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Moussa AY. The limitless endophytes: their role as antifungal agents against top priority pathogens. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:161. [PMID: 38822407 PMCID: PMC11140875 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi resistant fungi are on the rise, and our arsenal compounds are limited to few choices in the market such as polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, azoles, allylamines, and echinocandins. Although each of these drugs featured a unique mechanism, antifungal resistant strains did emerge and continued to arise against them worldwide. Moreover, the genetic variation between fungi and their host humans is small, which leads to significant challenges in new antifungal drug discovery. Endophytes are still an underexplored source of bioactive secondary metabolites. Many studies were conducted to isolate and screen endophytic pure compounds with efficacy against resistant yeasts and fungi; especially, Candida albicans, C. auris, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which encouraged writing this review to critically analyze the chemical nature, potency, and fungal source of the isolated endophytic compounds as well as their novelty features and SAR when possible. Herein, we report a comprehensive list of around 320 assayed antifungal compounds against Candida albicans, C. auris, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus in the period 1980-2024, the majority of which were isolated from fungi of orders Eurotiales and Hypocreales associated with terrestrial plants, probably due to the ease of laboratory cultivation of these strains. 46% of the reviewed compounds were active against C. albicans, 23% against C. neoformans, 29% against A. fumigatus and only 2% against C. auris. Coculturing was proved to be an effective technique to induce cryptic metabolites absent in other axenic cultures or host extract cultures, with Irperide as the most promising compounds MIC value 1 μg/mL. C. auris was susceptible to only persephacin and rubiginosin C. The latter showed potent inhibition against this recalcitrant strain in a non-fungicide way, which unveils the potential of fungal biofilm inhibition. Further development of culturing techniques and activation of silent metabolic pathways would be favorable to inspire the search for novel bioactive antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaimaa Y Moussa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Ostroumova OS, Efimova SS. Lipid-Centric Approaches in Combating Infectious Diseases: Antibacterials, Antifungals and Antivirals with Lipid-Associated Mechanisms of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1716. [PMID: 38136750 PMCID: PMC10741038 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the global challenges of the 21st century is the increase in mortality from infectious diseases against the backdrop of the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, it is worth targeting antibacterials towards the membranes of pathogens that are quite conservative and not amenable to elimination. This review is an attempt to critically analyze the possibilities of targeting antimicrobial agents towards enzymes involved in pathogen lipid biosynthesis or towards bacterial, fungal, and viral lipid membranes, to increase the permeability via pore formation and to modulate the membranes' properties in a manner that makes them incompatible with the pathogen's life cycle. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the search for highly effective but nontoxic antimicrobial agents. Examples of compounds with a proven molecular mechanism of action are presented, and the types of the most promising pharmacophores for further research and the improvement of the characteristics of antibiotics are discussed. The strategies that pathogens use for survival in terms of modulating the lipid composition and physical properties of the membrane, achieving a balance between resistance to antibiotics and the ability to facilitate all necessary transport and signaling processes, are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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Wang L, Lu H, Jiang Y. Natural Polyketides Act as Promising Antifungal Agents. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1572. [PMID: 38002254 PMCID: PMC10669366 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections present a significant risk to human health. The current arsenal of antifungal drugs is hindered by drug resistance, limited antifungal range, inadequate safety profiles, and low oral bioavailability. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to develop novel antifungal medications for clinical application. This comprehensive review provides a summary of the antifungal properties and mechanisms exhibited by natural polyketides, encompassing macrolide polyethers, polyether polyketides, xanthone polyketides, linear polyketides, hybrid polyketide non-ribosomal peptides, and pyridine derivatives. Investigating natural polyketide compounds and their derivatives has demonstrated their remarkable efficacy and promising clinical application as antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
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Lu H, Hong T, Jiang Y, Whiteway M, Zhang S. Candidiasis: From cutaneous to systemic, new perspectives of potential targets and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114960. [PMID: 37307922 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungi from a Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. C. albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen typically residing on human skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines or vagina. It can cause a wide variety of mucocutaneous barrier and systemic infections; and becomes a severe health problem in HIV/AIDS patients and in individuals who are immunocompromised following chemotherapy, treatment with immunosuppressive agents or after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. However, the immune mechanism of host resistance to C. albicans infection is not fully understood, there are a limited number of therapeutic antifungal drugs for candidiasis, and these have disadvantages that limit their clinical application. Therefore, it is urgent to uncover the immune mechanisms of the host protecting against candidiasis and to develop new antifungal strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge of host immune defense mechanisms from cutaneous candidiasis to invasive C. albicans infection and documents promising insights for treating candidiasis through inhibitors of potential antifungal target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Shiqun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhen C, Lu H, Jiang Y. Novel Promising Antifungal Target Proteins for Conquering Invasive Fungal Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911322. [PMID: 35783432 PMCID: PMC9243655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a serious clinical problem, but the antifungal arsenal is limited and has many disadvantages, such as drug resistance and toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop antifungal compounds that target novel target proteins of pathogenic fungi for treating IFIs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of novel promising target proteins for treating IFIs in pathogenic fungi and their inhibitors. Inhibitors of inositol phosphoramide (IPC) synthases (such as Aureobasidin A, Khafrefungin, Galbonolide A, and Pleofungin A) have potent antifungal activities by inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis. Disrupting glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthesis by Jawsamycin (an inhibitor of Spt14), M720 (an inhibitor of Mcd4), and APX001A (an inhibitor of Gwt1) is a promising strategy for treating IFIs. Turbinmicin is a natural-compound inhibitor of Sec14 and has extraordinary antifungal efficacy, broad-antifungal spectrum, low toxicity, and is a promising new compound for treating IFIs. CMLD013075 targets fungal heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and has remarkable antifungal efficacy. Olorofim, as an inhibitor of dihydrolactate dehydrogenase, is a breakthrough drug treatment for IFIs. These novel target proteins and their inhibitors may overcome the limitations of currently available antifungal drugs and improve patient outcomes in the treatment of IFIs.
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Yu S, Ai Y, Hu L, Lu G, Duan C, Ma Y. Palladium-Catalyzed Stagewise Strain-Release-Driven C-C Activation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200052. [PMID: 35332648 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed chemoselective coupling of readily available bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl alcohols (BCP-OH) with various halides is reported, which offers expedient approaches to a wide range of cyclobutanone and β,γ-enone skeletons via single or double C-C activation. The chemistry shows a broad substrate scope in terms of both the range of BCP-OH and halides including a series of natural product derivatives. Moreover, dependency of reaction chemodivergence on base additive has been investigated through experimental and density functional theory (DFT) studies, which is expected to significantly enrich the reaction modes and increase the synthetic potential of BCP-OH in preparing more complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Yu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yinan Ai
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Yu S, Ai Y, Hu L, Lu G, Duan C, Ma Y. Palladium‐Catalyzed Stagewise Strain‐Release‐Driven C−C Activation of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanyl Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songjie Yu
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yinan Ai
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Chunying Duan
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Yue Ma
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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Jiang C, Ge J, He B, Zeng B. Glycosphingolipids in Filamentous Fungi: Biological Roles and Potential Applications in Cosmetics and Health Foods. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690211. [PMID: 34367090 PMCID: PMC8341767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a group of economically important fungi used in the production of fermented foods, industrial enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) as constituents of lipid rafts are involved in growth, differentiation, and response to environment stress in filamentous fungi. In addition to these key roles, GSLs are also important in the barrier function of skin to retain moisture as a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetics or health products for their strong biological activity as a functional component. GSLs found in filamentous fungi are divided in two major classes: neutral GSLs (glycosylceramides), glucosylceramides (GlcCers), and/or galactosylceramides (GalCers) and acidic GSLs, mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and mannosyldiinositol phosphorylceramide [M(IP)2C]. Glycosylceramides are one of the abundant GSLs in Aspergillus and known to improve skin-barrier function and prevent intestinal impairment as a prebiotic. Some filamentous fungi of Aspergillus spp., synthesizing both GlcCer and GalCer, would be an amenable source to exploit glycosylceramides that wildly adding in cosmetics as moisturizing ingredients or health food as dietary supplements. In this minireview, the types, structures, and biosynthetic pathways of GSLs in filamentous fungi, and the relevance of GSLs in fungal growth, spore formation, and environmental stress response are explained. Furthermore, the advantage, potential development, and application of GlcCer and GalCer from filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp. are also investigate based on the use of plant GlcCer in health foods and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jiang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinxin Ge
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-Innovation Center for In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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Quintavalla A, Veronesi R, Carboni D, Martinelli A, Zaccheroni N, Mummolo L, Lombardo M. Chemodivergent Photocatalytic Synthesis of Dihydrofurans and β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Quintavalla
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Ruben Veronesi
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Davide Carboni
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Ada Martinelli
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Liviana Mummolo
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician” Via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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Teymuri M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Inhibitory effects and mechanism of antifungal action of the natural cyclic depsipeptide, aureobasidin A against Cryptococcus neoformans. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 41:128013. [PMID: 33811994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of aureobasidin A on C. neoformans with special focus on its mode of action. The effect of aureobasidin A on cell membrane ergosterol content, cell wall permeability, membrane pumps activities, the total oxidant status (TOS) and melanin production was evaluated. Cytotoxicity and cell hemolysis, and laccase (LacI) and β1,2-xylosyltransferase (Cxt1p) gene expression were also evaluated. Aureobasidin A reduced melanin production and increased extracellular potassium leakage at 0.5 × MIC concentration. This peptide has no effect on fungal cell wall integrity. Cell membrane ergosterol content was decreased by 29.1% and 41.8% at 0.5 × MIC and 1 × MIC concentrations (2 and 4 µL/mL) in aureobasidin A treated samples, respectively. TOS level was significantly increased without activation of antioxidant enzymes. Lac1 gene was over-expressed (11.7-fold), while Cxt1p gene was down regulated (0.2-fold) following treatment with aureobasidin A. Overall, our results indicated that aureobasidin A inhibits C. neoformans growth by targeting different sites in fungal cells and it may be considered as a promising compound to use as an antifungal in treatment of clinical cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Teymuri
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Shams-Ghahfarokhi
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-331, Iran.
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The Future of Antifungal Drug Therapy: Novel Compounds and Targets. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01719-20. [PMID: 33229427 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01719-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a universal problem and are routinely associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. Existing therapies comprise five different classes of antifungal agents, four of which target the synthesis of ergosterol and cell wall glucans. However, the currently available antifungals have many limitations, including poor oral bioavailability, narrow therapeutic indices, and emerging drug resistance resulting from their use, thus making it essential to investigate the development of novel drugs which can overcome these limitations and add to the antifungal armamentarium. Advances have been made in antifungal drug discovery research and development over the past few years as evidenced by the presence of several new compounds currently in various stages of development. In the following minireview, we provide a comprehensive summary of compounds aimed at one or more novel molecular targets. We also briefly describe potential pathways relevant for fungal pathogenesis that can be considered for drug development in the near future.
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12
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Gil-Rodríguez AM, Garcia-Gutierrez E. Antimicrobial mechanisms and applications of yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 114:37-72. [PMID: 33934852 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts and humans have had a close relationship for millenia. Yeast have been used for food production since the first human societies. Since then, alternative uses have been discovered. Nowadays, antibiotic resistance constitutes a pressing need worldwide. In order to overcome this threat, one of the most important strategies is the search for new antimicrobials in natural sources. Moreover, biopreservation based on natural sources has emerged as an alternative to more common chemical preservatives. Yeasts constitute an underexploited source of antagonistic activity against other microorganisms. Here, we compile a summary of the antagonistic activity of yeast origin against other yeast and other microorganisms, such as bacteria or parasites. We present the mechanisms of action used by yeasts to display these activities. We also provide applications of these antagonistic activities in food industry and agriculture, medicine and veterinary, where yeast promise to play a pivotal role in the near future.
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Fernandes CM, Poeta MD. Fungal sphingolipids: role in the regulation of virulence and potential as targets for future antifungal therapies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:1083-1092. [PMID: 32673125 PMCID: PMC7657966 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1792288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The antifungal therapy currently available includes three major classes of drugs: polyenes, azoles and echinocandins. However, the clinical use of these compounds faces several challenges: while polyenes are toxic to the host, antifungal resistance to azoles and echinocandins has been reported. AREAS COVERED Fungal sphingolipids (SL) play a pivotal role in growth, morphogenesis and virulence. In addition, fungi possess unique enzymes involved in SL synthesis, leading to the production of lipids which are absent or differ structurally from the mammalian counterparts. In this review, we address the enzymatic reactions involved in the SL synthesis and their relevance to the fungal pathogenesis, highlighting their potential as targets for novel drugs and the inhibitors described so far. EXPERT OPINION The pharmacological inhibition of fungal serine palmitoyltransferase depends on the development of specific drugs, as myriocin also targets the mammalian enzyme. Inhibitors of ceramide synthase might constitute potent antifungals, by depleting the pool of complex SL and leading to the accumulation of the toxic intermediates. Acylhydrazones and aureobasidin A, which inhibit GlcCer and IPC synthesis, are not toxic to the host and effectively treat invasive mycoses, emerging as promising new classes of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
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Antifungal activity and potential mechanism of magnoflorine against Trichophyton rubrum. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 74:206-214. [PMID: 33082529 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-00380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coptis alkaloids show potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), which was a Tinea pedis fungus, but little of the literature was reported to investigate the antifungal activity of magnoflorine against it. Meanwhile, the potential mechanism of magnoflorine against T. rubrum is unknown. In the present study, we found that Coptis alkaloids, especially magnoflorine had significant antifungal activities against T. rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophyte (T. mentagrophyte). The MIC values of magnoflorine against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophyte were both 62.5 μg ml-1, but magnoflorine exerted a better fungicidal efficiency against T. rubrum than T. mentagrophyte. Magnoflorine inhibited the conidia germination and hyphal growth, and changed the mycelial morphology such as deformation growth, surface peeling, and cytoplasmic contraction in T. rubrum. Magnoflorine had no significant effect on cell wall integrity. However, magnoflorine destroyed the fungal cell membrane of T. rubrum through increasing the nucleic acid leakage, reducing the activities of squalene epoxidase and CYP51 enzyme, and decreasing the content of ergosterol in hyphae. Our study supported the potential use of magnoflorine as an antifungal agent against T. rubrum and made contributions to the clinical application of magnoflorine against fungi.
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Pinneh EC, Mina JG, Stark MJR, Lindell SD, Luemmen P, Knight MR, Steel PG, Denny PW. The identification of small molecule inhibitors of the plant inositol phosphorylceramide synthase which demonstrate herbicidal activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8083. [PMID: 31147620 PMCID: PMC6542793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to 157 different herbicides and 88% of known sites of action has been observed, with many weeds resistant to two or more modes. Coupled with tighter environmental regulation, this demonstrates the need to identify new modes of action and novel herbicides. The plant sphingolipid biosynthetic enzyme, inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPCS), has been identified as a novel, putative herbicide target. The non-mammalian nature of this enzyme offers the potential of discovering plant specific inhibitory compounds with minimal impact on animals and humans, perhaps leading to the development of new non-toxic herbicides. The best characterised and most highly expressed isoform of the enzyme in the model-dicot Arabidopsis, AtIPCS2, was formatted into a yeast-based assay which was then utilized to screen a proprietary library of over 11,000 compounds provided by Bayer AG. Hits from this screen were validated in a secondary in vitro enzyme assay. These studies led to the identification of a potent inhibitor that showed selectivity for AtIPCS2 over the yeast orthologue, and activity against Arabidopsis seedlings. This work highlighted the use of a yeast-based screening assay to discover herbicidal compounds and the status of the plant IPCS as a novel herbicidal target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Pinneh
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - John G Mina
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stephen D Lindell
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Luemmen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc R Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrick G Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Nicola AM, Albuquerque P, Paes HC, Fernandes L, Costa FF, Kioshima ES, Abadio AKR, Bocca AL, Felipe MS. Antifungal drugs: New insights in research & development. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 195:21-38. [PMID: 30347212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for better antifungal therapy is commonly accepted in view of the high mortality rates associated with systemic infections, the low number of available antifungal classes, their associated toxicity and the increasing number of infections caused by strains with natural or acquired resistance. The urgency to expand the range of therapeutic options for the treatment of fungal infections has led researchers in recent decades to seek alternative antifungal targets when compared to the conventional ones currently used. Although new potential targets are reported, translating the discoveries from bench to bedside is a long process and most of these drugs fail to reach the patients. In this review, we discuss the development of antifungal drugs focusing on the approach of drug repurposing and the search for novel drugs for classical targets, the most recently described gene targets for drug development, the possibilities of immunotherapy using antibodies, cytokines, therapeutic vaccines and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Hugo Costa Paes
- Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Brasília Medical School, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernandes
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brazil; Graduate Programme in Microbial Biology, University of Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fabricio F Costa
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; MATTER, Chicago, IL, USA; Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Ann & Robert Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Rodrigues Abadio
- School for Applied Social and Agricultural Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Mutum Campus, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Sueli Felipe
- Graduate Programme in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brazil.
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17
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Ricks TJ, Cassilly CD, Carr AJ, Alves DS, Alam S, Tscherch K, Yokley TW, Workman CE, Morrell-Falvey JL, Barrera FN, Reynolds TB, Best MD. Labeling of Phosphatidylinositol Lipid Products in Cells through Metabolic Engineering by Using a Clickable myo-Inositol Probe. Chembiochem 2018; 20:172-180. [PMID: 30098105 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids control critical biological processes, so aberrant biosynthesis often leads to disease. As a result, the capability to track the production and localization of these compounds in cells is vital for elucidating their complex roles. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and application of clickable myo-inositol probe 1 a for bioorthogonal labeling of PI products. To validate this platform, we initially conducted PI synthase assays to show that 1 a inhibits PI production in vitro. Fluorescence microscopy experiments next showed probe-dependent imaging in T-24 human bladder cancer and Candida albicans cells. Growth studies in the latter showed that replacement of myo-inositol with probe 1 a led to an enhancement in cell growth. Finally, fluorescence-based TLC analysis and mass spectrometry experiments support the labeling of PI lipids. This approach provides a promising means for tracking the complex biosynthesis and trafficking of these lipids in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanei J Ricks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Chelsi D Cassilly
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Adam J Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Daiane S Alves
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Shahrina Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Kathrin Tscherch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Timothy W Yokley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Cameron E Workman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Francisco N Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Todd B Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Park Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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18
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Kiho T, Yokoyama M, Kogen H. Total Synthesis of Pleofugin A, a Potent Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase Inhibitor. Org Lett 2018; 20:4637-4640. [PMID: 30035548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray analysis and total synthesis of 1 unambiguously confirmed pleofingin A's absolute configuration. The total synthesis was achieved by convergent assembly of three fragments (12, 14, and 18). This synthetic approach provides access to derivatives of 1 to search for antifungal agents that will be more effective in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kiho
- Modality Research Laboratories Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-2-58, Hiromachi , Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710 , Japan
| | - Mizuka Yokoyama
- Medical Science Department Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 3-5-1, Nihonbashi Honcho , Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8426 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kogen
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Meiji Pharmaceutical University 2-522-1 Noshio , Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 , Japan
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19
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Hosokawa S. Remote Asymmetric Induction Reactions using a E, E-Vinylketene Silyl N, O-Acetal and the Wide Range Stereocontrol Strategy for the Synthesis of Polypropionates. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1301-1314. [PMID: 29726677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The construction of libraries of acyclic polyketides remains a challenging topic, mostly due to the difficulties associated with finding the right balance between diversity and brevity for the synthetic routes leading to polyketides. Recently, relatively short methods have been developed and applied to the synthesis of natural products. However, these short routes often suffer from limited diversity with respect to the arrangement of functional groups and stereochemistry, as these usually require reactions that direct multiple functional groups simultaneously in one step. Therefore, methods that combine a small number of reaction steps with structural diversity remain an attractive research target for the construction of acyclic polyketide libraries. In 2004, we reported a remote asymmetric induction reaction using chiral vinylketene silyl N, O-acetal 1, which is commensurate to an anti-selective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Ever since, this reaction has been applied to the synthesis of numerous natural products, as this synthetic route is short and efficient on account of the simultaneous introduction of both asymmetric centers and the multiply functionalized carbon chain. Recently, we have developed a variety of this remote asymmetric induction reaction based on the E, E-vinylketene N, O-acetal 1, which includes syn-selective vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reactions, as well as alkylation, acylation, and bromination reaction. These reactions provide polypropionates in a highly stereoselective manner. The proposed transition states of these reactions are discussed in this Account. Additionally, we have developed a new short synthesis of polypropionates by combining reactions for the remote asymmetric induction and the functionalization of double bonds (wide-range stereocontrol, WRS). The remote asymmetric induction reaction simultaneously constructs the stereogenic centers at the central part of the products and introduces the α,β-unsaturated imide, while the new strategy is based on the initial construction of the central part of the molecule and a subsequent functionalization of the surroundings (WRS). This strategy successfully furnished stereoisomers in a few steps, and the stereodivergent synthesis of 2,4,6-trimethyloctanoic acid derivatives was accomplished. This strategy should also be feasible to construct an acyclic polyketide library. Moreover, we applied this method to the concise synthesis of natural products. In this Account, the development of remote asymmetric induction reactions and the new WRS strategy are described. Applications of the WRS strategy as well as reactions for the stereodivergent synthesis of polypropionates and natural products are also described. The aforementioned acyclic polyketide library should be constructed in the future with the help of the WRS strategy and become a powerful tool in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seijiro Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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20
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Lipid Biosynthesis as an Antifungal Target. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020050. [PMID: 29677130 PMCID: PMC6023442 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, commonly including phospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acids, sterols, and triacylglycerols (TAGs), are important biomolecules for the viability of all cells. Phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols are important constituents of biological membranes. Many lipids play important roles in the regulation of cell metabolism by acting as signaling molecules. Neutral lipids, including TAGs and sterol esters (STEs), are important storage lipids in cells. In view of the importance of lipid molecules, this review briefly summarizes the metabolic pathways for sterols, phospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acids, and neutral lipids in fungi and illustrates the differences between fungal and human (or other mammalian) cells, especially in relation to lipid biosynthetic pathways. These differences might provide valuable clues for us to find target proteins for novel antifungal drugs. In addition, the development of lipidomics technology in recent years has supplied us with a shortcut for finding new antifungal drug targets; this ability is important for guiding our research on pathogenic fungi.
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21
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Mina JGM, Denny PW. Everybody needs sphingolipids, right! Mining for new drug targets in protozoan sphingolipid biosynthesis. Parasitology 2018; 145:134-147. [PMID: 28637533 PMCID: PMC5964470 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are an integral part of all eukaryotic cellular membranes. In addition, they have indispensable functions as signalling molecules controlling a myriad of cellular events. Disruption of either the de novo synthesis or the degradation pathways has been shown to have detrimental effects. The earlier identification of selective inhibitors of fungal SL biosynthesis promised potent broad-spectrum anti-fungal agents, which later encouraged testing some of those agents against protozoan parasites. In this review we focus on the key enzymes of the SL de novo biosynthetic pathway in protozoan parasites of the Apicomplexa and Kinetoplastidae, outlining the divergence and interconnection between host and pathogen metabolism. The druggability of the SL biosynthesis is considered, alongside recent technology advances that will enable the dissection and analyses of this pathway in the parasitic protozoa. The future impact of these advances for the development of new therapeutics for both globally threatening and neglected infectious diseases is potentially profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G M Mina
- Department of Biosciences,Lower Mountjoy,Stockton Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
| | - P W Denny
- Department of Biosciences,Lower Mountjoy,Stockton Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
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22
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Hosokawa S. Remote Asymmetric Induction Reactions and Wide Range Stereocontrol Strategy for Synthesis of Polypropionates. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Nucleophilic β-alkenylation of N-alkoxyenamines: an umpolung strategy for the preparation of β,γ-unsaturated ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Prasad R, Shah AH, Rawal MK. Antifungals: Mechanism of Action and Drug Resistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:327-349. [PMID: 26721281 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are currently few antifungals in use which show efficacy against fungal diseases. These antifungals mostly target specific components of fungal plasma membrane or its biosynthetic pathways. However, more recent class of antifungals in use is echinocandins which target the fungal cell wall components. The availability of mostly fungistatic antifungals in clinical use, often led to the development of tolerance to these very drugs by the pathogenic fungal species. Thus, the development of clinical multidrug resistance (MDR) leads to higher tolerance to drugs and its emergence is helped by multiple mechanisms. MDR is indeed a multifactorial phenomenon wherein a resistant organism possesses several mechanisms which contribute to display reduced susceptibility to not only single drug in use but also show collateral resistance to several drugs. Considering the limited availability of antifungals in use and the emergence of MDR in fungal infections, there is a continuous need for the development of novel broad spectrum antifungal drugs with better efficacy. Here, we briefly present an overview of the current understanding of the antifungal drugs in use, their mechanism of action and the emerging possible novel antifungal drugs with great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India. .,AMITY Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health (AIISH), Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur Rawal
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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25
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Medina Marrero R, Marrero-Ponce Y, Barigye SJ, Echeverría Díaz Y, Acevedo-Barrios R, Casañola-Martín GM, García Bernal M, Torrens F, Pérez-Giménez F. QuBiLs-MAS method in early drug discovery and rational drug identification of antifungal agents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 26:943-58. [PMID: 26567876 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The QuBiLs-MAS approach is used for the in silico modelling of the antifungal activity of organic molecules. To this effect, non-stochastic (NS) and simple-stochastic (SS) atom-based quadratic indices are used to codify chemical information for a comprehensive dataset of 2478 compounds having a great structural variability, with 1087 of them being antifungal agents, covering the broadest antifungal mechanisms of action known so far. The NS and SS index-based antifungal activity classification models obtained using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) yield correct classification percentages of 90.73% and 92.47%, respectively, for the training set. Additionally, these models are able to correctly classify 92.16% and 87.56% of 706 compounds in an external test set. A comparison of the statistical parameters of the QuBiLs-MAS LDA-based models with those for models reported in the literature reveals comparable to superior performance, although the latter were built over much smaller and less diverse datasets, representing fewer mechanisms of action. It may therefore be inferred that the QuBiLs-MAS method constitutes a valuable tool useful in the design and/or selection of new and broad spectrum agents against life-threatening fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Medina Marrero
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- b Department of Microbiology , Chemical Bioactive Center, Central University of Las Villas , Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - Y Marrero-Ponce
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- c Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar , Cartagena de Indias , Bolívar , Colombia
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
- h Grupo de Investigación Microbiología y Ambiente (GIMA) . Programa de Bacteriología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de San Buenaventura , Calle Real de Ternera, 130010, Cartagena (Bolivar) , Colombia
| | - S J Barigye
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- e Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Lavras , Lavras , MG , Brazil
| | - Y Echeverría Díaz
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
| | - R Acevedo-Barrios
- c Grupo de Investigación en Estudios Químicos y Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar , Cartagena de Indias , Bolívar , Colombia
| | - G M Casañola-Martín
- a Computer-Aided Molecular 'Biosilico' Discovery and Bioinformatic Research International Network (CAMD-BIR-IN) , Cartagena de Indias , Bolivar , Colombia
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
- f Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental , Universidad Estatal Amazónica , Puyo , Ecuador
| | - M García Bernal
- b Department of Microbiology , Chemical Bioactive Center, Central University of Las Villas , Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - F Torrens
- g Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
| | - F Pérez-Giménez
- d Unidad de Investigación de Diseño de Fármacos y Conectividad Molecular, Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universitat de València , Valencia , Spain
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26
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Xu T, Hu X. Copper-Catalyzed 1,2-Addition of α-Carbonyl Iodides to Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1307-11. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Abstract
To date approximately 100 000 fungal species are known although far more than one million are expected. The variety of species and the diversity of their habitats, some of them less exploited, allow the conclusion that fungi continue to be a rich source of new metabolites. Besides the conventional fungal isolates, an increasing interest in endophytic and in marine-derived fungi has been noticed. In addition new screening strategies based on innovative chemical, biological, and genetic approaches have led to novel fungal metabolites in recent years. The present review focuses on new fungal natural products published from 2009 to 2013 highlighting the originality of the structures and their biological potential. Furthermore synthetic products based on fungal metabolites as well as new developments in the uses or the biological activity of known compounds or new derivatives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schueffler
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung (Institute of Biotechnology and Drug Research), Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 56, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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29
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Takahashi Y, Otsuka M, Harachi M, Mukaeda Y, Hosokawa S. Stereoselective Acylation of the E,E-Vinylketene Silyl N,O-Acetal and Its Application to the Synthesis of Khafrefungin. Org Lett 2014; 16:4106-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takahashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Otsuka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Mio Harachi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Mukaeda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Seijiro Hosokawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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30
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Bojsen R, Torbensen R, Larsen CE, Folkesson A, Regenberg B. The synthetic amphipathic peptidomimetic LTX109 is a potent fungicide that disturbs plasma membrane integrity in a sphingolipid dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69483. [PMID: 23874964 PMCID: PMC3709891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidomimetic LTX109 (arginine-tertbutyl tryptophan-arginine-phenylethan) was previously shown to have antibacterial properties. Here, we investigated the activity of this novel antimicrobial peptidomimetic on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that LTX109 was an efficient fungicide that killed all viable cells in an exponentially growing population as well as a large proportion of cells in biofilm formed on an abiotic surface. LTX109 had similar killing kinetics to the membrane-permeabilizing fungicide amphotericin B, which led us to investigate the ability of LTX109 to disrupt plasma membrane integrity. S. cerevisiae cells exposed to a high concentration of LTX109 showed rapid release of potassium and amino acids, suggesting that LTX109 acted by destabilizing the plasma membrane. This was supported by the finding that cells were permeable to the fluorescent nucleic acid stain SYTOX Green after a few minutes of LTX109 treatment. We screened a haploid S. cerevisiae gene deletion library for mutants resistant to LTX109 to uncover potential molecular targets. Eight genes conferred LTX109 resistance when deleted and six were involved in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway (SUR1, SUR2, SKN1, IPT1, FEN1 and ORM2). The involvement of all of these genes in the biosynthetic pathway for the fungal-specific lipids mannosylinositol phosphorylceramide (MIPC) and mannosyl di-(inositol phosphoryl) ceramide (M(IP)2C) suggested that these lipids were essential for LTX109 sensitivity. Our observations are consistent with a model in which LTX109 kills S. cerevisiae by nonspecific destabilization of the plasma membrane through direct or indirect interaction with the sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Bojsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Torbensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Folkesson
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Regenberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
While the evidence for an involvement of sphingolipids (SLs) in a variety of diseases is rapidly increasing, the development of sphingolipid-related drugs is still in its infancy. In fact, the recently FDA-approved fingolimod or FTY-720 (see chapter by J. Pfeilschifter for more information) is the first drug on the market to interfere with sphingolipid signaling. The reasons for this lagging are manifold and within this chapter we try to name some of them. Ceramide is in the center of sphingolipid metabolism. We describe the most important and most recent inhibitors for enzymes controlling cellular ceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Bhabak
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
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32
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Sphingolipid and ceramide homeostasis: potential therapeutic targets. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:248135. [PMID: 22400113 PMCID: PMC3286894 DOI: 10.1155/2012/248135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells where they have been attributed a plethora of functions from the formation of structural domains to polarized cellular trafficking and signal transduction. Recent research has identified and characterised many of the key enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and this has led to a heightened interest in the possibility of targeting these processes for therapies against cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and numerous important human pathogens. In this paper we outline the major pathways in eukaryotic sphingolipid metabolism and discuss these in relation to disease and therapy for both chronic and infectious conditions.
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33
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Wang L, Xi Y, Yang S, Zhu R, Liang Y, Chen J, Yang Z. Asymmetric Total Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of NFAT-68. Org Lett 2010; 13:74-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102574d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yumeng Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shouliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yufan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiahua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 10087, China, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Takahashi HK, Toledo MS, Suzuki E, Tagliari L, Straus AH. Current relevance of fungal and trypanosomatid glycolipids and sphingolipids: studies defining structures conspicuously absent in mammals. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2010; 81:477-88. [PMID: 19722017 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, glycosphingolipids have been attracting attention due to their role on biological systems as second messengers or modulators of signal transduction, affecting several events, which range from apoptosis to regulation of the cell cycle. In pathogenic fungi, glycolipids are expressed in two classes: neutral monohexosylceramides (glucosyl-or galactosylceramide) and acidic glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (the latter class carries longer glycan chains). It is worth to mention that monohexosylceramides exhibit significant structural differences in their lipid moieties compared to their mammalian counterparts, whereas the glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides exhibit remarkable structural differences in their carbohydrate moieties in comparison to mammal glycosphingolipids counterpart. We observed that glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides are capable of promoting immune response in infected humans. In addition, inhibiting fungal glycosphingolipid biosynthetic pathways leads to an inhibition of colony formation, spore germination, cell cycle, dimorphism and hyphal growth. Other pathogens, such as trypanosomatids, also present unique glycolipids, which may have an important role for the parasite development and/or disease establishment. Regarding host-pathogen interaction, cell membrane rafts, which are enriched in sphingolipids and sterols, participate in parasite/fungal infection. In this review, it is discussed the different biological roles of (glyco) (sphingo)lipids of pathogenic/opportunistic fungi and trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio K Takahashi
- Setor de Imunoquímica de Glicoconjugados, Departamento de Bioquímica, Ed. J.L. Prado, Rua Botucatu, 862, 04023-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Di Santo R. Natural products as antifungal agents against clinically relevant pathogens. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1084-98. [DOI: 10.1039/b914961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Haplofungins, novel inositol phosphorylceramide synthase inhibitors, from Lauriomyces bellulus SANK 26899 III. Absolute structure of haplofungin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:559-63. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Haplofungins, novel inositol phosphorylceramide synthase inhibitors, from Lauriomyces bellulus SANK 26899 I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:545-9. [PMID: 19644518 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the course of screening for antifungal agents, we have discovered eight novel compounds, haplofungin A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, from a culture broth of the fungus strain Lauriomyces bellulus SANK 26899. Haplofungins are composed of an arabinonic acid moiety linked through an ester to a modified long alkyl chain and show potent inhibitory activities against fungal inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase. Haplofungin A inhibited the activity of IPC synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an IC(50) value of 0.0015 microg ml(-1). This inhibitor also suppressed the growth of Candida glabrata at the MIC value of 0.5 microg ml(-1).
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Haplofungins, new inositol phosphorylceramide synthase inhibitors, from Lauriomyces bellulus SANK 26899 II. Structure elucidation. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:551-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang L, Gong J, Deng L, Xiang Z, Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen J, Yang Z. Formal Total Synthesis of N-Methylmaysenine. Org Lett 2009; 11:1809-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900384u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianxian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lujiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuefan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiahua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Inhibition of inositol phosphorylceramide synthase by the cyclic peptide aureobasidin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 53:496-504. [PMID: 19047657 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00633-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By using a detergent-washed membrane preparation, the interaction of the fungal natural product inhibitor aureobasidin A (AbA) with inositol phosphorylceramide synthase (IPC synthase) was studied by kinetic analysis of wild-type and mutant enzyme-catalyzed reactions. AbA inhibited the wild-type enzyme from both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an irreversible, time-dependent manner, with apparent K(i) values of 183 and 234 pM, respectively. Three synthetic chemistry-derived AbA derivatives, PHA-533179, PHA-556655, and PHA-556656, had affinities 4 to 5 orders of magnitude lower and were reversible inhibitors that competed with the donor substrate phosphatidylinositol (PI). AbA was a reversible, apparently noncompetitive inhibitor, with a K(i) of 1.4 microM, of the IPC synthase from an AbA-resistant S. cerevisiae mutant. The K(m) values for both substrates (ceramide and PI) were similar when they interacted with the mutant and the wild-type enzymes. By contrast, the V(max) for the mutant enzyme was less than 10% of that for the wild-type enzyme. A comparison of the results obtained with AbA with those obtained with two other natural products inhibitors, rustmicin and khafrefungin, revealed that while rustmicin appeared to be a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of the wild-type enzyme, with a K(i) of 16.0 nM, khafrefungin had the kinetic properties of a time-dependent inhibitor and an apparent K(i) of 0.43 nM. An evaluation of the efficiencies of these compounds as inhibitors of the mutant enzyme revealed for both a drop in the apparent affinity for the enzyme of more than 2 orders of magnitude.
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Abstract
The development of MDR (multidrug resistance) in yeast is due to a number of mechanisms. The most documented mechanism is enhanced extrusion of drugs mediated by efflux pump proteins belonging to either the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) superfamily or MFS (major facilitator superfamily). These drug-efflux pump proteins are localized on the plasma membrane, and the milieu therein affects their proper functioning. Several recent studies demonstrate that fluctuations in membrane lipid composition affect the localization and proper functioning of the MDR efflux pump proteins. Interestingly, the efflux pumps of the ABC superfamily are particularly susceptible to imbalances in membrane-raft lipid constituents. This review focuses on the importance of the membrane environment in functioning of the drug-efflux pumps and explores a correlation between MDR and membrane lipid homoeostasis.
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Delgado A, Casas J, Llebaria A, Abad JL, Fabriás G. Chemical tools to investigate sphingolipid metabolism and functions. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:580-606. [PMID: 17252619 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise an important group of biomolecules, some of which have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of many cell functions. From a structural standpoint, they all share a long 2-amino-1,3-diol chain, which can be either saturated (sphinganine), hydroxylated at C4 (phytosphingosine), or unsaturated at C4 (sphingosine) as in most mammalian cells. N-acylation of sphingosine leads to ceramide, a key intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism that can be enzymatically modified at the C1-OH position to other biologically important sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin or glycosphingolipids. In addition, both ceramide and sphingosine can be phosphorylated at C1-OH to give ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. To better understand the biological and biophysical roles of sphingolipids, many efforts have been made to design synthetic analogues as chemical tools able to unravel their structure-activity relationships, and to alter their cellular levels. This last approach has been thoroughly studied by the development of specific inhibitors of some key enzymes that play an important role in biosynthesis or metabolism of these intriguing lipids. With the above premises in mind, the aim of this review is to collect, in a systematic way, the recent efforts described in the literature leading to the development of new chemical entities specifically designed to achieve the above goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Delgado
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona (C.S.I.C); Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Arthrinic Acid, a Novel Antifungal Polyhydroxyacid from Arthrinium phaeospermum. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2008; 61:515-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hsu FF, Turk J, Zhang K, Beverley SM. Characterization of inositol phosphorylceramides from Leishmania major by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:1591-604. [PMID: 17627842 PMCID: PMC2065762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe tandem mass spectrometric approaches, including multiple stage ion-trap and source collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI) to characterize inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) species seen as [M - H](-) and [M - 2H + Li](-) ions in the negative-ion mode as well as [M + H](+), [M + Li](+), and [M - H + 2Li](+) ions in the positive-ion mode. Following CAD in an ion-trap or a triple-stage quadrupole instrument, the [M - H](-) ions of IPC yielded fragment ions reflecting only the inositol and the fatty acyl substituent of the molecule. In contrast, the mass spectra from MS(3) of [M - H - Inositol](-) ions contained abundant ions that are readily applicable for assignment of the fatty acid and long-chain base (LCB) moieties. Both the product-ion spectra from MS(2) and MS(3) of the [M - 2H + Alk](-), [M + H](+), [M + Alk](+), and [M - H + 2Alk](+) ions also contained rich fragment ions informative for unambiguous assignment of the fatty acyl substituent and the LCB. However, the sensitivity of the ions observed in the forms of [M - 2H + Alk](-), [M + H](+), [M + Alk](+), and [M - H + 2Alk](+) (Alk = Li, Na) is nearly 10 times less than that observed in the [M - H](-) form. In addition to the major fragmentation pathways leading to elimination of the inositol or inositol monophosphate moiety, several structurally informative ions resulting from rearrangement processes were observed. The fragmentation processes are similar to those previously reported for ceramides. While the tandem mass spectrometric approach using MS(n) (n = 2, 3) permits the structures of the Leishmania major IPCs consisting of two isomeric structures to be unveiled in detail, tandem mass spectra from constant neutral loss scans may provide a simple method for detecting IPC in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Toledo MS, Levery SB, Bennion B, Guimaraes LL, Castle SA, Lindsey R, Momany M, Park C, Straus AH, Takahashi HK. Analysis of glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides expressed by the opportunistic mycopathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1801-24. [PMID: 17488996 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700149-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic glycosphingolipid components were extracted from the opportunistic mycopathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and identified as inositol phosphorylceramide and glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs). Using nuclear magnetic resonance sppectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and other techniques, the structures of six major components were elucidated as Ins-P-Cer (Af-0), Manp(alpha1-->3)Manp(alpha1-->2)Ins-P-Cer (Af-2), Manp(alpha1-->2)Manp(alpha1-->3)Manp(alpha1-->2)Ins-P-Cer (Af-3a), Manp(alpha1-->3)[Galf(beta1-->6)]Manp(alpha1-->2)-Ins-P-Cer (Af-3b), Manp(alpha1-->2)-Manp(alpha1-->3)[Galf(beta1-->6)]Manp(alpha1-->2)Ins-P-Cer (Af-4), and Manp(alpha1-->3)Manp(alpha1-->6)GlcpN(alpha1-->2)Ins-P-Cer (Af-3c) (where Ins = myo-inositol and P = phosphodiester). A minor A. fumigatus GIPC was also identified as the N-acetylated version of Af-3c (Af-3c*), which suggests that formation of the GlcNalpha1-->2Ins linkage may proceed by a two-step process, similar to the GlcNalpha1-->6Ins linkage in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors (transfer of GlcNAc, followed by enzymatic de-N-acetylation). The glycosylinositol of Af-3b, which bears a distinctive branching Galf(beta1-->6) residue, is identical to that of a GIPC isolated previously from the dimorphic mycopathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (designated Pb-3), but components Af-3a and Af-4 have novel structures. Overlay immunostaining of A. fumigatus GIPCs separated on thin-layer chromatograms was used to assess their reactivity against sera from a patient with aspergillosis and against a murine monoclonal antibody (MEST-1) shown previously to react with the Galf(beta1-->6) residue in Pb-3. These results are discussed in relation to pathogenicity and potential approaches to the immunodiagnosis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos S Toledo
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, 04023-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Serrano P, Casas J, Llebaria A, Zucco M, Emeric G, Delgado A. Parallel Synthesis and Yeast Growth Inhibition Screening of Succinamic Acid Libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:635-43. [PMID: 17536867 DOI: 10.1021/cc070026n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Libraries of succinamic acid derivatives resulting from the condensation of a series of succinic acid derivatives with amines are reported as putative khafrefungin analogues. A total of 480 compounds derived from the initial condensation of 8 scaffolds with 60 different amines have been synthesized using automated technology with the help of scavenger resins. A simple acetate hydrolysis of five of the above sublibraries afforded additional 300 compounds for a total of 780 compounds. Around 55% of the library members showed purities higher than 70% (HPLC-ELS-MS) thus proving the generality of this approach. Results on growth inhibition of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of selected library members are also reported as a preliminary evaluation of the antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Serrano
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules, Departament de Química Orgànica Biologica, Institut d'Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Yano T, Aoyagi A, Kozuma S, Kawamura Y, Tanaka I, Suzuki Y, Takamatsu Y, Takatsu T, Inukai M. Pleofungins, novel inositol phosphorylceramide synthase inhibitors, from Phoma sp. SANK 13899. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and biological activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2007; 60:136-42. [PMID: 17420564 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2007.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the course of a screening for inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase inhibitors, the novel inhibitors pleofungins A, B, C, and D were found in a mycelial extract of a fungus, Phoma sp. SANK13899. Purification was performed by 50% methanol and ethyl acetate extraction, reversed phase open-column chromatography, and HPLC separations. Pleofungin A inhibited the IPC synthase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus fumigatus at IC(50) values of 16 and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The inhibitor also suppressed the growth of Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and A. fumigatus at MIC values of 2.0, 0.3, and 0.5 mug/ml, respectively. These biological properties indicate that pleofungins belong to a novel class of IPC synthase inhibitors efficacious against A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yano
- Lead Discovery Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gutierrez ALS, Farage L, Melo MN, Mohana-Borges RS, Guerardel Y, Coddeville B, Wieruszeski JM, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO. Characterization of glycoinositolphosphoryl ceramide structure mutant strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Glycobiology 2007; 17:1-11C. [PMID: 17369287 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwm030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In fungi, glycoinositolphosphoryl ceramide (GIPC) biosynthetic pathway produces essential molecules for growth, viability, and virulence. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans synthesizes a complex family of xylose-(Xyl) branched GIPCs, all of which have not been previously reported in fungi. As an effort to understand the biosynthesis of these sphingolipids, we have now characterized the structures of GIPCs from C. neoformans wild-type (KN99alpha) and mutant strains that lack UDP-Xyl, by disruption of either UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (NE321) or UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (NE178). The structures of GIPCs were determined by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, tandem mass spectrometry (MS), and gas chromatography-MS. The main and largest GIPC from wild-type strain was identified as an alpha-Manp(1 --> 6)alpha-Manp(1 --> 3)alpha-Manp[beta-Xylp(1 --> 2)]alpha-Manp(1 --> 4)beta-Galp(1 --> 6)alpha-Manp(1 --> 2) Ins-1-P-Ceramide, whereas the most abundant GIPC from both mutant strains was found to be an alpha-Manp(1 --> 3)alpha-Manp(1 --> 4)beta-Galp(1 --> 6)alpha-Manp(1 --> 2)Ins-1-P-Ceramide. The ceramide moieties of C. neoformans wild-type and mutant strains were composed of a C(18) phytosphingosine, which was N-acylated with 2-hydroxy tetra-, or hexacosanoic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxy-tetracosanoic acid. Our structural analysis results indicate that the C. neoformans mutant strains are unable to complete the assembly of the GIPC-oligosaccharide moiety due the absence of Xyl side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L S Gutierrez
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, 21944979, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Shirokawa SI, Shinoyama M, Ooi I, Hosokawa S, Nakazaki A, Kobayashi S. Total Synthesis of Khafrefungin Using Highly Stereoselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction. Org Lett 2007; 9:849-52. [PMID: 17288429 DOI: 10.1021/ol0630191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A convergent total synthesis of khafrefungin was accomplished on the basis of (1) the highly stereoselective TiCl4-mediated vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction using vinylketene silyl N,O-acetal and (2) syn-selective aldol reaction of enal 5a and ethyl ketone 6 followed by anti-dehydration under Mitsunobu conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Shirokawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science (RIKADAI), 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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