signalling localize to the cilium and that TGFβ1 signalling is associated with activation of SMAD3 at the ciliary base. These findings demonstrate a novel role for the primary cilium in the regulation of TGFβ signalling and subsequent migration of MSCs, and highlight the cilium as a target to manipulate this key pathway and enhance MSC recruitment for the treatment of skeletal diseases.
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32
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and migration. The TGF-β family members signal via heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors, which activate members of the Smad family of signal transducers. The main attribute of the TGF-β signaling pathway is context-dependence. Depending on the concentration and type of ligand, target tissue, and developmental stage, TGF-β family members transmit distinct signals. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases. More than a decade of studies have revealed the framework by which TGF-βs encode a context-dependent signal, which includes various positive and negative modifiers of the principal elements of the signaling pathway, the receptors, and the Smad proteins. In this review, we first introduce some basic components of the TGF-β signaling pathways and their actions, and then discuss posttranslational modifications and modulatory partners that modify the outcome of the signaling and contribute to its context-dependence, including small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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33
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Patnaik S, Mohanty M, Bit A, Sahoo L, Das S, Jayasankar P, Das P. Molecular characterization of Activin Receptor Type IIA and its expression during gonadal maturation and growth stages in rohu carp. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 203:1-10. [PMID: 27575753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA), a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor is an important regulator of physiological traits, viz., reproduction and body growth in vertebrates including teleosts. However, existing knowledge of its role in regulating fish physiology is limited. To address this, we have cloned and characterized the ActRIIA cDNA of Labeo rohita (rohu), an economically important fish species of the Indian subcontinent. Comparative expression profiling of the receptor gene at various reproductive and growth stages supports to its role in promoting oocyte maturation, spermatogenesis and skeletal muscle development via interaction with multiple ligands of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. The full-length cDNA of rohu ActRIIA was found to be of 1587bp length encoding 528 amino acids. The three-dimensional structure of the intracellular kinase domain of rohu ActRIIA has also been predicted. Phylogenetic relationship studies showed that the gene is evolutionarily conserved across the vertebrate lineage implicating that the functioning of the receptor is more or less similar in vertebrates. Taken together, these findings could be an initial step towards the use of ActRIIA as a potential candidate gene marker for understanding the complex regulatory mechanism of fish reproduction and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Patnaik
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mausumee Mohanty
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Amrita Bit
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Lakshman Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Sachidananda Das
- P. G. Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, 751004, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Paramananda Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
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34
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II dual specificity kinase receptors. The activation and stability of the receptors are controlled by posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, and neddylation, as well as by interaction with other proteins at the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Activation of TGF-β receptors induces signaling via formation of Smad complexes that are translocated to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors, as well as via non-Smad pathways, including the Erk1/2, JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways, and the Src tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Pervan CL. Smad-independent TGF-β2 signaling pathways in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:137-145. [PMID: 27453344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression and signaling of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β is strongly associated with development of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In cells of the trabecular meshwork, a key component of the conventional outflow pathway, TGF-β is well-known to promote expression of multiple ocular hypertensive mediators, including genes associated with fibrosis as well as cellular contractility. These effects are mediated by induction of canonical (Smad) as well as non-canonical (MAPK, Rho GTPase) signaling cascades. In the present review, we will highlight the non-canonical, Smad-independent signaling pathways activated by TGF-β2 in human TM cells, as well as the genes known to be induced by non-canonical TGF-β2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Pervan
- Research Service (151), Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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36
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Kayastha F, Johar K, Gajjar D, Arora A, Madhu H, Ganatra D, Vasavada A. Andrographolide suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition by inhibition of MAPK signalling pathway in lens epithelial cells. J Biosci 2016; 40:313-24. [PMID: 25963259 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) may contribute to the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which leads to visual impairment. Andrographolide has been shown to have therapeutic potential against various cancers. However, its effect on human LECs is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of andrographolide on EMT induced by growth factors in the fetal human lens epithelial cell line (FHL 124). Initially the LECs were treated with growth factors (TGF-beta 2 and bFGF) to induce EMT. Subsequently these EMT-induced cells were treated with andrographolide at 100 and 500 nM concentrations for 24 h. Our results showed that FHL 124 cells treated with growth factors had a significant decrease in protein and m-RNA levels of epithelial markers pax6 and E-Cadherin. After administering andrographolide, these levels significantly increased. It was noticed that EMT markers alpha-SMA, fibronectin and collagen IV significantly decreased after treatment with andrographolide when compared to the other group. Treatment with andrographolide significantly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. Cell cycle analysis showed that andrographolide did not arrest cells at G0/G1 or G2/M at tested concentrations. Our findings suggest that andrographolide helps sustain epithelial characteristics by modulating EMT markers and inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in LECs. Hence it can prove to be useful in curbing EMT-mediated PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forum Kayastha
- Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Gurukul road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad 380 052, India
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37
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Lai S, Pelech S. Regulatory roles of conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of the MAP kinase ERK1. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1040-50. [PMID: 26823016 PMCID: PMC4791125 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic domains of most eukaryotic protein kinases are highly conserved in their primary structures. Their phosphorylation within the well-known activation T-loop, a variable region between protein kinase catalytic subdomains VII and VIII, is a common mechanism for stimulation of their phosphotransferase activities. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), a member of the extensively studied mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, serves as a paradigm for regulation of protein kinases in signaling modules. In addition to the well-documented T202 and Y204 stimulatory phosphorylation sites in the activation T-loop of ERK1 and its closest relative, ERK2, three additional flanking phosphosites have been confirmed (T198, T207, and Y210 from ERK1) by high-throughput mass spectrometry. In vitro kinase assays revealed the functional importance of T207 and Y210, but not T198, in negatively regulating ERK1 catalytic activity. The Y210 site could be important for proper conformational arrangement of the active site, and a Y210F mutant could not be recognized by MEK1 for phosphorylation of T202 and Y204 in vitro. Autophosphorylation of T207 reduces the catalytic activity and stability of activated ERK1. We propose that after the activation of ERK1 by MEK1, subsequent slower phosphorylation of the flanking sites results in inhibition of the kinase. Because the T207 and Y210 phosphosites of ERK1 are highly conserved within the eukaryotic protein kinase family, hyperphosphorylation within the kinase activation T-loop may serve as a general mechanism for protein kinase down-regulation after initial activation by their upstream kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Lai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Steven Pelech
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC V6P 6T3, Canada
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38
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Rosenbloom J, Ren S, Macarak E. New frontiers in fibrotic disease therapies: The focus of the Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases at Thomas Jefferson University. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:14-25. [PMID: 26807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases constitute a world-wide major health problem, but research support remains inadequate in comparison to the need. Although considerable understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrotic reactions has been attained, no completely effective therapies exist. Although fibrotic disorders are diverse, it is universally appreciated that a particular cell type with unique characteristics, the myofibroblast, is responsible for replacement of functioning tissue with non-functional scar tissue. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the creation of myofibroblasts and their activities is central to the development of therapies. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by TGF-β, but also involving other cytokines which stimulate pro-fibrotic reactions in the myofibroblast, offer potential therapeutic targets. However, because of the multiplicity and complex interactions of these signaling pathways, it is very unlikely that any single drug will be successful in modifying a major fibrotic disease. Therefore, we have chosen to examine the effectiveness of administration of several drug combinations in a mouse pneumoconiosis model. Such treatment proved to be effective. Because fibrotic diseases that tend to be chronic, are difficult to monitor, and are patient variable, implementation of clinical trials is difficult and expensive. Therefore, we have made efforts to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers found in urine and blood. We describe the potential utility of five such markers: (i) the EDA form of fibronectin (Fn(EDA)), (ii) lysyl oxidase (LOX), (iii) lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 (LoxL2), (iv) connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCNII), and (v) the N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Shumei Ren
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Edward Macarak
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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39
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Abstract
In cells responding to extracellular polypeptide ligands, regulatory mechanisms at the level of cell surface receptors are increasingly seen to define the nature of the ligand-induced signaling responses. Processes that govern the levels of receptors at the plasma membrane, including posttranslational modifications, are crucial to ensure receptor function and specify the downstream signals. Indeed, extracellular posttranslational modifications of the receptors help define stability and ligand binding, while intracellular modifications mediate interactions with signaling mediators and accessory proteins that help define the nature of the signaling response. The use of various molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, based on chemical crosslinking, e.g., biotin or radioactive labeling, immunofluorescence to label membrane receptors and flow cytometry, allows for quantification of changes of cell surface receptor presentation. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of TGF-β receptors, i.e., the type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) TGF-β receptors, and describe basic methods to identify and quantify TGF-β cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Programs in Cell Biology, and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Programs in Cell Biology, and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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40
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Muthusamy BP, Budi EH, Katsuno Y, Lee MK, Smith SM, Mirza AM, Akhurst RJ, Derynck R. ShcA Protects against Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition through Compartmentalized Inhibition of TGF-β-Induced Smad Activation. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002325. [PMID: 26680585 PMCID: PMC4682977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal cell differentiation event during development and contributes pathologically to carcinoma and fibrosis progression. EMT often associates with increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, and TGF-β drives EMT, in part through Smad-mediated reprogramming of gene expression. TGF-β also activates the Erk MAPK pathway through recruitment and Tyr phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ShcA by the activated TGF-β type I receptor. We found that ShcA protects the epithelial integrity of nontransformed cells against EMT by repressing TGF-β-induced, Smad-mediated gene expression. p52ShcA competed with Smad3 for TGF-β receptor binding, and down-regulation of ShcA expression enhanced autocrine TGF-β/Smad signaling and target gene expression, whereas increased p52ShcA expression resulted in decreased Smad3 binding to the TGF-β receptor, decreased Smad3 activation, and increased Erk MAPK and Akt signaling. Furthermore, p52ShcA sequestered TGF-β receptor complexes to caveolin-associated membrane compartments, and reducing ShcA expression enhanced the receptor localization in clathrin-associated membrane compartments that enable Smad activation. Consequently, silencing ShcA expression induced EMT, with increased cell migration, invasion, and dissemination, and increased stem cell generation and mammosphere formation, dependent upon autocrine TGF-β signaling. These findings position ShcA as a determinant of the epithelial phenotype by repressing TGF-β-induced Smad activation through differential partitioning of receptor complexes at the cell surface. The adaptor protein ShcA protects epithelial cells from transitioning toward a mesenchymal phenotype by controlling partitioning of the TGF-β receptor and repressing downstream Smad2/3 activation. TGF-β family proteins control cell differentiation and various cell functions. Increased TGF-β signaling, acting through heteromeric receptor complexes, contributes to carcinoma progression and fibrosis. TGF-β drives epithelial–mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT), which enables cell migration and invasion. Upon TGF-β binding, “type I” receptors activate, through phosphorylation, Smad2 and Smad3 that control target gene transcription. In EMT, Smad complexes activate the expression of EMT “master” transcription factors and cooperate with these to repress the epithelial phenotype and activate mesenchymal gene expression. TGF-β receptors also activate Erk MAPK signaling, involving association of the adaptor protein ShcA and Tyr phosphorylation of ShcA by type I receptors. We now show that the predominant ShcA isoform, p52ShcA, competes with Smad2/3 for binding to type I TGF-β receptors, thus repressing Smad2/3 activation in response to TGF-β and localizing the receptors to caveolar compartments. Consequently, decreased ShcA expression enhanced TGF-β receptor localization in clathrin compartments and autocrine Smad2/3 signaling, repressed the epithelial phenotype, and promoted EMT. The changes following decreased ShcA expression resulted in increased cell migration and invasion, as well as increased stem cell generation, dependent upon autocrine TGF-β signaling. These findings position ShcA as a determinant of the epithelial phenotype by repressing TGF-β-induced Smad activation through differential partitioning of receptor complexes at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baby Periyanayaki Muthusamy
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erine H. Budi
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yoko Katsuno
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Lee
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amer M. Mirza
- XOMA Corp., Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rosemary J. Akhurst
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rik Derynck
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yadin D, Knaus P, Mueller TD. Structural insights into BMP receptors: Specificity, activation and inhibition. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:13-34. [PMID: 26690041 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β family (TGFβ), which signal through hetero-tetrameric complexes of type I and type II receptors. In humans there are many more TGFβ ligands than receptors, leading to the question of how particular ligands can initiate specific signaling responses. Here we review structural features of the ligands and receptors that contribute to this specificity. Ligand activity is determined by receptor-ligand interactions, growth factor prodomains, extracellular modulator proteins, receptor assembly and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins, including Smad transcription factors. Detailed knowledge about the receptors has enabled the development of BMP-specific type I receptor kinase inhibitors. In future these may help to treat human diseases such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yadin
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13351 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13351 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Benn A, Bredow C, Casanova I, Vukičević S, Knaus P. VE-cadherin facilitates BMP-induced endothelial cell permeability and signaling. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:206-18. [PMID: 26598555 PMCID: PMC4732303 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vascular disorders, such as aberrant angiogenesis, atherosclerosis and pulmonary hypertension, have been linked to dysfunctional BMP signaling. Vascular hyperpermeability via distortion of endothelial cell adherens junctions is a common feature of these diseases, but the role of BMPs in this process has not been investigated. BMP signaling is initiated by binding of ligand to, and activation of, BMP type I (BMPRI) and type II (BMPRII) receptors. Internalization of VE-cadherin as well as c-Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation have been implicated in the loosening of cell–cell contacts, thereby modulating vascular permeability. Here we demonstrate that BMP6 induces hyperpermeabilization of human endothelial cells by inducing internalization and c-Src-dependent phosphorylation of VE-cadherin. Furthermore, we show BMP-dependent physical interaction of VE-cadherin with the BMP receptor ALK2 (BMPRI) and BMPRII, resulting in stabilization of the BMP receptor complex and, thereby, the support of BMP6-Smad signaling. Our results provide first insights into the molecular mechanism of BMP-induced vascular permeability, a hallmark of various vascular diseases, and provide the basis for further investigations of BMPs as regulators of vascular integrity, both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Summary: We reveal the molecular mechanism by which BMP6 induces hyperpermeabilization of the endothelium. This provides first insights into the mechanism of BMP-dependent vascular integrity in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Benn
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany DFG Graduate School 1093 Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Berlin 13353, Germany DFG Graduate School 203 Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin 13353, Germany
| | - Clara Bredow
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Isabel Casanova
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Slobodan Vukičević
- Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany DFG Graduate School 1093 Berlin School of Integrative Oncology, Berlin 13353, Germany DFG Graduate School 203 Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin 13353, Germany
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43
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TGFβ Signaling in Tumor Initiation, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:587193. [PMID: 25883652 PMCID: PMC4389829 DOI: 10.1155/2015/587193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retaining the delicate balance in cell signaling activity is a prerequisite for the maintenance of physiological tissue homeostasis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling is an essential pathway that plays crucial roles during embryonic development as well as in adult tissues. Aberrant TGFβ signaling activity regulates tumor progression in a cancer cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous fashion and these effects may be tumor suppressing or tumor promoting depending on the cellular context. The fundamental role of this pathway in promoting cancer progression in multiple stages of the metastatic process, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is also becoming increasingly clear. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the effort to unravel the inherent complexity of TGFβ signaling and its role in cancer progression and metastasis. These findings provide important insights into designing personalized therapeutic strategies against advanced cancers.
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Nyati S, Schinske-Sebolt K, Pitchiaya S, Chekhovskiy K, Chator A, Chaudhry N, Dosch J, Van Dort ME, Varambally S, Kumar-Sinha C, Nyati MK, Ray D, Walter NG, Yu H, Ross BD, Rehemtulla A. The kinase activity of the Ser/Thr kinase BUB1 promotes TGF-β signaling. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra1. [PMID: 25564677 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, which contributes to development and disease. Upon binding TGF-β, the type I receptor (TGFBRI) binds TGFBRII, leading to the activation of the transcription factors SMAD2 and SMAD3. Using an RNA interference screen of the human kinome and a live-cell reporter for TGFBR activity, we identified the kinase BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1) as a key mediator of TGF-β signaling. BUB1 interacted with TGFBRI in the presence of TGF-β and promoted the heterodimerization of TGFBRI and TGFBRII. Additionally, BUB1 interacted with TGFBRII, suggesting the formation of a ternary complex. Knocking down BUB1 prevented the recruitment of SMAD3 to the receptor complex, the phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD3 and their interaction with SMAD4, SMAD-dependent transcription, and TGF-β-mediated changes in cellular phenotype including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion. Knockdown of BUB1 also impaired noncanonical TGF-β signaling mediated by the kinases AKT and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). The ability of BUB1 to promote TGF-β signaling depended on the kinase activity of BUB1. A small-molecule inhibitor of the kinase activity of BUB1 (2OH-BNPP1) and a kinase-deficient mutant of BUB1 suppressed TGF-β signaling and formation of the ternary complex in various normal and cancer cell lines. 2OH-BNPP1 administration to mice bearing lung carcinoma xenografts reduced the amount of phosphorylated SMAD2 in tumor tissue. These findings indicated that BUB1 functions as a kinase in the TGF-β pathway in a role beyond its established function in cell cycle regulation and chromosome cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Nyati
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katerina Chekhovskiy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Areeb Chator
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nauman Chaudhry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Dosch
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcian E Van Dort
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mukesh Kumar Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nils G Walter
- Single Molecule Analysis in Real-Time (SMART) Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian Dale Ross
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Chen X, Wang H, Liao HJ, Hu W, Gewin L, Mernaugh G, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Vega-Montoto L, Vanacore RM, Fässler R, Zent R, Pozzi A. Integrin-mediated type II TGF-β receptor tyrosine dephosphorylation controls SMAD-dependent profibrotic signaling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3295-310. [PMID: 24983314 DOI: 10.1172/jci71668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis underlies all forms of end-stage kidney disease. TGF-β mediates both the development and the progression of kidney fibrosis through binding and activation of the serine/threonine kinase type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII), which in turn promotes a TβRI-mediated SMAD-dependent fibrotic signaling cascade. Autophosphorylation of serine residues within TβRII is considered the principal regulatory mechanism of TβRII-induced signaling; however, there are 5 tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic tail that could potentially mediate TβRII-dependent SMAD activation. Here, we determined that phosphorylation of tyrosines within the TβRII tail was essential for SMAD-dependent fibrotic signaling within cells of the kidney collecting duct. Conversely, the T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) dephosphorylated TβRII tail tyrosine residues, resulting in inhibition of TβR-dependent fibrotic signaling. The collagen-binding receptor integrin α1β1 was required for recruitment of TCPTP to the TβRII tail, as mice lacking this integrin exhibited impaired TCPTP-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation of TβRII that led to severe fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model of renal fibrosis. Together, these findings uncover a crosstalk between integrin α1β1 and TβRII that is essential for TβRII-mediated SMAD activation and fibrotic signaling pathways.
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46
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Xue X, Wang X, Liu Y, Teng G, Wang Y, Zang X, Wang K, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang J, Pan L. SchA-p85-FAK complex dictates isoform-specific activation of Akt2 and subsequent PCBP1-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of TGFβ-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human lung cancer cell line A549. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7853-9. [PMID: 24819169 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1982-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A post-transcriptional pathway by which TGF-β modulates expression of specific proteins, Disabled-2 (Dab2) and Interleukin-like EMT Inducer (ILEI), inherent to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in murine epithelial cells through Akt2-mediated phosphorylation of poly r(C) binding protein (PCBP1), has been previously elucidated. The aims of the current study were to determine if the same mechanism is operative in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, A549, and to delineate the underlying mechanism. Steady-state transcript and protein expression levels of Dab2 and ILEI were examined in A549 cells treated with TGF-β for up to 48 h. Induction of translational de-repression in this model was quantified by polysomal fractionation followed by qRT-PCR. The underlying mechanism of isoform-specific activation of Akt2 was elucidated through a combination of co-immunoprecipitation studies. TGF-β induced EMT in A549 cells concomitant with translational upregulation of Dab2 and ILEI proteins through isoform-specific activation of Akt2 followed by phosphorylation of PCBP1 at serine-43. Our experiments further elucidated that the adaptor protein SchA is phosphorylated at tyrosine residues following TGF-β treatment, which initiated a signaling cascade resulting in the sequential recruitment of p85 subunit of PI3K and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The SchA-FAK-p85 complex subsequently selectively recruited and activated Akt2, not Akt1. Inhibition of the p85 subunit through phosphorylated 1257 peptide completely attenuated EMT in these cells. We have defined the underlying mechanism responsible for isoform-specific recruitment and activation of Akt2, not Akt1, during TGF-β-mediated EMT in A549 cells. Inhibition of the formation of this complex thus represents an important and novel therapeutic target in metastatic lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Xue
- The Department of Special Medical Treatment-Respiratory Disease, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Strategies for anti-fibrotic therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:1088-103. [PMID: 23266403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fibrotic diseases encompass a wide spectrum of entities including such multisystemic diseases as systemic sclerosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and sclerodermatous graft versus host disease, as well as organ-specific disorders such as pulmonary, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Collectively, given the wide variety of affected organs, the chronic nature of the fibrotic processes, and the large number of individuals suffering their devastating effects, these diseases pose one of the most serious health problems in current medicine and a serious economic burden to society. Despite these considerations there is currently no accepted effective treatment. However, remarkable progress has been achieved in the elucidation of their pathogenesis including the identification of the critical role of myofibroblasts and the determination of molecular mechanisms that result in the transcriptional activation of the genes responsible for the fibrotic process. Here we review the origin of the myofibroblast and discuss the crucial regulatory pathways involving multiple growth factors and cytokines that participate in the pathogenesis of the fibrotic process. Potentially effective therapeutic strategies based upon this new information are considered in detail and the major challenges that remain and their possible solutions are presented. It is expected that translational efforts devoted to convert this new knowledge into novel and effective anti-fibrotic drugs will be forthcoming in the near future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
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Nakerakanti S, Trojanowska M. The Role of TGF-β Receptors in Fibrosis. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:156-62. [PMID: 22802914 PMCID: PMC3396054 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in defining TGF-β signaling pathways have provided a new level of understanding of the role of this pleiotropic growth factor in the development of fibrosis. Here, we review selected topics related to the profibrotic role of TGF-β . We will discuss new insights into the mechanisms of ligand activation and the contribution of Erk1/2 MAPK, PI3K/FAK, and Endoglin/Smad1 signaling pathways to the process of fibrosis. There is growing evidence of the disease-specific alterations of the downstream components of the TGF-β signaling pathway that may be explored for the future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashidhar Nakerakanti
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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49
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Xu P, Liu J, Derynck R. Post-translational regulation of TGF-β receptor and Smad signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1871-84. [PMID: 22617150 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β family signaling through Smads is conceptually a simple and linear signaling pathway, driven by sequential phosphorylation, with type II receptors activating type I receptors, which in turn activate R-Smads. Nevertheless, TGF-β family proteins induce highly complex programs of gene expression responses that are extensively regulated, and depend on the physiological context of the cells. Regulation of TGF-β signaling occurs at multiple levels, including TGF-β activation, formation, activation and destruction of functional TGF-β receptor complexes, activation and degradation of Smads, and formation of Smad transcription complexes at regulatory gene sequences that cooperate with a diverse set of DNA binding transcription factors and coregulators. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of post-translational modifications and molecular interaction networks in the functions of receptors and Smads in TGF-β signal responses. These layers of regulation demonstrate how a simple signaling system can be coopted to exert exquisitely regulated, complex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Programs in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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50
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Abstract
TGF-β signaling regulates diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell plasticity and migration. Its dysfunctions can result in various kinds of diseases, such as cancer and tissue fibrosis. TGF-β signaling is tightly regulated at different levels along the pathway, and modulation of TGF-β receptor activity is a critical step for signaling regulation. This review focuses on our recent understanding of regulation of TGF-β receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, THU-PKU Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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