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Deep SN, Seelig S, Paul S, Poddar R. Homocysteine-induced sustained GluN2A NMDA receptor stimulation leads to mitochondrial ROS generation and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107253. [PMID: 38569938 PMCID: PMC11081806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid derived from methionine metabolism, is a known agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and is involved in neurotoxicity. Our previous findings showed that neuronal exposure to elevated homocysteine levels leads to sustained low-level increase in intracellular Ca2+, which is dependent on GluN2A subunit-containing NMDAR (GluN2A-NMDAR) stimulation. These studies further showed a role of ERK MAPK in homocysteine-GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated neuronal death. However, the intracellular mechanisms associated with such sustained GluN2A-NMDAR stimulation and subsequent Ca2+ influx have remained unexplored. Using live-cell imaging with Fluo3-AM and biochemical approaches, we show that homocysteine-GluN2A NMDAR-induced initial Ca2+ influx triggers sequential phosphorylation and subsequent activation of the proline rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and Src family kinases, which in turn phosphorylates GluN2A-Tyr1325 residue of GluN2A-NMDARs to maintain channel activity. The continuity of this cycle of events leads to sustained Ca2+ influx through GluN2A-NMDAR. Our findings also show that lack of activation of the regulatory tyrosine phosphatase STEP, which can limit Pyk2 and Src family kinase activity further contributes to the maintenance of this cycle. Additional studies using live-cell imaging of neurons expressing a redox-sensitive GFP targeted to the mitochondrial matrix show that treatment with homocysteine leads to a progressive increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which is dependent on GluN2A-NMDAR-mediated sustained ERK MAPK activation. This later finding demonstrates a novel role of GluN2A-NMDAR in homocysteine-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and highlights the role of ERK MAPK as the intermediary signaling pathway between GluN2A-NMDAR stimulation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Narayan Deep
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sarah Seelig
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Surojit Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ranjana Poddar
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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2
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Zhou Y, He LN, Wang LN, Chen KY, Qian SD, Li XH, Zang J, Wang DM, Yu XF, Gao J. Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes promote neuronal function by inhibiting excessive apoptosis in a hypoxia/ischemia-induced cerebral palsy model: A preclinical study. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116321. [PMID: 38394849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is a condition resulting from perinatal brain injury and can lead to physical disabilities. Exosomes derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC-Exos) hold promise as potential therapeutic options. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of hAMSC-Exos on neuronal cells and their role in regulating apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS hAMSC-Exos were isolated via ultracentrifugation and characterized via transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and flow cytometry. In vitro, neuronal damage was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). CP rat models were established via left common carotid artery ligation. Apoptosis levels in cells and CP rats were assessed using flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blotting, and TUNEL analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated successful isolation of hAMSC-Exos via ultracentrifugation, as the isolated cells were positive for CD9 (79.7%) and CD63 (80.2%). Treatment with hAMSC-Exos significantly mitigated the reduction in cell viability induced by LPS. Flow cytometry revealed that LPS-induced damage promoted apoptosis, but this effect was attenuated by treatment with hAMSC-Exos. Additionally, the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio indicated that excessive apoptosis could be attenuated by treatment with hAMSC-Exos. Furthermore, tail vein injection of hAMSC-Exos improved the neurobehavioral function of CP rats. Histological analysis via HE and TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis-related damage was attenuated following hAMSC-Exo treatment. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, hAMSC-Exos effectively promote neuronal cell survival by regulating apoptosis, indicating their potential as a promising therapeutic option for CP that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China
| | - Lu-Na He
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Drug Clinical Trials Office, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, China
| | - Shi-Da Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, China
| | - Xu-Huan Li
- Department of General Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, China
| | - Jing Zang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China
| | - Dong-Ming Wang
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330003, China.
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China; Affiliated Hospital of Yang Zhou University Huai'an Maternal and Child Health Care Center, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223021, China.
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3
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He K, Zhou X, Du H, Zhao J, Deng R, Wang J. A review on the relationship between Arachidonic acid 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16239. [PMID: 37849828 PMCID: PMC10578307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), as one of the lipoxygenase family, is mainly responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids to produce a variety of lipid components, contributing to the pathophysiological processes of various immune and inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown that ALOX15 and its related products are widely distributed in human tissues and related to multiple diseases such as liver, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other diseases. Diabetes mellitus (DM), the disease studied in this article, is a metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels, which is significantly related to inflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and other mechanisms, and it has a high incidence in the population, accompanied by a variety of complications. Figuring out how ALOX15 is involved in DM is critical to understanding its role in diseases. Therefore, ALOX15 inhibitors or combination therapy containing inhibitors may deliver a novel research direction for the treatment of DM and its complications. This article aims to review the biological effect and the possible function of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying He
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
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4
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Griffioen G. Calcium Dyshomeostasis Drives Pathophysiology and Neuronal Demise in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13243. [PMID: 37686048 PMCID: PMC10487569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review postulates that age-related neurodegeneration entails inappropriate activation of intrinsic pathways to enable brain plasticity through deregulated calcium (Ca2+) signalling. Ca2+ in the cytosol comprises a versatile signal controlling neuronal cell physiology to accommodate adaptive structural and functional changes of neuronal networks (neuronal plasticity) and, as such, is essential for brain function. Although disease risk factors selectively affect different neuronal cell types across age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), these appear to have in common the ability to impair the specificity of the Ca2+ signal. As a result, non-specific Ca2+ signalling facilitates the development of intraneuronal pathophysiology shared by age-related NDDs, including mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, impaired proteostasis, and decreased axonal transport, leading to even more Ca2+ dyshomeostasis. These core pathophysiological processes and elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels comprise a self-enforcing feedforward cycle inevitably spiralling toward high levels of cytosolic Ca2+. The resultant elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels ultimately gear otherwise physiological effector pathways underlying plasticity toward neuronal demise. Ageing impacts mitochondrial function indiscriminately of the neuronal cell type and, therefore, contributes to the feedforward cycle of pathophysiology development seen in all age-related NDDs. From this perspective, therapeutic interventions to safely restore Ca2+ homeostasis would mitigate the excessive activation of neuronal destruction pathways and, therefore, are expected to have promising neuroprotective potential.
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Webber EK, Fivaz M, Stutzmann GE, Griffioen G. Cytosolic calcium: Judge, jury and executioner of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and beyond. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3701-3717. [PMID: 37132525 PMCID: PMC10490830 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the driving principles that may underlie neurodegeneration in dementia, represented most dominantly by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While a myriad of different disease risk factors contribute to AD, these ultimately converge to a common disease outcome. Based on decades of research, a picture emerges where upstream risk factors combine in a feedforward pathophysiological cycle, culminating in a rise of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]c ) that triggers neurodegeneration. In this framework, positive AD risk factors entail conditions, characteristics, or lifestyles that initiate or accelerate self-reinforcing cycles of pathophysiology, whereas negative risk factors or therapeutic interventions, particularly those mitigating elevated [Ca2+ ]c , oppose these effects and therefore have neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise K. Webber
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Marc Fivaz
- reMYND, Gaston Geenslaan 1, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Grace E. Stutzmann
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Therapeutics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
- School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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Phoraksa O, Chimkerd C, Thiyajai P, Judprasong K, Tuntipopipat S, Tencomnao T, Charoenkiatkul S, Muangnoi C, Sukprasansap M. Neuroprotective Effects of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Leaf Extract against Glutamate-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Human Microglial Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:989. [PMID: 37513900 PMCID: PMC10384906 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by excessive glutamate in the central nervous system leads to neurodegeneration. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. has been reported to possess neuroprotective properties. We aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of A. lebbeck leaf extracts on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis linked to ER stress using human microglial HMC3 cells. A. lebbeck leaves were extracted using hexane (AHE), mixed solvents, and ethanol. Each different extract was evaluated for cytotoxic effects on HMC3 cells, and then non-cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts were pretreated with the cells, followed by glutamate. Our results showed that AHE treatment exhibited the highest protective effect and was thus selected for finding the mechanistic approach. AHE inhibited the specific ER stress proteins (calpain1 and caspase-12). AHE also suppressed the apoptotic proteins (Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3); however, it also increased the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Remarkably, AHE increased cellular antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx). To support the activation of antioxidant defense and inhibition of apoptosis in our HMC3 cell model, the bioactive phytochemicals within AHE were identified by HPLC analysis. We found that AHE had high levels of carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol). Our novel findings indicate that AHE can inhibit glutamate-induced neurotoxicity via ER stress and apoptosis signaling pathways by activating cellular antioxidant enzymes in HMC3 cells, suggesting a potential mechanism for neuroprotection. As such, A. lebbeck leaf might potentially represent a promising source and novel alternative approach for preventing neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onuma Phoraksa
- Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital and Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chanika Chimkerd
- Center of Analysis for Product Quality (Natural Products Division), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Parunya Thiyajai
- Food Chemistry Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kunchit Judprasong
- Food Chemistry Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Tuntipopipat
- Cell and Animal Model Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somsri Charoenkiatkul
- Food Chemistry Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chawanphat Muangnoi
- Cell and Animal Model Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Monruedee Sukprasansap
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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7
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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8
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Qi XJ, Huang CY, Zuo MT, Gong MD, Huang SJ, Tang MH, Liu ZY. Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification to Unveil the Mechanism of N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid Rescue Humantenirine-Induced Excitotoxicity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020195. [PMID: 36837814 PMCID: PMC9966887 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelsemium is a medicinal plant that has been used to treat various diseases, but it is also well-known for its high toxicity. Complex alkaloids are considered the main poisonous components in Gelsemium. However, the toxic mechanism of Gelsemium remains ambiguous. In this work, network pharmacology and experimental verification were combined to systematically explore the specific mechanism of Gelsemium toxicity. The alkaloid compounds and candidate targets of Gelsemium, as well as related targets of excitotoxicity, were collected from public databases. The crucial targets were determined by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to explore the bioprocesses and signaling pathways involved in the excitotoxicity corresponding to alkaloids in Gelsemium. Then, the binding affinity between the main poisonous alkaloids and key targets was verified by molecular docking. Finally, animal experiments were conducted to further evaluate the potential mechanisms of Gelsemium toxicity. A total of 85 alkaloids in Gelsemium associated with 214 excitotoxicity-related targets were predicted by network pharmacology. Functional analysis showed that the toxicity of Gelsemium was mainly related to the protein phosphorylation reaction and plasma membrane function. There were also 164 pathways involved in the toxic mechanism, such as the calcium signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that alkaloids have high affinity with core targets, including MAPK3, SRC, MAPK1, NMDAR2B and NMDAR2A. In addition, the difference of binding affinity may be the basis of toxicity differences among different alkaloids. Humantenirine showed significant sex differences, and the LD50 values of female and male mice were 0.071 mg·kg-1 and 0.149 mg·kg-1, respectively. Furthermore, we found that N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), a specific NMDA receptor agonist, could significantly increase the survival rate of acute humantenirine-poisoned mice. The results also show that humantenirine could upregulate the phosphorylation level of MAPK3/1 and decrease ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential in hippocampal tissue, while NMDA could rescue humantenirine-induced excitotoxicity by restoring the function of mitochondria. This study revealed the toxic components and potential toxic mechanism of Gelsemium. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further study of the toxic mechanism of Gelsemium and potential therapeutic strategies for Gelsemium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jia Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chong-Yin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Meng-Die Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Si-Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mo-Huan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhao-Ying Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Palanivel V, Gupta V, Mirshahvaladi SSO, Sharma S, Gupta V, Chitranshi N, Mirzaei M, Graham SL, Basavarajappa D. Neuroprotective Effects of Neuropeptide Y on Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells in Glutamate Excitotoxicity and ER Stress Conditions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223665. [PMID: 36429093 PMCID: PMC9688085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, is involved in various physiological functions, and its dysregulation is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress are the common mechanisms associated with numerous neurodegenerative illnesses. The present study aimed to elucidate the protective effects of NPY against glutamate toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. We exposed the SH-SY5Y cells to glutamate and tunicamycin for two different time points and analyzed the protective effects of NPY at different concentrations. The protective effects of NPY treatments were assessed by cell viability assay, and the signalling pathway changes were evaluated by biochemical techniques such as Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. Our results showed that treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with NPY significantly increased the viability of the cells in both glutamate toxicity and ER stress conditions. NPY treatments significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced pro-apoptotic activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/BAD pathways. The protective effects of NPY were further evident against tunicamycin-induced ER stress. NPY treatments significantly suppressed the ER stress activation by downregulating BiP, phospho-eIF2α, and CHOP expression. In addition, NPY alleviated the Akt/FoxO3a pathway in acute oxidative conditions caused by glutamate and tunicamycin in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrated that NPY is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced cell toxicity and tunicamycin-induced ER stress through anti-apoptotic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanthram Palanivel
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Seyed Shahab Oddin Mirshahvaladi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Samridhi Sharma
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (D.B.)
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Mohammed RA, Sayed RH, El-Sahar AE, Khattab MA, Saad MA. Insights into the role of pERK1/2 signaling in post-cerebral ischemia reperfusion sexual dysfunction in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 933:175258. [PMID: 36096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ERK1/2 inhibition on both the amygdala and hippocampal structures, and to investigate its role in regulating memory for sexual information. This study utilized a cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) model to produce a stressful brain condition that highlights the possible involvement of a hippocampal GC/pERK1/2/BDNF pathway in the resulting sexual consequences of this ailment. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham; (2) IR: subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by 48 h of reperfusion; (3) PD98059: received PD98059 at 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.; (4) IR + PD98059. This study provides new evidence for cerebral IR-induced amygdala injury and the sexual impairments that are associated with motor and cognitive deficits in rats. These findings were correlated with histopathological changes that are defined by extensive neuronal loss in both the hippocampus and the amygdala. The current study postulated that the ERK inhibitor PD98059 could reverse IR-induced injury in the amygdala as well as reversing IR-induced sexual impairments. This hypothesis is supported by the ability of PD98059 to: (1) restore luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels; (2) increase sexual arousal and copulatory performance (as evidenced by modulating mount, intromission, ejaculation latencies, and post-ejaculatory intervals); (3) improve the histological profile in the amygdala that is associated with reduced glutamate levels, c-Fos expression, and elevated gamma aminobutyric acid levels. In conclusion, the present findings introduce pERK1/2 inhibition as a possible strategy for enhancing sexual activity in survivors of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ayman E El-Sahar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Khattab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates
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Xiong Y, Zhou D, Zheng K, Bi W, Dong Y. Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate Binding to P2Y1 Receptors Prevents Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity: Involvement of Erk1/2 Signaling Pathway to Suppress Autophagy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:901688. [PMID: 35747207 PMCID: PMC9209742 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.901688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity could be related to the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Extracellular ATP exerts a wide variety of functions, such as attenuating Aβ-mediated toxicity, inhibiting N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit combinations, and aggravating ischemic brain injury. However, the effect of extracellular ATP on glutamate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity remains largely unknown. Herein, we showed that extracellular ATP prevented the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via binding to its P2Y1 receptors. We found that excessive glutamate triggered cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and mitochondrial membrane potential damage, which were significantly attenuated by extracellular ATP. Besides, glutamate activated autophagy, as illustrated by the increased protein level of autophagic marker LC3II and decreased level of p62, and glutamate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity could be completely abolished by autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. In addition, we revealed that extracellular ATP activated Erk1/2 signaling to suppress autophagy and to exert its neuroprotective effects, which was further reduced by autophagy agonist rapamycin and the selective Erk1/2 inhibitor PD0325901. Taken together, our findings suggest that extracellular ATP binding to P2Y1 receptors protected against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via Erk1/2-mediated autophagy inhibition, implying the potential of ATP for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duanyang Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenchuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Dong, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-3896
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12
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Wasp Venom Ameliorates Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040256. [PMID: 35448865 PMCID: PMC9029392 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of wasp venom (WV) from the yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina, on scopolamine (SCO)-induced memory deficits in mice, as well as the antioxidant activity in HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells in parallel comparison with bee venom (BV). The WV was collected from the venom sac, freeze-dried. Both venoms exhibited free radical scavenging capabilities in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the venom treatment enhanced cell viability at the concentrations of ≤40 µg/mL of WV and ≤4 µg/mL of BV in glutamate-treated HT22 cells, and increased the transcriptional activity of the antioxidant response element (ARE), a cis-acting enhancer which regulates the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-downstream antioxidant enzymes. Concurrently, WV at 20 µg/mL significantly increased the expression of a key antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in HT22 cells despite no significant changes observed in the nuclear level of Nrf2. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal administration of WV to SCO-treated mice at doses ranged from 250 to 500 µg/kg body weight ameliorated memory impairment behavior, reduced histological injury in the hippocampal region, and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain and blood of SCO-treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that WV possess the potential to improve learning and memory deficit in vivo while further study is needed for the proper dose and safety measures and clinical effectiveness.
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13
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Pokharel S, Gliyazova NS, Dandepally SR, Williams AL, Ibeanu GC. Neuroprotective effects of an in vitro BBB permeable phenoxythiophene sulfonamide small molecule in glutamate-induced oxidative injury. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:79. [PMID: 34938365 PMCID: PMC8688931 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in oxidative stress-associated neuronal cell death during ischemia. Further investigation into the inhibition of excessive ROS generation post-stroke is urgently required for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the present study, the neuroprotective properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant B355227 were investigated. B355227 is a chemical analogue of B355252, and the role of the phenoxythiophene sulfonamide compound B355227 was further investigated in a glutamate-induced oxidative injury model. An in vitro model of the BBB was established in the immortalized mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line, bEnd.3. Formation of barrier in Transwell inserts was confirmed using EVOM resistance meter and Caffeine, Imatinib and Axitinib were used to validate the efficacy of the model. The validated BBB assay in combination with high performance liquid chromatography were used to analyse and verify the permeability of B355227 through the barrier. The integrity of the cell junctions after the BBB assays were confirmed using immunofluorescence to visualize the expression of the barrier junction protein zonula occludens-1. Cell survival was measured with Resazurin, a redox indicator dye, in HT22, a hippocampal neuronal cell treated with 5 mM glutamate or co-treated with the B355227 recovered from the BBB permeability experiment. Changes in glutathione levels were detected using a glutathione detection kit, while analyses of ROS, calcium (Ca2+), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were accomplished with the fluorescent dyes 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, Fura-2 AM and MitoTracker Red dyes, respectively. Immunoblotting was also performed to detect the expression and activation of Erk1/2, p-38, JNK, Bax and Bcl-2. The results of the present study demonstrated that B355227 crossed the BBB in vitro and protected HT22 from oxidative injury induced by glutamate exposure. Treatment of cells with B355227 blocked the glutamate-dependent depletion of intracellular glutathione and significantly reduced ROS production. Increased Ca2+ influx and subsequent collapse of the MMP was attenuated by B355227. Furthermore, the results of the present study demonstrated that B355227 protected against oxidative stress via the MAPK pathway, by increasing the activation of Erk1/2, JNK and P38, and restoring anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that B355227 has potent antioxidant and neuroprotective attributes in glutamate-induced neuronal cell death. Further investigation into the role of B355227 in the modulation of glutamate-dependent oxidative stress is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smritee Pokharel
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Nailya S. Gliyazova
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Srinivasa R. Dandepally
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Alfred L. Williams
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Gordon C. Ibeanu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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14
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Tesic V, Ciric J, Jovanovic Macura I, Zogovic N, Milanovic D, Kanazir S, Perovic M. Corticosterone and Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Cortex of Rats during Aging-The Effects of Long-Term Food Restriction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124526. [PMID: 34960078 PMCID: PMC8703853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous beneficial effects of food restriction on aging and age-related pathologies are well documented. It is also well-established that both short- and long-term food restriction regimens induce elevated circulating levels of glucocorticoids, stress-induced hormones produced by adrenal glands that can also exert deleterious effects on the brain. In the present study, we examined the effect of long-term food restriction on the glucocorticoid hormone/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) system in the cortex during aging, in 18- and 24-month-old rats. Corticosterone level was increased in the cortex of aged ad libitum-fed rats. Food restriction induced its further increase, accompanied with an increase in the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. However, alterations in the level of GR phosphorylated at Ser232 were not detected in animals on food restriction, in line with unaltered CDK5 level, the decrease of Hsp90, and an increase in a negative regulator of GR function, FKBP51. Moreover, our data revealed that reduced food intake prevented age-related increase in the levels of NFκB, gfap, and bax, confirming its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Along with an increase in the levels of c-fos, our study provides additional evidences that food restriction affects cortical responsiveness to glucocorticoids during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Tesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Irena Jovanovic Macura
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Nevena Zogovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
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15
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Biased M1 muscarinic receptor mutant mice show accelerated progression of prion neurodegenerative disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107389118. [PMID: 34893539 PMCID: PMC8685681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107389118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) plays a crucial role in learning and memory and is a validated drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Furthermore, M1-receptor ligands have been demonstrated to display disease-modifying effects in preclinical models of neurodegenerative disease. By employing a genetic mouse model expressing a G protein–biased M1-receptor in combination with a mouse model of terminal neurodegenerative disease, we demonstrate here that the M1-receptor exerts an inherent neuroprotective activity that is dependent on its phosphorylation status. Thus, in AD drug development programs, M1-receptor ligands that maintain the receptor phosphorylation status will be more likely to lead to beneficial neuroprotective outcomes. There are currently no treatments that can slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is, however, a growing body of evidence that activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1-receptor) can not only restore memory loss in AD patients but in preclinical animal models can also slow neurodegenerative disease progression. The generation of an effective medicine targeting the M1-receptor has however been severely hampered by associated cholinergic adverse responses. By using genetically engineered mouse models that express a G protein–biased M1-receptor, we recently established that M1-receptor mediated adverse responses can be minimized by ensuring activating ligands maintain receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling. Here, we use these same genetic models in concert with murine prion disease, a terminal neurodegenerative disease showing key hallmarks of AD, to establish that phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling delivers neuroprotection that both extends normal animal behavior and prolongs the life span of prion-diseased mice. Our data point to an important neuroprotective property inherent to the M1-receptor and indicate that next generation M1-receptor ligands designed to drive receptor phosphorylation/arrestin-dependent signaling would potentially show low adverse responses while delivering neuroprotection that will slow disease progression.
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16
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Activation of Three Major Signaling Pathways After Endurance Training and Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:950-967. [PMID: 34811634 PMCID: PMC8857148 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training on expression of growth factors (GFs) and stimulation of neurotrophin-dependent signaling pathways (PI3k/Akt, PLCγ/PKC, PLCγ/CAMKII, Ras-Erk1/2 and Rac1-Cdc42) responsible for neuroplasticity, neuroregeneration, survival and growth after spinal cord injury (SCI). Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (i) intact controls; (ii) 6 weeks of endurance training; (iii) SCI; (iv) pre-training + SCI. The animals survived for 6 weeks after SCI. Firstly, endurance training markedly upregulated mRNA expression and protein levels (up to four times) of growth factors (BDNF, GDNF) and their receptors (TrkB, Gfrα) in low thoracic segments (Th8–Th10) compared to levels in untrained animals. Secondly, we found that spontaneous neuroplasticity seen in the SCI alone group was GF-specific and was activated through both PLCγ-PKC and PLC-CAMKII signaling pathways. In addition, training prior to SCI markedly increased the activity of PLCγ-PKC signaling at both transcript and protein levels at and around the lesion site. Similar effects were seen in expression of PI3k/Akt and Ras/Erk1/2 signaling responsible for cell survival and regeneration. Thirdly, rats which underwent physical activity prior to SCI were more active and had significantly better neurological scores at the 14th and 42nd days of survival. These results suggest that regular physical activity could play an important role after SCI, as it maintains increased expression of GFs in spinal cord tissue 6 weeks post-SCI. The BDNF- and/or BDNF + GDNF-dependent signaling pathways were significantly affected in pre-trained SCI animals. In contrast, GDNF-dependent Rac1-Cdc42 signaling was not involved in training-affected SCI response.
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17
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Ma Y, Qi Q, He Q, Gilyazova NS, Ibeanu G, Li PA. Neuroprotection by B355252 against Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Murine Hippocampal HT-22 Cells Is Associated with Activation of ERK3 Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1662-1669. [PMID: 34719643 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate differentially affects the levels extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and ERK3 and the protective effect of B355252, an aryl thiophene compound, 4-chloro-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-5-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)thiophene-2-sulfonamide, is associated with suppression of ERK1/2. The objectives of this study were to further investigate the impact of B355252 on ERK3 and its downstream signaling pathways affected by glutamate exposure in the mouse hippocampal HT-22 neuronal cells. Murine hippocampal HT22 cells were incubated with glutamate and treated with B355252. Cell viability was assessed, protein levels of pERK3, ERK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-5 (MAPKAPK-5), steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3), p-S6 and S6 were measured using Western blotting, and immunoreactivity of p-S6 was determined by immunocytochemistry. The results reveal that glutamate markedly diminished the protein levels of p-ERK3 and its downstream targets MK-5 and SRC-3 and increased p-S6, an indicator for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Conversely, treatment with B355252 protected the cells from glutamate-induced damage and prevented the glutamate-caused declines of p-ERK3, MK-5 and SRC-3 and increase of p-S6. Our study demonstrates that one of the mechanisms that glutamate mediates its cytotoxicity is through suppression of ERK3 and that B355252 rescues the cells from glutamate toxicity by reverting ERK3 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University.,The Julis Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute (BBRI), North Carolina Central University
| | - Qingping He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Nailya S Gilyazova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - Gordon Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technological Enterprise (BRITE), College of Health and Sciences, North Carolina Central University
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18
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ERK: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. ERK-Dependent Apoptosis as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102509. [PMID: 34685488 PMCID: PMC8533760 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell proliferation, and its deregulated activity is a hallmark of many cancers. Therefore, components and regulators of the ERK pathway are considered potential therapeutic targets for cancer, and inhibitors of this pathway, including some MEK and BRAF inhibitors, are already being used in the clinic. Notably, ERK1/2 kinases also have pro-apoptotic functions under certain conditions and enhanced ERK1/2 signaling can cause tumor cell death. Although the repertoire of the compounds which mediate ERK activation and apoptosis is expanding, and various anti-cancer compounds induce ERK activation while exerting their anti-proliferative effects, the mechanisms underlying ERK1/2-mediated cell death are still vague. Recent studies highlight the importance of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) in determining the pro- versus anti-apoptotic function of ERK in cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent major findings in understanding the role of ERK in apoptosis, focusing on the major compounds mediating ERK-dependent apoptosis. Studies that further define the molecular targets of these compounds relevant to cell death will be essential to harnessing these compounds for developing effective cancer treatments.
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19
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Vitalakumar D, Sharma A, Flora SJS. Ferroptosis: A potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22830. [PMID: 34047408 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly identified regulated form of cell death, which is thought to play a major role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation and execution of ferroptotic cell death and also its role in the brain. Ferroptosis is regulated mainly via iron homeostasis, glutathione metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptotic cell death and pro-ferroptotic factors are correlated with the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ferroptosis and etiological factors act synergistically in PD and AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, several preclinical and clinical studies targeting ferroptosis in PD and AD have also shown positive results. Evidence of ferroptosis in the brain thus gives new insights into understanding neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis studies in the brain are still in their infancy, but the existing pieces of evidence suggest a strong correlation between ferroptotic cell death and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, ferroptosis might be a promising target for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vitalakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Swaran J S Flora
- Department of Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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20
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. On the therapeutic targets and pharmacological treatments for pain relief following spinal cord injury: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111563. [PMID: 33873146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is globally considered as one of the most debilitating disorders, which interferes with daily activities and life of the affected patients. Despite many developments in related recognizing and treating procedures, post-SCI neuropathic pain (NP) is still a clinical challenge for clinicians with no distinct treatments. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and national database (SID and Irandoc). The relevant articles regarding signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy of post-SCI pain were also reviewed. Data were collected with no time limitation until November 2020. The present study provides the findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets, as well as developing the critical signaling pathways to introduce novel neuroprotective treatments of post-SCI pain. From the pathophysiological mechanistic point of view, post-SCI inflammation activates the innate immune system, in which the immune cells elicit secondary injuries. So, targeting the critical signaling pathways for pain management in the SCI population has significant importance in providing new treatments. Indeed, several receptors, ion channels, excitatory neurotransmitters, enzymes, and key signaling pathways could be used as therapeutic targets, with a pivotal role of n-methyl-D-aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and inflammatory mediators. The current review focuses on conventional therapies, as well as crucial signaling pathways and promising therapeutic targets for post-SCI pain to provide new insights into the clinical treatment of post-SCI pain. The need to develop innovative delivery systems to treat SCI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Xiong S, Ma M, Xu Y, Wei F, Gu Q, He X, Xu X. Protective effects of peptide FK18 against neuro-excitotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:451. [PMID: 33747186 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxic neuronal injury is associated with numerous acute and chronic neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and glaucoma. Neuroprotection is a direct and effective therapeutic approach, with small-molecule bioactive peptides displaying certain advantages, including high membrane permeability, low immunogenicity and convenient synthesis and modification. FK18 is a novel peptide derived from basic fibroblast growth factor, which is a protein with neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of FK18 against excitotoxic injury. For this purpose, cell viability was determined by the MTS assay, cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry and the TUNEL assay; expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, proapoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3 as well as the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk was estimated by western blotting. The results of the present study demonstrated that FK18 effectively increased the viability of, and attenuated glutamate-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, FK18 significantly increased Akt phosphorylation and decreased Erk phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells. FK18 also increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and decreased the level of cleaved-caspase-3 in SY5Y cells, which was reversed by the Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002, but not by the Erk pathway inhibitor U0126. The findings of the present study suggested that FK18 may be a promising therapeutic agent for the inhibition of neuronal cell death in multiple neurological diseases involving excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiangui He
- Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Chen H, Li X, Ma H, Zheng W, Shen X. Reduction in Nesfatin-1 Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Increased Nigrostriatal Degeneration Following Ventricular Administration of Anti-nesfatin-1 Antibody in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621173. [PMID: 33613183 PMCID: PMC7890421 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is one of several brain-gut peptides that have a close relationship with the central dopaminergic system. Our previous studies have shown that nesfatin-1 is capable of protecting nigral dopaminergic neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. A recent study also revealed a reduced blood level of nesfatin-1 in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The current study was designed to investigate whether reduced nesfatin-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induces nigrostriatal system degeneration. An intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) injection technique was used to administer anti-nesfatin-1 antibody directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed that ICV injection of anti-nesfatin-1 antibody into the lateral ventricle of the brain once daily for 2 weeks caused a significant reduction in nesfatin-1 levels in the CSF (93.1%). Treatment with anti-nesfatin-1 antibody resulted in a substantial loss (23%) of TH-positive (TH+) dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as shown by immunofluorescence staining, a depletion in dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and obvious nuclear shrinkage and mitochondrial lesions in dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, the results from our Western blot and ELISA experiments demonstrated that anti-nesfatin-1 antibody injection induced an upregulation of caspase-3 activation, increased the expression of p-ERK, and elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the SNpc. Taken together, these observations suggest that reduced nesfatin-1 in the brain may induce nigrostriatal dopaminergic system degeneration; this effect may be mediated via mitochondrial dysfunction-related apoptosis. Our data support a role of nesfatin-1 in maintaining the normal physiological function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical School of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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23
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Zhang Y, Gliyazova NS, Li PA, Ibeanu G. Phenoxythiophene sulfonamide compound B355252 protects neuronal cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by attenuating mitochondrial fission and the nuclear translocation of AIF. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 33603830 PMCID: PMC7851598 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate neurotoxicity has been implicated in the initiation and progression of various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to develop therapeutics for the treatment of patients with these devastating diseases. Mitochondrial fission plays an import role in the mediation of cell death and survival. The objective of the present study was to determine whether B355252, a phenoxythiophene sulfonamide derivative, reduces glutamate-induced cell death by inhibiting mitochondrial fission and the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in glutamate-challenged HT22 neuronal cells. The results revealed that glutamate treatment led to large increases in the mitochondrial levels of the major fission proteins dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1), but only small elevations in the fusion proteins mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1). In addition, glutamate toxicity disrupted mitochondrial reticular networks and increased the translocation of AIF to the nucleus. Pretreatment with B35525 reduced glutamate-induced cell death and prevented the increases in the protein levels of Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1/2 and Opa1 in the mitochondrial fraction. More importantly, the architecture of the mitochondria was protected and nuclear translocation of AIF was completely inhibited by B35525. These findings suggest that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is central to the neuroprotective properties of B355252, and presents an attractive opportunity for potential development as a therapy for neurodegenerative disorders associated with mitochondria dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Nailya S Gliyazova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Gordon Ibeanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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24
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Protective Effect of Ferulic Acid against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010090. [PMID: 33379243 PMCID: PMC7795901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic Acid (FA) is a highly abundant phenolic phytochemical which is present in plant tissues. FA has biological effects on physiological and pathological processes due to its anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties, however, the detailed mechanism(s) of function is poorly understood. We have identified FA as a molecule that inhibits apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or actinomycin D (ActD) in rat pheochromocytoma, PC12 cell. We also found that FA reduces H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in PC12 cell, thereby acting as an anti-oxidant. Then, we analyzed FA-mediated signaling responses in rat pheochromocytoma, PC12 cells using antibody arrays for phosphokinase and apoptosis related proteins. This FA signaling pathway in PC12 cells includes inactivation of pro-apoptotic proteins, SMAC/Diablo and Bad. In addition, FA attenuates the cell injury by H2O2 through the inhibition of phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Importantly, we find that FA restores expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key neuroprotective effector, in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. As a possible mechanism, FA increases BDNF by regulating microRNA-10b expression following H2O2 stimulation. Taken together, FA has broad biological effects as a neuroprotective modulator to regulate the expression of phosphokinases, apoptosis-related proteins and microRNAs against oxidative stress in PC12 cells.
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25
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Protective Effects of Active Compounds from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix against Glutamate-Induced HT-22 Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Death. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8080914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered one of the factors that cause dysfunction and damage of neurons, causing diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD).Recently, natural antioxidant sources have emerged as one of the main research areas for the discovery of potential neuroprotectants that can be used to treat neurological diseases. In this research, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of a 70% ethanol Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix (SMR) extract and five of its constituent compounds (tanshinone IIA, caffeic acid, salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid, and salvianic acid A) in HT-22 hippocampal cells. The experimental data showed that most samples were effective in attenuating the cytotoxicity caused by glutamate in HT-22 cells, except for rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. Of the compounds tested, tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) exerted the strongest effect in protecting HT-22 cells against glutamate neurotoxin. Treatment with 400 nM TS-IIA restored HT-22 cell viability almost completely. TS-IIA prevented glutamate-induced oxytosis by abating the accumulation of calcium influx, reactive oxygen species, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Moreover, TS-IIA inhibited glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by reducing the activation and phosphorylation of p53, as well as by stimulating Akt expression. This research suggested that TS-IIA is a potential neuroprotective component of SMR, with the ability to protect against neuronal cell death induced by excessive amounts of glutamate.
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26
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Gil-Martinez AL, Cuenca-Bermejo L, Gallo-Soljancic P, Sanchez-Rodrigo C, Izura V, Steinbusch HWM, Fernandez-Villalba E, Herrero MT. Study of the Link Between Neuronal Death, Glial Response, and MAPK Pathway in Old Parkinsonian Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:214. [PMID: 32848701 PMCID: PMC7403503 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is described as an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. However, the vast majority of research is carried out using experimental models of young animals lacking the implications of the decline processes associated with aging. It has been suggested that several molecular pathways are involved in the perpetuation of the degeneration and the neuroinflammation in PD. Among others, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been highly implicated in the development of PD, and regulating components of their activity are indicated as promising therapeutic targets. Methods: To further define how MAPKs expression is related to the glial response and neuronal cell death, Parkinsonism was induced under an acute regimen in old mice. Moreover, the sacrifice was carried out at different time points (4, 8, 24, and 48 h) after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP) injections to describe the early dynamic changes over time produced by the intoxication. Results: The results revealed that neuronal death increases as glial response increases in the nigrostriatal pathway. It was observed that both processes increase from 4 h in the ventral mesencephalon (VM), and neuronal death becomes significant at 48 h. In the striatum, they were significantly increased from 48 h after the MPTP administration compared with that in the control mice. Moreover, the p-ERK levels decrease, while phospho-p38 expression increases specifically in the striatum at 48 h after MPTP intoxication. Conclusions: The importance of these data lies in the possibility of elucidating the underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes under aging conditions to provide knowledge for the search of solutions that slow down the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Gil-Martinez
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lorena Cuenca-Bermejo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Gallo-Soljancic
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sanchez-Rodrigo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Izura
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emiliano Fernandez-Villalba
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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27
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Devoto C, Lai C, Qu BX, Guedes VA, Leete J, Wilde E, Walker WC, Diaz-Arrastia R, Kenney K, Gill J. Exosomal MicroRNAs in Military Personnel with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Results from the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Biomarker Discovery Project. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2482-2492. [PMID: 32458732 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are common among veterans and service members, and represent a significant source of morbidity, with those who sustain multiple mTBIs at greatest risk. Exosomal micro-RNAs (miRNAs), mediators of intercellular communication, may be involved in chronic TBI symptom persistence. Exosomal miRNA (exomiR) was extracted from 153 participants enrolled in the Chronic Effect of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC) longitudinal study (no TBI, n = 35; ≥ 3 mTBIs (rTBI), n = 45; 1-2 mTBIs, n = 73). Analyses were performed with nCounter® Human miRNA Expression Panels and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for identification of gene networks associated with TBI. Generalized linear models were used to analyze the predictive value of exomiR dysregulation and remote neurobehavioral symptoms. Compared with controls, there were 17 dysregulated exomiRs in the entire mTBI group and 32 dysregulated exomiRs in the rTBI group. Two miRNAs, hsa-miR-139-5p and hsa-miR-18a-5p, were significantly differentially expressed in the rTBI and 1-2 mTBI groups. IPA analyses showed that these dysregulated exomiRs correlated with pathways of inflammatory regulation, neurological disease, and cell development. Within the rTBI group, exomiRs correlated with gene activity for hub-genes of tumor protein TP53, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and transforming growth factor beta. TBI history and neurobehavioral symptom survey scores negatively and significantly correlated with hsa-miR-103a-3p expression. Participants with remote mTBI have distinct exomiR profiles, which are significantly linked to inflammatory and neuronal repair pathways. These profiles suggest that analysis of exosomal miRNA expression may provide novel insights into the underlying pathobiology of chronic TBI symptom persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Devoto
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen Lai
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bao-Xi Qu
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,CENC Biorepository, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Twinbrook, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacqueline Leete
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisabeth Wilde
- CENC Imaging Core, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William C Walker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimbra Kenney
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,CENC Biorepository, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Twinbrook, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- Tissue Injury Branch, National Institutes of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Yang JR, Ren TT, Lan R, Qin XY. Tea polyphenols attenuate staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by modulating BDNF-TrkB/Akt and Erk1/2 signaling axis in hippocampal neurons. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:115-121. [PMID: 32373755 PMCID: PMC7193097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea polyphenols (TP) are the major ingredients in tea beverages that display health-benefits including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, attenuating blood pressure and deflating. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of TP to attenuate staurosporine (STS)-induced cytotoxicity. Rat hippocampal neurons were isolated, cultured and incubated with STS to induce neurite collapse and apoptosis, however, the medication of TP eliminated these adverse effects and maintained the morphology of neurons. STS decreased the expression of pro-BDNF, downregulated the TrkB/Akt/Bcl-2 signaling axis and promoted the activation of Erk1/2 and caspase-3. In contrast, TP rescued the expression of pro-BDNF and antagonistically restored the biochemistry of aforementioned signaling effectors. Consistently, the activity of TP can be attenuated by the inhibition of TrkB or Akt by small chemicals K252a and LY294002. Therefore, BDNF-TrkB and Akt signaling axis is essential for TP-mediated neuroprotective effects. In summary, TP showed beneficial effects to protect neurons from exogenous insults such as STS-induced neural cytotoxicity and cell death.
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Key Words
- EC, (-)-epicatechin
- ECG, (-)-epigallocatechin
- EGC, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate
- EGCG, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate
- Erk1/2
- K252a
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- LY, LY294002
- LY294002
- MAP2
- MAP2, microtubule associated protein 2
- PD98059
- STS, staurosporine
- Staurosporine
- TP, tea polyphenols
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong Yang
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Teng-Teng Ren
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rongfeng Lan
- Department of Cell Biology & Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qin
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
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29
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Ratan RR. The Chemical Biology of Ferroptosis in the Central Nervous System. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:479-498. [PMID: 32243811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five decades, thanatology has come to include the study of how individual cells in our bodies die appropriately and inappropriately in response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Morphological and biochemical criteria have been painstakingly established to create clarity around definitions of distinct types of cell death and mechanisms for their activation. Among these, ferroptosis has emerged as a unique, oxidative stress-induced cell death pathway with implications for diseases as diverse as traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, renal ischemia, and heat stress in plants. In this review, I highlight some of the formative studies that fostered its recognition in the nervous system and describe how chemical biological tools have been essential in defining events necessary for its execution. Finally, I discuss emerging opportunities for antiferroptotic agents as therapeutic agents in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke Neurological Institute at Weill Cornell Medicine, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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30
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Understanding MAPK Signaling Pathways in Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072346. [PMID: 32231094 PMCID: PMC7177758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as apoptosis, MAPKs have a dual role since they can act as activators or inhibitors, depending on the cell type and the stimulus. In this review, we present the main pro- and anti-apoptotic mechanisms regulated by MAPKs, as well as the crosstalk observed between some MAPKs. We also describe the basic signaling properties of MAPKs (ultrasensitivity, hysteresis, digital response), and the presence of different positive feedback loops in apoptosis. We provide a simple guide to predict MAPKs’ behavior, based on the intensity and duration of the stimulus. Finally, we consider the role of MAPKs in osmostress-induced apoptosis by using Xenopus oocytes as a cell model. As we will see, apoptosis is plagued with multiple positive feedback loops. We hope this review will help to understand how MAPK signaling pathways engage irreversible cellular decisions.
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31
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CEPO (carbamylated erythropoietin)-Fc protects hippocampal cells in culture against beta amyloid-induced apoptosis: considering Akt/GSK-3β and ERK signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2097-2108. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Hydrogen Gas Attenuates Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury via Regulation of the MAPK/HO-1/PGC-1a Pathway in Neonatal Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6978784. [PMID: 32104537 PMCID: PMC7040418 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6978784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of death in neonates with no effective treatments. Recent advancements in hydrogen (H2) gas offer a promising therapeutic approach for ischemia reperfusion injury; however, the impact of this approach for HIE remains a subject of debate. We assessed the therapeutic effects of H2 gas on HIE and the underlying molecular mechanisms in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI). H2 inhalation significantly attenuated neuronal injury and effectively improved early neurological outcomes in neonatal HIBI rats as well as learning and memory in adults. This protective effect was associated with initiation time and duration of sustained H2 inhalation. Furthermore, H2 inhalation reduced the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and caspase-3 while promoting the expression of Bcl-2, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). H2 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and dephosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Inhibitors of MAPKs blocked H2-induced HO-1 expression. HO-1 small interfering RNA decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and reversed the protectivity of H2 against OGD/R-induced cell death. These findings suggest that H2 augments cellular antioxidant defense capacity through activation of MAPK signaling pathways, leading to HO-1 expression and subsequent upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT-1 expression. Thus, upregulation protects NGF-differentiated PC12 cells from OGD/R-induced oxidative cytotoxicity. In conclusion, H2 inhalation exerted protective effects on neonatal rats with HIBI. Early initiation and prolonged H2 inhalation had better protective effects on HIBI. These effects of H2 may be related to antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory responses. HO-1 plays an important role in H2-mediated protection through the MAPK/HO-1/PGC-1α pathway. Our results support further assessment of H2 as a potential therapeutic for neurological conditions in which oxidative stress and apoptosis are implicated.
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33
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Cr(VI) induces ROS-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in neuronal cells via the activation of Akt/ERK/AMPK signaling pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104795. [PMID: 32061800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a well-known toxic industrial and environmental pollutant, has been shown to cause serious toxic and health effects. However, limited information is available on Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxic potential, with the underlying toxicological mechanisms remain mostly unclear. The present study demonstrated that the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway was involved in Cr(VI)-induced SH-SY5Y cell (the human neuroblastoma cell line) death, which was accompanied by the appearance of cell shrinkage, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase cascades and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Cr(VI) treatment also increased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively attenuated ROS production and reversed these Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic responses. Furthermore, exposure to Cr(VI) significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α. NAC and the pharmacological inhibitor of Akt (LY294002), ERK1/2 (PD980590), and AMPKα (Compound C) markedly abrogated the Cr(VI)-induced activation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα signal, respectively, with the concomitant inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. Additionally, all these inhibitors suppressed Cr(VI)-induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα and of each other. Collectively, these results suggest that Cr(VI) exerts its cytotoxicity on neuronal cells by inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the interdependent activation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα, which are mainly mediated by ROS generation.
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34
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Algae Oil Treatment Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) via ERK Signaling Pathway in Experimental Optic Nerve Ischemia. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020083. [PMID: 32012745 PMCID: PMC7074556 DOI: 10.3390/md18020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We investigated the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of algae oil (ALG) to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Methods: Rats were daily gavaged with ALG after rAION induction for seven days. The therapeutic effects of ALG on rAION were evaluated using flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs), retrograde labeling of RGCs, TUNEL assay of the retina, and ED1 staining of optic nerves (ONs). The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1β, TNF-α, Cl-caspase-3, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and p-ERK were analyzed by using western blots. Results: Protection of visual function in FVEPs amplitude was noted, with a better preservation of the P1–N2 amplitude in the ALG-treated group (p = 0.032) than in the rAION group. The density of RGCs was 2.4-fold higher in the ALG-treated group compared to that in the rAION group (p < 0.0001). The number of ED1-positive cells in ONs was significantly reduced 4.1-fold in the ALG-treated group compared to those in the rAION group (p = 0.029). The number of apoptotic RGCs was 3.2-fold lower in number in the ALG-treated group (p = 0.001) than that in the rAION group. The ALG treatment inhibited ERK activation to reduce the levels of iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, and Cl-caspase-3 and to increase the level of CNTF in the rAION model. Conclusion: The treatment with ALG after rAION induction inhibits ERK activation to provide both anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in rAION.
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Cai H, Han B, Hu Y, Zhao X, He Z, Chen X, Sun H, Yuan J, Li Y, Yang X, Kong W, Kong WJ. Metformin attenuates the D‑galactose‑induced aging process via the UPR through the AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:715-730. [PMID: 31922237 PMCID: PMC7015132 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age‑related hearing loss, also termed central presbycusis, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease; it is a devastating disorder that severely affects the quality of life of elderly individuals. Substantial evidence has indicated that oxidative stress and associated protein folding dysfunction have a marked influence on neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to cells to investigate whether metformin protects against age‑related pathologies and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms; specifically, we focused on the role of unfolded protein response (UPR) via the AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. For this purpose, the biguanide compound, metformin, a medication widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was administered to rats in a model of mimetic aging. In addition, senescent PC12 were treated with metformin. Although it has been well established that UPR signaling is activated in response to cellular stress and is associated with the pathogenesis of neuronal deterioration, the detailed functions of the UPR in the auditory cortex remain unclear. We found that metformin treatment markedly affected the UPR and the AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and maintained the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold during the aging process. The results indicated that the regulation of the UPR and AMPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway by metformin significantly attenuated hearing loss, cell apoptosis and age‑related neurodegeneration. Reversing these harmful effects through the use of metformin suggests its involvement in restoring the antioxidant status and protein homeostasis related to the underlying pathology of presbycusis. The findings of this study may provide a better approach for the treatment of age‑related neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Baoai Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zuhong He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xubo Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wen Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Jia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Neuroprotective Effects of Tetrahydrocurcumin against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hippocampal HT22 Cells. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010144. [PMID: 31905820 PMCID: PMC6983265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, glutamate is a major excitable neurotransmitter responsible for many cellular functions. However, excessive levels of glutamate induce neuronal cell death via oxidative stress during acute brain injuries as well as chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), a major secondary metabolite of curcumin, and its possible mechanism against glutamate-induced cell death. We prepared THC using curcumin isolated from Curcuma longa (turmeric) and demonstrated the protective effect of THC against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in HT22 cells. THC abrogated glutamate-induced HT22 cell death and showed a strong antioxidant effect. THC also significantly reduced intracellular calcium ion increased by glutamate. Additionally, THC significantly reduced the accumulation of intracellular oxidative stress induced by glutamate. Furthermore, THC significantly diminished apoptotic cell death indicated by annexin V-positive in HT22 cells. Western blot analysis indicated that the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2, and p38 by glutamate was significantly diminished by treatment with THC. In conclusion, THC is a potent neuroprotectant against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death by inhibiting the accumulation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
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Lai TKY, Zhai D, Su P, Jiang A, Boychuk J, Liu F. The receptor-receptor interaction between mGluR1 receptor and NMDA receptor: a potential therapeutic target for protection against ischemic stroke. FASEB J 2019; 33:14423-14439. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence K. Y. Lai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dongxu Zhai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ping Su
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anlong Jiang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay Boychuk
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Zhang M, Wei S, Li R, Gao Y, Peng W, Wu C. Apoptosis Induction of Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Is an Important Molecular-Mechanism for Herbal Medicine along with its Active Components in Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120795. [PMID: 31795133 PMCID: PMC6995542 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a known chronic autoimmune disease can cause joint deformity and even loss of joint function. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), one of the main cell types in synovial tissues of RA patients, are key effector cells in the development of RA and are considered as promising therapeutic targets for treating RA. Herbal medicines are precious resources for finding novel agents for treating various diseases including RA. It is reported that induction of apoptosis in FLS is an important mechanism for the herbal medicines to treat RA. Consequently, this paper reviewed the current available references on pro-apoptotic effects of herbal medicines on FLS and summarized the related possible signal pathways. Taken together, the main related signal pathways are concluded as death receptors mediated apoptotic pathway, mitochondrial dependent apoptotic pathway, NF-κB mediated apoptotic pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediated apoptotic pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated apoptotic pathway, PI3K-Akt mediated apoptotic pathway, and other reported pathways such as janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signal pathway. Understanding the apoptosis induction pathways in FLS of these herbal medicines will not only help clear molecular mechanisms of herbal medicines for treating RA but also be beneficial for finding novel candidate therapeutic drugs from natural herbal medicines. Thus, we expect the present review will highlight the importance of herbal medicines and its components for treating RA via induction of apoptosis in FLS, and provide some directions for the future development of these mentioned herbal medicines as anti-RA drugs in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Shujun Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ruolan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-028-61801001 (W.P. & C.W.)
| | - Chunjie Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (Q.Z.); (J.L.); (M.Z.); (R.L.)
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-028-61801001 (W.P. & C.W.)
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Vitoux MA, Kessal K, Melik Parsadaniantz S, Claret M, Guerin C, Baudouin C, Brignole-Baudouin F, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Benzalkonium chloride-induced direct and indirect toxicity on corneal epithelial and trigeminal neuronal cells: proinflammatory and apoptotic responses in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2019; 319:74-84. [PMID: 31707104 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAK), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used as disinfecting agent as well as preservative in eye drops is known to induce toxic effects on the ocular surface with inflammation and corneal nerve damage leading to dry eye disease (DED) in the medium-to-long term. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the toxicity of a conditioned medium produced by corneal epithelial cells previously exposed to BAK (BAK-CM) on trigeminal neuronal cells. A human corneal epithelial (HCE) cell line was exposed to 5.10-3% BAK (i.e. 0.005% BAK) for 15 min and let recover for 5 h to prepare a BAK-CM. This BAK concentration is the lowest one found in eye drops. After this recovery period, BAK effect on HCE cells displayed cytotoxicity, morphological alteration, apoptosis, oxidative stress, ATP release, CCL2 and IL6 gene induction, as well as an increase in CCL2, IL-6 and MIF release. Next, a mouse trigeminal ganglion primary culture was exposed to the BAK-CM for 2 h, 4 h or 24 h. Whereas BAK-CM did not alter neuronal cell morphology, or induced neuronal cytotoxicity or oxidative stress, BAK-CM induced gene expression of Fos (neuronal activation marker), Atf3 (neuronal injury marker), Ccl2 and Il6 (inflammatory markers). Two and 4 h BAK-CM exposure promoted a neuronal damage (ATF-3, phospho-p38 increases; phospho-Stat3 decreases) while 24 h-BAK-CM exposure initiated a prosurvival pathway activation (phospho-p44/42, phospho-Akt increases; ATF-3, GADD153, active Caspase-3 decreases). In conclusion, this in vitro model, simulating paracrine mechanisms, represents an interesting tool to highlight the indirect toxic effects of BAK or any other xenobiotic on corneal trigeminal neurons and may help to better understand the cellular mechanisms that occur during DED pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Adrien Vitoux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU Foresight, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; HORUS PHARMA, F-06700 Saint-Laurent-du-Var, France
| | - Karima Kessal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU Foresight, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU Foresight, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, F-75012 Paris, France; Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, APHP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, IHU Foresight, Institut de la Vision, F-75012 Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, F-75012 Paris, France; Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
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Procyanidin B2 3″- O-gallate Isolated from Reynoutria elliptica Prevents Glutamate-Induced HT22 Cell Death by Blocking the Accumulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090412. [PMID: 31454978 PMCID: PMC6769555 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of MeOH extract and bioactive compounds obtained from Reynoutria elliptica seeds using HT22 cells from the murine hippocampal cell line as its underlying molecular basis, which has not yet been elucidated. Our study showed that the MeOH extract of R. elliptica seeds strongly protected HT22 cells from glutamate toxicity. To clarify the responsible compound for the neuroprotective effects, we took an interest in procyanidins of R. elliptica since procyanidins are known to exhibit high structural diversity and neuroprotective activity. To isolate the procyanidins efficiently, a phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract from R. elliptica seeds using the LC/MS-guided isolation approach was applied, and procyanidin B2 3″-O-gallate (1) was successfully isolated. The structure of 1 was elucidated by analyzing the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data and LC/MS analysis. The neuroprotective activities of 1 were thoroughly examined using HT22 cells. Compound 1 exhibited a strong antioxidant efficacy and blocked glutamate-mediated increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Furthermore, compound 1 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, which were increased by glutamate. These findings prove that the extract of R. elliptica seeds containing procyanidin B2 3″-O-gallate, which is a strong neuroprotective component, can be used as a functional food forattenuating and regulating neurological disorders.
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Cheng Z, Zhang T, Zheng J, Ding W, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhu L, Murray M, Zhou F. Betulinic acid derivatives can protect human Müller cells from glutamate-induced oxidative stress. Exp Cell Res 2019; 383:111509. [PMID: 31344390 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Müller cells are the predominant retinal glial cells. One of the key roles of Müller cells is in the uptake of the neurotransmitter glutamate and in its conversion to glutamine. Müller cell dysfunction due to oxidative stress elicited by high glutamate concentrations can lead to toxicity, which promote the pathogenesis of retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. This study investigated the anti-oxidant activity and mechanisms of betulinic acid (BA) and its derivatives in human Müller cells. Human MIO-M1 Müller cells were pre-treated in the presence or absence of BA, BE as well as their derivatives (named H3-H20) followed by incubation with glutamate. Cell viability was evaluated with the MTT and calcein-AM assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MIO-M1 cells was measured using CM-H2DCFDA and flow cytometry. The activation of cellular apoptosis and necrosis was analyzed with annexin V/PI staining and flow cytometry. The modulation of signaling pathways involved in glutamate-mediated cytotoxicity and ROS production was evaluated by immunoblotting. The BA derivatives H3, H5 and H7 exhibited minimal cytotoxicity and significant anti-oxidant activity. These compounds significantly suppressed ROS production and attenuated cellular necrosis elicited by glutamate-induced oxidative stress. The protective effects of H3, H5 and H7 in MIO-M1 cells were associated with the attenuation of Akt, Erk, and JNK signaling. The BA analogues H3, H5 and H7 are protective against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in human Müller cells, and elicit their actions by modulation of the Erk, Akt and JNK signaling pathways. These agents are potential candidate molecules for the prevention or treatment of human retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Cheng
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Jian Zheng
- Northeast Forestry University, Center for Bioactive Products/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Weimin Ding
- Harbin University of Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Center for Bioactive Products/Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yue Li
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharmacy, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Gao X, Li N, Zhang J. SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor, attenuates olfactory dysfunction by inhibiting OSN apoptosis in AR mice (activation and involvement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in olfactory sensory neuronal apoptosis of OVA-induced allergic rhinitis). Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01295. [PMID: 31041850 PMCID: PMC6577615 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway on olfactory mucosa function and apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in an allergic rhinitis (AR) mouse model. METHOD Fifty-five BALB/c mice were used to establish AR models by ovalbumin, and their olfactory function was confirmed by the buried food pellet test. Then, 28 mice with hyposmia were selected. SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor, and normal saline (NS) were injected into mice with olfactory defects. The olfactory function, apoptosis of OSNs in olfactory mucosa, and the expression of the olfaction marker protein (OMP), p38MAPK, and p-p38MAPK were detected after the intervention. RESULT SB203580 treatment significantly upregulated OMP expression and significantly improved the olfactory function of AR mice by reducing the percentage of apoptotic OSNs. In addition, SB203580 attenuated the activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION SB203580 protected olfactory function in an AR mouse model. This protective effect may be associated with the antiapoptotic effects of SB203580 via the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Pérez-Sen R, Queipo MJ, Gil-Redondo JC, Ortega F, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Miras-Portugal MT, Delicado EG. Dual-Specificity Phosphatase Regulation in Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081999. [PMID: 31018603 PMCID: PMC6514851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity protein phosphatases comprise a protein phosphatase subfamily with selectivity towards mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, also named MKPs, or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases. As powerful regulators of the intensity and duration of MAPK signaling, a relevant role is envisioned for dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs) in the regulation of biological processes in the nervous system, such as differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and survival. Important neural mediators include nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that contribute to DUSP transcriptional induction and post-translational mechanisms of DUSP protein stabilization to maintain neuronal survival and differentiation. Potent DUSP gene inducers also include cannabinoids, which preserve DUSP activity in inflammatory conditions. Additionally, nucleotides activating P2X7 and P2Y13 nucleotide receptors behave as novel players in the regulation of DUSP function. They increase cell survival in stressful conditions, regulating DUSP protein turnover and inducing DUSP gene expression. In general terms, in the context of neural cells exposed to damaging conditions, the recovery of DUSP activity is neuroprotective and counteracts pro-apoptotic over-activation of p38 and JNK. In addition, remarkable changes in DUSP function take place during the onset of neuropathologies. The restoration of proper DUSP levels and recovery of MAPK homeostasis underlie the therapeutic effect, indicating that DUSPs can be relevant targets for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Queipo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Gil-Redondo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abbasnejad Z, Nasseri B, Zardooz H, Ghasemi R. Time-course study of high fat diet induced alterations in spatial memory, hippocampal JNK, P38, ERK and Akt activity. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:659-673. [PMID: 30552557 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of high fat diet (HFD) is a health concern in modern societies, which participate in wide range of diseases. One underlying mechanism in the HFD mediated pathologies is disruption of insulin signaling activity. It is believed that HFD activates several stress signaling molecules such as MAPKs signaling pathway and these molecules participate in harmful effects in different cell populations including hippocampal cells. However, the activity of MAPKs signaling molecules are time dependent, even causing some opposing effects. Given that, MAPKs activity fluctuate with time of stress, there is less cleared how different lengths of HFD consumption can affect hippocampal MAPK. To test how duration of HFD consumption affect hippocampal MAPKs and insulin signaling activity and animal's cognitive function, rats were fed with HFD for different lengths (up to 6 months) and after each point spatial memory performances of animals was tested, then the peripheral indices of insulin resistance and hippocampal MAPKs and insulin signaling activity was evaluated. Results showed that while different time courses of HFD, up to 6 months, did not bring about significant spatial memory impairment, meanwhile the peripheral insulin sensitivity as well as hippocampal insulin and MAPKs signaling showed significant fluctuations during the different time courses of high fat diet regime. These results showed that neuronal responses to HFD is not constant and differ in a time-dependent manner, it seems that in acute phase molecular responses aimed to compensate the HFD stress but in chronic states these responses failed and devastating effects of stress began.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abbasnejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Nasseri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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45
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Hurst EA, Pang LY, Argyle DJ. The selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor mavacoxib (Trocoxil) exerts anti-tumour effects in vitro independent of cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:194-207. [PMID: 30767381 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inducible inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) are prominent tumour promoters, and expression of COX-2 is elevated in a number of tumours of both humans and canines. Targeting COX-2 in cancer is an attractive option because of readily available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and there is a clear epidemiological link between NSAID use and cancer risk. In this study, we aim to establish the anti-tumourigenic effects of the selective, long-acting COX-2 inhibitor mavacoxib. We show here that mavacoxib is cytotoxic to a panel of human and canine osteosarcoma, mammary and bladder carcinoma cancer cell lines; that it can induce apoptosis and inhibit the migration of these cells. Interestingly, we establish that mavacoxib can exert these effects independently of elevated COX-2 expression. This study highlights the potential novel use of mavacoxib as a cancer therapeutic, suggesting that mavacoxib may be an effective anti-cancer agent independent of tumour COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Argyle
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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46
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Kang Y, Lee JH, Seo YH, Jang JH, Jeong CH, Lee S, Jeong GS, Park B. Epicatechin Prevents Methamphetamine-Induced Neuronal Cell Death via Inhibition of ER Stress. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:145-151. [PMID: 30514054 PMCID: PMC6430228 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) acts strongly on the nervous system and damages neurons and is known to cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds present in green tea, red wine and several fruits exhibit antioxidant properties that protect neurons from oxidative damage and promote neuronal survival. Especially, epicatechin (EC) is a powerful flavonoid with antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and antimutagenic effects as well as antioxidant effects. We therefore investigated whether EC could prevent METH-induced neurotoxicity using HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. EC reduced METH-induced cell death of HT22 cells. In addition, we observed that EC abrogated the activation of ERK, p38 and inhibited the expression of CHOP and DR4. EC also reduced METH-induced ROS accumulation and MMP. These results suggest that EC may protect HT22 hippocampal neurons against METH-induced cell death by reducing ER stress and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youra Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ha Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungduck Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Qi YH, Zhu R, Wang Q, Li Q, Liu YD, Qian ZY, Yang ZH, Mu ZH, Liu XJ, Zhang MY, Wang X, Liao XY, Wan Q, Lu D, Zou YY. Early intervention with gastrodin reduces striatal neurotoxicity in adult rats with experimentally‑induced diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3114-3122. [PMID: 30816461 PMCID: PMC6423552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in the striatum has an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. It has been reported that diabetes mellitus (DM) induces excitotoxicity in striatal neurons, although the underlying mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of gastrodin on DM-induced excitotoxicity in the striatal neurons of diabetic rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, diabetic, and gastrodin intervention groups. Diabetes in the rats was induced with a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). In the gastrodin groups, the rats were gavaged with 60 or 120 mg/kg/day gastrodin for 6 weeks, 3 weeks following the induction of diabetes. Pathological alterations in the striatum were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)1/2, tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrKB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the striatal neurons were evaluated by western blotting and double immunofluorescence. Additionally, the extracellular levels of glutamate were measured by microanalysis followed by high-pressure-liquid-chromatography. In diabetic rats, striatal neuronal degeneration was evident following H&E staining, which revealed the common occurrence of pyknotic nuclei. This was coupled with an increase in glutamate levels in the striatal tissues. The protein expression levels of p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, TrKB and BDNF in the striatal tissues were significantly increased in the diabetic rats compared with those in the normal rats. In the gastrodin groups, degeneration of the striatal neurons was ameliorated. Furthermore, the expression levels of glutamate, p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, TrKB and BDNF in the striatal neurons were decreased. From these findings, it was concluded that reduced neurotoxicity in striatal neurons following treatment with gastrodin may be attributed to its suppressive effects on the expression of p-ERK1/2, p-MEK1/2, BDNF and TrKB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Qi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Dan Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Kunming Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qian
- Department of Morphological Laboratory, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hao Mu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurosurgery of The Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Di Lu
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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Ratan RR. Does iron loading of oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases rather than random Fenton-driven radical formation drive programmed ferroptosis and degeneration in neurological diseases? CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rai SN, Dilnashin H, Birla H, Singh SS, Zahra W, Rathore AS, Singh BK, Singh SP. The Role of PI3K/Akt and ERK in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:775-795. [PMID: 30707354 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of Akt and Erk-mediated signal transduction significantly contributes in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's diseases, Huntington's disease, and many others. These regulatory proteins serve as the regulator of cell survival, motility, transcription, metabolism, and progression of the cell cycle. Therefore, targeting Akt and Erk pathway has been proposed as a reasonable approach to suppress ND progression. This review has emphasized on involvement of Akt/Erk cascade in the neurodegeneration. Akt has been reported to regulate neuronal toxicity through its various substrates like FOXos, GSK3β, and caspase-9 etc. Akt is also involved with PI3K in signaling pathway to mediate neuronal survival. ERK is another kinase which also regulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of the neural cell. There has also been much progress in developing a therapeutic molecule targeting Akt and Erk signaling. Therefore, improved understanding of the molecular mechanism behind the regulatory aspect of Akt and Erk networks can make strong impact on exploration of the neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.
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Key Words
- 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- HD, Huntington disease
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein-extracellular kinase
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
- NDs, neurodegenerative disorders
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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50
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Li P, Wang J, Wang X, Ding Q, Bai X, Zhang Y, Su D, Zhang W, Zhang W, Tang B. In situ visualization of ozone in the brains of mice with depression phenotypes by using a new near-infrared fluorescence probe. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2805-2810. [PMID: 30997001 PMCID: PMC6425856 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3), one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), is deeply involved in diseases including depression. However, the lack of appropriate in situ detection methods suitable for the complex biological context of brain impedes uncovering the exact relationship between depression and changes in the O3 level. Therefore, we developed a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (ACy7) for the direct visualization of O3 in mice brains. The specific cycloaddition reaction between O3 and the terminal double bond of the butenyl group extends the conjugation of the "pre-" heptamethine cyanine system, which emits NIR fluorescence of heptamethine cyanine. This makes the ACy7 specific, highly sensitive and able to deeply penetrate tissue. Using ACy7, we found that under glutamate stimulation, the O3 content in PC12 cells was significantly higher than that in control cells. By imaging analysis on the brains of mice, we revealed for the first time that the levels of O3 in mice with depression phenotypes were markedly higher than that in control mice. Intriguingly, experimental results unravelled that excess O3 promoted high expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), which ultimately induced depression phenotypes. Our work demonstrates the pivotal role of elevated O3 in depression and provides a fresh entry point for exploring oxidative stress contributing to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Jijuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Qi Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Xiaoyi Bai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Yandi Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Di Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes , Ministry of Education , Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong , Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , People's Republic of China .
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