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Zhou T, Pan J, Yan C, Yuan J, Song H, Han Y. Unveiling shared biomarkers and therapeutic targets between systemic lupus erythematosus and heart failure through bioinformatics analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1402010. [PMID: 38912340 PMCID: PMC11190381 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1402010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is frequently accompanied by various complications, with cardiovascular diseases being particularly concerning due to their high mortality rate. Although there is clinical evidence suggesting a potential correlation between SLE and heart failure (HF), the underlying shared mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the potential mechanisms and shared therapeutic targets between SLE and HF. Methods The SLE and HF datasets were downloaded from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both SLE and HF were performed using "limma" R package. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genes (KEGG) analyses were conducted to analyze the enriched functions and pathways of DEGs in both SLE and HF datasets. Protein-Protein Interaction network (PPI) and the molecular complex detection (MCODE) plugins in the Cytoscape software were performed to identify the shared hub genes between SLE and HF datasets. R package "limma" was utilized to validate the expression of hub genes based on SLE (GSE122459) and HF (GSE196656) datasets. CIBERSORT algorithm was utilized to analyze the immune cell infiltration of SLE and HF samples based on SLE (GSE112087) and HF (GSE116250) datasets. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) network was established to further validate the hub genes based on HF dataset (GSE116250). Molecular biology techniques were conducted to validate the hub genes. Results 999 shared DGEs were identified between SLE and HF datasets, which were mainly enriched in pathways related to Th17 cell differentiation. 5 shared hub genes among the common DGEs between SLE and HF datasets were screened and validated, including HSP90AB1, NEDD8, RPLP0, UBB, and UBC. Additionally, 5 hub genes were identified in the central part of the MEbrown module, showing the strongest correlation with dilated cardiomyopathy. HSP90AB1 and UBC were upregulated in failing hearts compared to non-failing hearts, while UBB, NEDD8, and RPLP0 did not show significant changes. Conclusion HSP90AB1 and UBC are closely related to the co-pathogenesis of SLE and HF mediated by immune cell infiltration. They serve as promising molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of SLE combined with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haixu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Wei M, Duan P, Zhao S, Gou B, Wang Y, Yang N, Ma Y, Ma Z, Zhang G, Wei B. Genome-wide identification of RUB activating enzyme and conjugating enzyme gene families and their expression analysis under abiotic stresses in Capsicum annuum. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:821-837. [PMID: 36322293 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
NEDD8/RUB, as a ubiquitin-like protein, participates in the post-translational modification of protein and requires unique E1, E2, and E3 enzymes to bind to its substrate. The RUB E1 activating enzyme and E2 conjugating enzyme play a significant role in the neddylation. However, it is unknown whether RUB E1 and E2 exist in pepper and what its function is. In this study, a total of three putative RUB E1 and five RUB E2 genes have been identified in the pepper genome. Subsequently, their physical and chemical properties, gene structure, conserved domains and motifs, phylogenetic relationship, and cis-acting elements were analyzed. The structure and conserved domain of RUB E1 and E2 are similar to that of Arabidopsis and tomato. The RUB E1 and E2 genes were randomly distributed on seven chromosomes, and there were two pairs of collinearity between pepper and Arabidopsis and eight pairs of collinearity between pepper and tomato. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that RUB E1 and E2 genes of pepper have a closer relationship with that of tomato, potato, and Nicotiana attenuate. The cis-elements of RUB E1 and E2 genes contained hormone response and stress response. RUB E1 and E2 genes were expressed in at least one tissue and CaRCE1.3 and CaRCE2.1 were exclusively expressed in flowers and anthers. Moreover, the expression of RUB E1 genes (CaECR1, CaAXR1.1, and CaAXR1.2) and RUB E2 genes (CaRCE1.1, CaRCE1.2, and CaRCE2.1) was increased to varying degrees under low-temperature, drought, salt, ABA, and IAA treatments, while CaRCE1.3 and CaRCE2.2 were down-regulated under low-temperature treatment. In addition, these genes were hardly expressed under MeJA treatment. In summary, this study provides a theoretical foundation to explore the role of RUB E1 and E2 in the response of plants to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Panpan Duan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufang Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingdiao Gou
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengbao Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqiang Wei
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China.
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Xu Y, Wang H, Sahu SK, Li L, Liang H, Günther G, Wong GKS, Melkonian B, Melkonian M, Liu H, Wang S. Chromosome-level genome of Pedinomonas minor (Chlorophyta) unveils adaptations to abiotic stress in a rapidly fluctuating environment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1409-1425. [PMID: 35560066 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) comprise a class of small uniflagellate algae with a pivotal position in the phylogeny of the Chlorophyta as the sister group of the 'core chlorophytes'. We present a chromosome-level genome assembly of the freshwater type species of the class, Pedinomonas minor. We sequenced the genome using Pacbio, Illumina and Hi-C technologies, performed comparative analyses of genome and gene family evolution, and analyzed the transcriptome under various abiotic stresses. Although the genome is relatively small (55 Mb), it shares many traits with core chlorophytes including number of introns and protein-coding genes, messenger RNA (mRNA) lengths, and abundance of transposable elements. Pedinomonas minor is only bounded by the plasma membrane, thriving in temporary habitats that frequently dry out. Gene family innovations and expansions and transcriptomic responses to abiotic stresses have shed light on adaptations of P. minor to its fluctuating environment. Horizontal gene transfers from bacteria and fungi have possibly contributed to the evolution of some of these traits. We identified a putative endogenization site of a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus and hypothesized that endogenous viral elements donated foreign genes to the host genome, their spread enhanced by transposable elements, located at gene boundaries in several of the expanded gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Linzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hongping Liang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Gerd Günther
- Private Laboratory, Knittkuhler Str. 61, Düsseldorf, 40629, Germany
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Barbara Melkonian
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
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Chen Q, Zhang J, Wang J, Xie Y, Cui Y, Du X, Li L, Fu J, Liu Y, Wang J, Wang G, Gu R. Small kernel 501 (smk501) encodes the RUBylation activating enzyme E1 subunit ECR1 (E1 C-TERMINAL RELATED 1) and is essential for multiple aspects of cellular events during kernel development in maize. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2337-2354. [PMID: 33749863 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RUBylation plays essential roles in plant growth and development through regulating Cullin-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL) activities and the CRL-mediated protein degradations. However, the function of RUBylation in regulating kernel development remains unclear. Through genetic and molecular analyses of a small kernel 501 (smk501) mutant in maize (Zea mays), we cloned the smk501 gene, revealed its molecular function, and defined its roles in RUBylation pathway and seed development. Smk501 encodes a RUBylation activating enzyme E1 subunit ZmECR1 (E1 C-TERMINAL RELATED 1) protein. Destruction in RUBylation by smk501 mutation resulted in less embryo and endosperm cell number and smaller kernel size. The transcriptome and proteome profiling, hormone evaluation and cell proliferation observation revealed that disturbing ZmECR1 expression mainly affects pathways on hormone signal transduction, cell cycle progression and starch accumulation during kernel development. In addition, mutant in zmaxr1 (Auxin resistant 1), another RUB E1 subunit, also showed similar defects in kernel development. Double mutation of zmecr1 and zmaxr1 lead to empty pericarp kernel phenotype. RUBylation is a novel regulatory pathway affecting maize kernel development, majorly through its functions in modifying multiple cellular progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Chen
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Riliang Gu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Crop Seed Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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He X, Zhu A, Feng J, Wang X. Role of neddylation in neurological development and diseases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:330-341. [PMID: 33469954 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neddylation, a posttranslational protein modification, refers to the specific conjugation of NEDD8 to substrates, which is of great significance to various biological processes. Besides members of the cullin protein family, other key proteins can act as a substrate for neddylation modification, which remarkably influences neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. Normal levels of protein neddylation contribute to nerve growth, synapse strength, neurotransmission, and synaptic plasticity, whereas overactivation of protein neddylation pathways lead to apoptosis, autophagy of neurons, and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, impaired neddylation causes neurodegenerative diseases. These facts suggest that neddylation may be a target for treatment of these diseases. This review focuses on the current understanding of neddylation function in neurodevelopment as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, the recent view that different level of neddylation pathway may contribute to the opposing disease progression, such as neoplasms and Alzheimer's disease, is discussed. The review also discusses neddylation inhibitors, which are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, potential drawbacks of these drugs are noted, which may benefit the development of new pharmaceutical strategies in the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ainong Zhu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Xinhui Hospital, Southern Medical University (People's Hospital of Xinhui District), Jiangmen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Zou J, Littlejohn R, Liu J, Su H. Neddylation, an Emerging Mechanism Regulating Cardiac Development and Function. Front Physiol 2020; 11:612927. [PMID: 33391028 PMCID: PMC7773599 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in protein quality control have been increasingly recognized as pathogenic factors in the development of heart failure, a persistent devastating disease lacking efficacious therapies. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins, a family of post-translational modifying polypeptides, play important roles in controlling protein quality by maintaining the stability and functional diversity of the proteome. NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 8), a small ubiquitin-like protein, was discovered two decades ago but until recently the biological significance of NEDD8 modifications (neddylation) in the heart has not been appreciated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology of neddylation, highlighting several mechanisms by which neddylation regulates the function of its downstream targets, and discuss the expanding roles for neddylation in cardiac physiology and disease, with an emphasis on cardiac protein quality control. Finally, we outline challenges linked to the study of neddylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jianqiu Zou
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rodney Littlejohn
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huabo Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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Martinez-Garcia M, Fernández-Jiménez N, Santos JL, Pradillo M. Duplication and divergence: New insights into AXR1 and AXL functions in DNA repair and meiosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8860. [PMID: 32483285 PMCID: PMC7264244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubylation is a conserved regulatory pathway similar to ubiquitination and essential in the response to the plant hormone auxin. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AXR1) functions as the E1-ligase in the rubylation pathway. The gene AXR1-LIKE (AXL), generated by a relatively recent duplication event, can partially replace AXR1 in this pathway. We have analysed mutants deficient for both proteins and complementation lines (with the AXR1 promoter and either AXR1 or AXL coding sequences) to further study the extent of functional redundancy between both genes regarding two processes: meiosis and DNA repair. Here we report that whereas AXR1 is essential to ensure the obligatory chiasma, AXL seems to be dispensable during meiosis, although its absence slightly alters chiasma distribution. In addition, expression of key DNA repair and meiotic genes is altered when either AXR1 or AXL are absent. Furthermore, our results support a significant role for both genes in DNA repair that was not previously described. These findings highlight that AXR1 and AXL show a functional divergence in relation to their involvement in homologous recombination, exemplifying a duplicate retention model in which one copy tends to have more sub-functions than its paralog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martinez-Garcia
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nadia Fernández-Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan L Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Mónica Pradillo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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Wang K, Deshaies RJ, Liu X. Assembly and Regulation of CRL Ubiquitin Ligases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:33-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Yang L, Ruan Z, Li X, Li L, Wang Q, Li W. NEDD8-conjugated Cullin4 positive regulates antimicrobial peptides expression in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1041-1049. [PMID: 30381265 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in numerous cellular processes, such as signal transduction, autophagy, cell cycle control, embryogenesis, and regulation of immune response. Neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that activates Cullin-RING ligases and modifies substrates via neddylation. However, there is limited information on how neddylation regulates innate immunity in crustaceans. In the present study, we identified the evolutionarily conserved NEDD8 with the ubiquitin homologue domain in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), named it EsNEDD8. Then, we analyzed the expression patterns and cellular location of its substrate, EsCullin4. qRT-PCR showed that both EsNEDD8 and EsCullin4 were widely expressed in all the selected tissues, and EsCullin4 was significantly upregulated in hemocytes after bacterial stimulation. Moreover, silencing of EsCullin4 significantly suppressed the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the hemocytes after bacterial stimulation, and inhibition of EsCullin4 neddylation by treatment with the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 significantly inhibited the expression of the AMPs. Thus, the results show that EsNEDD8-modified EsCullin4 could control antimicrobial activities via regulation of AMPs expression in the Chinese mitten crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zechao Ruan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defence & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Schwechheimer C. NEDD8-its role in the regulation of Cullin-RING ligases. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:112-119. [PMID: 29909289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-related protein NEDD8 is conjugated and deconjugated to and from proteins in processes related to ubiquitin conjugation and deconjugation. Neddylation is a well-studied posttranslational modification of Cullin-RING E3 ligases (CRLs). Biochemical and structural studies aiming at understanding the role of NEDD8 in CRL function have now resulted in a convincing model of how neddylation and deneddylation antagonistically regulate CRL stability, conformation, activity as well as degradation substrate receptor exchange. Studies of the Arabidopsis thaliana deneddylation-deficient den1 mutant led to the identification of many low abundant, non-Cullin NEDD8 conjugates. Examination of neddylated AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AXR1), a prominent neddylated protein in den1, suggests, however, that AXR1 neddylation may be an auto-catalytic side-reaction of Cullin-targeted neddylation and that DEN1 may serve to antagonize non-productive, auto-neddylation from substrates to provide free NEDD8 for CRL regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Hua Z, Doroodian P, Vu W. Contrasting duplication patterns reflect functional diversities of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein modifiers in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:296-311. [PMID: 29738099 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub-like proteins, collectively forming the ubiquiton family, regulate nearly all aspects of cellular processes via post-translational modifications. Studies devoted to specific members suggested a large expansion of this family in plants; however, a lack of systematic analysis hinders the comparison of individual members at both evolutionary history and functional divergence levels, which may provide new insight into biological functions. In this work, we first retrieved a total of 5856 members of 17 known ubiquiton subfamilies in 50 plant genomes by searching both prior annotations and missing loci in each genome. We then applied this list to analyze the duplication history of major ubiquiton subfamilies in plants. We show that autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), membrane-anchored Ub-fold (MUB), small Ub-like modifier (SUMO) and Ub loci encode 88% of the plant ubiquiton family. Although whole genome duplications (WGDs) significantly expanded the family, we discovered contrasting duplication patterns both in species and in subfamilies. Within the family, the ATG8 and MUB members were primarily duplicated through WGDs, whereas a significant number of Ub and SUMO loci were generated through retroposition and tandem duplications, respectively. Although Ub coding regions are highly conserved in plants, promoter activity analysis demonstrated lineage-specific expression patterns of polyUb genes in Oryza sativa (rice) and Arabidopsis, confirming their retroposition origin. Based on the theory of dosage balance constraints, our study suggests that ubiquiton members duplicated through WGDs play crucial roles in plants, and that the regulatory pathways involving ATG8 and MUB are more conserved than those controlled by Ub and SUMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hua
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Paymon Doroodian
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - William Vu
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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12
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Delgado TC, Barbier-Torres L, Zubiete-Franco I, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Varela-Rey M, Fernández-Ramos D, Martínez-Chantar ML. Neddylation, a novel paradigm in liver cancer. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:37. [PMID: 30050997 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.06.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most prevailing cancer worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancer, has a rather heterogeneous pathogenesis making it highly refractive to current therapeutic approaches. Hence, HCC patients have a poor and gloomy prognosis making liver cancer the second leading cause of global cancer-related deaths. On this basis, a more global mechanism, such as post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, may provide a valuable therapeutic approach for HCC clinical management by simultaneously regulating multiple disrupted signaling pathways. In the last years, the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 (Neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated-8) conjugation pathway, neddylation, was shown to be aberrant in HCC patients with a significant positive correlation found among global levels of neddylation and poorer prognosis. Even though the best-established role for NEDD8 is the activation of ubiquitin E3 ligase family of cullin-RING ligases, the putative role for other NEDD8 substrates has been explored in recent years leading to the identification of novel neddylation targets in HCC. Importantly, treatment with the small pharmacological inhibitor Pevonedistat (MLN4924) (Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceutical), currently in clinical trials for the treatment of some types of leukemias and other advanced solid tumors, was shown to suppress the outgrowth of hepatoma cells and liver cancer in pre-clinical mouse models. Overall, considering that the neddylation inhibitor Pevonedistat was well-tolerated and displayed a significant antitumor effect in pre-clinical models, combinatory pharmacological treatment based on Pevonedistat are highly recommended to enter clinical trials targeting advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cardoso Delgado
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lúcia Barbier-Torres
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Imanol Zubiete-Franco
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María-Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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13
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Tan KL, Pezzella F. Inhibition of NEDD8 and FAT10 ligase activities through the degrading enzyme NEDD8 ultimate buster 1: A potential anticancer approach. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4287-4296. [PMID: 28101194 PMCID: PMC5228310 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The capabilities of tumour cells to survive through deregulated cell cycles and evade apoptosis are hallmarks of cancer. The ubiquitin-like proteins (UBL) proteasome system is important in regulating cell cycles via signaling proteins. Deregulation of the proteasomal system can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. The Skp, Cullin, F-box containing complex (SCF complex) is the predominant E3 ubiquitin ligase, and has diverse substrates. The ubiquitin ligase activity of the SCF complexes requires the conjugation of neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8) to cullin proteins. A tumour suppressor and degrading enzyme named NEDD8 ultimate buster 1 (NUB1) is able to recruit HLA-F-adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10)- and NEDD8-conjugated proteins for proteasomal degradation. Ubiquitination is associated with neddylation and FAT10ylation. Although validating the targets of UBLs, including ubiquitin, NEDD8 and FAT10, is challenging, understanding the biological significance of such substrates is an exciting research prospect. This present review discusses the interplay of these UBLs, as well as highlighting their inhibition through NUB1. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which NUB1 is able to downregulate the ubiquitin cascade via NEDD8 conjugation and the FAT10 pathway is essential. This will provide insights into potential cancer therapy that could be used to selectively suppress cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Liong Tan
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 55100, Malaysia
| | - Francesco Pezzella
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that activates the largest ubiquitin E3 ligase family, the cullin-RING ligases. Many non-cullin neddylation targets have been proposed in recent years. However, overexpression of exogenous NEDD8 can trigger NEDD8 conjugation through the ubiquitylation machinery, which makes validating potential NEDD8 targets challenging. Here, we re-evaluate studies of non-cullin targets of NEDD8 in light of the current understanding of the neddylation pathway, and suggest criteria for identifying genuine neddylation substrates under homeostatic conditions. We describe the biological processes that might be regulated by non-cullin neddylation, and the utility of neddylation inhibitors for research and as potential therapies. Understanding the biological significance of non-cullin neddylation is an exciting research prospect primed to reveal fundamental insights.
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15
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Mergner J, Heinzlmeir S, Kuster B, Schwechheimer C. DENEDDYLASE1 deconjugates NEDD8 from non-cullin protein substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:741-53. [PMID: 25783028 PMCID: PMC4558671 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved 8-kD protein NEDD8 (NEURAL PRECURSOR CELL EXPRESSED, DEVELOPMENTALLY DOWN-REGULATED8) belongs to the family of ubiquitin-like modifiers. Like ubiquitin, NEDD8 is conjugated to and deconjugated from target proteins. Many targets and functions of ubiquitylation have been described; by contrast, few targets of NEDD8 have been identified. In plants as well as in non-plant organisms, the cullin subunits of cullin-RING E3 ligases are NEDD8 conjugates with a demonstrated functional role for the NEDD8 modification. The existence of other non-cullin NEDD8 targets has generally been questioned. NEDD8 is translated as a precursor protein and proteolytic processing exposes a C-terminal glycine required for NEDD8 conjugation. In animals and yeast, DENEDDYLASE1 (DEN1) processes NEDD8. Here, we show that mutants of a DEN1 homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana have no detectable defects in NEDD8 processing but do accumulate a broad range of NEDD8 conjugates; this provides direct evidence for the existence of non-cullin NEDD8 conjugates. We further identify AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AXR1), a subunit of the heterodimeric NEDD8 E1 activating enzyme, as a NEDD8-modified protein in den1 mutants and wild type and provide evidence that AXR1 function may be compromised in the absence of DEN1 activity. Thus, in plants, neddylation may serve as a regulatory mechanism for cullin and non-cullin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mergner
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephanie Heinzlmeir
- Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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16
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Callis J. The ubiquitination machinery of the ubiquitin system. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0174. [PMID: 25320573 PMCID: PMC4196676 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The protein ubiquitin is a covalent modifier of proteins, including itself. The ubiquitin system encompasses the enzymes required for catalysing attachment of ubiquitin to substrates as well as proteins that bind to ubiquitinated proteins leading them to their final fate. Also included are activities that remove ubiquitin independent of, or in concert with, proteolysis of the substrate, either by the proteasome or proteases in the vacuole. In addition to ubiquitin encoded by a family of fusion proteins, there are proteins with ubiquitin-like domains, likely forming ubiquitin's β-grasp fold, but incapable of covalent modification. However, they serve as protein-protein interaction platforms within the ubiquitin system. Multi-gene families encode all of these types of activities. Within the ubiquitination machinery "half" of the ubiquitin system are redundant, partially redundant, and unique components affecting diverse developmental and environmental responses in plants. Notably, multiple aspects of biotic and abiotic stress responses require, or are modulated by, ubiquitination. Finally, aspects of the ubiquitin system have broad utility: as components to enhance gene expression or to regulate protein abundance. This review focuses on the ubiquitination machinery: ubiquitin, unique aspects about the synthesis of ubiquitin and organization of its gene family, ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases, or E3s. Given the large number of E3s in Arabidopsis this review covers the U box, HECT and RING type E3s, with the exception of the cullin-based E3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis CA 95616
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17
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Mergner J, Schwechheimer C. The NEDD8 modification pathway in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:103. [PMID: 24711811 PMCID: PMC3968751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
NEDD8, in plants and yeasts also known as RELATED TO UBIQUITIN (RUB), is an evolutionarily conserved 76 amino acid protein highly related to ubiquitin. Like ubiquitin, NEDD8 can be conjugated to and deconjugated from target proteins, but unlike ubiquitin, NEDD8 has not been reported to form chains similar to the different polymeric ubiquitin chains that have a role in a diverse set of cellular processes. NEDD8-modification is best known as a post-translational modification of the cullin subunits of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. In this context, structural analyses have revealed that neddylation induces a conformation change of the cullin that brings the ubiquitylation substrates into proximity of the interacting E2 conjugating enzyme. In turn, NEDD8 deconjugation destabilizes the cullin RING ligase complex allowing for the exchange of substrate recognition subunits via the exchange factor CAND1. In plants, components of the neddylation and deneddylation pathway were identified based on mutants with defects in auxin and light responses and the characterization of these mutants has been instrumental for the elucidation of the neddylation pathway. More recently, there has been evidence from animal and plant systems that NEDD8 conjugation may also regulate the behavior or fate of non-cullin substrates in a number of ways. Here, the current knowledge on NEDD8 processing, conjugation and deconjugation is presented, where applicable, in the context of specific signaling pathways from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- *Correspondence: Claus Schwechheimer, Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany e-mail:
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18
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Choi CM, Gray WM, Mooney S, Hellmann H. Composition, roles, and regulation of cullin-based ubiquitin e3 ligases. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0175. [PMID: 25505853 PMCID: PMC4262284 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants depend on flexible regulatory systems that allow them to adequately regulate developmental and physiological processes in context with environmental cues. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway, which targets a great number of proteins for degradation, is cellular tool that provides the necessary flexibility to accomplish this task. Ubiquitin E3 ligases provide the needed specificity to the pathway by selectively binding to particular substrates and facilitating their ubiquitylation. The largest group of E3 ligases known in plants is represented by CULLIN-REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) E3 ligases (CRLs). In recent years, a great amount of knowledge has been generated to reveal the critical roles of these enzymes across all aspects of plant life. This review provides an overview of the different classes of CRLs in plants, their specific complex compositions, the variety of biological processes they control, and the regulatory steps that can affect their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanjo Hellmann
- Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Address correspondence to
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19
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Esteve-Bruna D, Pérez-Pérez JM, Ponce MR, Micol JL. incurvata13, a novel allele of AUXIN RESISTANT6, reveals a specific role for auxin and the SCF complex in Arabidopsis embryogenesis, vascular specification, and leaf flatness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1303-20. [PMID: 23319550 PMCID: PMC3585598 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.207779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays a pivotal role in plant development by modulating the activity of SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes. Here, we positionally cloned Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) incurvata13 (icu13), a mutation that causes leaf hyponasty and reduces leaf venation pattern complexity and auxin responsiveness. We found that icu13 is a novel recessive allele of AUXIN RESISTANT6 (AXR6), which encodes CULLIN1, an invariable component of the SCF complex. Consistent with a role for auxin in vascular specification, the vascular defects in the icu13 mutant were accompanied by reduced expression of auxin transport and auxin perception markers in provascular cells. This observation is consistent with the expression pattern of AXR6, which we found to be restricted to vascular precursors and hydathodes in wild-type leaf primordia. AXR1, RELATED TO UBIQUITIN1-CONJUGATING ENZYME1, CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC9 SIGNALOSOME5A, and CULLIN-ASSOCIATED NEDD8-DISSOCIATED1 participate in the covalent modification of CULLIN1 by RELATED TO UBIQUITIN. Hypomorphic alleles of these genes also display simple venation patterns, and their double mutant combinations with icu13 exhibited a synergistic, rootless phenotype reminiscent of that caused by loss of function of MONOPTEROS (MP), which forms an auxin-signaling module with BODENLOS (BDL). The phenotypes of double mutant combinations of icu13 with either a gain-of-function allele of BDL or a loss-of-function allele of MP were synergistic. In addition, a BDL:green fluorescent protein fusion protein accumulated in icu13, and BDL loss of function or MP overexpression suppressed the phenotype of icu13. Our results demonstrate that the MP-BDL module is required not only for root specification in embryogenesis and vascular postembryonic development but also for leaf flatness.
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20
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Koch I, Kreuchwig A, May P. Hierarchical representation of supersecondary structures using a graph-theoretical approach. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 932:7-33. [PMID: 22987344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-065-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The unique representation of proteins becomes more and more important with the growing number of known protein structure data. Graph-theory provides many methods not only for the description but also for comparison and classification of protein structures. Here, we describe a graph-theoretical modeling approach of the protein supersecondary structure. The resulting linear notations are intuitive and can be used to find common substructures very fast and easily. We illustrate the necessary definitions by biological examples and discuss the representation of various supersecondary structure motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Koch
- Molecular Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Computer Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Anderson JS, Hernández G, LeMaster DM. Assessing the chemical accuracy of protein structures via peptide acidity. Biophys Chem 2012. [PMID: 23182463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the protein native state is a Boltzmann conformational ensemble, practical applications often require a representative model from the most populated region of that distribution. The acidity of the backbone amides, as reflected in hydrogen exchange rates, is exquisitely sensitive to the surrounding charge and dielectric volume distribution. For each of four proteins, three independently determined X-ray structures of differing crystallographic resolution were used to predict exchange for the static solvent-exposed amide hydrogens. The average correlation coefficients range from 0.74 for ubiquitin to 0.93 for Pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin, reflecting the larger range of experimental exchange rates exhibited by the latter protein. The exchange prediction errors modestly correlate with the crystallographic resolution. MODELLER 9v6-derived homology models at ~60% sequence identity (36% identity for chymotrypsin inhibitor CI2) yielded correlation coefficients that are ~0.1 smaller than for the cognate X-ray structures. The most recently deposited NOE-based ubiquitin structure and the original NMR structure of CI2 fail to provide statistically significant predictions of hydrogen exchange. However, the more recent RECOORD refinement study of CI2 yielded predictions comparable to the X-ray and homology model-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA
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22
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Singh RK, Zerath S, Kleifeld O, Scheffner M, Glickman MH, Fushman D. Recognition and cleavage of related to ubiquitin 1 (Rub1) and Rub1-ubiquitin chains by components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1595-611. [PMID: 23105008 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.022467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all ubiquitin-like proteins, Rub1 (Nedd8 in mammals) is the closest kin of ubiquitin. We show via NMR that structurally, Rub1 and ubiquitin are fundamentally similar as well. Despite these profound similarities, the prevalence of Rub1/Nedd8 and of ubiquitin as modifiers of the proteome is starkly different, and their attachments to specific substrates perform different functions. Recently, some proteins, including p53, p73, EGFR, caspase-7, and Parkin, have been shown to be modified by both Rub1/Nedd8 and ubiquitin within cells. To understand whether and how it might be possible to distinguish among the same target protein modified by Rub1 or ubiquitin or both, we examined whether ubiquitin receptors can differentiate between Rub1 and ubiquitin. Surprisingly, Rub1 interacts with proteasome ubiquitin-shuttle proteins comparably to ubiquitin but binds more weakly to a proteasomal ubiquitin receptor Rpn10. We identified Rub1-ubiquitin heteromers in yeast and Nedd8-Ub heteromers in human cells. We validate that in human cells and in vitro, human Rub1 (Nedd8) forms chains with ubiquitin where it acts as a chain terminator. Interestingly, enzymatically assembled K48-linked Rub1-ubiquitin heterodimers are recognized by various proteasomal ubiquitin shuttles and receptors comparably to K48-linked ubiquitin homodimers. Furthermore, these heterologous chains are cleaved by COP9 signalosome or 26S proteasome. A derubylation function of the proteasome expands the repertoire of its enzymatic activities. In contrast, Rub1 conjugates may be somewhat resilient to the actions of other canonical deubiquitinating enzymes. Taken together, these findings suggest that once Rub1/Nedd8 is channeled into ubiquitin pathways, it is recognized essentially like ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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23
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Vierstra RD. The expanding universe of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:2-14. [PMID: 22693286 PMCID: PMC3440198 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.200667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Vierstra
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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24
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von Zeska Kress MR, Harting R, Bayram Ö, Christmann M, Irmer H, Valerius O, Schinke J, Goldman GH, Braus GH. The COP9 signalosome counteracts the accumulation of cullin SCF ubiquitin E3 RING ligases during fungal development. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:1162-77. [PMID: 22329854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the COP9 signalosome (CSN) impair multicellular development, including embryonic plant or animal death or a block in sexual development of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. CSN deneddylates cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which are activated by covalent linkage to ubiquitin-like NEDD8. Deneddylation allows CRL disassembly for subsequent reassembly. An attractive hypothesis is a consecutive order of CRLs for development, which demands repeated cycles of neddylation and deneddylation for reassembling CRLs. Interruption of these cycles could explain developmental blocks caused by csn mutations. This predicts an accumulation of neddylated CRLs exhibiting developmental functions when CSN is dysfunctional. We tested this hypothesis in A. nidulans, which tolerates reduced levels of neddylation for growth. We show that only genes for CRL subunits or neddylation are essential, whereas CSN is primarily required for development. We used functional tagged NEDD8, recruiting all three fungal cullins. Cullins are associated with the CSN1/CsnA subunit when deneddylation is defective. Two CRLs were identified which are specifically involved in differentiation and accumulate during the developmental block. This suggests that an active CSN complex is required to counteract the accumulation of specific CRLs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Regina von Zeska Kress
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Tao Y, Julian RR. Examining protein surface structure in highly conserved sequence variants with mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1796-802. [PMID: 22320248 DOI: 10.1021/bi2018199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple mass spectrometry-based method capable of examining protein structure called SNAPP (selective noncovalent adduct protein probing) is used to evaluate the structural consequences of point mutations in naturally occurring sequence variants from different species. SNAPP monitors changes in the attachment of noncovalent adducts to proteins as a function of structural state. Mutations that lead to perturbations to the electrostatic surface structure of a protein affect noncovalent attachment and are easily observed with SNAPP. Mutations that do not alter the tertiary structure or electrostatic surface structure yield similar results by SNAPP. For example, bovine, porcine, and human insulin all have very similar backbone structures and no basic or acidic residue mutations, and the SNAPP distributions for all three proteins are very similar. In contrast, four variants of cytochrome c (cytc) have varying degrees of sequence homology, which are reflected in the observed SNAPP distributions. Bovine and pigeon cytc have several basic or acidic residue substitutions relative to horse cytc, but the SNAPP distributions for all three proteins are similar. This suggests that these mutations do not significantly influence the protein surface structure. On the other hand, yeast cytc has the least sequence homology and exhibits a unique, though related, SNAPP distribution. Even greater differences are observed for lysozyme. Hen and human lysozyme have identical tertiary structures but significant variations in the locations of numerous basic and acidic residues. The SNAPP distributions are quite distinct for the two forms of lysozyme, suggesting significant differences in the surface structures. In summary, SNAPP experiments are relatively easy to perform, require minimal sample consumption, and provide a facile route for comparison of protein surface structure between highly homologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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26
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Tanaka T, Nakatani T, Kamitani T. Inhibition of NEDD8-conjugation pathway by novel molecules: potential approaches to anticancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:267-75. [PMID: 22306028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can survive through the upregulation of cell cycle and the escape from apoptosis induced by numerous cellular stresses. In the normal cells, these biological cascades depend on scheduled proteolytic degradation of regulatory proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Therefore, interruption of regulated proteolytic pathways leads to abnormal cell-proliferation. Ubiquitin ligases called SCF complex (consisting of Skp-1, cullin, and F-box protein) or CRL (cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase) are predominant in a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that control a final step in ubiquitination of diverse substrates. To a great extent, the ubiquitin ligase activity of the SCF complex requires the conjugation of NEDD8 to cullins, i.e. scaffold proteins. This review is anticipated to review the downregulation system of NEDD8 conjugation by several factors including a chemical compound such as MLN4924 and protein molecules (e.g. COP9 signalosome, inactive mutant of Ubc12, and NUB1/NUB1L). Since the downregulation of NEDD8 conjugation affects cell-cycle progression by inhibiting the ligase activity of SCF complexes, such knowledge in the NEDD8-conjugation pathway will contribute to the more magnificent therapies that selectively suppress tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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27
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Shin YC, Tang SJ, Chen JH, Liao PH, Chang SC. The molecular determinants of NEDD8 specific recognition by human SENP8. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27742. [PMID: 22110750 PMCID: PMC3215745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neuronal-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein-8 (NEDD8) and ubiquitin share the highest level of sequence identity and structural similarity among several known ubiquitin-like proteins, their conjugation to a protein leads to distinct biological consequences. In the study, we first identified the NEDD8 protein of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrNEDD8) and discovered that CrNEDD8 is fused at the C-terminus of a ubiquitin moiety (CrUb) in a head-to-tail arrangement. This CrUb-CrNEDD8 protein was termed CrRUB1 (related to ubiquitin 1) by analogy with a similar protein in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtRUB1). Since there is high sequence identity in comparison to the corresponding human proteins (97% for ubiquitin and 84% for NEDD8), a His-CrRUB1-glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion construct was adopted as the alternative substrate to characterize the specificity of NEDD8-specific peptidase SENP8 for CrNEDD8. The data showed that SENP8 only cleaved the peptide bond beyond the di-glycine motif of CrNEDD8 and His-RUB1 was subsequently generated, confirming that SENP8 has exquisite specificity for CrNEDD8 but not CrUb. To further determine the basis of this specificity, site-directed mutagenesis at earlier reported putative molecular determinants of NEDD8 specific recognition by SENP8 was performed. We found that a single N51E mutation of CrNEDD8 completely inhibited its hydrolysis by SENP8. Conversely, a single E51N mutation of CrUb enabled this ubiquitin mutant to undergo hydrolysis by SENP8, revealing that a single residue difference at the position 51 contributes substantially to the substrate selectivity of SENP8. Moreover, the E51N/R72A double mutant of the CrUb subdomain can further increase the efficiency of cleavage by SENP8, indicating that the residue at position 72 is also important in substrate recognition. The E51N or R72A mutation of CrUb also inhibited the hydrolysis of CrUb by ubiquitin-specific peptidase USP2. However, USP2 cannot cleave the N51E/A72R double mutant of the CrNEDD8 subdomain, suggesting that USP2 requires additional recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Cheng Shin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Jing Tang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Han Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Han Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chung Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hotton SK, Eigenheer RA, Castro MF, Bostick M, Callis J. AXR1-ECR1 and AXL1-ECR1 heterodimeric RUB-activating enzymes diverge in function in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 75:515-26. [PMID: 21311953 PMCID: PMC3044220 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RELATED TO UBIQUITIN (RUB) modification of CULLIN (CUL) subunits of the CUL-RING ubiquitin E3 ligase (CRL) superfamily regulates CRL ubiquitylation activity. RUB modification requires E1 and E2 enzymes that are analogous to, but distinct from, those activities required for UBIQUITIN (UBQ) attachment. Gene duplications are widespread in angiosperms, and in line with this observation, components of the RUB conjugation pathway are found in multiples in Arabidopsis. To further examine the extent of redundancy within the RUB pathway, we undertook biochemical and genetic characterizations of one such duplication event- the duplication of the genes encoding a subunit of the RUB E1 into AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AXR1) and AXR1-LIKE1 (AXL1). In vitro, the two proteins have similar abilities to function with E1 C-TERMINAL-RELATED1 (ECR1) in catalyzing RUB1 activation and RUB1-ECR1 thioester formation. Using mass spectrometry, endogenous AXR1 and AXL1 proteins were found in complex with 3HA-RUB1, suggesting that AXR1 and AXL1 exist in parallel RUB E1 complexes in Arabidopsis. In contrast, AXR1 and AXL1 differ in ability to correct phenotypic defects in axr1-30, a severe loss-of-function AXR1 mutant, when the respective coding sequences are expressed from the same promoter, suggesting differential in vivo functions. These results suggest that while both proteins function in the RUB pathway and are biochemically similar in RUB-ECR1 thioester formation, they are not functionally equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Hotton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Meliza F. Castro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Magnolia Bostick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present Address: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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29
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Abstract
The posttranslational addition of ubiquitin (Ub) helps control the half-life, localization, and action of many intracellular plant proteins. A primary function is the degradation of ubiquitylated proteins by the 26S proteasome, which in turn plays important housekeeping and regulatory roles by removing aberrant polypeptides and various normal short-lived regulators. Strikingly, both genetic and genomic studies reveal that Ub conjugation is extraordinarily complex in plants, with more than 1500 Ub-protein ligases (or E3s) possible that could direct the final transfer of the Ub moiety to an equally large number of targets. The cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are a highly polymorphic E3 collection composed of a cullin backbone onto which binds carriers of activated Ub and a diverse assortment of adaptors that recruit appropriate substrates for ubiquitylation. Here, we review our current understanding of the organization and structure of CRLs in plants and their dynamics, substrates, potential functions, and evolution. The importance of CRLs is exemplified by their ability to serve as sensors of hormones and light; their essential participation in various signaling pathways; their control of the cell cycle, transcription, the stress response, self-incompatibility, and pathogen defense; and their dramatically divergent evolutionary histories in many plant lineages. Given both their organizational complexities and their critical influences, CRLs likely impact most, if not all, aspects of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hua
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1574, USA.
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31
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Huang DT, Ayrault O, Hunt HW, Taherbhoy AM, Duda DM, Scott DC, Borg LA, Neale G, Murray PJ, Roussel MF, Schulman BA. E2-RING expansion of the NEDD8 cascade confers specificity to cullin modification. Mol Cell 2009; 33:483-95. [PMID: 19250909 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are directed to targets by cascades of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. The largest ubiquitin E3 subclass consists of cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which contain one each of several cullins (CUL1, -2, -3, -4, or -5) and RING proteins (RBX1 or -2). CRLs are activated by ligation of the UBL NEDD8 to a conserved cullin lysine. How is cullin NEDD8ylation specificity established? Here we report that, like UBE2M (also known as UBC12), the previously uncharacterized E2 UBE2F is a NEDD8-conjugating enzyme in vitro and in vivo. Biochemical and structural analyses indicate how plasticity of hydrophobic E1-E2 interactions and E1 conformational flexibility allow one E1 to charge multiple E2s. The E2s have distinct functions, with UBE2M/RBX1 and UBE2F/RBX2 displaying different target cullin specificities. Together, these studies reveal the molecular basis for and functional importance of hierarchical expansion of the NEDD8 conjugation system in establishing selective CRL activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny T Huang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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32
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Abstract
Positive selection for protein function can lead to multiple mutations within a small stretch of DNA, i.e., to a cluster of mutations. Recently, Wagner proposed a method to detect such mutation clusters. His method, however, did not take into account that residues with high solvent accessibility are inherently more variable than residues with low solvent accessibility. Here, we propose a new algorithm to detect clustered evolution. Our algorithm controls for different substitution probabilities at buried and exposed sites in the tertiary protein structure, and uses random permutations to calculate accurate P values for inferred clusters. We apply the algorithm to genomes of bacteria, fly, and mammals, and find several clusters of mutations in functionally important regions of proteins. Surprisingly, clustered evolution is a relatively rare phenomenon. Only between 2% and 10% of the genes we analyze contain a statistically significant mutation cluster. We also find that not controlling for solvent accessibility leads to an excess of clusters in terminal and solvent-exposed regions of proteins. Our algorithm provides a novel method to identify functionally relevant divergence between groups of species. Moreover, it could also be useful to detect artifacts in automatically assembled genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Enyeart
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Scanlon TC, Gottlieb B, Durcan TM, Fon EA, Beitel LK, Trifiro MA. Isolation of human proteasomes and putative proteasome-interacting proteins using a novel affinity chromatography method. Exp Cell Res 2008; 315:176-89. [PMID: 19013454 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome is the primary subcellular organelle responsible for protein degradation. It is a dynamic assemblage of 34 core subunits and many differentially expressed, transiently interacting, modulatory proteins. This paper describes a novel affinity chromatography method for the purification of functional human holoproteasome complexes using mild conditions. Human proteasomes purified by this simple procedure maintained the ability to proteolytically process synthetic peptide substrates and degrade ubiquitinated parkin. Furthermore, the entire purification fraction was analyzed by mass spectrometry in order to identify proteasomal proteins and putative proteasome-interacting proteins. The mild purification conditions maintained transient physical interactions between holoproteasomes and a number of known modulatory proteins. In addition, several classes of putative interacting proteins co-purified with the proteasomes, including proteins with a role in the ubiquitin proteasome system for protein degradation or DNA repair. These results demonstrate the efficacy of using this affinity purification strategy for isolating functional human proteasomes and identifying proteins that may physically interact with human proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Scanlon
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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34
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Falini G, Fermani S, Tosi G, Arnesano F, Natile G. Structural probing of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) binding to human ubiquitin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5960-2. [PMID: 19030552 DOI: 10.1039/b813463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A structural investigation performed on adducts of human ubiquitin with group-12 metal ions reveals common preferential anchoring sites, the most populated one being His68; at higher metal ion concentration a second and a third site, close to the N-terminus of the protein, become populated and promote a polymorphic transition from orthorhombic to cubic form; Glu16 and Glu18, involved in the latter metal binding, undergo a remarkable displacement from their position in native ubiquitin; the aggregate stereochemistry appears to be driven by the clustering of deshielded backbone hydrogen-bond patches, and metal ions foster this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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35
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Function and regulation of protein neddylation. 'Protein modifications: beyond the usual suspects' review series. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:969-76. [PMID: 18802447 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neddylation is the post-translational protein modification that is most closely related to ubiquitination. However, ubiquitination is known to regulate a myriad of processes in eukaryotic cells, whereas only a limited number of neddylation substrates have been described to date. Here, we review the principles of protein neddylation and highlight the mechanisms that ensure the specificity of neddylation over ubiquitination. As numerous neddylation substrates probably remain to be discovered, we propose some criteria that could be used as guidelines for the characterization of neddylated proteins.
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36
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Abstract
This overview provides an illustrated, comprehensive survey of some commonly observed protein‐fold families and structural motifs, chosen for their functional significance. It opens with descriptions and definitions of the various elements of protein structure and associated terminology. Following is an introduction into web‐based structural bioinformatics that includes surveys of interactive web servers for protein fold or domain annotation, protein‐structure databases, protein‐structure‐classification databases, structural alignments of proteins, and molecular graphics programs available for personal computers. The rest of the overview describes selected families of protein folds in terms of their secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural arrangements, including ribbon‐diagram examples, tables of representative structures with references, and brief explanations pointing out their respective biological and functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Sun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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37
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Ly T, Liu Z, Pujanauski BG, Sarpong R, Julian RR. Surveying Ubiquitin Structure by Noncovalent Attachment of Distance Constrained Bis(crown) Ethers. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5059-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800177s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Zhenjiu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Brian G. Pujanauski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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38
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Liu Z, Cheng S, Gallie DR, Julian RR. Exploring the Mechanism of Selective Noncovalent Adduct Protein Probing Mass Spectrometry Utilizing Site-Directed Mutagenesis To Examine Ubiquitin. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3846-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800176u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiu Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Shijun Cheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Daniel R. Gallie
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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39
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Downes BP, Saracco SA, Lee SS, Crowell DN, Vierstra RD. MUBs, a family of ubiquitin-fold proteins that are plasma membrane-anchored by prenylation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27145-57. [PMID: 16831869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602283200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub)-fold proteins are rapidly emerging as an important class of eukaryotic modifiers, which often exert their influence by post-translational addition to other intracellular proteins. Despite assuming a common beta-grasp three-dimensional structure, their functions are highly diverse because of distinct surface features and targets and include tagging proteins for selective breakdown, nuclear import, autophagic recycling, vesicular trafficking, polarized morphogenesis, and the stress response. Here we describe a novel family of Membrane-anchored Ub-fold (MUB) proteins that are present in animals, filamentous fungi, and plants. Extending from the C terminus of the Ub-fold is typically a cysteine-containing CAAX (where A indicates aliphatic amino acid) sequence that can direct the attachment of either a 15-carbon farnesyl or a 20-carbon geranylgeranyl moiety in vitro. Modified forms of several MUBs were detected in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that these MUBs are prenylated in vivo. Both cell fractionation and confocal microscopic analyses of Arabidopsis plants expressing GFP-MUB fusions showed that the modified forms are membrane-anchored with a significant enrichment on the plasma membrane. This plasma membrane location was blocked in vivo in prenyltransferase mutants and by mevinolin, which inhibits the synthesis of prenyl groups. In addition to the five MUBs with CAAX boxes, Arabidopsis has one MUB variant with a cysteine-rich C terminus distinct from the CAAX box that is also membrane-anchored, possibly through the attachment of a long chain acyl group. Although the physiological role(s) of MUBs remain unknown, the discovery of these prenylated forms further expands the diversity and potential functions of Ub-fold proteins in eukaryotic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Downes
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1574, USA
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40
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Downes B, Vierstra RD. Post-translational regulation in plants employing a diverse set of polypeptide tags. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:393-9. [PMID: 15787614 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept that plants exploit polypeptides as post-translational modifiers is rapidly emerging as an important method to manipulate various cellular processes. The best known is Ub (ubiquitin) that serves as reusable tag for selective protein degradation by the 26 S proteasome and for endosomal trafficking. Genomic analyses indicate that Ub pathway alone comprises over 6% of the Arabidopsis proteome with thousands of proteins being targets. Consequently, this pathway influences much of plant biology. Others tags include RUB-1 (related to Ub-1; also known as NEDD8), SUMO (small Ub-like modifier), ATG-8 (autophagy-8) and ATG-12, UFM-1 (Ub-fold modifier-1) and HUB-1 (homology to Ub-1). Preliminary studies indicate that these tags have much more limited sets of targets and provide more specialized functions, including transcriptional regulation, protein localization, autophagic turnover and antagonizing the effects of Ub. On the basis of their widespread distribution and pervasive functions, peptide tags can now be considered as prime players in plant cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Downes
- Department of Genetics, 425-G Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Mather A, Rakgotho M, Ntwasa M. SNAMA, a novel protein with a DWNN domain and a RING finger-like motif: a possible role in apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1727:169-76. [PMID: 15733535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 10/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have characterized SNAMA a hitherto uncharacterized Drosophila protein that appears to play a role in apoptosis. SNAMA (something that sticks like glue) is a 1231 amino acid protein with a conserved 76 residue N-terminal domain called Domain With No Name (DWNN). The DWNN domain was first identified in cytotoxic T Cell-resistant CHO cells using promoter trap mutagenesis to screen for genes involved in apoptosis. Subsequently, this domain was identified in other eukaryotic organisms including animals and plants. The SNAMA transcript is abundant early in embryogenesis but reduced in older embryos and in adult males and females. Human and mouse homologues of SNAMA are known to bind to p53 and to the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) suggesting a role in transcriptional regulation and cell cycle control. We took advantage of a P-element insertion line in which the P-element is inserted in the first intron, to investigate the biological function of the gene. These mutants are lethal when homozygous. Apoptosis appears early during embryogenesis and is observed virtually throughout the gastrula. The DWNN domain has a ubiquitin-like fold and may interact with a subset of cellular proteins. There is also a conserved RING finger-like motif along the sequence of SNAMA following a C2HC zinc finger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mather
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand. Wits. 2050, South Africa
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42
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Novatchkova M, Budhiraja R, Coupland G, Eisenhaber F, Bachmair A. SUMO conjugation in plants. PLANTA 2004; 220:1-8. [PMID: 15449058 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of small proteins to substrates can regulate protein activity in eukaryotes. SUMO, the small ubiquitin-related modifier, can be covalently linked to a broad spectrum of substrates. An understanding of SUMO's role in plant biology is still in its infancy. In this review, we briefly summarize the enzymology of SUMO conjugation (sumoylation), and the current knowledge of SUMO modification in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and other plants, in comparison to animals and fungi. Furthermore, we assemble a list of potential pathway components in the genome of A. thaliana that have either been functionally defined, or are suggested by similarity to pathway components from other organisms.
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43
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Parry G, Estelle M. Regulation of cullin-based ubiquitin ligases by the Nedd8/RUB ubiquitin-like proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2004; 15:221-9. [PMID: 15209382 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the ubiquitin related protein Nedd8/RUB is essential for growth in most organisms. Nedd8/RUB has been shown to modify the cullin subunit of culling-based ubiquitin protein ligases (E3). Neddylation acts to regulate the function of these E3s and organisms with lesions in the neddylation process exhibit severe growth defects. In this review we describe the proteins that participate in neddylation and discuss a model for Nedd8/RUB regulation of ubiquitin ligase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraint Parry
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Myers Hall 150, 915 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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44
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Afjehi-Sadat L, Krapfenbauer K, Slavc I, Fountoulakis M, Lubec G. Hypothetical proteins with putative enzyme activity in human amnion, lymphocyte, bronchial epithelial and kidney cell lines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1700:65-74. [PMID: 15210126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A myriad of predicted proteins have been described based upon nucleic acid sequences but the existence of these structures has not been confirmed at the protein level. The aim of the study was therefore to show expression of hypothetical proteins in several cell lines and to provide the analytical basis for their identification and characterisation. We used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with in-gel digestion of high protein spots and subsequent MALDI-TOF analysis of cell lysates from human amnion, lymphocyte, bronchial epithelial and kidney cell lines. A pI range from 3 to 10 was selected and second dimension was run using 9-16% gradient gels. A series of structures that have not been described before at the protein level were identified in several cell lines and were assigned to major enzyme systems including proteolysis (proteases, peptidases, ubiquitin), intermediary metabolism and oxidoreductases. We conclude that the proteomic approach used serves as a suitable tool to verify the existence of predicted/hypothetical proteins. The herein identified enzymes may contribute to several pathways/cascades in the human organism. Furthermore, analytical data given are of major relevance as pIs, a prerequisite to find proteins in a map, cannot be predicted from nucleic acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Afjehi-Sadat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Basic Science, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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45
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Abstract
Post-translational covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (ubls) has emerged as a predominant cellular regulatory mechanism, with important roles in controlling cell division, signal transduction, embryonic development, endocytic trafficking and the immune response. Ubls function by remodeling the surface of their target proteins, changing their target's half-life, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, subcellular localization or other properties. At least 10 different ubiquitin-like modifications exist in mammals, and attachment of different ubls to a target leads to different biological consequences. Ubl-conjugation cascades are initiated by activating enzymes, which also coordinate the ubls with their downstream pathways. A number of biochemical and structural studies have provided insights into the mechanism of ubl-activating enzymes and their roles in ubl conjugation cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny T Huang
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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46
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Ginalski K, Rychlewski L, Baker D, Grishin NV. Protein structure prediction for the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2305-10. [PMID: 14983005 PMCID: PMC356946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306306101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete sequence of the male-specific region of the human Y chromosome (MSY) has been determined recently; however, detailed characterization for many of its encoded proteins still remains to be done. We applied state-of-the-art protein structure prediction methods to all 27 distinct MSY-encoded proteins to provide better understanding of their biological functions and their mechanisms of action at the molecular level. The results of such large-scale structure-functional annotation provide a comprehensive view of the MSY proteome, shedding light on MSY-related processes. We found that, in total, at least 60 domains are encoded by 27 distinct MSY genes, of which 42 (70%) were reliably mapped to currently known structures. The most challenging predictions include the unexpected but confident 3D structure assignments for three domains identified here encoded by the USP9Y, UTY, and BPY2 genes. The domains with unknown 3D structures that are not predictable with currently available theoretical methods are established as primary targets for crystallographic or NMR studies. The data presented here set up the basis for additional scientific discoveries in human biology of the Y chromosome, which plays a fundamental role in sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Ginalski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA.
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Laplaza JM, Bostick M, Scholes DT, Curcio MJ, Callis J. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ubiquitin-like protein Rub1 conjugates to cullin proteins Rtt101 and Cul3 in vivo. Biochem J 2004; 377:459-67. [PMID: 14519104 PMCID: PMC1223865 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 09/24/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ubiquitin-like protein Rub1p (related to ubiquitin 1 protein) covalently attaches to the cullin protein Cdc53p (cell division cycle 53 protein), a subunit of a class of ubiquitin E3 ligases named SCF (Skp1-Cdc53-F-box protein) complex. We identified Rtt101p (regulator of Ty transposition 101 protein, where Ty stands for transposon of yeast), initially found during a screen for proteins to confer retrotransposition suppression, and Cul3p (cullin 3 protein), a protein encoded by the previously uncharacterized open reading frame YGR003w, as two new in vivo targets for Rub1p conjugation. These proteins show significant identity with Cdc53p and, therefore, are cullin proteins. Modification of Cul3p is eliminated by deletion of the Rub1p pathway through disruption of either RUB1 or its activating enzyme ENR2 / ULA1. The same disruptions in the Rub pathway decreased the percentage of total Rtt101p that is modified from approx. 60 to 30%. This suggests that Rtt101p has an additional RUB1 - and ENR2 -independent modification. All modified forms of Rtt101p and Cul3p were lost when a single lysine residue in a conserved region near the C-terminus was replaced by an arginine residue. These results suggest that this lysine residue is the site of Rub1p-dependent and -independent modifications in Rtt101p and of Rub1p-dependent modification in Cul3p. An rtt101 Delta strain was hypersensitive to thiabendazole, isopropyl ( N -3-chlorophenyl) carbamate and methyl methanesulphonate, but rub1 Delta strains were not. Whereas rtt101 Delta strains exhibited a 14-fold increase in Ty1 transposition, isogenic rub1 Delta strains did not show statistically significant increases. Rtt101K791Rp, which cannot be modified, complemented for Rtt101p function in a transposition assay. Altogether, these results suggest that neither the RUB1 -dependent nor the RUB1 -independent form of Rtt101p is required for Rtt101p function. The identification of additional Rub1p targets in S. cerevisiae suggests an expanded role for Rub in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Laplaza
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Much of plant physiology, growth, and development is controlled by the selective removal of short-lived regulatory proteins. One important proteolytic pathway involves the small protein ubiquitin (Ub) and the 26S proteasome, a 2-MDa protease complex. In this pathway, Ub is attached to proteins destined for degradation; the resulting Ub-protein conjugates are then recognized and catabolized by the 26S proteasome. This review describes our current understanding of the pathway in plants at the biochemical, genomic, and genetic levels, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the model. Collectively, these analyses show that the Ub/26S proteasome pathway is one of the most elaborate regulatory mechanisms in plants. The genome of Arabidopsis encodes more than 1400 (or >5% of the proteome) pathway components that can be connected to almost all aspects of its biology. Most pathway components participate in the Ub-ligation reactions that choose with exquisite specificity which proteins should be ubiquitinated. What remains to be determined is the identity of the targets, which may number in the thousands in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Smalle
- Department of Genetics, 445 Henry Mall, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1574, USA
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Gidekel M, Destefano-Beltrán L, García P, Mujica L, Leal P, Cuba M, Fuentes L, Bravo LA, Corcuera LJ, Alberdi M, Concha I, Gutiérrez A. Identification and characterization of three novel cold acclimation-responsive genes from the extremophile hair grass Deschampsia antarctica Desv. Extremophiles 2003; 7:459-69. [PMID: 12955601 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-003-0345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Accepted: 06/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Deschampsia antarctica Desv. is the only monocot that thrives in the harsh conditions of the Antarctic Peninsula and represents an invaluable resource for the identification of genes associated with freezing tolerance. In order to identify genes regulated by low temperature, we have initiated a detailed analysis of its gene expression. Preliminary 2-D gels of in vivo-labeled leaf proteins showed qualitative and quantitative differences between cold-acclimated and non-acclimated plants, suggesting differential gene expression. Similarly, cold-acclimation-related transcripts were screened by a differential display method. Of the 38 cDNAs initially identified, three cDNA clones were characterized for their protein encoding, expression pattern, response to several stresses, and for their tissue-specific expression. Northern blot analysis of DaGrx, DaRub1, and DaPyk1 encoding a glutaredoxin, a related-to-ubiquitin protein, and a pyruvate kinase-like protein, respectively, showed a distinct regulation pattern during the cold-acclimation process, and in some cases, their cold response seemed to be tissue specific. All three transcripts seem to be responsive to water stress as their levels were up-regulated with polyethyleneglycol treatment. DaRUB1 and DaPyk1 expression was up-regulated in leaf and crown, but down-regulated in roots from cold-acclimated plants. The significance of these results during the cold-acclimation process will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gidekel
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Sundd M, Robertson AD. Rearrangement of charge-charge interactions in variant ubiquitins as detected by double-mutant cycles and NMR. J Mol Biol 2003; 332:927-36. [PMID: 12972262 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of ubiquitin disclosed numerous charge-charge interactions on the protein's surface. To investigate how neighboring residues influence the strength of these interactions, double-mutant cycles are combined with pK(a) determinations by 2D NMR. More specifically, the environment around the Asp21-Lys29 ion pair has been altered through mutations at position 25, which is an asparagine in mammalian ubiquitin and a positively-charged residue in many other ubiquitin-like proteins. The pK(a) value of Asp21 decreases by 0.4 to 0.7 pH unit when Asn25 is substituted with a positively charged residue, suggesting a new and favorable ion pair interaction between positions 21 and 25. However, analysis of double mutants reveals that the favorable interaction between Asp21 and Lys29 is weakened when position 25 is a positively charged residue. Interestingly, while the pK(a) value of His25 in the N25H variant agrees with model compound values, additional mutants reveal that this agreement is fortuitous, resulting from a balance of favorable and unfavorable interactions; similar results were observed previously for Glu34 in ubiquitin and His8 in staphylococcal nuclease. Ionizable groups may thus have pK(a) values similar to model compound values and yet still be involved in significant interactions with other protein groups. One surprising result of introducing positively charged residues at position 25 is a new interaction between Lys29 and Glu18, an interaction not present in wild-type ubiquitin. This unanticipated result illustrates a key advantage of using NMR to determine pK(a) values for many residues simultaneously in the variant proteins. Overall, the strength of an interaction between two residues at the surface of ubiquitin is sensitive to the identity of neighboring residues. The results also demonstrate that relatively conservative and common point mutations such as substitutions of polar with charged residues and vice versa can have effects on interactions beyond the site of mutation per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sundd
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
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