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Wei J, Li JY, Feng XL, Zhang Y, Hu X, Hui H, Xue X, Qi J. Unprecedented Neoverrucosane and Cyathane Diterpenoids with Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity from Cultures of the Culinary-Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Molecules 2023; 28:6380. [PMID: 37687209 PMCID: PMC10489798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The culinary medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus holds significant global esteem and has garnered heightened interest within increasingly ageing societies due to its pronounced neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Within this study, two novel diterpenes, 16-carboxy-13-epi-neoverrucosane (1) and Erinacine L (2); three known xylosyl cyathane diterpenoids, Erinacine A (3), Erinacine C (4), and Erinacine F (5); and four lanostane-type triterpenoids, and three cyclic dipeptides (10-12), in addition to orcinol (13), were isolated from the rice-based cultivation medium of H. erinaceus. Their structures were determined by NMR, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, and calculated NMR. Compound 1 marks a pioneering discovery as the first verrucosane diterpene originating from basidiomycetes, amplifying the scope of fungal natural product chemistry, and the intricate stereochemistry of Compound 5 has been comprehensively assessed for the first time. Compounds 2-5 not only showed encouraging neurotrophic activity in rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells, but also significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV2 microglia cell cultures with IC50 values as low as 5.82 ± 0.18 μM. To elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings of these bioactivities, molecular docking simulation was used to analyze and support the interaction of 1 and 2 with inducible NO synthase (iNOS), respectively. In particular, compound 2, a cyathane-xyloside containing an unconventional hemiacetal moiety, is a compelling candidate for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. In summation, this investigation contributes substantively to the panorama of fungal diterpene structural diversity, concurrently furnishing additional empirical substantiation for the role of cyathane diterpenes in the amelioration of neurodegenerative afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- College of Biology Pharmacy & Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
- Qinba Mountains of Bio-Resource Collaborative Innovation Center of Southern Shaanxi Province, Hanzhong 723000, China
| | - Jia-yao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xi-long Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- College of Biology Pharmacy & Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Xuansheng Hu
- College of Biology Pharmacy & Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Heping Hui
- College of Biology Pharmacy & Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xue
- College of Biology Pharmacy & Food Engineering, Shangluo University, Shangluo 726000, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
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2
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Sato H, Li BX, Takagi T, Wang C, Miyamoto K, Uchiyama M. DFT Study on the Biosynthesis of Verrucosane Diterpenoids and Mangicol Sesterterpenoids: Involvement of Secondary-Carbocation-Free Reaction Cascades. JACS AU 2021; 1:1231-1239. [PMID: 34467361 PMCID: PMC8397367 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some experimental observations indicate that a sequential formation of secondary (2°) carbocations might be involved in some biosynthetic pathways, including those of verrucosane-type diterpenoids and mangicol-type sesterterpenoids, but it remains controversial whether or not such 2° cations are viable intermediates. Here, we performed comprehensive density functional theory calculations of these biosynthetic pathways. The results do not support previously proposed pathways/mechanisms: in particular, we find that none of the putative 2° carbocation intermediates is involved in either of the biosynthetic pathways. In verrucosane biosynthesis, the proposed 2° carbocations (II and IV) in the early stage are bypassed by the formation of the adjacent 3° carbocations and by unusual skeletal rearrangement reactions, and in the later stage, the putative 2° carbocation intermediates (VI, VII, and VIII) are not present as the proposed forms but as nonclassical structures between homoallyl and cyclopropylcarbinyl cations. In the mangicol biosynthesis, one of the two proposed 2° carbocations (X) is bypassed by a C-C bond-breaking reaction to generate a 3° carbocation with a C=C bond, while the other (XI) is bypassed by a strong hyperconjugative interaction leading to a nonclassical carbocation. We propose new biosynthetic pathways/mechanisms for the verrucosane-type diterpenoids and mangicol-type sesterterpenoids. These pathways are in good agreement with the findings of previous biosynthetic studies, including isotope-labeling experiments and byproducts analysis, and moreover can account for the biosynthesis of related terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sato
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bi-Xiao Li
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisei Takagi
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research
Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu
University, 3-15-1 Tokida,
Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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Arroo RRJ, Bhambra AS, Hano C, Renda G, Ruparelia KC, Wang MF. Analysis of plant secondary metabolism using stable isotope-labelled precursors. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:62-68. [PMID: 32706176 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of biochemical pathways typically involves feeding a labelled precursor to an organism, and then monitoring the metabolic fate of the label. Initial studies used radioisotopes as a label and then monitored radioactivity in the metabolic products. As analytical equipment improved and became more widely available, preference shifted the use stable 'heavy' isotopes like deuterium (2 H)-, carbon-13 (13 C)- and nitrogen-15 (15 N)-atoms as labels. Incorporation of the labels could be monitored by mass spectrometry (MS), as part of a hyphenated tool kits, e.g. Liquid chromatography (LC)-MS, gas chromatography (GC)-MS, LC-MS/MS. MS offers great sensitivity but the exact location of an isotope label in a given metabolite cannot always be unambiguously established. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can also be used to pick up signals of stable isotopes, and can give information on the precise location of incorporated label in the metabolites. However, the detection limit for NMR is quite a bit higher than that for MS. OBJECTIVES A number of experiments involving feeding stable isotope-labelled precursors followed by NMR analysis of the metabolites is presented. The aim is to highlight the use of NMR analysis in identifying the precise fate of isotope labels after precursor feeding experiments. As more powerful NMR equipment becomes available, applications as described in this review may become more commonplace in pathway analysis. CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTS NMR is a widely accepted tool for chemical structure elucidation and is now increasingly used in metabolomic studies. In addition, NMR, combined with stable isotope feeding, should be considered as a tool for metabolic flux analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph R J Arroo
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Avninder S Bhambra
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Gülin Renda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Ortahisar/Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ketan C Ruparelia
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Meng F Wang
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Rudolf JD, Chang CY. Terpene synthases in disguise: enzymology, structure, and opportunities of non-canonical terpene synthases. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:425-463. [PMID: 31650156 PMCID: PMC7101268 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2019 Terpene synthases (TSs) are responsible for generating much of the structural diversity found in the superfamily of terpenoid natural products. These elegant enzymes mediate complex carbocation-based cyclization and rearrangement cascades with a variety of electron-rich linear and cyclic substrates. For decades, two main classes of TSs, divided by how they generate the reaction-triggering initial carbocation, have dominated the field of terpene enzymology. Recently, several novel and unconventional TSs that perform TS-like reactions but do not resemble canonical TSs in sequence or structure have been discovered. In this review, we identify 12 families of non-canonical TSs and examine their sequences, structures, functions, and proposed mechanisms. Nature provides a wide diversity of enzymes, including prenyltransferases, methyltransferases, P450s, and NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases, as well as completely new enzymes, that utilize distinctive reaction mechanisms for TS chemistry. These unique non-canonical TSs provide immense opportunities to understand how nature evolved different tools for terpene biosynthesis by structural and mechanistic characterization while affording new probes for the discovery of novel terpenoid natural products and gene clusters via genome mining. With every new discovery, the dualistic paradigm of TSs is contradicted and the field of terpene chemistry and enzymology continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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5
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Recent Progress in the Total Synthesis of Dolabellane and Dolastane Diterpenes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/b96882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Yang YL, Zhang S, Ma K, Xu Y, Tao Q, Chen Y, Chen J, Guo S, Ren J, Wang W, Tao Y, Yin WB, Liu H. Discovery and Characterization of a New Family of Diterpene Cyclases in Bacteria and Fungi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological, and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qiaoqiao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological, and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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7
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Yang YL, Zhang S, Ma K, Xu Y, Tao Q, Chen Y, Chen J, Guo S, Ren J, Wang W, Tao Y, Yin WB, Liu H. Discovery and Characterization of a New Family of Diterpene Cyclases in Bacteria and Fungi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4749-4752. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological, and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qiaoqiao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Jinwei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological, and Metabolic Engineering; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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8
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Marcos I, Moro R, Gil-Mesón A, Díez D. 7-6-5 Tricarbocyclic Diterpenes. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63602-7.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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9
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Citron CA, Riclea R, Brock NL, Dickschat JS. Biosynthesis of acorane sesquiterpenes by Trichoderma. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Dieuaide-Noubhani M, Alonso AP, Rolin D, Eisenreich W, Raymond P. Metabolic flux analysis: recent advances in carbon metabolism in plants. EXS 2007; 97:213-43. [PMID: 17432270 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-7439-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic tracers are used to both trace metabolic pathways and quantify fluxes through these pathways. The use of different labeling methods recently led to profound changes in our views of plant metabolism. Examples are taken from primary metabolism, with sugar interconversions, carbon partitioning between glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, or metabolite inputs into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as from secondary metabolism with the relative contribution of the plastidial and cytosolic pathways to the biosynthesis of terpenoids. While labeling methods are often distinguished according to the instruments used for label detection, emphasis is put here on labeling duration. Short time labeling is adequate to study limited areas of the metabolic network. Long-term labeling, when designed to obtain metabolic and isotopic steady-state, allows to calculate various fluxes in large areas ofcentral metabolism. After longer labeling periods, large amounts of label accumulate in structural or storage compounds: their detailed study through the retrobiosynthetic method gives access to the biosynthetic pathways of otherwise undetectable precursors. This chapter presents the power and limits of the different methods, and illustrates how they can be associated with each other and with other methods of cell biology, to provide the information needed for a rational approach of metabolic engineering.
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12
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Spyere A, Rowley DC, Jensen PR, Fenical W. New neoverrucosane diterpenoids produced by the marine gliding bacterium Saprospira grandis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:818-822. [PMID: 12828468 DOI: 10.1021/np0205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical examination of the culture broth extracts of the marine gliding bacterium Saprospira grandis (ATCC 23116) has resulted in the isolation of four new diterpenoids of the neoverrucosane class. The structures of the new diterpenoids, compounds 1-4, were assigned by combined spectroscopic methods emphasizing 2D NMR experiments. The relative stereochemistry of 1 was determined by 2D ROESY NMR methods, while the absolute stereochemistry was assigned by application of the modified Mosher method. This study adds to the rare observation of terpene production by prokaryotic microorganisms and suggests that marine gliding bacteria may be a significant source for new terpenoid secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Spyere
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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13
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Thiel R, Adam KP. Incorporation of [1-(13)C]1-deoxy-D-xylulose into isoprenoids of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:269-274. [PMID: 11830134 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of (13)C labeled 1-deoxy-D-xylulose into the monoterpene bornyl acetate, the sesquiterpene cubebanol, and the diterpene phytol has been studied in axenic cultures of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Quantitative (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the labeling patterns of the sesquiterpene indicated a possible degradation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose to acetate and subsequent incorporation via the mevalonic acid pathway. In bornyl acetate, the labeling occurred only in the acetate moiety whereas the isoprene units remained unlabelled. The isoprene units of the diterpene phytol showed incorporation of intact deoxy-D-xylulose. These results indicate the involvement of both IPP biosynthetic pathways and two independently operating compartments/cell types with MEP pathway machinery. One MEP compartment is presumably the plastid where phytol is formed; the second, involved in the build-up of the isoprene part of bornyl acetate, might be located in the oil cells. The acetylation of borneol to bornyl acetate in turn occurs in a cellular compartment that is not involved in the build-up of the isoprene units of borneol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Thiel
- FR 8.7, Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Hertewich U, Zapp J, Becker H, Adam KP. Biosynthesis of a hopane triterpene and three diterpenes in the liverwort Fossombronia alaskana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:1049-1054. [PMID: 11730868 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the triterpene 22-(30)-hopene-29-acid and the diterpenes 7,17-sacculatadiene-11,12-dial (sacculatal), trans-phytol and a new neoverrucosane-type diterpenoid (5-oxo-neoverrucos-(13)-ene) was studied by incorporation of [1-13C]-labelled glucose into axenic cultures of the artic liverwort Fossombronia alaskana. Quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the resulting labelling patterns showed that the isoprene units of the triterpene are derived from the mevalonic acid pathway, whereas the isoprene units of the diterpenes are built up via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hertewich
- FR 8.7, Pharmakognosie und Analytische Phytochemie der Universität des Saarlandes, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Margl L, Eisenreich W, Adam P, Bacher A, Zenk MH. Biosynthesis of thiophenes in Tagetes patula. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:875-881. [PMID: 11684184 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene was studied in root cultures of Tagetes patula. Organ cultures were grown with [U-13C(6)]glucose or [1-13C]glucose. The bithiopene and amino acids from cell protein were isolated and analysed by quantitative NMR spectroscopy. Retrobiosynthetic analysis establish acetyl-CoA or a closely related compound (e.g. malonyl-CoA) as building blocks and their orientations in the bithiophene. The data confirm a previously suggested biosynthetic route via long-chain fatty acids and polyacetylenes. However, a polyketide-like biosynthesis via a carbocyclic intermediate cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Margl
- Biozentrum-Pharmazie, Universität Halle, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
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16
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Barlow AJ, Becker H, Adam KP. Biosynthesis of the hemi- and monoterpene moieties of isoprenyl phenyl ethers from the liverwort Trichocolea tomentella. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:7-14. [PMID: 11336263 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of 13C labelled glucose into trichocolein, deoxytomentellin, trans-phytol and stigmasterol has been studied in axenic cultures of the liverwort Trichocolea tomentella. Quantitative 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the resulting labelling patterns showed that the isoprene units of the hemi- and monoterpenoid moieties and the diterpene phytol are derived from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, whereas the isoprene units of stigmasterol are built up via the mevalonic acid pathway. These results indicate the involvement of both IPP biosynthetic pathways in different cellular compartments. A new, hydroperoxy geranyl phenyl ether derivative is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Barlow
- New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited, Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin
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17
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Asakawa Y. Recent advances in phytochemistry of bryophytes-acetogenins, terpenoids and bis(bibenzyl)s from selected Japanese, Taiwanese, New Zealand, Argentinean and European liverworts. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 56:297-312. [PMID: 11243454 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes contain a large number of terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Recent topics relating to the chemical constituents found in 36 Japanese, 3 New Zealand, 2 European, 1 Argentinean and 1 Taiwanese liverworts and 2 Japanese mosses and their biological activity are discussed. The chemosystematics of some liverworts as well as the chemical relationship between liverworts and mosses, and bryophytes and ferns are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Asakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Japan.
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Abstract
The validation of reference compounds for natural products is a domain of the same physico-chemical methods that are used for their isolation, especially those techniques involving coupled high-resolution chromatography. Acknowledging the great problem of co-eluting impurities contained in the 'biogenetic cocktail' of a plant extract, there is a strong demand for non-chromatographic alternatives in the quality assessment of reference compounds. Because of this, the concept of qNMR is introduced as a versatile tool based on qualitative and quantitative 1H-NMR allowing the precise and simultaneous determination of both the compound content as well as the amount and nature of the impurities. As opposed to measuring carbons, 1H-NMR benefits from much higher sensitivity and is far more versatile for routine analysis with respect to time and cost. Since quantification of impurities is reliant upon their identification and, therefore, limited by knowledge about their structure, the concept emphasizes the high demand for qualitative reference dossiers including quality NMR data for profiling potential impurities which may be analogues, isomers, or degradation or oxidation products of the reference compounds. The qNMR concept is developed with focus on its potential in the certification and quality control of reference compounds. Taking into account published work in the field of quantitative NMR, selected natural products are analysed in order to elaborate suitable experimental parameters and to obtain preliminary validation data. The method is discussed with respect to sensitivity, precision and selectivity. Typical relative errors are found to be below 2% for the quantification of both the major analyte and the minor impurities even when the latter are contained at the 1% level only. Documentation of the conformity of signal integration and precision is based on measurements of a certified reference standard. Determination of the natural 13C isotope is suggested as an elegant method of validation because the content values could be reproduced with errors below 1%. The qNMR concept offers a rapid and efficient way to assess the purity of natural products in a single analytical step without the need of performing multiple analyses, while still offering the option to retain the substance. Thus, qNMR pays tribute to the increasing demands in reference compound certification, but also holds out the prospect of easy access to the valid characterisation of natural products tested in vitro or in vivo for their biological and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Pauli
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hittorfstrasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Bacher A, Rieder C, Eichinger D, Arigoni D, Fuchs G, Eisenreich W. Elucidation of novel biosynthetic pathways and metabolite flux patterns by retrobiosynthetic NMR analysis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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