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Walweel N, Aydin O. Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy in Cancer Treatment: Integrating Nanomedicine with Autophagy Inhibition Strategies. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27832-27852. [PMID: 38973850 PMCID: PMC11223161 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The complicated stepwise lysosomal degradation process known as autophagy is in charge of destroying and eliminating damaged organelles and defective cytoplasmic components. This mechanism promotes metabolic adaptability and nutrition recycling. Autophagy functions as a quality control mechanism in cells that support homeostasis and redox balance under normal circumstances. However, the role of autophagy in cancer is controversial because, mostly depending on the stage of the tumor, it may either suppress or support the disease. While autophagy delays the onset of tumors and slows the dissemination of cancer in the early stages of tumorigenesis, numerous studies demonstrate that autophagy promotes the development and spread of tumors as well as the evolution and development of resistance to several anticancer drugs in advanced cancer stages. In this Review, we primarily emphasize the therapeutic role of autophagy inhibition in improving the treatment of multiple cancers and give a broad overview of how its inhibition modulates cancer responses. There have been various attempts to inhibit autophagy, including the use of autophagy inhibitor drugs, gene silencing therapy (RNA interference), and nanoparticles. In this Review, all these topics are thoroughly covered and illustrated by recent studies and field investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Walweel
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- NanoThera
Lab, ERFARMA-Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
| | - Omer Aydin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- NanoThera
Lab, ERFARMA-Drug Application and Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology
Research and Application Center, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- ERKAM-Clinical-Engineering
Research and Implementation Center, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38030, Turkey
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2
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Lenzi P, Lazzeri G, Ferrucci M, Busceti CL, Puglisi-Allegra S, Fornai F. In situ stoichiometry amounts of p62 and poly-ubiquitin exceed the increase of alpha-synuclein during degeneration of catecholamine cells induced by autophagy inhibition in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02795-x. [PMID: 38890195 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are typically featured by the occurrence of neuronal inclusions. In the case of Parkinson's disease (PD) these correspond to Lewy bodies (LBs), which are routinely defined as proteinaceous inclusions composed of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). In turn, alpha-syn is considered to be the key protein in producing PD and fostering its progression. Recent studies challenged such a concept and emphasized the occurrence of other proteins such as p62 and poly-ubiquitin (Poly-ub) in the composition of LBs, which are also composed of large amounts of tubulo-vesicular structures. All these components, which accumulate within the cytosol of affected neurons in PD, may be the consequence of a dysfunction of major clearing pathways. In fact, autophagy-related systems are constantly impaired in inherited PD and genetic models of PD. The present study was designed to validate whether a pharmacological inhibition of autophagy within catecholamine cells produces cell damage and accumulation of specific proteins and tubulo-vesicular structures. The stoichiometry counts of single proteins, which accumulate within catecholamine neurons was carried out along with the area of tubulo-vesicular structures. In these experimental conditions p62 and Poly-ub accumulation exceeded at large the amounts of alpha-syn. In those areas where Poly-ub and p62 were highly expressed, tubulo-vesicular structures were highly represented compared with surrounding cytosol. The present study confirms new vistas about LBs composition and lends substance to the scenario that autophagy inhibition rather than a single protein dysfunction as key determinant of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lenzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Lazzeri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carla Letizia Busceti
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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3
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Inukai R, Mori K, Maki M, Takahara T, Shibata H. Cytoprotective Role of Autophagy in CDIP1 Expression-Induced Apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6520. [PMID: 38928226 PMCID: PMC11203953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death-inducing p53-target protein 1 (CDIP1) is a proapoptotic protein that is normally expressed at low levels and is upregulated by genotoxic and endoplasmic reticulum stresses. CDIP1 has been reported to be localized to endosomes and to interact with several proteins, including B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) and apoptosis-linked gene 2 (ALG-2). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CDIP1 expression-induced apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, we first demonstrated that CDIP1 was upregulated after treatment with the anticancer drug adriamycin in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells but was degraded rapidly in the lysosomal pathway. We also demonstrated that treatment with the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) inhibitor roscovitine led to an increase in the electrophoretic mobility of CDIP1. In addition, a phosphomimetic mutation at Ser-32 in CDIP1 resulted in an increase in CDIP1 expression-induced apoptosis. We also found that CDIP1 expression led to the induction of autophagy prior to apoptosis. Treatment of cells expressing CDIP1 with SAR405, an inhibitor of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase VPS34, caused a reduction in autophagy and promoted apoptosis. Therefore, autophagy is thought to be a defense mechanism against CDIP1 expression-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hideki Shibata
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (R.I.); (K.M.); (M.M.); (T.T.)
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4
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Zeng W, Li C, Wu R, Yang X, Wang Q, Lin B, Wei Y, Li H, Shan G, Qu L, Cang C. Optogenetic manipulation of lysosomal physiology and autophagy-dependent clearance of amyloid beta. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002591. [PMID: 38652732 PMCID: PMC11068202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are degradation centers of cells and intracellular hubs of signal transduction, nutrient sensing, and autophagy regulation. Dysfunction of lysosomes contributes to a variety of diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) and neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Altering lysosomal activity and examining its impact on the occurrence and development of disease is an important strategy for studying lysosome-related diseases. However, methods to dynamically regulate lysosomal function in living cells or animals are still lacking. Here, we constructed lysosome-localized optogenetic actuators, named lyso-NpHR3.0, lyso-ArchT, and lyso-ChR2, to achieve optogenetic manipulation of lysosomes. These new actuators enable light-dependent control of lysosomal membrane potential, pH, hydrolase activity, degradation, and Ca2+ dynamics in living cells. Notably, lyso-ChR2 activation induces autophagy through the mTOR pathway, promotes Aβ clearance in an autophagy-dependent manner in cellular models, and alleviates Aβ-induced paralysis in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. Our lysosomal optogenetic actuators supplement the optogenetic toolbox and provide a method to dynamically regulate lysosomal physiology and function in living cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zeng
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Canjun Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruikun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xingguo Yang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bingqian Lin
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanan Wei
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ge Shan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lili Qu
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunlei Cang
- Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Roberts BS, Mitra D, Abishek S, Beher R, Satpute-Krishnan P. The p24-family and COPII subunit SEC24C facilitate the clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin Z from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar45. [PMID: 38294851 PMCID: PMC10916869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of the alpha-1-antitrypsin misfolding Z mutant (ATZ) is cleared from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via an ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathway. Here, we report that the COPII subunit SEC24C and the p24-family of proteins facilitate the clearance of ATZ via ERLAD. In addition to the previously reported ERLAD components calnexin and FAM134B, we discovered that ATZ coimmunoprecipitates with the p24-family members TMP21 and TMED9. This contrasts with wild type alpha1-antitrypsin, which did not coimmunoprecipitate with FAM134B, calnexin or the p24-family members. Live-cell imaging revealed that ATZ and the p24-family members traffic together from the ER to lysosomes. Using chemical inhibitors to block ER exit or autophagy, we demonstrated that p24-family members and ATZ co-accumulate at SEC24C marked ER-exit sites or in ER-derived compartments, respectively. Furthermore, depletion of SEC24C, TMP21, or TMED9 inhibited lysosomal trafficking of ATZ and resulted in the increase of intracellular ATZ levels. Conversely, overexpression of these p24-family members resulted in the reduction of ATZ levels. Intriguingly, the p24-family members coimmunoprecipitate with ATZ, FAM134B, and SEC24C. Thus, we propose a model in which the p24-family functions in an adaptor complex linking SEC24C with the ERLAD machinery for the clearance of ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debashree Mitra
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Sudhanshu Abishek
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Richa Beher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Yurube T, Buchser WJ, Zhang Z, Silwal P, Lotze MT, Kang JD, Sowa GA, Vo NV. Rapamycin mitigates inflammation-mediated disc matrix homeostatic imbalance by inhibiting mTORC1 and inducing autophagy through Akt activation. JOR Spine 2024; 7:e1303. [PMID: 38222800 PMCID: PMC10782056 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain is a global health problem that originated mainly from intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Autophagy, negatively regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, prevents metabolic and degenerative diseases by removing and recycling damaged cellular components. Despite growing evidence that autophagy occurs in the intervertebral disc, the regulation of disc cellular autophagy is still poorly understood. Methods Annulus fibrosus (rAF) cell cultures derived from healthy female rabbit discs were used to test the effect of autophagy inhibition or activation on disc cell fate and matrix homeostasis. Specifically, different chemical inhibitors including rapamycin, 3-methyladenine, MK-2206, and PP242 were used to modulate activities of different proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to assess IL-1β-induced cellular senescence, apoptosis, and matrix homeostasis in rAF cells grown under nutrient-poor culture condition. Results Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), reduced the phosphorylation of mTOR and its effector p70/S6K in rAF cell cultures. Rapamycin also induced autophagic flux as measured by increased expression of key autophagy markers, including LC3 puncta number, LC3-II expression, and cytoplasmic HMGB1 intensity and decreased p62/SQSTM1 expression. As expected, IL-1β stimulation promoted rAF cellular senescence, apoptosis, and matrix homeostatic imbalance with enhanced aggrecanolysis and MMP-3 and MMP-13 expression. Rapamycin treatment effectively mitigated IL-1β-mediated inflammatory stress changes, but these alleviating effects of rapamycin were abrogated by chemical inhibition of Akt and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). Conclusions These findings suggest that rapamycin blunts adverse effects of inflammation on disc cells by inhibiting mTORC1 to induce autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway that is dependent on Akt and mTORC2 activities. Hence, our findings identify autophagy, rapamycin, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling as potential therapeutic targets for IDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yurube
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - William J. Buchser
- Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zhongying Zhang
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Damage Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hillman Cancer CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - James D. Kang
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, School of MedicineHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gwendolyn A. Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nam V. Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Cancer, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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7
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Pareek G, Kundu M. Physiological functions of ULK1/2. J Mol Biol 2024:168472. [PMID: 38311233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
UNC-51-like kinases 1 and 2 (ULK1/2) are serine/threonine kinases that are best known for their evolutionarily conserved role in the autophagy pathway. Upon sensing the nutrient status of a cell, ULK1/2 integrate signals from upstream cellular energy sensors such as mTOR and AMPK and relay them to the downstream components of the autophagy machinery. ULK1/2 also play indispensable roles in the selective autophagy pathway, removing damaged mitochondria, invading pathogens, and toxic protein aggregates. Additional functions of ULK1/2 have emerged beyond autophagy, including roles in protein trafficking, RNP granule dynamics, and signaling events impacting innate immunity, axon guidance, cellular homeostasis, and cell fate. Therefore, it is no surprise that alterations in ULK1/2 expression and activity have been linked with pathophysiological processes, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Growing evidence suggests that ULK1/2 function as biological rheostats, tuning cellular functions to intra and extra-cellular cues. Given their broad physiological relevance, ULK1/2 are candidate targets for small molecule activators or inhibitors that may pave the way for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Pareek
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mondira Kundu
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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8
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Yen CC, Hsu CM, Jiang PL, Jauh GY. Dynamic organelle changes and autophagic processes in lily pollen germination. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:5. [PMID: 38273136 PMCID: PMC10811312 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a crucial process in the life cycle of flowering plants, signifying the transition of quiescent pollen grains into active growth. This study delves into the dynamic changes within organelles and the pivotal role of autophagy during lily pollen germination. Initially, mature pollen grains harbor undifferentiated organelles, including amyloplasts, mitochondria, and the Golgi apparatus. However, germination unveils remarkable transformations, such as the redifferentiation of amyloplasts accompanied by starch granule accumulation. We investigate the self-sustained nature of amylogenesis during germination, shedding light on its association with osmotic pressure. Employing BODIPY 493/503 staining, we tracked lipid body distribution throughout pollen germination, both with or without autophagy inhibitors (3-MA, NEM). Typically, lipid bodies undergo polarized movement from pollen grains into elongating pollen tubes, a process crucial for directional growth. Inhibiting autophagy disrupted this essential lipid body redistribution, underscoring the interaction between autophagy and lipid body dynamics. Notably, the presence of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like structures associated with developing amyloplasts and lipid bodies implies their participation in autophagy. Starch granules, lipid bodies, and membrane remnants observed within vacuoles further reinforce the involvement of autophagic processes. Among the autophagy inhibitors, particularly BFA, significantly impede germination and growth, thereby affecting Golgi morphology. Immunogold labeling substantiates the pivotal role of the ER in forming autophagosome-like compartments and protein localization. Our proposed speculative model of pollen germination encompasses proplastid differentiation and autophagosome formation. This study advances our understanding of organelle dynamics and autophagy during pollen germination, providing valuable insights into the realm of plant reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Yen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Mei Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Luen Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Huwei Township, Yulin County, Taiwan.
| | - Guang-Yuh Jauh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences, International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Han M, Li S, Fan H, An J, Peng C, Peng F. Regulated cell death in glioma: promising targets for natural small-molecule compounds. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1273841. [PMID: 38304870 PMCID: PMC10830839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1273841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are prevalent malignant tumors in adults, which can be categorized as either localized or diffuse gliomas. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and deadliest form of glioma. Currently, there is no complete cure, and the median survival time is less than one year. The main mechanism of regulated cell death involves organisms coordinating the elimination of damaged cells at risk of tumor transformation or cells hijacked by microorganisms for pathogen replication. This process includes apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, parthanayosis, entosis, lysosome-dependent death, NETosis, oxiptosis, alkaliptosis, and disulfidaptosis. The main goal of clinical oncology is to develop therapies that promote the effective elimination of cancer cells by regulating cell death are the main goal of clinical oncology. Recently, scientists have utilized pertinent regulatory factors and natural small-molecule compounds to induce regulated cell death for the treatment of gliomas. By analyzing the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this paper reviews the research progress on the regulation of cell death and the role of natural small-molecule compounds in glioma. The aim is to provide help for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sui Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huali Fan
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junsha An
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Liénard C, Pintart A, Bomont P. Neuronal Autophagy: Regulations and Implications in Health and Disease. Cells 2024; 13:103. [PMID: 38201307 PMCID: PMC10778363 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradative pathway that plays a key role in sustaining cell homeostasis, integrity, and physiological functions. Macroautophagy, which ensures the clearance of cytoplasmic components engulfed in a double-membrane autophagosome that fuses with lysosomes, is orchestrated by a complex cascade of events. Autophagy has a particularly strong impact on the nervous system, and mutations in core components cause numerous neurological diseases. We first review the regulation of autophagy, from autophagosome biogenesis to lysosomal degradation and associated neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative disorders. We then describe how this process is specifically regulated in the axon and in the somatodendritic compartment and how it is altered in diseases. In particular, we present the neuronal specificities of autophagy, with the spatial control of autophagosome biogenesis, the close relationship of maturation with axonal transport, and the regulation by synaptic activity. Finally, we discuss the physiological functions of autophagy in the nervous system, during development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Liénard
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
- CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pintart
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Pascale Bomont
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
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11
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Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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12
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Dupont N, Claude-Taupin A, Codogno P. A historical perspective of macroautophagy regulation by biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:17-31. [PMID: 37777819 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway for intracellular macromolecules, protein aggregates, and organelles. The formation of the autophagosome, a double membrane-bound structure that sequesters cargoes before their delivery to the lysosome, is regulated by several stimuli in multicellular organisms. Pioneering studies in rat liver showed the importance of amino acids, insulin, and glucagon in controlling macroautophagy. Thereafter, many studies have deciphered the signaling pathways downstream of these biochemical stimuli to control autophagosome formation. Two signaling hubs have emerged: the kinase mTOR, in a complex at the surface of lysosomes which is sensitive to nutrients and hormones; and AMPK, which is sensitive to the cellular energetic status. Besides nutritional, hormonal, and energetic fluctuations, many organs have to respond to mechanical forces (compression, stretching, and shear stress). Recent studies have shown the importance of mechanotransduction in controlling macroautophagy. This regulation engages cell surface sensors, such as the primary cilium, in order to translate mechanical stimuli into biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dupont
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Aurore Claude-Taupin
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Cité, France
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13
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Gustafson DL, Viola LO, Towers CG, Das S, Duval DL, Van Eaton KM. Sensitivity of osteosarcoma cell lines to autophagy inhibition as determined by pharmacologic and genetic manipulation. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:726-738. [PMID: 37724007 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy can be achieved using lysosomotropic agents such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) that interfere with fusion of the autophagosome to the lysosome thus preventing completion of the recycling process. The goal of the present study is to determine the sensitivity of eight canine (cOSA) and four human (hOSA) osteosarcoma tumour cell lines to antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of lysosomal autophagy inhibitors, and to compare these results to the autophagy-dependence measured using a CRISPR/Cas9 live-cell imaging assay in OSA and other tumour cell lines. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic response to HCQ and Lys05 was determined using live cell imaging and YOYO-1 staining. CRISPR/Cas9 live cell imaging screen was done using species specific guide RNA's and transfection of reagents into cells. Response to autophagy core genes was compared to response to an essential (PCNA) and non-essential (FOXO3A) gene. cOSA and hOSA cell lines showed similar antiproliferative and cytotoxic responses to HCQ and Lys05 with median lethal dose (Dm ) values ranging from 4.6-15.8 μM and 2.1-5.1 μM for measures of anti-proliferative response, respectively. A relationship was observed between antiproliferative responses to HCQ and Lys05 and VPS34 CRISPR score with Dm values correlating with VPS34 response (r = 0.968 and 0.887) in a species independent manner. The results show that a subset of cOSA and hOSA cell lines are autophagy-dependent and sensitive to HCQ at pharmacologically-relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gustafson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lindsey O Viola
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sunetra Das
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dawn L Duval
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen M Van Eaton
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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14
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Deng C, Dong K, Liu Y, Chen K, Min C, Cao Z, Wu P, Luo G, Cheng G, Qing L, Tang J. Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote the survival of skin flaps after ischaemia-reperfusion injury via mTOR/ULK1/FUNDC1 pathways. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:340. [PMID: 37735391 PMCID: PMC10514998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Flap necrosis, the most prevalent postoperative complication of reconstructive surgery, is significantly associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Recent research indicates that exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) hold potential therapeutic applications in several diseases. Traditionally, BMSCs are cultured under normoxic conditions, a setting that diverges from their physiological hypoxic environment in vivo. Consequently, we propose a method involving the hypoxic preconditioning of BMSCs, aimed at exploring the function and the specific mechanisms of their exosomes in ischaemia-reperfusion skin flaps. This study constructed a 3 × 6 cm2 caudal superficial epigastric skin flap model and subjected it to ischaemic conditions for 6 h. Our findings reveal that exosomes from hypoxia-pretreated BMSCs significantly promoted flap survival, decrease MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in ischaemia-reperfusion injured flap, and reduce oxidative stress injury and apoptosis. Moreover, results indicated that Hypo-Exo provides protection to vascular endothelial cells from ischaemia-reperfusion injury both in vivo and in vitro. Through high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we further compared the differential miRNA expression profiles between Hypo-Exo and normoxic exosomes. Results display the enrichment of several pathways, including autophagy and mTOR. We have also elucidated a mechanism wherein Hypo-Exo promotes the survival of ischaemia-reperfusion injured flaps. This mechanism involves carrying large amounts of miR-421-3p, which target and regulate mTOR, thereby upregulating the expression of phosphorylated ULK1 and FUNDC1, and subsequently further activating autophagy. In summary, hypoxic preconditioning constitutes an effective and promising method for optimizing the therapeutic effects of BMSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of flap ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kangkang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuwei Min
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Panfeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gaojie Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gechang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liming Qing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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15
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Sporbeck K, Haas ML, Pastor-Maldonado CJ, Schüssele DS, Hunter C, Takacs Z, Diogo de Oliveira AL, Franz-Wachtel M, Charsou C, Pfisterer SG, Gubas A, Haller PK, Knorr RL, Kaulich M, Macek B, Eskelinen EL, Simonsen A, Proikas-Cezanne T. The ABL-MYC axis controls WIPI1-enhanced autophagy in lifespan extension. Commun Biol 2023; 6:872. [PMID: 37620393 PMCID: PMC10449903 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human WIPI β-propellers function as PI3P effectors in autophagy, with WIPI4 and WIPI3 being able to link autophagy control by AMPK and TORC1 to the formation of autophagosomes. WIPI1, instead, assists WIPI2 in efficiently recruiting the ATG16L1 complex at the nascent autophagosome, which in turn promotes lipidation of LC3/GABARAP and autophagosome maturation. However, the specific role of WIPI1 and its regulation are unknown. Here, we discovered the ABL-ERK-MYC signalling axis controlling WIPI1. As a result of this signalling, MYC binds to the WIPI1 promoter and represses WIPI1 gene expression. When ABL-ERK-MYC signalling is counteracted, increased WIPI1 gene expression enhances the formation of autophagic membranes capable of migrating through tunnelling nanotubes to neighbouring cells with low autophagic activity. ABL-regulated WIPI1 function is relevant to lifespan control, as ABL deficiency in C. elegans increased gene expression of the WIPI1 orthologue ATG-18 and prolonged lifespan in a manner dependent on ATG-18. We propose that WIPI1 acts as an enhancer of autophagy that is physiologically relevant for regulating the level of autophagic activity over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Sporbeck
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian L Haas
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen J Pastor-Maldonado
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David S Schüssele
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Hunter
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Takacs
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana L Diogo de Oliveira
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chara Charsou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon G Pfisterer
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Gubas
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patricia K Haller
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Biology, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Frontiers Initiative, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Manuel Kaulich
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Medical School, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Macek
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Proteome Center Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Fl-00790, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- International Max Planck Research School 'From Molecules to Organisms', Max Planck Institute for Biology and Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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16
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Bielawska M, Warszyńska M, Stefańska M, Błyszczuk P. Autophagy in Heart Failure: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:352. [PMID: 37623365 PMCID: PMC10456056 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a dynamic and complex process responsible for the clearance of damaged cellular components, plays a crucial role in maintaining myocardial homeostasis. In the context of heart failure, autophagy has been recognized as a response mechanism aimed at counteracting pathogenic processes and promoting cellular health. Its relevance has been underscored not only in various animal models, but also in the human heart. Extensive research efforts have been dedicated to understanding the significance of autophagy and unravelling its complex molecular mechanisms. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge of the involvement of autophagy during the progression of heart failure. Specifically, we provide a comprehensive overview of published data on the impact of autophagy deregulation achieved by genetic modifications or by pharmacological interventions in ischemic and non-ischemic models of heart failure. Furthermore, we delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms through which autophagy regulates crucial cellular processes within the three predominant cell populations of the heart: cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Finally, we emphasize the need for future research to unravel the therapeutic potential associated with targeting autophagy in the management of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bielawska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, University Children’s Hospital, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.)
| | - Marta Warszyńska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, University Children’s Hospital, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.)
| | - Monika Stefańska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, University Children’s Hospital, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.)
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, University Children’s Hospital, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland; (M.B.)
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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17
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Demir E, Kacew S. Drosophila as a Robust Model System for Assessing Autophagy: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:682. [PMID: 37624187 PMCID: PMC10458868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is the process through which a body breaks down and recycles its own cellular components, primarily inside lysosomes. It is a cellular response to starvation and stress, which plays decisive roles in various biological processes such as senescence, apoptosis, carcinoma, and immune response. Autophagy, which was first discovered as a survival mechanism during starvation in yeast, is now known to serve a wide range of functions in more advanced organisms. It plays a vital role in how cells respond to stress, starvation, and infection. While research on yeast has led to the identification of many key components of the autophagy process, more research into autophagy in more complex systems is still warranted. This review article focuses on the use of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a robust testing model in further research on autophagy. Drosophila provides an ideal environment for exploring autophagy in a living organism during its development. Additionally, Drosophila is a well-suited compact tool for genetic analysis in that it serves as an intermediate between yeast and mammals because evolution conserved the molecular machinery required for autophagy in this species. Experimental tractability of host-pathogen interactions in Drosophila also affords great convenience in modeling human diseases on analogous structures and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esref Demir
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya Bilim University, 07190 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sam Kacew
- R. Samuel McLaughllin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, 1 Stewart (320), Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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18
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Stefanizzi V, Minutolo A, Valletta E, Carlini M, Cordero FM, Ranzenigo A, Prete SP, Cicero DO, Pitti E, Petrella G, Matteucci C, Marino-Merlo F, Mastino A, Macchi B. Biological Evaluation of Triorganotin Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093856. [PMID: 37175265 PMCID: PMC10180515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-derived platinum complexes are widely used to treat solid tumors. However, systemic toxicity and tumor resistance to these drugs encourage further research into similarly effective compounds. Among others, organotin compounds have been shown to inhibit cell growth and induce cell death and autophagy. Nevertheless, the impact of the ligand structure and mechanisms involved in the toxicity of organotin compounds have not been clarified. In the present study, the biological activities of commercially available bis(tributyltin) oxide and tributyltin chloride, in comparison to those of specially synthesized tributyltin trifluoroacetate (TBT-OCOCF3) and of cisplatin, were assessed using cells with different levels of tumorigenicity. The results show that tributyltins were more cytotoxic than cisplatin in all the tested cell lines. NMR revealed that this was not related to the interaction with DNA but to the inhibition of glucose uptake into the cells. Moreover, highly tumorigenic cells were less susceptible than nontumorigenic cells to the nonunique pattern of death induced by TBT-OCOCF3. Nevertheless, tumorigenic cells became sensitive when cotreated with wortmannin and TBT-OCOCF3, although no concomitant induction of autophagy by the compound was detected. Thus, TBT-OCOCF3 might be the prototype of a family of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Stefanizzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
- Ph.D. Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Minutolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Valletta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Carlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Franca M Cordero
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Ranzenigo
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Pitti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Petrella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Matteucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Marino-Merlo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
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19
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Balasundaram A, Kumar S U, D TK, Anil Dedge A, R G, K SS, R S, C GPD. The targeted next-generation sequence revealed SMAD4, AKT1, and TP53 mutations from circulating cell-free DNA of breast cancer and its effect on protein structure - A computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15584-15597. [PMID: 37011004 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer biomarkers that detect marginally advanced stages are still challenging. The detection of specific abnormalities, targeted therapy selection, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment effectiveness over time are all made possible by circulating free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. The proposed study will detect specific genetic abnormalities from the plasma cfDNA of a female breast cancer patient by sequencing a cancer-related gene panel (MGM455 - Oncotrack Ultima), including 56 theranostic genes (SNVs and small INDELs). Initially, we determined the pathogenicity of the observed mutations using PredictSNP, iStable, Align-GVGD, and ConSurf servers. As a next step, molecular dynamics (MD) was implemented to determine the functional significance of SMAD4 mutation (V465M). Lastly, the mutant gene relationships were examined using the Cytoscape plug-in GeneMANIA. Using ClueGO, we determined the gene's functional enrichment and integrative analysis. The structural characteristics of SMAD4 V465M protein by MD simulation analysis further demonstrated that the mutation was deleterious. The simulation showed that the native structure was more significantly altered by the SMAD4 (V465M) mutation. Our findings suggest that SMAD4 V465M mutation might be significantly associated with breast cancer, and other patient-found mutations (AKT1-E17K and TP53-R175H) are synergistically involved in the process of SMAD4 translocate to nuclease, which affects the target gene translation. Therefore, this combination of gene mutations could alter the TGF-β signaling pathway in BC. We further proposed that the SMAD4 protein loss may contribute to an aggressive phenotype by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. Thus, breast cancer's SMAD4 (V465M) mutation might increase their invasive and metastatic capabilities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambritha Balasundaram
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumal Kumar D
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aditi Anil Dedge
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan R
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Srinivas K
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva R
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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20
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Beesabathuni NS, Park S, Shah PS. Quantitative and temporal measurement of dynamic autophagy rates. Autophagy 2023; 19:1164-1183. [PMID: 36026492 PMCID: PMC10012960 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2117515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a multistep degradative process that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is often dysregulated during disease. Systematically quantifying flux through this pathway is critical for gaining fundamental insights and effectively modulating this process. Established methods to quantify flux use steady-state measurements, which provide limited information about the perturbation and the cellular response. We present a theoretical and experimental framework to measure autophagic steps in the form of rates under non-steady-state conditions. We use this approach to measure temporal responses to rapamycin and wortmannin treatments, two commonly used autophagy modulators. We quantified changes in autophagy rates in as little as 10 min, which can establish direct mechanisms for autophagy perturbation before feedback begins. We identified concentration-dependent effects of rapamycin on the initial and temporal progression of autophagy rates. We also found variable recovery time from wortmannin's inhibition of autophagy, which is further accelerated by rapamycin. Furthermore, we applied this approach to study the effect of serum and glutamine starvation on autophagy. Serum starvation led to a rapid and transient increase in all the rates. Glutamine starvation led to a decrease in the rates on a longer timescale. In summary, this new approach enables the quantification of autophagy flux with high sensitivity and temporal resolution and facilitates a comprehensive understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soyoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Priya S Shah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Elsasser S, Elia LP, Morimoto RI, Powers ET, Finley D, Costa B, Budron M, Tokuno Z, Wang S, Iyer RG, Barth B, Mockler E, Finkbeiner S, Gestwicki JE, Richardson RAK, Stoeger T, Tan EP, Xiao Q, Cole CM, Massey LA, Garza D, Kelly JW, Rainbolt TK, Chou CC, Masto VB, Frydman J, Nixon RA. A Comprehensive Enumeration of the Human Proteostasis Network. 2. Components of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533675. [PMID: 36993380 PMCID: PMC10055369 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The condition of having a healthy, functional proteome is known as protein homeostasis, or proteostasis. Establishing and maintaining proteostasis is the province of the proteostasis network, approximately 2,700 components that regulate protein synthesis, folding, localization, and degradation. The proteostasis network is a fundamental entity in biology that is essential for cellular health and has direct relevance to many diseases of protein conformation. However, it is not well defined or annotated, which hinders its functional characterization in health and disease. In this series of manuscripts, we aim to operationally define the human proteostasis network by providing a comprehensive, annotated list of its components. We provided in a previous manuscript a list of chaperones and folding enzymes as well as the components that make up the machineries for protein synthesis, protein trafficking into and out of organelles, and organelle-specific degradation pathways. Here, we provide a curated list of 838 unique high-confidence components of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, one of the two major protein degradation systems in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Elsasser
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa P Elia
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beatrice Costa
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maher Budron
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Tokuno
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shijie Wang
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajshri G Iyer
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bianca Barth
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Mockler
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reese A K Richardson
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Thomas Stoeger
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Ee Phie Tan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Christian M Cole
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Lynée A Massey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Dan Garza
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Chieh Chou
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent B Masto
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Kasprzak A. Autophagy and the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) System in Colonic Cells: Implications for Colorectal Neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043665. [PMID: 36835075 PMCID: PMC9959216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Along with apoptosis and inflammation, autophagy is one of three important mechanisms in CRC. The presence of autophagy/mitophagy in most normal mature intestinal epithelial cells has been confirmed, where it has mainly protective functions against reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA and protein damage. Autophagy regulates cell proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, secretion of mucins and/or anti-microbial peptides. Abnormal autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells leads to dysbiosis, a decline in local immunity and a decrease in cell secretory function. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway plays an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. This is evidenced by the biological activities of IGFs (IGF-1 and IGF-2), IGF-1 receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) and IGF-binding proteins (IGF BPs), which have been reported to regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Defects in autophagy are found in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and CRC. In neoplastic cells, the IGF system modulates the autophagy process bidirectionally. In the current era of improving CRC therapies, it seems important to investigate the exact mechanisms not only of apoptosis, but also of autophagy in different populations of tumor microenvironment (TME) cells. The role of the IGF system in autophagy in normal as well as transformed colorectal cells still seems poorly understood. Hence, the aim of the review was to summarize the latest knowledge on the role of the IGF system in the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in the normal colon mucosa and in CRC, taking into account the cellular heterogeneity of the colonic and rectal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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23
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Lee MJ, Park JS, Jo SB, Joe YA. Enhancing Anti-Cancer Therapy with Selective Autophagy Inhibitors by Targeting Protective Autophagy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:1-15. [PMID: 36579459 PMCID: PMC9810440 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of eliminating damaged or unnecessary proteins and organelles, thereby maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Deregulation of autophagy is associated with several diseases including cancer. Contradictory dual roles of autophagy have been well established in cancer. Cytoprotective mechanism of autophagy has been extensively investigated for overcoming resistance to cancer therapies including radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Selective autophagy inhibitors that directly target autophagic process have been developed for cancer treatment. Efficacies of autophagy inhibitors have been tested in various pre-clinical cancer animal models. Combination therapies of autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapeutics are being evaluated in clinal trials. In this review, we will focus on genetical and pharmacological perturbations of autophagy-related proteins in different steps of autophagic process and their therapeutic benefits. We will also summarize combination therapies of autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapies and their outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding of current knowledge of development, progress, and application of cytoprotective autophagy inhibitors in combination therapies will open new possibilities for overcoming drug resistance and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Jo
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Joe
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-2-3147-8406, Fax: +82-2-593-2522
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24
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Gao D, Ma T, Gao L, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Dong H, Li Y, Zhao L, Liu W, Zhao H, Li D, Zhou D, Wang A, Jin Y, Chen H. Autophagy activation attenuates the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells via the ATG5 pathway. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110502. [PMID: 36280090 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock and autophagy are essential biological mechanisms involved in regulating many physiological processes. Accumulating evidence has revealed that autophagic activity is regulated by the circadian clock system. However, whether autophagy regulates the circadian clock system remains unclear. In this study, rapamycin and AICAR, two classical activators of autophagy, were used to create autophagy activation models in BMAL1-dLuc U2OS cell line. The results showed that the mRNA expression of MAP1LC3B and ATG5 were significantly upregulated after autophagy activation, whereas the mRNA expression of circadian clock genes (BMAL1, PER2, REV-ERBα, and DBP) were significantly decreased. Consistent with these data, the relative ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and the protein level of ATG5 were increased after rapamycin or AICAR treatment. In contrast, BMAL1 and REV-ERBα levels were decreased. Notably, the mRNA expression of circadian clock genes (BMAL1, PER2, REV-ERBα, and DBP) and autophagy-related genes (MAP1LC3B and ATG5) showed rhythmic expression patterns in both untreated and rapamycin/AICAR-treated U2OS cells. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially reversed the inhibitory effects of autophagy on circadian clock genes expression and BMAL1-Luc oscillations. Another critical finding was that ATG5 knockout alleviates the inhibitory effect of rapamycin-mediated autophagy activation on the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells. Collectively, our data indicate that autophagy activation attenuates the circadian clock oscillators in U2OS cells via the ATG5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qing Hai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yating Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijia Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongcong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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25
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Netherton CL, Shimmon GL, Hui JYK, Connell S, Reis AL. African Swine Fever Virus Host-Pathogen Interactions. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:283-331. [PMID: 38159232 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus is a complex double-stranded DNA virus that exhibits tropism for cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Virus replication is a multi-step process that involves the nucleus of the host cell as well the formation of large perinuclear sites where progeny virions are assembled prior to transport to, and budding through, the plasma membrane. Like many viruses, African swine fever virus reorganises the cellular architecture to facilitate its replication and has evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid the potential deleterious effects of host cell stress response pathways. However, how viral proteins and virus-induced structures trigger cellular stress pathways and manipulate the subsequent responses is still relatively poorly understood. African swine fever virus alters nuclear substructures, modulates autophagy, apoptosis and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathways. The viral genome encodes for at least 150 genes, of which approximately 70 are incorporated into the virion. Many of the non-structural genes have not been fully characterised and likely play a role in host range and modifying immune responses. As the field moves towards approaches that take a broader view of the effect of expression of individual African swine fever genes, we summarise how the different steps in virus replication interact with the host cell and the current state of knowledge on how it modulates the resulting stress responses.
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26
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Burke JE, Triscott J, Emerling BM, Hammond GRV. Beyond PI3Ks: targeting phosphoinositide kinases in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 22:357-386. [PMID: 36376561 PMCID: PMC9663198 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid phosphoinositides are master regulators of almost all aspects of a cell's life and death and are generated by the tightly regulated activity of phosphoinositide kinases. Although extensive efforts have focused on drugging class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), recent years have revealed opportunities for targeting almost all phosphoinositide kinases in human diseases, including cancer, immunodeficiencies, viral infection and neurodegenerative disease. This has led to widespread efforts in the clinical development of potent and selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide kinases. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular basis for the involvement of phosphoinositide kinases in disease and assesses the preclinical and clinical development of phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Burke
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Joanna Triscott
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Brooke M. Emerling
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Sanford Burnham Prebys, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Gerald R. V. Hammond
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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27
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Lu G, Wang Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Huang C, He W, Wang C, Shen HM. Autophagy in health and disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic target. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e150. [PMID: 35845350 PMCID: PMC9271889 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionally conserved catabolic process in which cytosolic contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelle, or invading pathogens, are sequestered by the double‐membrane structure termed autophagosome and delivered to lysosome for degradation. Over the past two decades, autophagy has been extensively studied, from the molecular mechanisms, biological functions, implications in various human diseases, to development of autophagy‐related therapeutics. This review will focus on the latest development of autophagy research, covering molecular mechanisms in control of autophagosome biogenesis and autophagosome–lysosome fusion, and the upstream regulatory pathways including the AMPK and MTORC1 pathways. We will also provide a systematic discussion on the implication of autophagy in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), metabolic diseases (obesity and diabetes), viral infection especially SARS‐Cov‐2 and COVID‐19, cardiovascular diseases (cardiac ischemia/reperfusion and cardiomyopathy), and aging. Finally, we will also summarize the development of pharmacological agents that have therapeutic potential for clinical applications via targeting the autophagy pathway. It is believed that decades of hard work on autophagy research is eventually to bring real and tangible benefits for improvement of human health and control of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research Southwest Hospital Army Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology University of Macau Macau China
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28
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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29
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Vps21 Directs the PI3K-PI(3)P-Atg21-Atg16 Module to Phagophores via Vps8 for Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179550. [PMID: 36076954 PMCID: PMC9455592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) serves important functions in endocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy. PI(3)P is generated by Vps34 of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex. The Vps34-PI3K complex can be divided into Vps34-PI3K class II (containing Vps38, endosomal) and Vps34-PI3K class I (containing Atg14, autophagosomal). Most PI(3)Ps are associated with endosomal membranes. In yeast, the endosomal localization of Vps34 and PI(3)P is tightly regulated by Vps21-module proteins. At yeast phagophore assembly site (PAS) or mammalian omegasomes, PI(3)P binds to WD-repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositide (WIPI) proteins to further recruit two conjugation systems, Atg5-Atg12·Atg16 and Atg8-PE (LC3-II), to initiate autophagy. However, the spatiotemporal regulation of PI(3)P during autophagy remains obscure. Therefore, in this study, we determined the effect of Vps21 on localization and interactions of Vps8, Vps34, Atg21, Atg8, and Atg16 upon autophagy induction. The results showed that Vps21 was required for successive colocalizations and interactions of Vps8-Vps34 and Vps34-Atg21 on endosomes, and Atg21-Atg8/Atg16 on the PAS. In addition to disrupted localization of the PI3K complex II subunits Vps34 and Vps38 on endosomes, the localization of the PI3K complex I subunits Vps34 and Atg14, as well as Atg21, was partly disrupted from the PAS in vps21∆ cells. The impaired PI3K-PI(3)P-Atg21-Atg16 axis in vps21∆ cells might delay autophagy, which is consistent with the delay of early autophagy when Atg21 was absent. This study provides the first insight into the upstream sequential regulation of the PI3K-PI(3)P-Atg21-Atg16 module by Vps21 in autophagy.
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PKCeta Promotes Stress-Induced Autophagy and Senescence in Breast Cancer Cells, Presenting a Target for Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081704. [PMID: 36015330 PMCID: PMC9413313 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of chemoresistance in neoplastic cells is one of the major obstacles in cancer therapy. Autophagy was recently reported as one of the mechanisms that promote chemoresistance in cancer cells by protecting against apoptosis and driving senescence. Thus, understanding the role of autophagy and its underlying signaling pathways is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies to overcome chemoresistance. We have previously reported that PKCη is a stress-induced kinase that confers resistance in breast cancer cells against chemotherapy by inducing senescence. Here, we show that PKCη promotes autophagy induced by ER and oxidative stress and facilitates the transition from autophagy to senescence. We demonstrate that PKCη knockdown reduces both the autophagic flux and markers of senescence. Additionally, using autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine and 3-methyladenine, we show that PKCη and autophagy are required for establishing senescence in MCF-7 in response to oxidative stress. Different drugs used in the clinic are known to induce autophagy and senescence in breast cancer cells. Our study proposes PKCη as a target for therapeutic intervention, acting in synergy with autophagy-inducing drugs to overcome resistance and enhance cell death in breast cancer.
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Chen L. Inhibiting Cytoprotective Autophagy in Cancer Therapy: An Update on Pharmacological Small-Molecule Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966012. [PMID: 36034776 PMCID: PMC9403721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradation process in which damaged proteins and organelles are engulfed into autophagosomes for digestion and eventually recycled for cellular metabolism to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Accumulating studies have reported that autophagy has the Janus role in cancer as a tumor suppressor or an oncogenic role to promote the growth of established tumors and developing drug resistance. Importantly, cytoprotective autophagy plays a prominent role in many types of human cancers, thus inhibiting autophagy, and has been regarded as a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy. Here, we focus on summarizing small-molecule compounds inhibiting the autophagy process, as well as further discuss other dual-target small-molecule compounds, combination strategies, and other strategies to improve potential cancer therapy. Therefore, these findings will shed new light on exploiting more small-molecule compounds inhibiting cytoprotective autophagy as candidate drugs for fighting human cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhang, ; Lu Chen,
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Neuronal-specific septin-3 binds Atg8/LC3B, accumulates and localizes to autophagosomes during induced autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:471. [PMID: 35932293 PMCID: PMC9356936 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In synapses that show signs of local apoptosis and mitochondrial stress and undergo neuro-immunological synapse pruning, an increase in the levels of the presynaptic protein, neuronal-specific septin-3 can be observed. Septin-3 is a member of the septin GTPase family with the ability to form multimers and contribute to the cytoskeleton. However, the function of septin-3 remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that septin-3 is capable of binding the most-studied autophagy protein Atg8 homolog microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), besides another homolog, GABA receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GABARAPL2). Moreover, we demonstrate that colocalization of septin-3 and LC3B increases upon chemical autophagy induction in primary neuronal cells. Septin-3 is accumulated in primary neurons upon autophagy enhancement or blockade, similar to autophagy proteins. Using electron microscopy, we also show that septin-3 localizes to LC3B positive membranes and can be found at mitochondria. However, colocalization results of septin-3 and the early mitophagy marker PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) do not support that binding of septin-3 to mitochondria is mitophagy related. We conclude that septin-3 correlates with synaptic/neuronal autophagy, binds Atg8 and localizes to autophagic membranes that can be enhanced with chemical autophagy induction. Based on our results, elevated septin-3 levels might indicate enhanced or impeded autophagy in neurons.
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Liu LC, Shen YC, Wang YL, Wu WR, Chang LC, Chen YH, Lee CC, Wang SC. Growth-promoting function of the cGAS-STING pathway in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:851795. [PMID: 35992877 PMCID: PMC9385397 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.851795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING axis is one of the key mechanisms guarding cells from pathogen invasion in the cytoplasmic compartment. Sensing of foreign DNA in the cytosol by the cGAS-STING axis triggers a stress cascade, culminating at stimulation of the protein kinase TBK1 and subsequently activation of inflammatory response. In cancer cells, aberrant metabolism of the genomic DNA induced by the hostile milieu of tumor microenvironment or stresses brought about by cancer therapeutics are the major causes of the presence of nuclear DNA in the cytosol, which subsequently triggers a stress response. However, how the advanced tumors perceive and tolerate the potentially detrimental effects of cytosolic DNA remains unclear. Here we show that growth limitation by serum starvation activated the cGAS-STING pathway in breast cancer cells, and inhibition of cGAS-STING resulted in cell death through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that, instead of being subject to growth inhibition, tumors exploit the cGAS-STING axis and turn it to a survival advantage in the stressful microenvironment, providing a new therapeutic opportunity against advanced cancer. Concomitant inhibition of the cGAS-STING axis and growth factor signaling mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) synergistically suppressed the development of tumor organoids derived from primary tumor tissues of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The current study unveils an unexpected function of the cGAS-STING axis in promoting cancer cell survival and the potential of developing the stress-responding pathway as a therapeutic target, meanwhile highlights the substantial concerns of enhancing the pathway's activity as a means of anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chih Liu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Rong Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chu Chang
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Huey Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chun Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery Ph.D. Program, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry enables simultaneous measurement of all phosphoinositide regioisomers. Commun Chem 2022; 5:61. [PMID: 36697617 PMCID: PMC9814602 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide species, differing in phosphorylation at hydroxyls of the inositol head group, play roles in various cellular events. Despite the importance of phosphoinositides, simultaneous quantification of individual phosphoinositide species is difficult using conventional methods. Here we developed a supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry method that can quantify the molecular species of all seven phosphoinositide regioisomers. We used this method to analyze (1) profiles of phosphoinositide species in mouse tissues, (2) the effect of lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase 1-depletion on phosphoinositide acyl-chain composition in cultured cells, and (3) the molecular species of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate produced during the induction of autophagy. Although further improvement is needed for the absolute quantification of minor phosphoinositide regioisomers in biological samples, our method should clarify the physiological and pathological roles of phosphoinositide regioisomers at the molecular species level.
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Ma C, Li S, Yang F, Cao W, Liu H, Feng T, Zhang K, Zhu Z, Liu X, Hu Y, Zheng H. FoxJ1 inhibits African swine fever virus replication and viral S273R protein decreases the expression of FoxJ1 to impair its antiviral effect. Virol Sin 2022; 37:445-454. [PMID: 35513267 PMCID: PMC9243675 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly pathogenic swine infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, which is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). ASF has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry and seriously threatens global food security and livestock health. To date, there is no safe and effective commercial vaccine against ASF. Unveiling the underlying mechanisms of ASFV-host interplay is critical for developing effective vaccines and drugs against ASFV. In the present study, RNA-sequencing, RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that the transcriptional and protein levels of the host factor FoxJ1 were significantly down-regulated in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected by ASFV. RT-qPCR analysis showed that overexpression of FoxJ1 upregulated the transcription of type I interferon and interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) induced by poly(dA:dT). FoxJ1 revealed a function to positively regulate innate immune response, therefore, suppressing the replication of ASFV. In addition, Western blotting analysis indicated that FoxJ1 degraded ASFV MGF505-2R and E165R proteins through autophagy pathway. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR and Western blotting analysis showed that ASFV S273R inhibited the expression of FoxJ1. Altogether, we determined that FoxJ1 plays an antiviral role against ASFV replication, and ASFV protein impairs FoxJ1-mediated antiviral effect by degradation of FoxJ1. Our findings provide new insights into the antiviral function of FoxJ1, which might help design antiviral drugs or vaccines against ASFV infection. FoxJ1 inhibits ASFV replication by degrading ASFV MGF505-2R and E165R proteins via autophagy. FoxJ1 enhances type I IFN response, showing an essential antiviral role. ASFV S273R protein inhibits FoxJ1 expression to impair its antiviral effect.
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36
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Essential roles of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatases Sac1p and Sjl3p in yeast autophagosome formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chloroquine and COVID-19—A systems biology model uncovers the drug’s detrimental effect on autophagy and explains its failure. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266337. [PMID: 35390060 PMCID: PMC8989232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in an urgent need for identifying potential therapeutic drugs. In the first half of 2020 tropic antimalarial drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxochloroquine (HCQ) were the focus of tremendous public attention. In the initial periods of the pandemic, many scientific results pointed out that CQ/HCQ could be very effective for patients with severe COVID. While CQ and HCQ have successfully been used against several diseases (such as malaria, autoimmune disease and rheumatic illnesses); long term use of these agents are associated with serious adverse effects (i.e. inducing acute kidney injury, among many others) due to their role in blocking autophagy-dependent self-degradation. Recent experimental and clinical trial data also confirmed that there is no sufficient evidence about the efficient usage of CQ/HCQ against COVID-19. By using systems biology techniques, here we show that the cellular effect of CQ/HCQ on autophagy during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or following SARS-CoV-2 infection results in upregulation of ER stress. By presenting a simple mathematical model, we claim that although CQ/HCQ might be able to ameliorate virus infection, the permanent inhibition of autophagy by CQ/HCQ has serious negative effects on the cell. Since CQ/HCQ promotes apoptotic cell death, here we confirm that addition of CQ/HCQ cannot be really effective even in severe cases. Only a transient treatment seemed to be able to avoid apoptotic cell death, but this type of therapy could not limit virus replication in the infected host. The presented theoretical analysis clearly points out the utility and applicability of systems biology modelling to test the cellular effect of a drug targeting key major processes, such as autophagy and apoptosis. Applying these approaches could decrease the cost of pre-clinical studies and facilitate the selection of promising clinical trials in a timely fashion.
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Kudo Y, Endo S, Fujita M, Ota A, Kamatari YO, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa T, Ikeda H, Okada T, Toyooka N, Fujimoto N, Matsunaga T, Ikari A. Discovery and Structure-Based Optimization of Novel Atg4B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4878-4892. [PMID: 35244402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy inhibition is an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this study, we discovered inhibitors of Atg4B essential for autophagosome formation and evaluated their potential as therapeutics for prostate cancer. Seventeen compounds were identified as candidates after in silico screening and a thermal shift assay. Among them, compound 17 showed the most potent Atg4B inhibitory activity, inhibited autophagy induced by anti-castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) drugs, and significantly enhanced apoptosis. Although 17 has been known as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor, other PLA2 inhibitors had no effect on Atg4B and autophagy. We then performed structural optimization based on molecular modeling and succeeded in developing 21f (by shortening the alkyl chain of 17), which was a potent competitive inhibitor for Atg4B (Ki = 3.1 μM) with declining PLA2 inhibitory potency. Compound 21f enhanced the anticancer activity of anti-CRPC drugs via autophagy inhibition. These findings suggest that 21f can be used as an adjuvant drug for therapy with anti-CRPC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Kudo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mei Fujita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Atsumi Ota
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikeda
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyooka
- Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Sirasanagandla SR, Sofin RS, Al-Huseini I, Das S. Role of Bisphenol A in Autophagy Modulation: Understanding the Molecular Concepts and Therapeutic Options. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2213-2223. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220214094055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Bisphenol A (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is an organic compound, commonly used in the plastic bottles, packaging containers, beverages and resin industry. The adverse effects of bisphenol A were studied in various systems of the body. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process meant for the regeneration of new cells. The role of bisphenol A on autophagy modulation in the pathogenesis of diseases is still debatable. Few research studies showed that bisphenol A-induced adverse effects were associated with autophagy dysregulation, while few showed the activation of autophagy by bisphenol A. Such contrasting views make the subject more interesting and debatable. In the present review, we discuss the different steps of autophagy, genes involved, and the effect of bisphenol A in autophagy modulation on different systems of the body. We also discuss the methods for monitoring autophagy and the roles of drugs such as chloroquine, verteporfin, and rapamycin in autophagy. Proper understanding of the role of bisphenol A in the modulation of autophagy may be important for future treatment and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - R.G. Sumesh Sofin
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
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Grijmans BJM, van der Kooij SB, Varela M, Meijer AH. LAPped in Proof: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and the Arms Race Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809121. [PMID: 35047422 PMCID: PMC8762105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system continuously patrol the extracellular environment for potential microbial threats that are to be neutralized by phagocytosis and delivery to lysosomes. In addition, phagocytes employ autophagy as an innate immune mechanism against pathogens that succeed to escape the phagolysosomal pathway and invade the cytosol. In recent years, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has emerged as an intermediate between phagocytosis and autophagy. During LAP, phagocytes target extracellular microbes while using parts of the autophagic machinery to label the cargo-containing phagosomes for lysosomal degradation. LAP contributes greatly to host immunity against a multitude of bacterial pathogens. In the pursuit of survival, bacteria have developed elaborate strategies to disarm or circumvent the LAP process. In this review, we will outline the nature of the LAP mechanism and discuss recent insights into its interplay with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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JAK2/STAT3 inhibition attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via promoting autophagy: in vitro and in vivo study. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2857-2867. [PMID: 35067814 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) causes severe injury to the intestine, leading to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. Autophagy is a stress-response mechanism that can protect against I/R injury by removing damaged organelles and toxic protein aggregates. Recent evidence has identified JAK-STAT signaling pathway as a new regulator of autophagy process, however, their regulatory relationship in intestinal I/R remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We systematically analyzed intestinal transcriptome data and found that JAK-STAT pathway was largely activated in response to I/R with most significant upregulation observed for JAK2 and STAT3. ChIP-Seq and luciferase assays in an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation model revealed that activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling directly inhibited the transcription of autophagy regulator Beclin-1, leading to the suppression of autophagy and the activation of intestinal cell death. These findings were further confirmed in an in vivo mouse model, in which, intestinal I/R injury was associated with the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and the deactivation of Beclin-1-mediated autophagy, while inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 with AG490 reactivated autophagy and improved survival after intestinal I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS JAK2/STAT3 signaling suppresses autophagy process during intestinal I/R, while inhibiting JAK-STAT can be protective against intestinal I/R injury by activating autophagy. These findings expand our knowledge on intestinal I/R injury and provide therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.
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Wang H, Chen H, Han S, Fu Y, Tian Y, Liu Y, Wang A, Hou H, Hu Q. Decreased mitochondrial DNA copy number in nerve cells and the hippocampus during nicotine exposure is mediated by autophagy. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112831. [PMID: 34592525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a harmful air pollutant and nicotine dependence is the essential cause of the tobacco epidemic. Since mitochondrial abnormalities are associated with substance addiction, in this work we used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number as an indicator of mitochondrial function to investigate whether nicotine addicts also exhibit mitochondrial abnormalities. We found significantly lower mtDNA copy number in the peripheral blood of healthy nicotine addicts than in non-smokers, indicating that long-term nicotine exposure through smoking has detrimental effects on mitochondria. We also examined the effects of nicotine on mtDNA levels in a rat conditioned place preference (CPP) model of addiction and in cultured neuron cells, which revealed that the mtDNA copy number was significantly reduced in the hippocampus of CPP rats, in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, suggesting that significantly reduced mtDNA copy number is a potential biomarker of nicotine addiction. In SH-SY5Y cells, nicotine treatment induced several mitochondrial defects, such as increased mtDNA damage, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm), and stimulation of autophagic flux via transcriptional up-regulation of several autophagy-related genes and elevated marker protein accumulation, although genes controlling mtDNA replication were unaffected. In addition, pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 led to accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3b-II (LC3B-II) and counteracted the nicotine-induced decrease in mtDNA copy number. These results were recapitulated in PC12 cells, which also showed significant down-regulation of the marker SQSTM1/P62, suggesting that the decrease in mtDNA copy number is mediated by autophagy. This study shows that prolonged nicotine exposure, such as that in nicotine addicts, leads to a decrease of mtDNA copy number in neurons due to enhanced induction of autophagy. CAPSULE: It was found that smoking or nicotine exposure decreased mtDNA copy number based on population, animal, and cell models, and these effects appear to be mediated by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yaning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yushan Tian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - An Wang
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China.
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Wang Y, Du J, Wu X, Abdelrehem A, Ren Y, Liu C, Zhou X, Wang S. Crosstalk between autophagy and microbiota in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:163. [PMID: 34895252 PMCID: PMC8665582 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process seen in eukaryotes and is essentially a lysosome-dependent protein degradation pathway. The dysregulation of autophagy is often associated with the pathogenesis of numerous types of cancers, and can not only promote the survival of cancer but also trigger the tumor cell death. During cancer development, the microbial community might predispose cells to tumorigenesis by promoting mucosal inflammation, causing systemic disorders, and may also regulate the immune response to cancer. The complex relationship between autophagy and microorganisms can protect the body by activating the immune system. In addition, autophagy and microorganisms can crosstalk with each other in multifaceted ways to influence various physiological and pathological responses involved in cancer progression. Various molecular mechanisms, correlating the microbiota disorders and autophagy activation, control the outcomes of protumor or antitumor responses, which depend on the cancer type, tumor microenvironment and disease stage. In this review, we mainly emphasize the leading role of autophagy during the interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and human cancers and investigate the various molecular mechanisms by which autophagy modulates such complicated biological processes. Moreover, we also highlight the possibility of curing cancers with multiple molecular agents targeting the microbiota/autophagy axis. Finally, we summarize the emerging clinical trials investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting either autophagy or microbiota as anticancer strategies, although the crosstalk between them has not been explored thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xuemei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052 China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Ahmed Abdelrehem
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yu Ren
- Tianjin Research Center of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070 China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060 China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, 300060 China
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, 300060 China
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Gastroenterology and Hepatology Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052 China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300070 China
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Abd El-Aziz YS, Leck LYW, Jansson PJ, Sahni S. Emerging Role of Autophagy in the Development and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6152. [PMID: 34944772 PMCID: PMC8699656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process, which is characterized by degradation of damaged proteins and organelles needed to supply the cell with essential nutrients. At basal levels, autophagy is important to maintain cellular homeostasis and development. It is also a stress responsive process that allows the cells to survive when subjected to stressful conditions such as nutrient deprivation. Autophagy has been implicated in many pathologies including cancer. It is well established that autophagy plays a dual role in different cancer types. There is emerging role of autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development and progression. This review will focus on the role played by autophagy in relation to different aspects of cancer progression and discuss recent studies exploring the role of autophagy in OSCC. It will further discuss potential therapeutic approaches to target autophagy in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna S. Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Lionel Y. W. Leck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW 2064, Australia
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Van den Broek B, Wuyts C, Irobi J. Extracellular vesicle-associated small heat shock proteins as therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114009. [PMID: 34673130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. EVs are nanosized carriers that play an essential role in intercellular communication and cellular homeostasis by transporting an active molecular cargo, including a large variety of proteins. Recent publications demonstrate that small heat shock proteins (HSPBs) exhibit a beneficial role in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it is defined that HSPBs target the autophagy and the apoptosis pathway, playing a prominent role in chaperone activity and cell survival. This review elaborates on the therapeutic potential of EVs and HSPBs, in particular HSPB1 and HSPB8, in neurodegenerative diseases. We conclude that EVs and HSPBs positively influence neuroinflammation, central nervous system (CNS) repair, and protein aggregation in CNS disorders. Moreover, we propose the use of HSPB-loaded EVs as advanced nanocarriers for the future development of neurodegenerative disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wuyts
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Abd El-Aziz YS, Gillson J, Jansson PJ, Sahni S. Autophagy: A promising target for triple negative breast cancers. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106006. [PMID: 34843961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancers which constitutes about 15% of all breast cancer cases and characterized by negative expression of hormonal receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Thus, endocrine and HER2 targeted therapies are not effective toward TNBCs, and they mainly rely on chemotherapy and surgery for treatment. Despite recent advances in chemotherapy, 40% of TNBC patients develop a metastatic relapse and recurrence. Therefore, understanding the molecular profile of TNBC is warranted to identify targets that can be selected for the development of a new and effective therapeutic approach. Autophagy is an internal defensive mechanism that allows the cells to survive under different stressors. It has been well known that autophagy exerts a crucial role in cancer progression. The critical role of autophagy in TNBC progression is emerging in recent years. This review will discuss autophagic pathway, how autophagy affects TNBC progression and recent therapeutic approaches that can target autophagy as a new treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna S Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Josef Gillson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia; Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
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Pang K, Wang S, Li M, Zhou Z. Autophagy in Femoral Head Necrosis of Broilers Bone Metabolism Parameters and Autophagy-Related Gene Expression in Femoral Head Necrosis Induced by Glucocorticoid in Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:746087. [PMID: 34796226 PMCID: PMC8592919 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.746087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In this study, the influence of methylprednisolone (MP) and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on chondrocyte autophagy and bone quality were determined to investigate the mechanisms of femoral head necrosis in broilers. Methods: Chickens were divided into four groups: control, MP, 3-MA, and 3-MA+MP groups. Blood and bone samples were collected for biochemistry assay and bone quality determination. Cartilage was separated from the femoral head for histopathological analysis and gene expression detection. Results: The results indicated that MP treatment significantly affected blood levels of alkaline phosphatase, high-density lipoprotein, calcium, phosphorus, bone alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin in broilers. Additionally, MP treatment significantly increased blood levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5. MP treatment also significantly decreased the levels of bone parameters compared with these values in controls, inhibited the expression of collagen-2, aggrecan, and mammalian target of rapamycin, and increased the expression of beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B and autophagy-related gene 5 of the femoral head. Furthermore, following co-treatment with 3-MA and MP, 3-MA mitigated the effects of MP. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that autophagy may be involved in the pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis induced by MP in broilers, and this study provides new treatment and prevention ideas for femoral head necrosis caused by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyi Pang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212466. [PMID: 34830349 PMCID: PMC8618802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.
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Jiang H, Li Y, Xiang X, Tang Z, Liu K, Su Q, Zhang X, Li L. Chaetocin: A review of its anticancer potentials and mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174459. [PMID: 34464601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chaetocin is a natural metabolite product with various biological activities and pharmacological functions isolated from Chaetomium species fungi belonging to the thiodiketopyrazines. Numerous studies have demonstrated a wide range of antitumor activities of chaetocin in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have demonstrated that chaetocin suppresses the growth and proliferation of various tumour cells by regulating multiple signalling pathways related to tumour initiation and progression, inducing cancer cell apoptosis (intrinsic and extrinsic), enhancing autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting tumour angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. The antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms of chaetocin are reviewed and analysed in this paper, and the prospective applications of chaetocin in cancer prevention and therapy are also discussed. This review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the antitumor activity of chaetocin and to provide a rationale for further exploring the potential application of chaetocin in overcoming cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaocong Xiang
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhili Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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Papageorgiou AA, Goutas A, Trachana V, Tsezou A. Dual Role of SIRT1 in Autophagy and Lipid Metabolism Regulation in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 57:medicina57111203. [PMID: 34833421 PMCID: PMC8621567 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common and highly prevalent types of arthritis, also considered a multiphenotypic disease with a strong metabolic component. Ageing is the primary risk factor for OA, while the age-related decline in autophagic activity affects cell function and chondrocyte homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in autophagy dysregulation and lipid metabolism in human OA chondrocytes. Materials and Methods: OA chondrocytes were treated with Resveratrol, Hydroxycloroquine (HCQ) or 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and HCQ or 3-MA followed by siRNA against SIRT1 (siSIRT1). Then, SIRT1, AcNF-κBp65, LOX-1 and autophagy-related proteins ATG5, ATG13, PI3K class III, Beclin-1, LC3 and ULK protein levels were evaluated using Western blot. Normal articular chondrocytes were treated under serum starvation and/or siSIRT1, and the protein expression levels of the above autophagy-related proteins were evaluated. The staining patterns of LC3/p62 and LOX-1 were analyzed microscopically by immunofluorescence. SIRT1/LC3 complex formation was analyzed by immunoprecipitation. Results: SIRT1 and LOX-1 protein expression were negatively correlated in OA chondrocytes. SIRT1 regulated LOX-1 expression via NF-κΒ deacetylation, while treatment with Resveratrol enhanced SIRT1 enzymatic activity, resulting in LOX-1 downregulation and autophagy induction. In OA chondrocytes, SIRT1 was recognized as an autophagy substrate, formed a complex with LC3 and was consequently subjected to cytoplasmic autophagosome-lysosome degradation. Moreover, siSIRT1-treated normal chondrocytes showed decreased autophagic activity, while double-treated (siSIRT1 and serum starvation) cells showed no induction of autophagy. Conclusions: Our results suggest that SIRT1 regulates lipid homeostasis through LOX-1 expression regulation. Additionally, we indicate that the necessity of SIRT1 for autophagy induction in normal chondrocytes, together with its selective autophagic degradation in OA chondrocytes, could contribute to autophagy dysregulation in OA. We, therefore, suggest a novel regulatory scheme that functionally connects lipid metabolism and autophagy in late-stage OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki-Alexandra Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Andreas Goutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (A.G.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence:
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