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Stutte S, Ruf J, Kugler I, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Parzefall A, Marconi P, Maeda T, Kaisho T, Krug A, Popper B, Lauterbach H, Colonna M, von Andrian U, Brocker T. Type I interferon mediated induction of somatostatin leads to suppression of ghrelin and appetite thereby promoting viral immunity in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:429-443. [PMID: 33895286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of appetite (anorexia) is a typical behavioral response to infectious diseases that often reduces body weight. Also, anorexia can be observed in cancer and trauma patients, causing poor quality of life and reduced prospects of positive therapeutic outcomes. Although anorexia is an acute symptom, its initiation and endocrine regulation during antiviral immune responses are poorly understood. During viral infections, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce abundant type I interferon (IFN-I) to initiate first-line defense mechanisms. Here, by targeted ablation of pDCs and various in vitro and in vivo mouse models of viral infection and inflammation, we identified that IFN-I is a significant driver of somatostatin (SST). Consequently, SST suppressed the hunger hormone ghrelin that led to severe metabolic changes, anorexia, and rapid body weight loss. Furthermore, during vaccination with Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA), the SST-mediated suppression of ghrelin was critical to viral immune response, as ghrelin restrained the production of early cytokines by natural killer (NK) cells and pDCs, and impaired the clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells. Thus, the hormonal modulation of ghrelin through SST and the cytokine IFN-I is fundamental for optimal antiviral immunity, which comes at the expense of calorie intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stutte
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Janina Ruf
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Kugler
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Parzefall
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (DipSCF), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Departments of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera 811-1, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Anne Krug
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Core Facility Animal Models, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ulrich von Andrian
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Mikolčević P, Hloušek-Kasun A, Ahel I, Mikoč A. ADP-ribosylation systems in bacteria and viruses. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2366-2383. [PMID: 34025930 PMCID: PMC8120803 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is an ancient posttranslational modification present in all kingdoms of life. The system likely originated in bacteria where it functions in inter- and intra-species conflict, stress response and pathogenicity. It was repeatedly adopted via lateral transfer by eukaryotes, including humans, where it has a pivotal role in epigenetics, DNA-damage repair, apoptosis, and other crucial pathways including the immune response to pathogenic bacteria and viruses. In other words, the same ammunition used by pathogens is adapted by eukaryotes to fight back. While we know quite a lot about the eukaryotic system, expanding rather patchy knowledge on bacterial and viral ADP-ribosylation would give us not only a better understanding of the system as a whole but a fighting advantage in this constant arms race. By writing this review we hope to put into focus the available information and give a perspective on how this system works and can be exploited in the search for therapeutic targets in the future. The relevance of the subject is especially highlighted by the current situation of being amid the world pandemic caused by a virus harbouring and dependent on a representative of such a system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mikolčević
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Andreja Mikoč
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Baindara P, Mandal SM. Bacteria and bacterial anticancer agents as a promising alternative for cancer therapeutics. Biochimie 2020; 177:164-189. [PMID: 32827604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though significant advances have occurred in its diagnosis and treatment. The development of resistance against chemotherapeutic agents, their side effects, and non-specific toxicity urge to screen for the novel anticancer agent. Hence, the development of novel anticancer agents with a new mechanism of action has become a major scientific challenge. Bacteria and bacterially produced bioactive compounds have recently emerged as a promising alternative for cancer therapeutics. Bacterial anticancer agents such as antibiotics, bacteriocins, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, toxins, etc. These are adopted different mechanisms of actions such as apoptosis, necrosis, reduced angiogenesis, inhibition of translation and splicing, and obstructing essential signaling pathways to kill cancer cells. Also, live tumor-targeting bacteria provided a unique therapeutic alternative for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the anticancer properties and mechanism of actions of the anticancer agents of bacterial origin and antitumor bacteria along with their possible future applications in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Baindara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
| | - Santi M Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, WB, India.
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4
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Recent trends and advances in microbe-based drug delivery systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:799-809. [PMID: 31376116 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since more than a decade, pharmaceutical researchers endeavor to develop an effective, safe and target-specific drug delivery system to potentiate the therapeutic actions and reduce the side effects. The conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) show the improvement in the lifestyle of the patients suffering from non-communicable diseases, autoimmune diseases but sometimes, drug resistance developed during the treatment is a major concern for clinicians to find an alternative and more advanced transport systems. Advancements in drug delivery facilitate the development of active carrier for targeted action with improved pharmacokinetic behavior. This review article focuses on microbe-based drug delivery systems to provide safe, non-toxic, site-specific targeted action with lesser side effects. Pharmaceutical researchers play a vital part in microbe-based drug delivery systems as a therapeutic agent and carrier. The properties of microorganisms like self-propulsion, in-situ production of therapeutics, penetration into the tumor cells, increase in immunity, etc. are of interest for development of highly effective delivery carrier. Lactococcus lactis is therapeutically helpful in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and is under investigation of phase I clinical trial. Moreover, bacteria, anti-cancer oncolytic viruses, viral vectors (gene therapy) and viral immunotherapy are the attractive areas of biotechnological research. Virus acts as a distinctive candidate for imaging of tumor and accumulation of active in tumor. Graphical abstract Classification of microbe-based drug delivery system.
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Sedighi M, Zahedi Bialvaei A, Hamblin MR, Ohadi E, Asadi A, Halajzadeh M, Lohrasbi V, Mohammadzadeh N, Amiriani T, Krutova M, Amini A, Kouhsari E. Therapeutic bacteria to combat cancer; current advances, challenges, and opportunities. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3167-3181. [PMID: 30950210 PMCID: PMC6558487 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful treatment of cancer remains a challenge, due to the unique pathophysiology of solid tumors, and the predictable emergence of resistance. Traditional methods for cancer therapy including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy all have their own limitations. A novel approach is bacteriotherapy, either used alone, or in combination with conventional methods, has shown a positive effect on regression of tumors and inhibition of metastasis. Bacteria-assisted tumor-targeted therapy used as therapeutic/gene/drug delivery vehicles has great promise in the treatment of tumors. The use of bacteria only, or in combination with conventional methods was found to be effective in some experimental models of cancer (tumor regression and increased survival rate). In this article, we reviewed the major advantages, challenges, and prospective directions for combinations of bacteria with conventional methods for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Sedighi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abed Zahedi Bialvaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusetts
- Department of DermatologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Elnaz Ohadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Arezoo Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Masoumeh Halajzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Vahid Lohrasbi
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and HepatologyGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Marcela Krutova
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical MicrobiologyCharles University and Motol University HospitalPragueCzech Republic
| | - Abolfazl Amini
- Laboratory Sciences Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Laboratory Sciences Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
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6
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Is LukS-PV a novel experimental therapy for leukemia? Gene 2016; 600:44-47. [PMID: 27916717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the studies on the pathogenesis and prognosis of leukemia have made revolutionary progress, the long-term survival remains unsatisfactory. Alternative techniques are being developed to target leukemia. Several decades after researchers' work, a variety of bacteria toxins are being explored as potential anti-leukemia agents, either to provide direct effects or to deliver therapeutic proteins to leukemia. LukS-PV, a component of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin secreted by S. aureus, has been tested in acute myeloid leukemia as a novel experimental strategy. Further researches about the targeting mechanisms of LukS-PV are required to make it a complete therapeutic approach for leukemia treatment. The function of this article is to provide clinicians and experimentalists with a chronological and comprehensive appraisal of use of LukS-PV as an experimental strategy for leukemia therapy.
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Bachran C, Gupta PK, Bachran S, Leysath CE, Hoover B, Fattah RJ, Leppla SH. Reductive methylation and mutation of an anthrax toxin fusion protein modulates its stability and cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4754. [PMID: 24755540 PMCID: PMC3996465 DOI: 10.1038/srep04754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized an anti-cancer fusion protein consisting of anthrax lethal factor (LF) and the catalytic domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A by (i) mutating the N-terminal amino acids and by (ii) reductive methylation to dimethylate all lysines. Dimethylation of lysines was achieved quantitatively and specifically without affecting binding of the fusion protein to PA or decreasing the enzymatic activity of the catalytic moiety. Ubiquitination in vitro was drastically decreased for both the N-terminally mutated and dimethylated variants, and both appeared to be slightly more stable in the cytosol of treated cells. The dimethylated variant showed greatly reduced neutralization by antibodies to LF. The two described modifications offer unique advantages such as increased cytotoxic activity and diminished antibody recognition, and thus may be applicable to other therapeutic proteins that act in the cytosol of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bachran
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pradeep K. Gupta
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Silke Bachran
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Clinton E. Leysath
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin Hoover
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rasem J. Fattah
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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8
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Mateyak MK, Kinzy TG. ADP-ribosylation of translation elongation factor 2 by diphtheria toxin in yeast inhibits translation and cell separation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24647-55. [PMID: 23853096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.488783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) facilitates the movement of the peptidyl tRNA-mRNA complex from the A site of the ribosome to the P site during protein synthesis. ADP-ribosylation (ADP(R)) of eEF2 by bacterial toxins on a unique diphthamide residue inhibits its translocation activity, but the mechanism is unclear. We have employed a hormone-inducible diphtheria toxin (DT) expression system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which allows for the rapid induction of ADP(R)-eEF2 to examine the effects of DT in vivo. ADP(R) of eEF2 resulted in a decrease in total protein synthesis consistent with a defect in translation elongation. Association of eEF2 with polyribosomes, however, was unchanged upon expression of DT. Upon prolonged exposure to DT, cells with an abnormal morphology and increased DNA content accumulated. This observation was specific to DT expression and was not observed when translation elongation was inhibited by other methods. Examination of these cells by electron microscopy indicated a defect in cell separation following mitosis. These results suggest that expression of proteins late in the cell cycle is particularly sensitive to inhibition by ADP(R)-eEF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Mateyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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9
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Bachran C, Morley T, Abdelazim S, Fattah RJ, Liu S, Leppla SH. Anthrax toxin-mediated delivery of the Pseudomonas exotoxin A enzymatic domain to the cytosol of tumor cells via cleavable ubiquitin fusions. mBio 2013; 4:e00201-13. [PMID: 23631917 PMCID: PMC3648902 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00201-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anthrax toxin proteins from Bacillus anthracis constitute a highly efficient system for delivering cytotoxic enzymes to the cytosol of tumor cells. However, exogenous proteins delivered to the cytosol of cells are subject to ubiquitination on lysines and proteasomal degradation, which limit their potency. We created fusion proteins containing modified ubiquitins with their C-terminal regions fused to the Pseudomonas exotoxin A catalytic domain (PEIII) in order to achieve delivery and release of PEIII to the cytosol. Fusion proteins in which all seven lysines of wild-type ubiquitin were retained while the site cleaved by cytosolic deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) was removed were nontoxic, apparently due to rapid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Fusion proteins in which all lysines of wild-type ubiquitin were substituted by arginine had high potency, exceeding that of a simple fusion lacking ubiquitin. This variant was less toxic to nontumor tissues in mice than the fusion protein lacking ubiquitin and was very efficient for tumor treatment in mice. The potency of these proteins was highly dependent on the number of lysines retained in the ubiquitin domain and on retention of the C-terminal ubiquitin sequence cleaved by DUBs. It appears that rapid cytosolic release of a cytotoxic enzyme (e.g., PEIII) that is itself resistant to ubiquitination is an effective strategy for enhancing the potency of tumor-targeting toxins. IMPORTANCE Bacterial toxins typically have highly efficient mechanisms for cellular delivery of their enzymatic components. Cytosolic delivery of therapeutic enzymes and drugs is an important topic in molecular medicine. We describe anthrax toxin fusion proteins containing ubiquitin as a cytosolic cleavable linker that improves the delivery of an enzyme to mammalian cells. The ubiquitin linker allowed modulation of potency in cells and in mice. This effective strategy for enhancing the intracellular potency of an enzyme may be useful for the cytosolic delivery and release of internalized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bachran
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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10
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Silva DS, Pereira LMG, Moreira AR, Ferreira-da-Silva F, Brito RM, Faria TQ, Zornetta I, Montecucco C, Oliveira P, Azevedo JE, Pereira PJB, Macedo-Ribeiro S, do Vale A, dos Santos NMS. The apoptogenic toxin AIP56 is a metalloprotease A-B toxin that cleaves NF-κb P65. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003128. [PMID: 23468618 PMCID: PMC3585134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIP56 (apoptosis-inducing protein of 56 kDa) is a major virulence factor of Photobacterium damselae piscicida (Phdp), a Gram-negative pathogen that causes septicemic infections, which are among the most threatening diseases in mariculture. The toxin triggers apoptosis of host macrophages and neutrophils through a process that, in vivo, culminates with secondary necrosis of the apoptotic cells contributing to the necrotic lesions observed in the diseased animals. Here, we show that AIP56 is a NF-κB p65-cleaving zinc-metalloprotease whose catalytic activity is required for the apoptogenic effect. Most of the bacterial effectors known to target NF-κB are type III secreted effectors. In contrast, we demonstrate that AIP56 is an A-B toxin capable of acting at distance, without requiring contact of the bacteria with the target cell. We also show that the N-terminal domain cleaves NF-κB at the Cys39-Glu40 peptide bond and that the C-terminal domain is involved in binding and internalization into the cytosol. The apoptosis inducing protein of 56 kDa (AIP56) is a key virulence factor secreted by Photobacterium damselae piscicida (Phdp), a Gram-negative bacterium that causes septicaemic infections in economically important marine fish species. It is known that AIP56 induces massive destruction of the phagocytic cells of the infected host, allowing the extracellular multiplication of the bacteria and contributing to the genesis of the pathology. Here we show that AIP56 acts by cleaving NF-κB p65. The NF-κB family of transcription factors is evolutionarily conserved and plays a central role in the host responses to microbial pathogen invasion, regulating the expression of inflammatory and anti-apoptotic genes. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved complex strategies to interfere with NF-κB signalling, usually by injecting protein effectors directly into the cell's cytosol through bacterial secretion machineries that require contact with host cells. In contrast, AIP56 acts at distance and has an intrinsic ability to reach the cytosol due to the presence of a C-terminal domain that functions as “delivery module.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Silva
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana M. G. Pereira
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Moreira
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Frederico Ferreira-da-Silva
- Protein Production and Purification, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Brito
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Q. Faria
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Irene Zornetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche dell'Università di Padova and Instituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche dell'Università di Padova and Instituto di Neuroscienze del CNR, Padova, Italy
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E. Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro J. B. Pereira
- Biomolecular Structure, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Protein Crystallography, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana do Vale
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. S. dos Santos
- Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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11
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Romaniuk SI, Kolybo DV, Komisarenko SV. Recombinant diphtheria toxin derivatives: Perspectives of application. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012; 38:639-52. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201206012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Patyar S, Joshi R, Byrav DSP, Prakash A, Medhi B, Das BK. Bacteria in cancer therapy: a novel experimental strategy. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:21. [PMID: 20331869 PMCID: PMC2854109 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to conventional anticancer therapies in patients with advanced solid tumors has prompted the need of alternative cancer therapies. Moreover, the success of novel cancer therapies depends on their selectivity for cancer cells with limited toxicity to normal tissues. Several decades after Coley's work a variety of natural and genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species are being explored as potential antitumor agents, either to provide direct tumoricidal effects or to deliver tumoricidal molecules. Live, attenuated or genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species are capable of multiplying selectively in tumors and inhibiting their growth. Due to their selectivity for tumor tissues, these bacteria and their spores also serve as ideal vectors for delivering therapeutic proteins to tumors. Bacterial toxins too have emerged as promising cancer treatment strategy. The most potential and promising strategy is bacteria based gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Although it has shown successful results in vivo yet further investigation about the targeting mechanisms of the bacteria are required to make it a complete therapeutic approach in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - R Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - DS Prasad Byrav
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - A Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - B Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - BK Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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13
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Bektaş M, Varol B, Nurten R, Bermek E. Interaction of diphtheria toxin (fragment A) with actin. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 27:430-9. [PMID: 19711484 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was shown by gel filtration and viscosity measurements that N-terminal fragment (FA) of diphtheria toxin (DT) can interact with both G- and F-actin (filamentous actin). Elution profiles on Sephadex G-100 indicated the formation of a binary complex of fragment A (FA) with globular actin monomer (G-actin), which was inhibited by gelsolin. Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) in turn appeared to interact with this complex. Tritiated FA was found to bind to F-actin stoichiometrically. This binding was inhibited again by gelsolin and G-actin, but not by DNase I. The binding of FA inhibited polymerization of G-actin and induced a time-dependent breakdown of F-actin under polymerization conditions. Inhibition of its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity did not have any effect on the interactions of FA with actin. FA interacted with actin also in the cell. After treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with biotin-labeled DT, Western blot analysis revealed predominantly the presence of actin in affinity-isolated complexes of the labeled FA. Similarly, FA was found in immunoaffinity-isolated complexes of actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Bektaş
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Pentz ES, Moyano MA, Thornhill BA, Sequeira Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Ablation of renin-expressing juxtaglomerular cells results in a distinct kidney phenotype. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 286:R474-83. [PMID: 14563659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00426.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renin-expressing cells are peculiar in that they act as differentiated cells, producing the hormone renin, while they also seem to act as progenitors for other renal cell types. As such, they may have functions independent of their ability to generate renin/angiotensin. To test this hypothesis, we ablated renin-expressing cells during development by placing diphtheria toxin A chain (DTA) under control of the Ren1d mouse renin promoter by homologous recombination in a two-renin gene strain (Ren2 and Ren1d). Renin-expressing cells are essentially absent from kidneys in homozygotes (DTA/DTA) which, unlike wild-type mice, are unable to recruit renin-expressing cells when homeostasis is threatened. In contrast, renin staining in the submandibular gland (SMG), which expresses mainly Ren2, is normal. Homozygous mice survive normally, but the kidneys are small and have morphological abnormalities: 25% of the glomeruli are hyperplastic or atrophic, tubules are dilated and atrophic, and areas of undifferentiated cells exist near the atrophic glomeruli and tubules. However, in contrast to the very abnormal renal vessels found when renin-angiotensin system genes are deleted, the kidney vessels in homozygotes have normal wall thickness and no decrease in lumen size. Homozygotes have severely reduced kidney and plasma renin concentrations and females have reduced blood pressure. Homozygotes have elevated blood urea nitrogen and potassium levels, which are suggestive of altered renal function. We conclude that renin cells per se are necessary for the morphological integrity of the kidney and may have a role in maintenance of normal kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Steward Pentz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Leifert JA, Whitton JL. "Translocatory proteins" and "protein transduction domains": a critical analysis of their biological effects and the underlying mechanisms. Mol Ther 2003; 8:13-20. [PMID: 12842424 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that several proteins, termed "translocatory" or "messenger" proteins, can move between living cells-exiting the cell of synthesis via an uncharacterized secretory pathway and entering adjacent cells by a nonendocytic mechanism that is active even at 4 degrees C. These activities, which have been mapped to short, highly basic regions termed "protein transduction domains" (PTDs), have engendered considerable interest in the gene therapy and vaccine research communities. If these proteins, and PTDs, are to be used in human or veterinary medicine, it is vital that the mechanisms underlying their effects be understood. This article presents a critical evaluation of the current literature and describes recent findings that indicate that the effects of these sequences might be explained by well-established biological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens A Leifert
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-9, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Chenal A, Nizard P, Gillet D. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN: FROM PATHOLOGY TO ENGINEERING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wesche J, Olsnes S. Ability of the Tat basic domain and VP22 to mediate cell binding, but not membrane translocation of the diphtheria toxin A-fragment. Biochemistry 2001; 40:4349-58. [PMID: 11284691 DOI: 10.1021/bi002443l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of proteins are able to enter cells from the extracellular environment, including protein toxins, growth factors, viral proteins, homeoproteins, and others. Many such translocating proteins, or parts of them, appear to be able to carry with them cargo into the cell, and a basic sequence from the HIV-1 Tat protein has been reported to provide intracellular delivery of several fused proteins. For evaluating the efficiency of translocation to the cytosol, this TAT-peptide was fused to the diphtheria toxin A-fragment (dtA), an extremely potent inhibitor of protein synthesis which normally is delivered efficiently to the cytosol by the toxin B-fragment. The fusion of the TAT-peptide to dtA converted the protein to a heparin-binding protein that bound avidly to the cell surface. However, no cytotoxicity of this protein was detected, indicating that the TAT-peptide is unable to efficiently deliver enzymatically active dtA to the cytosol. Interestingly, the fused TAT-peptide potentiated the binding and cytotoxic effect of the corresponding holotoxin. We made a fusion protein between VP22, another membrane-permeant protein, and dtA, and also in this case we detected association with cells in the absence of a cytotoxic effect. The data indicate that transport of dtA into the cell by the TAT-peptide and VP22 is inefficient.
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Galmiche A, Rassow J, Doye A, Cagnol S, Chambard JC, Contamin S, de Thillot V, Just I, Ricci V, Solcia E, Van Obberghen E, Boquet P. The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J 2000; 19:6361-70. [PMID: 11101509 PMCID: PMC305856 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.23.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori produces the cytotoxin VacA, which is implicated in the genesis of gastric epithelial lesions. By transfect ing HEp-2 cells with DNAs encoding either the N-terminal (p34) or the C-terminal (p58) fragment of VacA, p34 was found localized specifically to mitochondria, whereas p58 was cytosolic. Incubated in vitro with purified mitochondria, VacA and p34 but not p58 translocated into the mitochondria. Microinjection of DNAs encoding VacA-GFP and p34-GFP, but not GFP-VacA or GFP-p34, induced cell death by apoptosis. Transient transfection of HeLa cells with p34-GFP or VacA-GFP induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activated the executioner caspase 3, as determined by the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP cleavage was antagonized specifically by co-transfection of DNA encoding Bcl-2, known to block mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals. The relevance of these observations to the in vivo mechanism of VacA action was supported by the fact that purified activated VacA applied externally to cells induced cytochrome c release into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galmiche
- INSERM U452, Faculté de Médecine, 28 avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, CNRS-UMR 6543 and Centre Antoine Lacassagne, avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
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Abstract
AB toxins deliver their enzymatically active A domain to the cytosol. Some AB-toxins are able to penetrate cellular membranes from endosomes where the low pH triggers their translocation. One such toxin is diphtheria toxin and important features of its translocation mechanism have been unraveled during the last year. Other toxins depend on retrograde transport through the secretory pathway to the ER before translocation, and recent findings suggest that these toxins take advantage of the ER translocation machinery normally used for transport of cellular proteins. In addition, the intracellular targets of many of these toxins have been identified recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Falnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, 0310, Norway.
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