1
|
Ham M, Cho Y, Kang T, Oh T, Kim H, Kim K. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals GYG2 as a mitochondria-related aging biomarker in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14049. [PMID: 38062989 PMCID: PMC10861210 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), a vital energy reservoir and endocrine organ for maintaining systemic glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, undergoes significant changes with age. However, among the existing aging-related markers, only few genes are associated with SAT aging. In this study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used on a transcriptome of SAT obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression portal to identify biologically relevant, SAT-specific, and age-related marker genes. We found modules that exhibited significant changes with age and identified GYG2 as a novel key aging associated gene. The link between GYG2 and mitochondrial function as well as brown/beige adipocytes was supported using additional bioinformatics and experimental analyses. Additionally, we identified PPARG as the transcription factor of GYG2 expression. The newly discovered GYG2 marker can be used to not only determine the age of SAT but also uncover new mechanisms underlying SAT aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Ham
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Yeonju Cho
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
| | - Tae‐Wook Kang
- Department of BioinformaticsThe Moagen Inc.DaejeonKorea
| | - Taeyun Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of GastroenterologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | | | - Kyu‐Han Kim
- R&I Unit, Amorepacific CorporationGyeonggi‐doKorea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamatsugu K, Kanai M. Catalytic Approaches to Chemo- and Site-Selective Transformation of Carbohydrates. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6793-6838. [PMID: 37126370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a fundamental unit playing pivotal roles in all the biological processes. It is thus essential to develop methods for synthesizing, functionalizing, and manipulating carbohydrates for further understanding of their functions and the creation of sugar-based functional materials. It is, however, not trivial to develop such methods, since carbohydrates are densely decorated with polar and similarly reactive hydroxy groups in a stereodefined manner. New approaches to chemo- and site-selective transformations of carbohydrates are, therefore, of great significance for revolutionizing sugar chemistry to enable easier access to sugars of interest. This review begins with a brief overview of the innate reactivity of hydroxy groups of carbohydrates. It is followed by discussions about catalytic approaches to enhance, override, or be orthogonal to the innate reactivity for the transformation of carbohydrates. This review avoids making a list of chemo- and site-selective reactions, but rather focuses on summarizing the concept behind each reported transformation. The literature references were sorted into sections based on the underlying ideas of the catalytic approaches, which we hope will help readers have a better sense of the current state of chemistry and develop innovative ideas for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamatsugu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Wang N, Zhong Y, Li W, Li Y, Wang G, Yao Y, Shi Y, Chen L, Wang X, Ding L, Ju H. Cell-Selective Multifunctional Surface Covalent Reconfiguration Using Aptamer-Enabled Proximity Catalytic Labeling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5092-5104. [PMID: 36821097 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface engineering provides access to custom-made cell interfaces with desirable properties and functions. However, cell-selective covalent labeling methods that can simultaneously install multiple molecules with different functions are scarce. Herein, we report an aptamer-enabled proximity catalytic covalent labeling platform for multifunctional surface reconfiguration of target cells in mixed cell populations. By conjugating peroxidase with cell-selective aptamers, the probes formed can selectively bind target cells and catalyze target-cell-localized covalent labeling in situ. The universal applicability of the platform to different phenol-modified functional molecules allows us to perform a variety of manipulations on target cells, including labeling, tracking, assembly regulation, and surface remodeling. In particular, the platform has the ability of multiplexed covalent labeling, which can be used to install two mutually orthogonal click reactive molecules simultaneously on the surface of target cells. We thus achieve "multitasking" in complex multicellular systems: programming and tracking specific cell-cell interactions. We further extend the functional molecules to carbohydrates and perform ultrafast neoglycosylation on target living cells. These newly introduced sugars on the cell membrane can be recognized and remodeled by a glycan-modifying enzyme, thus providing a method package for cell-selective engineering of the glycocalyx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunyan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liusheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pathomorphogenesis of Glycogen-Ground Glass Hepatocytic Inclusions (Polyglucosan Bodies) in Children after Liver Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179996. [PMID: 36077394 PMCID: PMC9456521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventeen out of 764 liver biopsies from transplanted (Tx) livers in children showed glycogen-ground glass (GGG) hepatocytic inclusions. The inclusions were not present in pre-Tx or in the explanted or donor’s liver. Under the electron microscope (EM), the stored material within the cytosol appeared as non-membrane-bound aggregates of electron-lucent globoid or fibrillar granules, previously described as abnormally structured glycogen and identified as Polyglucosan bodies (PB). The appearance of GGG in our children was analogous to that of PB-GGG occurring in a number of congenital diseases due to gene mutations such as Lafora’s d., Andersen’s d., Adult Polyglucosan Body Disease and glycogenin deficiency. The same type of GGG was previously reported in the liver of patients undergoing transplants, immunosuppressive or antiblastic treatment. To explore the potential mechanism of GGG formation, we examined whether the drugs after whose treatment this phenomenon was observed could have a role. By carrying out molecular docking, we found that such drugs somehow present a high binding affinity for the active region of glycogenin, implicating that they can inactivate the protein, thus preventing its interaction with glycogen synthase (GS), as well as the maturation of the nascent glycogen towards gamma, beta or alfa glycogen granules. We could also demonstrate that PG inclusions consist of a complex of PAS positive material (glycogen) and glycogen-associated proteins, i.e., glicogenin-1 and -2 and ubiquitin. These features appear to be analogous to congenital GGG, suggesting that, in both cases, they result from the simultaneous dysregulation of glycogen synthesis and degradation. Drug-induced GGG appear to be toxic to the cell, despite their reversibility.
Collapse
|
5
|
Visuttijai K, Hedberg-Oldfors C, Thomsen C, Glamuzina E, Kornblum C, Tasca G, Hernandez-Lain A, Sandstedt J, Dellgren G, Roach P, Oldfors A. Glycogenin is Dispensable for Glycogen Synthesis in Human Muscle, and Glycogenin Deficiency Causes Polyglucosan Storage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5599738. [PMID: 31628455 PMCID: PMC7046021 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glycogenin is considered to be an essential primer for glycogen biosynthesis. Nevertheless, patients with glycogenin-1 deficiency due to biallelic GYG1 (NM_004130.3) mutations can store glycogen in muscle. Glycogenin-2 has been suggested as an alternative primer for glycogen synthesis in patients with glycogenin-1 deficiency. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to investigate the importance of glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 for glycogen synthesis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 expression was analyzed by Western blot, mass spectrometry, and immunohistochemistry in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle from controls and in skeletal and cardiac muscle from patients with glycogenin-1 deficiency. RESULTS Glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 both were found to be expressed in the liver, but only glycogenin-1 was identified in heart and skeletal muscle from controls. In patients with truncating GYG1 mutations, neither glycogenin-1 nor glycogenin-2 was expressed in skeletal muscle. However, nonfunctional glycogenin-1 but not glycogenin-2 was identified in cardiac muscle from patients with cardiomyopathy due to GYG1 missense mutations. By immunohistochemistry, the mutated glycogenin-1 colocalized with the storage of glycogen and polyglucosan in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS Glycogen can be synthesized in the absence of glycogenin, and glycogenin-1 deficiency is not compensated for by upregulation of functional glycogenin-2. Absence of glycogenin-1 leads to the focal accumulation of glycogen and polyglucosan in skeletal muscle fibers. Expression of mutated glycogenin-1 in the heart is deleterious, and it leads to storage of abnormal glycogen and cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittichate Visuttijai
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Thomsen
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Glamuzina
- National Metabolic Service, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Giorgio Tasca
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joakim Sandstedt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Dellgren
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Anders Oldfors, Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
From the seminal discovery of proteoglycogen and glycogenin to emerging knowledge and research on glycogen biology. Biochem J 2019; 476:3109-3124. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough the discovery of glycogen in the liver, attributed to Claude Bernard, happened more than 160 years ago, the mechanism involved in the initiation of glucose polymerization remained unknown. The discovery of glycogenin at the core of glycogen's structure and the initiation of its glucopolymerization is among one of the most exciting and relatively recent findings in Biochemistry. This review focuses on the initial steps leading to the seminal discoveries of proteoglycogen and glycogenin at the beginning of the 1980s, which paved the way for subsequent foundational breakthroughs that propelled forward this new research field. We also explore the current, as well as potential, impact this research field is having on human health and disease from the perspective of glycogen storage diseases. Important new questions arising from recent studies, their links to basic mechanisms involved in the de novo glycogen biogenesis, and the pervading presence of glycogenin across the evolutionary scale, fueled by high throughput -omics technologies, are also addressed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Poriswanish N, Neumann R, Wetton JH, Wagstaff J, Larmuseau MHD, Jobling MA, May CA. Recombination hotspots in an extended human pseudoautosomal domain predicted from double-strand break maps and characterized by sperm-based crossover analysis. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007680. [PMID: 30296256 PMCID: PMC6193736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human X and Y chromosomes are heteromorphic but share a region of homology at the tips of their short arms, pseudoautosomal region 1 (PAR1), that supports obligate crossover in male meiosis. Although the boundary between pseudoautosomal and sex-specific DNA has traditionally been regarded as conserved among primates, it was recently discovered that the boundary position varies among human males, due to a translocation of ~110 kb from the X to the Y chromosome that creates an extended PAR1 (ePAR). This event has occurred at least twice in human evolution. So far, only limited evidence has been presented to suggest this extension is recombinationally active. Here, we sought direct proof by examining thousands of gametes from each of two ePAR-carrying men, for two subregions chosen on the basis of previously published male X-chromosomal meiotic double-strand break (DSB) maps. Crossover activity comparable to that seen at autosomal hotspots was observed between the X and the ePAR borne on the Y chromosome both at a distal and a proximal site within the 110-kb extension. Other hallmarks of classic recombination hotspots included evidence of transmission distortion and GC-biased gene conversion. We observed good correspondence between the male DSB clusters and historical recombination activity of this region in the X chromosomes of females, as ascertained from linkage disequilibrium analysis; this suggests that this region is similarly primed for crossover in both male and female germlines, although sex-specific differences may also exist. Extensive resequencing and inference of ePAR haplotypes, placed in the framework of the Y phylogeny as ascertained by both Y microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms, allowed us to estimate a minimum rate of crossover over the entire ePAR region of 6-fold greater than genome average, comparable with pedigree estimates of PAR1 activity generally. We conclude ePAR very likely contributes to the critical crossover function of PAR1. 95% of our genome is contained in 22 pairs of chromosomes shared by all humans. However, women and men differ in their sex chromosomes: while women have two X chromosomes, men have an X and a smaller, sex-determining Y chromosome. To ensure correct partition of X and Y into sperm, genetic exchange (crossover) must occur between these very different chromosomes in a short, shared region. The location of the boundary of this region was thought to have been conserved since before the divergence from old world monkeys at least 27 million years ago, but recently it has been shown that some human males carry an extended version on their Y chromosomes, thanks to the transposition of a piece of DNA from the X chromosome. Here, we asked if genetic exchange occurs in this newly extended region. To do this, we used previously published information that signposted the positions within the X chromosome segment which exhibit the hallmarks of crossover initiation. We then sought direct evidence of crossover in the sperm of men carrying the extension. This work showed that the signposts were accurate, pointing to frequent crossover in this novel shared sex-chromosomal domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitikorn Poriswanish
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rita Neumann
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jon H. Wetton
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - John Wagstaff
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten H. D. Larmuseau
- Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A. Jobling
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Celia A. May
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wadzinski TJ, Steinauer A, Hie L, Pelletier G, Schepartz A, Miller SJ. Rapid phenolic O-glycosylation of small molecules and complex unprotected peptides in aqueous solvent. Nat Chem 2018; 10:644-652. [PMID: 29713033 PMCID: PMC5964040 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated natural products and synthetic glycopeptides represent a significant and growing source of biochemical probes and therapeutic agents. However, methods that enable the aqueous glycosylation of endogenous amino acid functionality in peptides without the use of protecting groups are scarce. Here, we report a transformation that facilitates the efficient aqueous O-glycosylation of phenolic functionality in a wide range of small molecules, unprotected tyrosine, and tyrosine residues embedded within a range of complex, fully unprotected peptides. The transformation, which uses glycosyl fluoride donors and is promoted by Ca(OH)2, proceeds rapidly at room temperature in water, with good yields and selective formation of unique anomeric products depending on the stereochemistry of the glycosyl donor. High functional group tolerance is observed, and the phenol glycosylation occurs selectively in the presence of virtually all side chains of the proteinogenic amino acids with the singular exception of Cys. This method offers a highly selective, efficient, and operationally simple approach for the protecting-group-free synthesis of O-aryl glycosides and Tyr-O-glycosylated peptides in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harrus D, Kellokumpu S, Glumoff T. Crystal structures of eukaryote glycosyltransferases reveal biologically relevant enzyme homooligomers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:833-848. [PMID: 28932871 PMCID: PMC11105277 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTases) transfer sugar moieties to proteins, lipids or existing glycan or polysaccharide molecules. GTases form an important group of enzymes in the Golgi, where the synthesis and modification of glycoproteins and glycolipids take place. Golgi GTases are almost invariably type II integral membrane proteins, with the C-terminal globular catalytic domain residing in the Golgi lumen. The enzymes themselves are divided into 103 families based on their sequence homology. There is an abundance of published crystal structures of GTase catalytic domains deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). All of these represent either of the two main characteristic structural folds, GT-A or GT-B, or present a variation thereof. Since GTases can function as homomeric or heteromeric complexes in vivo, we have summarized the structural features of the dimerization interfaces in crystal structures of GTases, as well as considered the biochemical data available for these enzymes. For this review, we have considered all 898 GTase crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank and highlight the dimer formation characteristics of various GTases based on 24 selected structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Harrus
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li B, Meng J, Li L, Liu S, Wang T, Zhang G. Identification and Functional Characterization of the Glycogen Synthesis Related Gene Glycogenin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7764-7773. [PMID: 28780871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High glycogen levels in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) contribute to its flavor, quality, and hardiness. Glycogenin (CgGN) is the priming glucosyltransferase that initiates glycogen biosynthesis. We characterized the full sequence and function of C. gigas CgGN. Three CgGN isoforms (CgGN-α, β, and γ) containing alternative exon regions were isolated. CgGN expression varied seasonally in the adductor muscle and gonadal area and was the highest in the adductor muscle. Autoglycosylation of CgGN can interact with glycogen synthase (CgGS) to complete glycogen synthesis. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CgGN isoforms and CgGS were located in the cytoplasm. Additionally, a site-directed mutagenesis experiment revealed that the Tyr200Phe and Tyr202Phe mutations could affect CgGN autoglycosylation. This is the first study of glycogenin function in marine bivalves. These findings will improve our understanding of glycogen synthesis and accumulation mechanisms in mollusks. The data are potentially useful for breeding high-glycogen oysters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Busu Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Ting Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krag TO, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Vissing J. Glycogen Synthesis in Glycogenin 1-Deficient Patients: A Role for Glycogenin 2 in Muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2690-2700. [PMID: 28453664 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type XV is a rare disease caused by mutations in the GYG1 gene that codes for the core molecule of muscle glycogen, glycogenin 1. Nonetheless, glycogen is present in muscles of glycogenin 1-deficient patients, suggesting an alternative for glycogen buildup. A likely candidate is glycogenin 2, an isoform expressed in the liver and heart but not in healthy skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE We wanted to investigate the formation of glycogen and changes in glycogen metabolism in patients with GSD type XV. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Two patients with mutations in the GYG1 gene were investigated for histopathology, ultrastructure, and expression of proteins involved in glycogen synthesis and metabolism. RESULTS Apart from occurrence of polyglucosan (PG) bodies in few fibers, glycogen appeared normal in most cells, and the concentration was normal in patients with GSD type XV. We found that glycogenin 1 was absent, but glycogenin 2 was present in the patients, whereas the opposite was the case in healthy controls. Electron microscopy revealed that glycogen was present between and not inside myofibrils in type II fibers, compromising the ultrastructure of these fibers, and only type I fibers contained PG bodies. We also found significant changes to the expression levels of several enzymes directly involved in glycogen and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating expression of glycogenin 2 in glycogenin 1-deficient patients, suggesting that glycogenin 2 rescues the formation of glycogen in patients with glycogenin 1 deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Ruiz-Ruiz
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adeva-Andany MM, González-Lucán M, Donapetry-García C, Fernández-Fernández C, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E. Glycogen metabolism in humans. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:85-100. [PMID: 27051594 PMCID: PMC4802397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the human body, glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored mainly in the liver and the skeletal muscle that supplies glucose to the blood stream during fasting periods and to the muscle cells during muscle contraction. Glycogen has been identified in other tissues such as brain, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, and erythrocytes, but glycogen function in these tissues is mostly unknown. Glycogen synthesis requires a series of reactions that include glucose entrance into the cell through transporters, phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, isomerization to glucose 1-phosphate, and formation of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose, which is the direct glucose donor for glycogen synthesis. Glycogenin catalyzes the formation of a short glucose polymer that is extended by the action of glycogen synthase. Glycogen branching enzyme introduces branch points in the glycogen particle at even intervals. Laforin and malin are proteins involved in glycogen assembly but their specific function remains elusive in humans. Glycogen is accumulated in the liver primarily during the postprandial period and in the skeletal muscle predominantly after exercise. In the cytosol, glycogen breakdown or glycogenolysis is carried out by two enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase which releases glucose 1-phosphate from the linear chains of glycogen, and glycogen debranching enzyme which untangles the branch points. In the lysosomes, glycogen degradation is catalyzed by α-glucosidase. The glucose 6-phosphatase system catalyzes the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose, a necessary step for free glucose to leave the cell. Mutations in the genes encoding the enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism cause glycogen storage diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María M. Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, c/ Pardo Bazán s/n, 15406 Ferrol, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pseudoautosomal region 1 length polymorphism in the human population. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004578. [PMID: 25375121 PMCID: PMC4222609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human sex chromosomes differ in sequence, except for the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR) at the terminus of the short and the long arms, denoted as PAR1 and PAR2. The boundary between PAR1 and the unique X and Y sequences was established during the divergence of the great apes. During a copy number variation screen, we noted a paternally inherited chromosome X duplication in 15 independent families. Subsequent genomic analysis demonstrated that an insertional translocation of X chromosomal sequence into theMa Y chromosome generates an extended PAR. The insertion is generated by non-allelic homologous recombination between a 548 bp LTR6B repeat within the Y chromosome PAR1 and a second LTR6B repeat located 105 kb from the PAR boundary on the X chromosome. The identification of the reciprocal deletion on the X chromosome in one family and the occurrence of the variant in different chromosome Y haplogroups demonstrate this is a recurrent genomic rearrangement in the human population. This finding represents a novel mechanism shaping sex chromosomal evolution. The human sex chromosomes differ in sequence, except for homologous sequences at both ends, termed the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1 and PAR2). PAR enables the pairing of chromosomes Y and X during meiosis. The PARs are located at the termini of respectively the short and long arms of chromosomes X and Y. The observation of gradual shortening of the Y chromosome over evolutionary time has led to speculations that the Y chromosome is “doomed to extinction.” However, the Y chromosome has been shaped over evolution not only by the loss of genes, but also by addition of genes as a result of interchromosomal exchanges. In this work, we identified males with a duplication on chromosome Xp22.33 of about 136 kb as an incidental finding during a copy number variation screen. We demonstrate that the duplicon is an insertional translocation due to non-allelic homologous recombination from the X to the Y chromosome that is flanked by a long terminal repeat (LTR6B). We show this translocation event has occurred independently multiple times and that the duplicated region recombines with the X chromosome. Therefore, the duplicated region represents an extension of the pseudoautosomal region, representing a novel mechanism shaping sex chromosomal evolution in humans.
Collapse
|
14
|
Blondeel E, Molina-Gomes D, Bouhanna P, Fauvert D, Crosnier H, Dessuant H, Vialard F. Birth of a boy with isolated short stature after prenatal diagnosis of a Xp22.3 nullosomy due to an inherited t(X;15) (p22.3;p10) translocation. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:98-102. [PMID: 25356259 PMCID: PMC4184603 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Translocations between X and acrocentric chromosomes are rare. We report on the inheritance of a familial t(X;15)(p22.3;p10) translocation in a fetus referred for short long bones. Cytogenetic analysis revealed an unbalanced translocation combined with a three-gene nullosomy. After genetic counseling, a prognosis was established and a healthy boy was delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Blondeel
- Department of Cytogenetics, Foetal Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France ; Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University Versailles, France
| | - D Molina-Gomes
- Department of Cytogenetics, Foetal Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France
| | - P Bouhanna
- Department of Cytogenetics, Foetal Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France
| | - D Fauvert
- Department of Cytogenetics, Foetal Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France
| | - H Crosnier
- Department of Paediatrics, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France
| | - H Dessuant
- Cytogenetics Department, Biomnis Paris, France
| | - F Vialard
- Department of Cytogenetics, Foetal Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Poissy Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital Poissy, France ; Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University Versailles, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
LC-MS/MS characterization of combined glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 enzymatic activities reveals their self-glucosylation preferences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:398-405. [PMID: 24239874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthesis is initiated by self-glucosylation of the glycosyltransferases glycogenin-1 and -2 that, in the presence of UDP-glucose, form both the first glucose-O-tyrosine linkage, and then stepwise add a series of α1,4-linked glucoses to a growing chain of variable length. Glycogen-1 and -2 coexist in liver glycogen preparations where the proteins are known to form homodimers, and they also have been shown to interact with each other. In order to study how glycogenin-1 and -2 interactions may influence each other's glucosylations we setup a cell-free expression system for in vitro production and glucosylation of glycogenin-1 and -2 in various combinations, and used a mass spectrometry based workflow for the characterization and quantitation of tryptic glycopeptides originating from glycogenin-1 and -2. The analysis revealed that the self-glucosylation endpoint was the incorporation of 4-8 glucose units on Tyr 195 of glycogenin-1, but only 0-4 glucose units on Tyr-228 of glycogenin-2. The glucosylation of glycogenin-2 was enhanced to 2-4 glucose units by the co-presence of enzymatically active glycogenin-1. Glycogenin-2 was, however, unable to glucosylate inactive glycogenin-1, at least not an enzymatically inactivated Thr83Met glycogenin-1 mutant, recently identified in a patient with severe glycogen depletion.
Collapse
|
16
|
A hemizygous GYG2 mutation and Leigh syndrome: a possible link? Hum Genet 2013; 133:225-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Glycosylation represents the most complex co- and post-translational modification of proteins. In addition to N- and O-glycans, almost all combinations, including the nature of the carbohydrate moiety and the amino-acid involved, but also the type of the chemical linkage, can be isolated from natural glycoconjugates. This diversity correlates with the importance and the variety of the biological processes (and consequently the diseases) glycosides are involved in. This review focuses on rare and unusual glycosylation of peptides and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lafite
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique-ICOA, Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nilsson J, Halim A, Moslemi AR, Pedersen A, Nilsson J, Larson G, Oldfors A. Molecular pathogenesis of a new glycogenosis caused by a glycogenin-1 mutation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:493-9. [PMID: 22198226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogenin-1 initiates the glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle by the autocatalytic formation of a short oligosaccharide at tyrosine 195. Glycogenin-1 catalyzes both the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage and the α1,4 glucosidic bonds linking the glucose molecules in the oligosaccharide. We recently described a patient with glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle as a result of a non-functional glycogenin-1. The patient carried a Thr83Met substitution in glycogenin-1. In this study we have investigated the importance of threonine 83 for the catalytic activity of glycogenin-1. Non-glucosylated glycogenin-1 constructs, with various amino acid substitutions in position 83 and 195, were expressed in a cell-free expression system and autoglucosylated in vitro. The autoglucosylation was analyzed by gel-shift on western blot, incorporation of radiolabeled UDP-(14)C-glucose and nano-liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). We demonstrate that glycogenin-1 with the Thr83Met substitution is unable to form the glucose-O-tyrosine linkage at tyrosine 195 unless co-expressed with the catalytically active Tyr195Phe glycogenin-1. Our results explain the glycogen depletion in the patient expressing only Thr83Met glycogenin-1 and why heterozygous carriers without clinical symptoms show a small proportion of unglucosylated glycogenin-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nilsson
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Konkolewicz D, Perrier S, Stapleton D, Gray-Weale A. Modeling highly branched structures: Description of the solution structures of dendrimers, polyglycerol, and glycogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
20
|
Sullivan MA, Vilaplana F, Cave RA, Stapleton D, Gray-Weale AA, Gilbert RG. Nature of alpha and beta particles in glycogen using molecular size distributions. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1094-100. [PMID: 20196533 DOI: 10.1021/bm100074p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a randomly hyperbranched glucose polymer. Complex branched polymers have two structural levels: individual branches and the way these branches are linked. Liver glycogen has a third level: supramolecular clusters of beta particles which form larger clusters of alpha particles. Size distributions of native glycogen were characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to find the number and weight distributions and the size dependences of the number- and weight-average masses. These were fitted to two distinct randomly joined reference structures, constructed by random attachment of individual branches and as random aggregates of beta particles. The z-average size of the alpha particles in dimethylsulfoxide does not change significantly with high concentrations of LiBr, a solvent system that would disrupt hydrogen bonding. These data reveal that the beta particles are covalently bonded to form alpha particles through a hitherto unsuspected enzyme process, operative in the liver on particles above a certain size range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ryu JH, Drain J, Kim JH, McGee S, Gray-Weale A, Waddington L, Parker GJ, Hargreaves M, Yoo SH, Stapleton D. Comparative structural analyses of purified glycogen particles from rat liver, human skeletal muscle and commercial preparations. Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 45:478-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a complex disorder with diminished insulin secretion and insulin action contributing to the hyperglycemia and wide range of metabolic defects that underlie the disease. The contribution of glucose metabolic pathways per se in the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. The cellular fate of glucose begins with glucose transport and phosphorylation. Subsequent pathways of glucose utilization include aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, glycogen formation, and conversion to other intermediates in the hexose phosphate or hexosamine biosynthesis pathways. Abnormalities in each pathway may occur in diabetic subjects; however, it is unclear whether perturbations in these may lead to diabetes or are a consequence of the multiple metabolic abnormalities found in the disease. This review is focused on the cellular fate of glucose and relevance to human type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bouché
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Arkinstall MJ, Tunstall RJ, Cameron-Smith D, Hawley JA. Regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle by short-term exercise and diet manipulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E25-31. [PMID: 14761878 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00557.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in dietary macronutrient intake alter muscle and blood substrate availability and are important for regulating gene expression. However, few studies have examined the effects of diet manipulation on gene expression in human skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to quantify the extent to which altering substrate availability impacts on subsequent mRNA abundance of a subset of carbohydrate (CHO)- and fat-related genes. Seven subjects consumed either a low- (LOW; 0.7 g/kg body mass CHO) or high- (HIGH; 10 g/kg body mass CHO) CHO diet for 48 h after performing an exhaustive exercise bout to deplete muscle glycogen stores. After intervention, resting muscle and blood samples were taken. Muscle was analyzed for the gene abundances of GLUT4, glycogenin, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4), fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-HAD), and uncoupling binding protein-3 (UCP3), and blood samples for glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. Glycogen-depleting exercise and HIGH-CHO resulted in a 300% increase in muscle glycogen content (P < 0.001) relative to the LOW-CHO condition. FFA concentrations were twofold higher after LOW- vs. HIGH-CHO (P < 0.05). The exercise-diet manipulation exerted a significant effect on transcription of all carbohydrate-related genes, with an increase in GLUT4 and glycogenin mRNA abundance and a reduction in PDK-4 transcription after HIGH-CHO (all P < 0.05). FAT/CD36 (P < 0.05) and UCP3 (P < 0.01) gene transcriptions were increased following LOW-CHO. We conclude that 1) there was a rapid capacity for a short-term exercise and diet intervention to exert coordinated changes in the mRNA transcription of metabolic related genes, and 2) genes involved in glucose regulation are increased following a high-carbohydrate diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Arkinstall
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khan J, Wei JS, Ringnér M, Saal LH, Ladanyi M, Westermann F, Berthold F, Schwab M, Antonescu CR, Peterson C, Meltzer PS. Classification and diagnostic prediction of cancers using gene expression profiling and artificial neural networks. Nat Med 2001; 7:673-9. [PMID: 11385503 PMCID: PMC1282521 DOI: 10.1038/89044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1233] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method of classifying cancers to specific diagnostic categories based on their gene expression signatures using artificial neural networks (ANNs). We trained the ANNs using the small, round blue-cell tumors (SRBCTs) as a model. These cancers belong to four distinct diagnostic categories and often present diagnostic dilemmas in clinical practice. The ANNs correctly classified all samples and identified the genes most relevant to the classification. Expression of several of these genes has been reported in SRBCTs, but most have not been associated with these cancers. To test the ability of the trained ANN models to recognize SRBCTs, we analyzed additional blinded samples that were not previously used for the training procedure, and correctly classified them in all cases. This study demonstrates the potential applications of these methods for tumor diagnosis and the identification of candidate targets for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Khan
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Some Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Kraniou Y, Cameron-Smith D, Misso M, Collier G, Hargreaves M. Effects of exercise on GLUT-4 and glycogenin gene expression in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:794-6. [PMID: 10658052 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.2.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of exercise on GLUT-4, hexokinase, and glycogenin gene expression in human skeletal muscle, 10 untrained subjects (6 women and 4 men, 21.4 +/- 1.2 yr, 66.3 +/- 5.0 kg, peak oxygen consumption = 2.30 +/- 0.19 l/min) exercised for 60 min on a cycle ergometer at a power output requiring 73 +/- 4% peak oxygen consumption. Muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy before, immediately after, and 3 h after exercise. Gene expression was quantified, relative to 29S ribosomal protein cDNA, by RT-PCR. GLUT-4 gene expression was increased immediately after exercise (1.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.3 arbitrary units; P < 0.05) and remained significantly higher than baseline 3 h after the end of exercise (2. 2 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.3 arbitrary units; P < 0.05). Hexokinase II gene expression was significantly higher than the resting value 3 h after the end of exercise (2.9 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 arbitrary units; P < 0.05). Exercise increased glycogenin mRNA more than twofold (2.8 +/- 0.6 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.2 arbitrary units; P < 0.05) 3 h after the end of exercise. For the first time, we report that a single bout of exercise is sufficient to cause upregulation of GLUT-4 and glycogenin gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Whether these increases, together with the associated increase in hexokinase II gene expression, lead to increased expression of these key proteins in skeletal muscle and contribute to the enhanced skeletal muscle glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and insulin action observed following exercise remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kraniou
- School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhai L, Mu J, Zong H, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human glycogenin-2 gene GYG2. Gene 2000; 242:229-35. [PMID: 10721716 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogenin-2 is one of two self-glucosylating proteins involved in the initiation phase of the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. Cloning of the human glycogenin-2 gene, GYG2, has revealed the presence of 11 exons and a gene of more than 46 kb in size. The structure of the gene explains much of the observed diversity in glycogenin-2 cDNA sequences as being due to alternate exon usage. In some cases, there is variation in the splice junctions used. Over regions of protein sequence similarity, the GYG2 gene structure is similar to that of the other glycogenin gene, GYG. A genomic GYG2 clone was used to localize the gene to Xp22.3 by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Localization close to the telomere of the short arm of the X chromosome is consistent with mapping information obtained from glycogenin-2 STS sequences. Glycogenin-2 maps between the microsatellite anchor markers AFM319te9 (DXS7100) and AFM205tf2 (DXS1060), and its 3' end is 34.5 kb from the 3' end of the arylsulphatase gene ARSD. GYG2 is outside the pseudoautosomal region PAR1 but still in a region of X-Y shared genes. As is true for several other genes in this location, an inactive remnant of GYG2, consisting of exons 1-3, may be present on the Y chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
van Maanen M, Fournier PA, Palmer TN, Abraham LJ. Characterization of mouse glycogenin-1 cDNA and promoter region. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1447:284-90. [PMID: 10542328 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycogenin-1 is an autocatalytic, self-glucosylating protein which acts as the primer for glycogen synthesis in mammalian skeletal muscle. In this study, we have cloned the glycogenin-1 cDNA from mouse skeletal muscle. Mouse glycogenin-1 has a predicted molecular mass of 37¿ omitted¿399 Da, and the deduced amino acid sequence exhibited 87% homology with human glycogenin-1. Northern blot analysis specifically detected mouse glycogenin-1 transcript in skeletal muscle and heart, and to a lesser extent in kidney, lung and brain. 5'-RACE analysis revealed the major transcription start site to be localized 47 bp upstream of the initiation of translation codon. Sequence analysis of approximately 2 kb of the 5'-flanking region revealed potentially important regions of homology between the mouse and human glycogenin-1 promoters. Several conserved but putative elements, including a TATA box, Sp1 site, and a cyclic AMP responsive element, were observed proximal to the transcription start site. Significantly, Northern blot analysis revealed dibutyryl-cAMP treatment of cultured mouse C2C12 myotubes markedly reduced the levels of glycogenin-1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M van Maanen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|