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Rainey RP, Gillman IG, Shi X, Cheng T, Stinson A, Gietl D, Albino AP. Fluorescent detection of lipid peroxidation derived protein adducts upon in-vitro cigarette smoke exposure. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:401-9. [PMID: 19778240 DOI: 10.1080/15376510903104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress in biological systems can result in radical-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), which can lead to the production of secondary reactive by-products such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, and acetaldehyde. These deleterious compounds are known to react with and concomitantly modify nucleophilic amino acid residues on proteins. Oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke (CS) has been put forth as a major mechanism for tobacco-induced pathologies. At present, there are few reliable biomarkers for measuring the extent of oxidatively-induced damage resulting from CS exposure in vivo. This study has utilized a previously reported CS exposure system to expose cultured cells in-vitro to whole CS and determine the extent of LPO resulting from CS exposure by quantifying the increase in HNE within the exposure media versus controls via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Additionally, we obtained protein enriched cell lysate post-CS exposures and measured the fluorescent signal obtained via direct injection fluorescent analysis at 375 nm ex./415 nm em. This study determined that the fluorescent signal intensity was directly proportional to the quantity increase of HNE in CS exposed media. It further tested this correlation by performing HNE titration addition experiments to cultured cells and Western blot analysis on proteins obtained from cell lysates. Finally, the fluorescent signal increase from authentic BSA solutions incubated with increasing concentrations of HNE was measured. It is proposed that the fluorescent signal observed from the protein lysate of CS exposed cultured cells corresponds to the extent of biological damage resulting from secondary reactive by-products formed from LPO induced via CS exposure and represented by HNE. The fluorescent signals increased in intensity upon increasing CS dose up to 20 min and remained elevated over 24 h after cessation of CS exposure.
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2
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Johnson WW. Cytochrome P450 Inactivation by Pharmaceuticals and Phytochemicals: Therapeutic Relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:101-47. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530701836704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Amunom I, Stephens LJ, Tamasi V, Cai J, Conklin DJ, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S, Martin MV, Guengerich FP, Prough RA. Cytochromes P450 catalyze oxidation of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:187-96. [PMID: 17599801 PMCID: PMC1994811 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We sought to establish whether heme-thiolate monooxygenases oxidize, alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation. Several recombinant P450s co-expressed with NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase were surveyed for aldehyde oxidation activity with anthracene-9-carboxaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE). Murine P4502c29, human P4503A4, human P4502B6, and rabbit P4502B4 were good catalysts of aldehyde oxidation to carboxylic acids. Other P450s (e.g., P4501A2, 2E1, and 2J2) did not oxidize these aldehydes. P4502c29 and P4503A4 displayed K(m)/S(0.5) values of approx. 1-20microM. The product measured by HPLC that co-migrates with authentic 4-hydroxynonenoic acid (HNA) had a mass spectrum identical to the standard. Using P4502c29, HNE was a mixed-competitive inhibitor of anthracene-9-carboxaldehyde oxidation, suggesting that both aldehydes are substrates for P4502c29. Specific inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 were used to assess their role in the metabolism of HNE in primary rat hepatocytes. Inhibitors of aldehyde dehydrogenase (cyanamide) inhibited HNA formation by 60% and together cyanamide and miconazole (P450) caused over 85% inhibition of HNA formation. P450s are significant participants in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous unsaturated aldehydes in primary rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immaculate Amunom
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Laura J. Stephens
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Viola Tamasi
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jian Cai
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Departments of Cardiology/Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Departments of Cardiology/Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - S. Srivastava
- Departments of Cardiology/Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Martha V. Martin
- Departments of Cardiology/Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Departments of Cardiology/Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Russell A. Prough
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292 and Department of Biochemistry & Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Aldini G, Dalle-Donne I, Facino RM, Milzani A, Carini M. Intervention strategies to inhibit protein carbonylation by lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyls. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:817-68. [PMID: 17044003 DOI: 10.1002/med.20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation induced by reactive carbonyl species (RCS) generated by peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids plays a significant role in the etiology and/or progression of several human diseases, such as cardiovascular (e.g., atherosclerosis, long-term complications of diabetes) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia). Most of the biological effects of intermediate RCS, mainly alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, di-aldehydes, and keto-aldehydes, are due to their capacity to react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins, forming advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALEs). Because of the emerging deleterious role of RCS/protein adducts in several human diseases, different potential therapeutic strategies have been developed in the last few years. This review sheds focus on fundamental studies on lipid-derived RCS generation, their biological effects, and their reactivity with proteins, with particular emphasis to 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE)-, acrolein (ACR)-, malondialdehyde (MDA)-, and glyoxal (GO)-modified proteins. It also discusses the recently developed pharmacological approaches for the management of chronic diseases in which oxidative stress and RCS formation are massively involved. Inhibition of ALE formation, based on carbonyl-sequestering agents, seems to be the most promising pharmacological tool and is reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131, Milan, Italy.
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Kurangi RF, Tilve SG, Blair IA. Convenient and efficient syntheses of 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal and 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal. Lipids 2006; 41:877-80. [PMID: 17152925 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE) were conveniently synthesized using Wittig and Horner-Wardsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction. Wittig or HWE reaction between an easily prepared phosphorane or phosphonate with glyoxal dimethyl acetal gave a protected 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal. Hydrolysis gave 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal, whereas reduction followed by hydrolysis gave 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma F Kurangi
- Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Taliegao Plateau, Goa, India
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6
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Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, Suekane T, Fukushima H, Itabe H, Jomura H, Nishiguchi S, Inoue T, Naruko T, Ehara S, Kawada N, Arakawa T, Ueda M. Localization of oxidized phosphatidylcholine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: impact on disease progression. Hepatology 2006; 43:506-14. [PMID: 16496325 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is considered to be a hepatic manifestation of various metabolic disorders. However, its precise pathogenic mechanism is obscure. Oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation seem to play a pivotal role in disease progression. In this study, we analyzed the localization of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC), a lipid peroxide that serves as a ligand for scavenger receptors, in livers of patients with this steatotic disorder. Specimens of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (15 autopsy livers with simple steatosis and 32 biopsy livers with steatohepatitis) were examined via immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy using a specific antibody against oxPC. In addition, scavenger receptor expression, hepatocyte apoptosis, iron deposition, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the diseased livers were also assessed. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine was mainly localized to steatotic hepatocytes and some macrophages/Kupffer cells. A few degenerative or apoptotic hepatocytes were also positive for oxPC. Immunoelectron microscopy showed oxPC localized to cytoplasmic/intracytoplasmic membranes including lipid droplets. Steatotic livers showed enhanced expression of scavenger receptors. The number of oxPC cells was correlated with disease severity and the number of myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils, but not with the degree of iron deposition. In conclusion, distinct localization of oxPC in liver tissues suggest that neutrophil myeloperoxidase-derived oxidative stress may be crucial in the formation of oxPC and the progression of steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ikura
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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O'Brien PJ, Siraki AG, Shangari N. Aldehyde sources, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanisms, and possible effects on human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 35:609-62. [PMID: 16417045 DOI: 10.1080/10408440591002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are organic compounds that are widespread in nature. They can be formed endogenously by lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbohydrate or metabolism ascorbate autoxidation, amine oxidases, cytochrome P-450s, or myeloperoxidase-catalyzed metabolic activation. This review compares the reactivity of many aldehydes towards biomolecules particularly macromolecules. Furthermore, it includes not only aldehydes of environmental or occupational concerns but also dietary aldehydes and aldehydes formed endogenously by intermediary metabolism. Drugs that are aldehydes or form reactive aldehyde metabolites that cause side-effect toxicity are also included. The effects of these aldehydes on biological function, their contribution to human diseases, and the role of nucleic acid and protein carbonylation/oxidation in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity mechanisms, respectively, as well as carbonyl signal transduction and gene expression, are reviewed. Aldehyde metabolic activation and detoxication by metabolizing enzymes are also reviewed, as well as the toxicological and anticancer therapeutic effects of metabolizing enzyme inhibitors. The human health risks from clinical and animal research studies are reviewed, including aldehydes as haptens in allergenic hypersensitivity diseases, respiratory allergies, and idiosyncratic drug toxicity; the potential carcinogenic risks of the carbonyl body burden; and the toxic effects of aldehydes in liver disease, embryo toxicity/teratogenicity, diabetes/hypertension, sclerosing peritonitis, cerebral ischemia/neurodegenerative diseases, and other aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J O'Brien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Vatsis KP, Coon MJ. Oxidative aldehyde deformylation catalyzed by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and the flavoprotein domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:1107-11. [PMID: 16226717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report here the unexpected finding that recombinant or hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase catalyzes the oxidative deformylation of a model xenobiotic aldehyde, 2-phenylpropionaldehyde, to the n-1 alcohol, 1-phenylethanol, in the absence of cytochrome P450. The flavoprotein and NADPH are absolute requirements, and the reaction displays a dependence on time and on NADPH and reductase concentration. Not surprisingly, the hydrophobic tail of the flavoprotein is not required for catalytic competence. The reductase domain of neuronal nitric oxide synthase is about 30% more active than P450 reductase, and neither flavoprotein catalyzes conversion of the aldehyde to the carboxylic acid, by far the predominant metabolite with P450s in a reconstituted system. Reductase-catalyzed deformylation is unaffected by metal ion chelators and oxygen radical scavengers, but is strongly inhibited by catalase, and the catalase-mediated inhibition is prevented by azide. These results, together with observed parallel increases in 1-phenylethanol and H(2)O(2) formation as a function of NADPH concentration, are evidence that free H(2)O(2) is rate-limiting in aldehyde deformylation by the flavoprotein reductases. This contrasts sharply with the P450-catalyzed reaction, which is brought about by iron-bound peroxide that is inaccessible to catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas P Vatsis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0606, USA.
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9
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Carini M, Aldini G, Facino RM. Mass spectrometry for detection of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) adducts with peptides and proteins. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2004; 23:281-305. [PMID: 15133838 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the great technical advancement of mass spectrometry, this technique has contributed in a limited way to the discovery and quantitation of specific/precocious markers linked to free radical-mediated diseases. Unsaturated aldehydes generated by free radical-induced lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in particular 4-hydroxy-trans-2 nonenal (HNE), are involved in the onset and progression of many pathologies such as cardiovascular (atherosclerosis, long-term complications of diabetes) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia). Most of the biological effects of HNE are attributed to the capacity of HNE to react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins and peptides (other than nucleic acids), to form covalently modified biomolecules that can disrupt important cellular functions and induce mutations. By considering the emerging role of HNE in several human diseases, an unequivocal analytical approach as mass spectrometry to detect/elucidate the structure of protein-HNE adducts in biological matrices is strictly needed not only to understand the reaction mechanism of HNE, but also to gain a deeper insight into the pathological role of HNE. This with the aim to provide intermediate diagnostic biomarkers for human diseases. This review sheds focus on the "state-of-the-art" of mass spectrometric applications in the field of HNE-protein adducts characterization, starting from the fundamental early studies and discussing the different MS-based approaches that can provide detailed information on the mechanistic aspects of HNE-protein interaction. In the last decade, the increases in the accessible mass ranges of modern instruments and advances in ionization methods have made possible a fundamental improvement in the analysis of protein-HNE adducts by mass spectrometry, and in particular by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry. The recent developments and uses of combined analytical approaches to detect and characterize the type/site of interaction have been highlighted, and several other aspects, including sample preparation methodologies, structure elucidation, and data analysis have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Carini
- Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Milan, Viale Abruzzi 42, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Raner GM, Muir AQ, Lowry CW, Davis BA. Farnesol as an inhibitor and substrate for rabbit liver microsomal P450 enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1-6. [PMID: 12054554 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol and the related isoprenoids, geranylgeraniol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and farnesyl pyrophosphate, are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes in mammals, and each serve important biological functions. Of these compounds, only farnesol was shown to significantly inhibit rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. The observed inhibition appeared to be reversible, and was not strictly competitive, but rather mixed in nature. Of the activities examined, ethoxycoumarin de-ethylase and diclofenac-4-hydroxylase activities were most sensitive to farnesol, with K(I) and K(I)' values between 11 and 40 microM. Caffeine-8-hydroxylation and taxol-6-hydroxylation were not inhibited at all by farnesol. Farnesol appeared to be a P450 substrate, as well as an inhibitor, as indicated by the NADPH-dependent decrease in farnesol concentration in microsomal incubations, and the metabolism was inhibited by CO, which pointed to the involvement of P450 isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Raner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 405A Petty Science Building, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
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Traverso N, Menini S, Odetti P, Pronzato MA, Cottalasso D, Marinari UM. Diabetes impairs the enzymatic disposal of 4-hydroxynonenal in rat liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:350-9. [PMID: 11841925 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses whether the HNE accumulation we formerly observed in liver microsomes and mitochondria of BB/Wor diabetic rats depends on an increased rate of lipoperoxidation or on impairment of enzymatic removal. There are three main HNE metabolizing enzymes: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this study we show that GST and ALDH activities are reduced in liver microsomes and mitochondria of diabetic rats; in contrast, ADH activity remains unchanged. The role of each enzyme in HNE removal was evaluated by using enzymatic inhibitors. The roles of both GST and ALDH were markedly reduced in diabetic rats, while ADH-mediated consumption was significantly increased. However, the higher level of lipohydroperoxides in diabetic liver indicated more marked lipoperoxidation. We therefore think that HNE accumulation in diabetic liver may depend on both mechanisms: increased lipoperoxidation and decreased enzymatic removal. We suggest that glycoxidation and/or hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia may be involved in the enzymatic impairment observed. Moreover, since HNE exerts toxic effects on enzymes, HNE accumulation, deficiency of HNE removal, and production of reactive oxygen species can generate vicious circles able to amplify the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Traverso
- Department of Experimental Medicine (Section of General Pathology), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Gulumian M. The ability of mineral dusts and fibres to initiate lipid peroxidation. Part II: relationship to different particle-induced pathological effects. Redox Rep 2001; 5:325-51. [PMID: 11140744 DOI: 10.1179/135100000101535906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pathogenic mineral dusts and fibres is associated with pulmonary changes including fibrosis and cancer. Investigations into aetiological mechanisms of these diseases have identified modifications in specific macromolecules as well as changes in certain early processes, which have preceded fibrosis and cancer. Peroxidation of lipids is one such modification, which is observed following exposure to mineral dusts and fibres. Their ability to initiate lipid peroxidation and the parameters that determine this ability have recently been reviewed. Part II of this review examines the relationship between the capacity of mineral dusts and fibres to initiate lipid peroxidation and a number of pathological changes they produce. The oxidative modification of polyunsaturated fatty acids is a major contributor to membrane damage in cells and has been implicated in a great variety of pathological processes. In most pathological conditions where an induction of lipid peroxidation is observed it is assumed to be the consequence of disease, without further establishing if the induction of lipid peroxidation may have preceded or accompanied the disease. In the great majority of instances, however, despite the difficulty in proving this association, a causal relationship between lipid peroxidation and disease cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- National Centre for Occupational Health and Department of Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Traverso N, Menini S, Odetti P, Pronzato MA, Cottalasso D, Marinari UM. Lipoperoxidation in hepatic subcellular compartments of diabetic rats. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:538-47. [PMID: 10218642 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that an accumulation of lipoperoxidative aldehydes malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) takes place in liver mitochondria during aging. The existence and role of an increased extra- and intra-cellular oxidative stress in diabetes, an aging-accelerating disease, is currently under discussion. This report offers evidence that lipoperoxidative aldehydes accumulate in liver microsomes and mitochondria at a higher rate in spontaneously diabetic BB/WOR rats than in control non-diabetic animals (HNE content, diabetes vs. control: microsomes 80.6+/-19.9 vs. 25.75+/-3.6 pmol/mg prot, p = .024; mitochondria 77.4+/-15.4 vs. 26.5+/-3.5 pmol/mg prot, p = .0103). Liver subcellular fractions from diabetic rats, when exposed to the peroxidative stimulus ADP/Fe, developed more lipoperoxidative aldehydes than those from non diabetic rats (HNE amount, diabetes vs. control: microsomes 3.60+/-0.37 vs. 2.33+/-0.22 nmol/mg prot, p = .014; mitochondria 3.62+/-0.26 vs. 2.30+/-0.17 nmol/mg prot, p = .0009). Liver subcellular fractions of diabetic rats developed more fluorescent chromolipids related to HNE-phospholipid adducts, either after in vitro peroxidation (microsomes: p = .0045; mitochondria: p = .0023) or by exposure to exogenous HNE (microsomes: p = .049; mitochondria: p = .0338). This higher susceptibility of diabetic liver membranes to the non-enzymatic attack of HNE may be due to an altered phospholipid composition. Moreover, a decreased activity of the HNE-metabolizing systems can be involved: diabetic liver mitochondria and microsomes were unable to consume exogenous HNE at the same rate as non-diabetic membranes; the difference was already significant after 5' incubation (microsomes p<.001; mitochondria p<.001). These data show an increased oxidative stress inside the hepatocytes of diabetic rats; the impairment of the HNE-metabolizing systems can play a key role in the maintenance and propagation of the damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Traverso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Italy.
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Keller JN, Mattson MP. Roles of lipid peroxidation in modulation of cellular signaling pathways, cell dysfunction, and death in the nervous system. Rev Neurosci 1998; 9:105-16. [PMID: 9711902 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1998.9.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals are known to occur as natural by-products under physiological conditions and have been implicated in the neuronal loss observed in a variety of neuropathological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and ischemia. Oxyradical-induced cytotoxicity arises from both chronic and acute increases in reactive oxygen species which give rise to subsequent lipid peroxidation (LP). By reacting with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the the various cellular membranes, oxyradicals such as hydroxyl (OH.) and peroxynitrite (ONOO) give rise to a variety of lipid peroxidation products (LPP), including 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MD). Once formed, these peroxidation metabolites have been demonstrated to have relatively long half-lives within cells (minutes to hours), allowing for multiple interactions with cellular components. Emerging data suggest that LP and LPP may underlie the neuronal alterations and neurotoxicity observed in numerous neurodegenerative conditions. Data supporting this involvement include the detection of LP and formation of LPP in a variety of neuropathological conditions including AD, ALS, PD, and ischemia. Secondly, direct application of LPP, either in vivo or in vitro, has been shown to be cytotoxic and mimic neuronal alterations observed in neuropathological conditions. Furthermore, prevention of LP and subsequent LPP formation have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in a variety of neurodegenerative paradigms. Additionally, LP and LPP have been implicated in the modulation of a wide array of activities within the central nervous system including long term potentiation, neurite outgrowth, and proliferation. Understanding the mechanism(s) and involvement of LP in these processes will greatly enhance the understanding of oxyradical and ion homeostasis in neurophysiological and neuropathological conditions. The focus of this review is to describe the process by which lipid peroxidation occurs and establish a framework for its involvement in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Keller
- Biology Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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15
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Valentine JS, Wertz DL, Lyons TJ, Liou LL, Goto JJ, Gralla EB. The dark side of dioxygen biochemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1998; 2:253-62. [PMID: 9667937 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(98)80067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular biochemistry of dioxygen is Janus-faced. The good side includes numerous enzyme-catalyzed reactions of dioxygen that occur in respiration and normal metabolism, while the dark side encompasses deleterious reactions of species derived from dioxygen that lead to damage of cellular components. These reactive oxygen species have historically been perceived almost exclusively as agents of the dark side, but it has recently become clear that they play beneficial roles as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
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