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Xie Y, Xiao D, Li D, Peng M, Peng W, Duan H, Yang X. Combined strategies with PARP inhibitors for the treatment of BRCA wide type cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1441222. [PMID: 39156700 PMCID: PMC11327142 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1441222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability stands out as a pivotal hallmark of cancer, and PARP inhibitors (PARPi) emerging as a groundbreaking class of targeted therapy drugs meticulously crafted to inhibit the repair of DNA single-strand breaks(SSB) in tumor cells. Currently, PARPi have been approved for the treatment of ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer characterized by homologous recombination(HR) repair deficiencies due to mutations in BRCA1/2 or other DNA repair associated genes and acquiring the designation of breakthrough therapy. Nonetheless, PARPi exhibit limited efficacy in the majority of HR-proficient BRCA1/2 wild-type cancers. At present, the synergistic approach of combining PARPi with agents that induce HR defects, or with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to induce substantial DNA damage, significantly enhances the efficacy of PARPi in BRCA wild-type or HR-proficient patients, supporting extension the use of PARPi in HR proficient patients. Therefore, we have summarized the effects and mechanisms of the combined use of drugs with PARPi, including the combination of PARPi with HR defect-inducing drugs such as ATRi, CHKi, HR indirectly inducing drugs like VEGFRi, CDKi, immune checkpoint inhibitors and drugs instigating DNA damage such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In addition, this review discusses several ongoing clinical trials aimed at analyzing the clinical application potential of these combined treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Xie
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huaxin Duan
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Fish of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Guo X, Ma Y, Zhang T, Liu R, Chang F, Yan X, Yu T, Wu P, Li Q, Xu L, Duan J, Li L, Su Y, Shao G. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP4 regulates BRCA1 stability and function. NPJ Breast Cancer 2024; 10:35. [PMID: 38734703 PMCID: PMC11088691 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-024-00641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 plays a suppressive role in breast tumorigenesis. Ubiquitin-dependent degradation is a common mechanism that regulates BRCA1 protein stability, and several ubiquitin ligases involved have been identified. However, the deubiquitinating enzyme for BRCA1 remains less defined. Here, we report that the deubiquitinase USP4 interacts with, deubiquitinates and stabilizes BRCA1, maintaining the protein level of BRCA1. USP4 knockdown results in a decreased BRCA1 protein level, impairment in homologous recombination mediated double-stranded break repair, and increased genome instability, and confers resistance to DNA damage-inducing agents and PARP inhibitors. Ectopic expression of USP4 stabilizes BRCA1 and reverse the effects caused by USP4 knockdown. Moreover, USP4 is low expressed in human breast cancer tissues and its low expression correlates with poorer survival of patients. Furthermore, we identified several loss-of-function mutations of USP4 in human gynecological cancers, the catalytic activity of which or their interaction with BRCA1 is disrupted. Together, we reveal that USP4 is a deubiquitinase for BRCA1. USP4 positively regulates the stability and function of BRCA1 through de-ubiquitination, and plays important role in the suppression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Runyu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fen Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xingyue Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianyun Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luzheng Xu
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junyi Duan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yanrong Su
- The Irma H. Russo, MD Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center-Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Genze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Nie C, Zhou XA, Zhou J, Liu Z, Gu Y, Liu W, Zhan J, Li S, Xiong Y, Zhou M, Shen Q, Wang W, Yang E, Wang J. A transcription-independent mechanism determines rapid periodic fluctuations of BRCA1 expression. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111951. [PMID: 37334492 PMCID: PMC10390875 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 expression is highly regulated to prevent genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of BRCA1 expression correlates closely with sporadic basal-like breast cancer and ovarian cancer. The most significant characteristic of BRCA1 regulation is periodic expression fluctuation throughout the cell cycle, which is important for the orderly progression of different DNA repair pathways throughout the various cell cycle phases and for further genomic stability. However, the underlying mechanism driving this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that RBM10-mediated RNA alternative splicing coupled to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (AS-NMD), rather than transcription, determines the periodic fluctuations in G1/S-phase BRCA1 expression. Furthermore, AS-NMD broadly regulates the expression of period genes, such as DNA replication-related genes, in an uneconomical but more rapid manner. In summary, we identified an unexpected posttranscriptional mechanism distinct from canonical processes that mediates the rapid regulation of BRCA1 as well as other period gene expression during the G1/S-phase transition and provided insights into potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Nie
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xiao Albert Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Zelin Liu
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yangyang Gu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Wanchang Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jun Zhan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shiwei Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yundong Xiong
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Qinjian Shen
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ence Yang
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems BiologyPeking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
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Villegas-Ruíz V, Medina-Vera I, Arellano-Perdomo P, Castillo-Villanueva A, Galván-Diaz CA, Paredes-Aguilera R, Rivera-Luna R, Juárez-Méndez S. Low Expression of BRCA1 as a Potential Relapse Predictor in B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:e167-e173. [PMID: 36730467 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood hematological malignancy worldwide. Treatment outcomes have improved dramatically in recent years; despite this, relapse is still a problem, and the potential molecular explanation for this remains an important field of study. We performed microarray and single-cell RNA-Seq data mining, and we selected significant data with a P -value<0.05. We validated BRCA1 gene expression by means of quantitative (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.) We performed statistical analysis and considered a P -value<0.05 significant. We identified the overexpression of breast cancer 1, early onset (BRCA1; P -value=2.52 -134 ), by means of microarray analysis. Moreover, the normal distribution of BRCA1 expression in healthy bone marrow. In addition, we confirmed the increases in BRCA1 expression using real-time (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and determined that it was significantly reduced in patients with relapse ( P -values=0.026). Finally, we identified that the expression of the BRCA1 gene could predict early relapse ( P -values=0.01). We determined that low expression of BRCA1 was associated with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse and could be a potential molecular prognostic marker.
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5
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Deregulated E2F Activity as a Cancer-Cell Specific Therapeutic Tool. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020393. [PMID: 36833320 PMCID: PMC9956157 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F, the principal target of the tumor suppressor pRB, plays crucial roles in cell proliferation and tumor suppression. In almost all cancers, pRB function is disabled, and E2F activity is enhanced. To specifically target cancer cells, trials have been undertaken to suppress enhanced E2F activity to restrain cell proliferation or selectively kill cancer cells, utilizing enhanced E2F activity. However, these approaches may also impact normal growing cells, since growth stimulation also inactivates pRB and enhances E2F activity. E2F activated upon the loss of pRB control (deregulated E2F) activates tumor suppressor genes, which are not activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation, inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis to protect cells from tumorigenesis. Deregulated E2F activity is tolerated in cancer cells due to inactivation of the ARF-p53 pathway, thus representing a feature unique to cancer cells. Deregulated E2F activity, which activates tumor suppressor genes, is distinct from enhanced E2F activity, which activates growth-related genes, in that deregulated E2F activity does not depend on the heterodimeric partner DP. Indeed, the ARF promoter, which is specifically activated by deregulated E2F, showed higher cancer-cell specific activity, compared to the E2F1 promoter, which is also activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation. Thus, deregulated E2F activity is an attractive potential therapeutic tool to specifically target cancer cells.
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Punzón-Jiménez P, Lago V, Domingo S, Simón C, Mas A. Molecular Management of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13777. [PMID: 36430255 PMCID: PMC9692799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) represents the most common form of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. The absence of specific symptoms leads to late-stage diagnosis, making HGSOC one of the gynecological cancers with the worst prognosis. The cellular origin of HGSOC and the role of reproductive hormones, genetic traits (such as alterations in P53 and DNA-repair mechanisms), chromosomal instability, or dysregulation of crucial signaling pathways have been considered when evaluating prognosis and response to therapy in HGSOC patients. However, the detection of HGSOC is still based on traditional methods such as carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) detection and ultrasound, and the combined use of these methods has yet to support significant reductions in overall mortality rates. The current paradigm for HGSOC management has moved towards early diagnosis via the non-invasive detection of molecular markers through liquid biopsies. This review presents an integrated view of the relevant cellular and molecular aspects involved in the etiopathogenesis of HGSOC and brings together studies that consider new horizons for the possible early detection of this gynecological cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Punzón-Jiménez
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Lago
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Domingo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aymara Mas
- Carlos Simon Foundation, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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The Breast Cancer Protooncogenes HER2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and Their Regulation by the iNOS/NOS2 Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061195. [PMID: 35740092 PMCID: PMC9227079 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) and derived NO in various cancers was reported to exert pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the levels of expression and the tumor types. In humans, the breast cancer level of iNOS was reported to be overexpressed, to exhibit pro-tumorigenic activities, and to be of prognostic significance. Likewise, the expression of the oncogenes HER2, BRCA1, and BRCA2 has been associated with malignancy. The interrelationship between the expression of these protooncogenes and oncogenes and the expression of iNOS is not clear. We have hypothesized that there exist cross-talk signaling pathways between the breast cancer protooncogenes, the iNOS axis, and iNOS-mediated NO mutations of these protooncogenes into oncogenes. We review the molecular regulation of the expression of the protooncogenes in breast cancer and their interrelationships with iNOS expression and activities. In addition, we discuss the roles of iNOS, HER2, BRCA1/2, and NO metabolism in the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells. Bioinformatic analyses have been performed and have found suggested molecular alterations responsible for breast cancer aggressiveness. These include the association of BRCA1/2 mutations and HER2 amplifications with the dysregulation of the NOS pathway. We propose that future studies should be undertaken to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of iNOS and various breast cancer oncogenes, with the aim of identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancers that are refractory to current treatments.
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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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9
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Miller HE, Bishop AJR. Correlation AnalyzeR: functional predictions from gene co-expression correlations. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:206. [PMID: 33879054 PMCID: PMC8056587 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-expression correlations provide the ability to predict gene functionality within specific biological contexts, such as different tissue and disease conditions. However, current gene co-expression databases generally do not consider biological context. In addition, these tools often implement a limited range of unsophisticated analysis approaches, diminishing their utility for exploring gene functionality and gene relationships. Furthermore, they typically do not provide the summary visualizations necessary to communicate these results, posing a significant barrier to their utilization by biologists without computational skills. RESULTS We present Correlation AnalyzeR, a user-friendly web interface for exploring co-expression correlations and predicting gene functions, gene-gene relationships, and gene set topology. Correlation AnalyzeR provides flexible access to its database of tissue and disease-specific (cancer vs normal) genome-wide co-expression correlations, and it also implements a suite of sophisticated computational tools for generating functional predictions with user-friendly visualizations. In the usage example provided here, we explore the role of BRCA1-NRF2 interplay in the context of bone cancer, demonstrating how Correlation AnalyzeR can be effectively implemented to generate and support novel hypotheses. CONCLUSIONS Correlation AnalyzeR facilitates the exploration of poorly characterized genes and gene relationships to reveal novel biological insights. The database and all analysis methods can be accessed as a web application at https://gccri.bishop-lab.uthscsa.edu/correlation-analyzer/ and as a standalone R package at https://github.com/Bishop-Laboratory/correlationAnalyzeR .
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Miller
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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10
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Amuzu S, Carmona E, Mes-Masson AM, Greenwood CMT, Tonin PN, Ragoussis J. Candidate Markers of Olaparib Response from Genomic Data Analyses of Human Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1296. [PMID: 33803939 PMCID: PMC7998846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of PARP inhibitor olaparib in relapsed and advanced high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is well established especially in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Identification of additional biomarkers can help expand the population of patients most likely to benefit from olaparib treatment. To identify candidate markers of olaparib response we analyzed genomic and in vitro olaparib response data from two independent groups of cancer cell lines. Using pan-cancer cell lines (n = 896) from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database, we applied linear regression methods to identify statistically significant gene predictors of olaparib response based on mRNA expression. We then analyzed whole exome sequencing and mRNA gene expression data from our collection of 18 HGSOC cell lines previously classified as sensitive, intermediate, or resistant based on in vitro olaparib response for mutations, copy number variation and differential expression of candidate olaparib response genes. We identify genes previously associated with olaparib response (SLFN11, ABCB1), and discover novel candidate olaparib sensitivity genes with known functions including interaction with PARP1 (PUM3, EEF1A1) and involvement in homologous recombination DNA repair (ELP4). Further investigations at experimental and clinical levels are required to validate novel candidates, and ultimately determine their efficacy as potential biomarkers of olaparib sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor Amuzu
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (C.M.T.G.); (P.N.T.); (J.R.)
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Euridice Carmona
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.C.); (A.-M.M.-M.)
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.C.); (A.-M.M.-M.)
- Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Celia M. T. Greenwood
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (C.M.T.G.); (P.N.T.); (J.R.)
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Patricia N. Tonin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (C.M.T.G.); (P.N.T.); (J.R.)
- Cancer Research Program, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (C.M.T.G.); (P.N.T.); (J.R.)
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
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11
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Pharmacological methods to transcriptionally modulate double-strand break DNA repair. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 354:187-213. [PMID: 32475473 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is much interest in targeting DNA repair pathways for use in cancer therapy, as the effectiveness of many therapeutic agents relies on their ability to cause damage to DNA, and deficiencies in DSB repair pathways can make cells more sensitive to specific cancer therapies. For example, defects in the double-strand break (DSB) pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR), induce sensitivity to radiation therapy and poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, respectively. However, traditional approaches to inhibit DNA repair through small molecule inhibitors have often been limited by toxicity and poor bioavailability. This review identifies several pharmacologic manipulations that modulate DSB repair by reducing expression of DNA repair factors. A number of pathways have been identified that modulate activity of NHEJ and HDR through this mechanism, including growth and hormonal receptor signaling pathways as well as epigenetic modifiers. We also discuss the effects of anti-angiogenic therapy on DSB repair. Preclinically, these pharmacological manipulations of DNA repair factor expression have been shown to increase sensitivity to specific cancer therapies, including ionizing radiation and PARP inhibitors. When applicable, relevant clinical trials are discussed and areas for future study are identified.
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12
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Göttgens EL, Bussink J, Leszczynska KB, Peters H, Span PN, Hammond EM. Inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 Enhances Radiosensitivity of HPV Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:548-558. [PMID: 31271827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus negative (HPV-ve) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis compared with HPV+ve HNSCCs. Expression of p16 in HPV+ve HNSCC is thought to mediate radiosensitivity via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6. We used a clinically approved CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor, palbociclib, and assessed its effect on radiosensitivity in HNSCC. METHODS AND MATERIALS The effect of palbociclib on radiosensitivity was determined in HPV-ve and HPV+ve HNSCC cell lines using colony survival assays, immunofluorescent staining of repair proteins, homologous recombination assays, cell cycle, and metaphase spread analyses. RESULTS Only HPV-ve HNSCC cells were radiosensitized by palbociclib, which also occurred at hypoxic levels associated with radioresistance. Palbociclib led to decreased induction of BRCA1 and RAD51 after irradiation. Homologous recombination was diminished and repair of radiation-induced DNA damage was delayed in the presence of palbociclib, leading to increased chromosomal damage. Failure to repair radiation-induced damage led to cell death as a result of mitotic catastrophe. CONCLUSIONS Here, we highlight a therapeutic strategy to improve the radiosensitivity of HPV-ve HNSCC, a patient group that has an unmet and urgent need for improved radiation therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Leonne Göttgens
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Bussink
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna B Leszczynska
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Peters
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ester M Hammond
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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13
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Kanakkanthara A, Kurmi K, Ekstrom TL, Hou X, Purfeerst ER, Heinzen EP, Correia C, Huntoon CJ, O'Brien D, Wahner Hendrickson AE, Dowdy SC, Li H, Oberg AL, Hitosugi T, Kaufmann SH, Weroha SJ, Karnitz LM. BRCA1 Deficiency Upregulates NNMT, Which Reprograms Metabolism and Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Mitochondrial Metabolic Targeting Agents. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5920-5929. [PMID: 31619387 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 plays a key role in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. Accordingly, changes that downregulate BRCA1, including BRCA1 mutations and reduced BRCA1 transcription, due to promoter hypermethylation or loss of the BRCA1 transcriptional regulator CDK12, disrupt HR in multiple cancers. In addition, BRCA1 has also been implicated in the regulation of metabolism. Here, we show that reducing BRCA1 expression, either by CDK12 or BRCA1 depletion, led to metabolic reprogramming of ovarian cancer cells, causing decreased mitochondrial respiration and reduced ATP levels. BRCA1 depletion drove this reprogramming by upregulating nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). Notably, the metabolic alterations caused by BRCA1 depletion and NNMT upregulation sensitized ovarian cancer cells to agents that inhibit mitochondrial metabolism (VLX600 and tigecycline) and to agents that inhibit glucose import (WZB117). These observations suggest that inhibition of energy metabolism may be a potential strategy to selectively target BRCA1-deficient high-grade serous ovarian cancer, which is characterized by frequent BRCA1 loss and NNMT overexpression. SIGNIFICANCE: Loss of BRCA1 reprograms metabolism, creating a therapeutically targetable vulnerability in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kanakkanthara
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kiran Kurmi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Ethan P Heinzen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Daniel O'Brien
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Sean C Dowdy
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - S John Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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14
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Kanakkanthara A, Huntoon CJ, Hou X, Zhang M, Heinzen EP, O'Brien DR, Oberg AL, John Weroha S, Kaufmann SH, Karnitz LM. ZC3H18 specifically binds and activates the BRCA1 promoter to facilitate homologous recombination in ovarian cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4632. [PMID: 31604914 PMCID: PMC6789141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced BRCA1 expression causes homologous recombination (HR) repair defects in high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOCs). Here, we demonstrate that BRCA1 is transcriptionally activated by a previously unknown function of ZC3H18. We show that ZC3H18 is a DNA-binding protein that interacts with an E2F site in the BRCA1 promoter where it facilitates recruitment of E2F4 to an adjacent E2F site to promote BRCA1 transcription. Consistent with ZC3H18 role in activating BRCA1 expression, ZC3H18 depletion induces BRCA1 promoter methylation, reduces BRCA1 expression, disrupts HR, and sensitizes cells to DNA crosslinkers and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. Moreover, in patient-derived xenografts and primary HGSOC tumors, ZC3H18 and E2F4 mRNA levels are positively correlated with BRCA1 mRNA levels, further supporting ZC3H18 role in regulating BRCA1. Given that ZC3H18 lies within 16q24.2, a region with frequent copy number loss in HGSOC, these findings suggest that ZC3H18 copy number losses could contribute to HR defects in HGSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kanakkanthara
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Minzhi Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ethan P Heinzen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel R O'Brien
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S John Weroha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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15
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Peñalver-González B, Vallejo-Rodríguez J, Mentxaka G, Fullaondo A, Iglesias-Ara A, Field SJ, Zubiaga AM. Golgi Oncoprotein GOLPH3 Gene Expression Is Regulated by Functional E2F and CREB/ATF Promoter Elements. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030247. [PMID: 30934642 PMCID: PMC6471639 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi organelle duplicates its protein and lipid content to segregate evenly between two daughter cells after mitosis. However, how Golgi biogenesis is regulated during interphase remains largely unknown. Here we show that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of GOLPH3 and GOLGA2, two genes encoding Golgi proteins, is induced specifically in G1 phase, suggesting a link between cell cycle regulation and Golgi growth. We have examined the role of E2F transcription factors, critical regulators of G1 to S progression of the cell cycle, in the expression of Golgi proteins during interphase. We show that promoter activity for GOLPH3, a Golgi protein that is also oncogenic, is induced by E2F1-3 and repressed by E2F7. Mutation of the E2F motifs present in the GOLPH3 promoter region abrogates E2F1-mediated induction of a GOLPH3 luciferase reporter construct. Furthermore, we identify a critical CREB/ATF element in the GOLPH3 promoter that is required for its steady state and ATF2-induced expression. Interestingly, depletion of GOLPH3 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) delays the G1 to S transition in synchronized U2OS cells. Taken together, our results reveal a link between cell cycle regulation and Golgi function, and suggest that E2F-mediated regulation of Golgi genes is required for the timely progression of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Peñalver-González
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jon Vallejo-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Gartze Mentxaka
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Asier Fullaondo
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Ainhoa Iglesias-Ara
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Seth J Field
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Ana M Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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16
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Seidlitz T, Merker SR, Rothe A, Zakrzewski F, von Neubeck C, Grützmann K, Sommer U, Schweitzer C, Schölch S, Uhlemann H, Gaebler AM, Werner K, Krause M, Baretton GB, Welsch T, Koo BK, Aust DE, Klink B, Weitz J, Stange DE. Human gastric cancer modelling using organoids. Gut 2019; 68:207-217. [PMID: 29703791 PMCID: PMC6352409 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. In this study, human and mouse gastric cancer organoids were generated to model the disease and perform drug testing to delineate treatment strategies. DESIGN Human gastric cancer organoid cultures were established, samples classified according to their molecular profile and their response to conventional chemotherapeutics tested. Targeted treatment was performed according to specific druggable mutations. Mouse gastric cancer organoid cultures were generated carrying molecular subtype-specific alterations. RESULTS Twenty human gastric cancer organoid cultures were established and four selected for a comprehensive in-depth analysis. Organoids demonstrated divergent growth characteristics and morphologies. Immunohistochemistry showed similar characteristics to the corresponding primary tissue. A divergent response to 5-fluoruracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, epirubicin and docetaxel treatment was observed. Whole genome sequencing revealed a mutational spectrum that corresponded to the previously identified microsatellite instable, genomic stable and chromosomal instable subtypes of gastric cancer. The mutational landscape allowed targeted therapy with trastuzumab for ERBB2 alterations and palbociclib for CDKN2A loss. Mouse cancer organoids carrying Kras and Tp53 or Apc and Cdh1 mutations were characterised and serve as model system to study the signalling of induced pathways. CONCLUSION We generated human and mouse gastric cancer organoids modelling typical characteristics and altered pathways of human gastric cancer. Successful interference with activated pathways demonstrates their potential usefulness as living biomarkers for therapy response testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Seidlitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Merker
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Rothe
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Zakrzewski
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumour Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (OncoRay), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Grützmann
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumour Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute for Pathology and Tumour and Normal Tissue Bank of the University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christine Schweitzer
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Uhlemann
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne-Marlene Gaebler
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Werner
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mechthild Krause
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology and National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (OncoRay), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumour Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Pathology and Tumour and Normal Tissue Bank of the University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thilo Welsch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela E Aust
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumour Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Institute for Pathology and Tumour and Normal Tissue Bank of the University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Klink
- Core Unit for Molecular Tumour Diagnostics (CMTD), National Center for Tumour Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany,Institute for Clinical Genetics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany,Partner Site Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Babu RL, Naveen Kumar M, Patil RH, Kiran Kumar KM, Devaraju KS, Ramesh GT, Sharma SC. Forskolin and Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate modulates the expression pattern of AP-1 factors and cell cycle regulators in estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cells. Genes Dis 2018; 6:159-166. [PMID: 31194000 PMCID: PMC6545452 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor is a key component of many signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cellular processes and controls rapid responses of mammalian cells when exposed to the variety of stimulus. The phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and Forskolin (Fo) are well-known kinase activators/stimulators of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Protein Kinase A (PKA) respectively. Importantly, these kinases are found to be present in transitional points of many cell signaling pathways, especially those involved in proliferation. The stimulating effect of PKC and PKA on the expression of AP-1 factors in MCF-7 breast cell proliferation is not well characterized. Hence, the role of PKC by PMA treatment and the role of PKA by using Fo in MCF-7 cells is investigated. Where, cells treated with PMA showed increased cell proliferation, while Fo had no effect, but inhibited the PMA induced proliferation. The RT-PCR results showed the PMA induced c-Jun, c-Fos and Fra-1 expressions compared to control and Fo. However, Fo in combination with PMA, inhibit the PMA induced above mRNA expressions where Fo alone has no effect. Western blot studies validated the c-Jun expressions in PMA treated MCF-7 cells. Further, PMA increases the mRNA expression of Cyclin-E1, Cyclin-D1, and CDK-4, whereas Fo decreases their expressions. Thus, mitogenic effect of PMA and inhibitory action of Fo on MCF-7 cells is probably enhanced via activation of AP-1 factors and concomitant action of cell cycle regulators in the downstream singling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Babu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Akkamahadevi Women's University, Jnanashakthi Campus, Vijayapura, 586 108, Karnataka, India.,Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - M Naveen Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru, 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeshwari H Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru, 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - K M Kiran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru, 560 056, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Devaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580003, Karnataka, India
| | - Govindarajan T Ramesh
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - S Chidananda Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru, 560 056, Karnataka, India
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18
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Non-Coding Variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes: Potential Impact on Breast and Ovarian Cancer Predisposition. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110453. [PMID: 30453575 PMCID: PMC6266896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are major breast cancer susceptibility genes whose pathogenic variants are associated with a significant increase in the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. Current genetic screening is generally limited to BRCA1/2 exons and intron/exon boundaries. Most identified pathogenic variants cause the partial or complete loss of function of the protein. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that variants in these regions only account for a small proportion of cancer risk. The role of variants in non-coding regions beyond splice donor and acceptor sites, including those that have no qualitative effect on the protein, has not been thoroughly investigated. The key transcriptional regulatory elements of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are housed in gene promoters, untranslated regions, introns, and long-range elements. Within these sequences, germline and somatic variants have been described, but the clinical significance of the majority is currently unknown and it remains a significant clinical challenge. This review summarizes the available data on the impact of variants on non-coding regions of BRCA1/2 genes and their role on breast and ovarian cancer predisposition.
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19
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Kim D, Liu Y, Oberly S, Freire R, Smolka MB. ATR-mediated proteome remodeling is a major determinant of homologous recombination capacity in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8311-8325. [PMID: 30010936 PMCID: PMC6144784 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR kinase is crucial for genome maintenance, but the mechanisms by which ATR controls the DNA repair machinery are not fully understood. Here, we find that long-term chronic inhibition of ATR signaling severely impairs the ability of cells to utilize homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair. Proteomic analysis shows that chronic ATR inhibition depletes the abundance of key HR factors, suggesting that spontaneous ATR signaling enhances the capacity of cells to use HR-mediated repair by controlling the abundance of the HR machinery. Notably, ATR controls the abundance of HR factors largely via CHK1-dependent transcription, and can also promote stabilization of specific HR proteins. Cancer cells exhibit a strong dependency on ATR signaling for maintaining elevated levels of HR factors, and we propose that increased constitutive ATR signaling caused by augmented replication stress in cancer cells drives the enhanced HR capacity observed in certain tumor types. Overall, these findings define a major pro-HR function for ATR and have important implications for therapy by providing rationale for sensitizing HR-proficient cancer cells to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susannah Oberly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologias Biomedicas, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 607 255 0274; Fax: +1 607 255 5961;
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21
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Scanlon SE, Hegan DC, Sulkowski PL, Glazer PM. Suppression of homology-dependent DNA double-strand break repair induces PARP inhibitor sensitivity in VHL-deficient human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4647-4660. [PMID: 29435132 PMCID: PMC5797003 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in the vast majority of human clear cell renal carcinomas. The pathogenesis of VHL loss is currently best understood to occur through stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factors, activation of hypoxia-induced signaling pathways, and transcriptional reprogramming towards a pro-angiogenic and pro-growth state. However, hypoxia also drives other pro-tumorigenic processes, including the development of genomic instability via down-regulation of DNA repair gene expression. Here, we find that DNA repair genes involved in double-strand break repair by homologous recombination (HR) and in mismatch repair, which are down-regulated by hypoxic stress, are decreased in VHL-deficient renal cancer cells relative to wild type VHL-complemented cells. Functionally, this gene repression is associated with impaired DNA double-strand break repair in VHL-deficient cells, as determined by the persistence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks and reduced repair activity in a homology-dependent plasmid reactivation assay. Furthermore, VHL deficiency conferred increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, analogous to the synthetic lethality observed between hypoxia and these agents. Finally, we discovered a correlation between VHL inactivation and reduced HR gene expression in a large panel of human renal carcinoma samples. Together, our data elucidate a novel connection between VHL-deficient renal carcinoma and hypoxia-induced down-regulation of DNA repair, and identify potential opportunities for targeting DNA repair defects in human renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Scanlon
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise C. Hegan
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parker L. Sulkowski
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter M. Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Yang X, Pan Y, Qiu Z, Du Z, Zhang Y, Fa P, Gorityala S, Ma S, Li S, Chen C, Wang H, Xu Y, Yan C, Ruth K, Ma Z, Zhang J. RNF126 as a Biomarker of a Poor Prognosis in Invasive Breast Cancer and CHEK1 Inhibitor Efficacy in Breast Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1629-1643. [PMID: 29326282 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: (i) To investigate the expression of the E3 ligase, RNF126, in human invasive breast cancer and its links with breast cancer outcomes; and (ii) to test the hypothesis that RNF126 determines the efficacy of inhibitors targeting the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase, CHEK1.Experimental Design: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry (IHC) compared RNF126 staining in 110 invasive breast cancer and 78 paired adjacent normal tissues with clinicopathologic data. Whether RNF126 controls CHEK1 expression was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation and a CHEK1 promoter driven luciferase reporter. Staining for these two proteins by IHC using tissue microarrays was also conducted. Cell killing/replication stress induced by CHEK1 inhibition was evaluated in cells, with or without RNF126 knockdown, by MTT/colony formation, replication stress biomarker immunostaining and DNA fiber assays.Results: RNF126 protein expression was elevated in breast cancer tissue samples. RNF126 was associated with a poor clinical outcome after multivariate analysis and was an independent predictor. RNF126 promotes CHEK1 transcript expression. Critically, a strong correlation between RNF126 and CHEK1 proteins was identified in breast cancer tissue and cell lines. The inhibition of CHEK1 induced a greater cell killing and a higher level of replication stress in breast cancer cells expressing RNF126 compared to RNF126 depleted cells.Conclusions: RNF126 protein is highly expressed in invasive breast cancer tissue. The high expression of RNF126 is an independent predictor of a poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer and is considered a potential biomarker of a cancer's responsiveness to CHEK1 inhibitors. CHEK1 inhibition targets breast cancer cells expressing higher levels of RNF126 by enhancing replication stress. Clin Cancer Res; 24(7); 1629-43. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojun Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhanwen Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pengyan Fa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Shanhuai Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Division of Oncology Breast Oncology Section, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Keri Ruth
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zhefu Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Breast Surgery & Plastic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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23
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Hyttinen JMT, Błasiak J, Niittykoski M, Kinnunen K, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. DNA damage response and autophagy in the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells-Implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:64-77. [PMID: 28351686 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the links between autophagy, a mechanism involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and controlling cellular waste management, and the DNA damage response (DDR), comprising various mechanisms preserving the integrity and stability of the genome. A reduced autophagy capacity in retinal pigment epithelium has been shown to be connected in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), an eye disease. This degenerative disease is a major and increasing cause of vision loss in the elderly in developed countries, primarily due to the profound accumulation of intra- and extracellular waste: lipofuscin and drusen. An abundance of reactive oxygen species is produced in the retina since this tissue has a high oxygen demand and contains mitochondria-rich cells. The retina is exposed to light and it also houses many photoactive molecules. These factors are clearly reflected in both the autophagy and DNA damage rates, and in both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. It remains to be revealed whether DNA damage and DDR capacity have a more direct role in the development of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- Institute of Biotechnology, Developmental Biology Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Finland
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24
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Jabareen A, Abu-Jaafar A, Abou-Kandil A, Huleihel M. Effect of TPA and HTLV-1 Tax on BRCA1 and ERE controlled genes expression. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1336-1344. [PMID: 28594273 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1327491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interference with the expression and/or functions of the multifunctional tumor suppressor BRCA1 leads to a high risk of breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 expression is usually activated by the estrogen (E2) liganded ERα receptor. Activated ERα is considered as a potent transcription factor which activates various genes expression by 2 pathways. A classical pathway, ERα binds directly to E2-responsive elements (EREs) in the promoters of the responsive genes and a non-classical pathway where ERα indirectly binds with the appropriate gene promoter. In our previous study, HTLV-1Tax was found to strongly inhibit ERα induced BRCA1 expression while stimulating ERα induced ERE dependent genes. TPA is a strong PKC activator which found to induce the expression of HTLV-1. Here we examined the effect of TPA on the expression of BRCA1 and genes controlled by ERE region in MCF-7 cells and on Tax activity on these genes. Our results showed strong stimulatory effect of TPA on both BRCA1 and ERE expression without treatment with E2. Tax did not show any significant effect on these TPA activities. It seems that TPA activation of BRCA1 and ERE expression is dependent on PKC activity but not through the NFκB pathway. However, 53BP1 may be involved in this TPA activity because its overexpression significantly reduced the TPA stimulatory effect on BRCA1 and ERE expression. Additionally, our Chip assay results probably exclude possible involvement of ERα pathway in this TPA activity because TPA did not interfere with the binding of ERα to both BRCA1 promoter and ERE region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Jabareen
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Aya Abu-Jaafar
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Ammar Abou-Kandil
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
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25
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Pignochino Y, Capozzi F, D'Ambrosio L, Dell'Aglio C, Basiricò M, Canta M, Lorenzato A, Vignolo Lutati F, Aliberti S, Palesandro E, Boccone P, Galizia D, Miano S, Chiabotto G, Napione L, Gammaitoni L, Sangiolo D, Benassi MS, Pasini B, Chiorino G, Aglietta M, Grignani G. PARP1 expression drives the synergistic antitumor activity of trabectedin and PARP1 inhibitors in sarcoma preclinical models. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:86. [PMID: 28454547 PMCID: PMC5410089 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancing the antitumor activity of the DNA-damaging drugs is an attractive strategy to improve current treatment options. Trabectedin is an isoquinoline alkylating agent with a peculiar mechanism of action. It binds to minor groove of DNA inducing single- and double-strand-breaks. These kinds of damage lead to the activation of PARP1, a first-line enzyme in DNA-damage response pathways. We hypothesized that PARP1 targeting could perpetuate trabectedin-induced DNA damage in tumor cells leading finally to cell death. Methods We investigated trabectedin and PARP1 inhibitor synergism in several tumor histotypes both in vitro and in vivo (subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor xenografts in mice). We searched for key determinants of drug synergism by comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and gene expression profiling (GEP) and validated their functional role. Results Trabectedin activated PARP1 enzyme and the combination with PARP1 inhibitors potentiated DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint and apoptosis, if compared to single agents. Olaparib was the most active PARP1 inhibitor to combine with trabectedin and we confirmed the antitumor and antimetastatic activity of trabectedin/olaparib combination in mice models. However, we observed different degree of trabectedin/olaparib synergism among different cell lines. Namely, in DMR leiomyosarcoma models the combination was significantly more active than single agents, while in SJSA-1 osteosarcoma models no further advantage was obtained if compared to trabectedin alone. aCGH and GEP revealed that key components of DNA-repair pathways were involved in trabectedin/olaparib synergism. In particular, PARP1 expression dictated the degree of the synergism. Indeed, trabectedin/olaparib synergism was increased after PARP1 overexpression and reduced after PARP1 silencing. Conclusions PARP1 inhibition potentiated trabectedin activity in a PARP1-dependent manner and PARP1 expression in tumor cells might be a useful predictive biomarker that deserves clinical evaluation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0652-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ymera Pignochino
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy. .,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | - Federica Capozzi
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo D'Ambrosio
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Carmine Dell'Aglio
- Pathology Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Basiricò
- Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Canta
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lorenzato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Aliberti
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Palesandro
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Boccone
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Danilo Galizia
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Miano
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Lucia Napione
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Current address: Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Gammaitoni
- Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Laboratory of Vascular Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grignani
- Sarcoma Unit, Medical Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
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26
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Hallajian Z, Mahjoubi F, Nafissi N. Simultaneous ATM/BRCA1/RAD51 expression variations associated with prognostic factors in Iranian sporadic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer 2017; 24:624-634. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Abou-Kandil A, Eisa N, Jabareen A, Huleihel M. Differential effects of HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein on the different estrogen-induced-ER α-mediated transcriptional activities. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2626-2635. [PMID: 27420286 PMCID: PMC5053584 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1208871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The activated estrogen (E2) receptor α (ERα) is a potent transcription factor that is involved in the activation of various genes by 2 different pathways; a classical and non-classical. In classical pathway, ERα binds directly to E2-responsive elements (EREs) located in the appropriate genes promoters and stimulates their transcription. However, in non-classical pathway, the ERα can indirectly bind with promoters and enhance their activity. For instance, ERα activates BRCA1 expression by interacting with jun/fos complex bound to the AP-1 site in BRCA1 promoter. Interference with the expression and/or functions of BRCA1, leads to high risk of breast or/and ovarian cancer. HTLV-1Tax was found to strongly inhibit BRCA1 expression by preventing the binding of E2-ERα complex to BRCA1 promoter. Here we examined Tax effect on ERα induced activation of genes by the classical pathway by testing its influence on E2-induced expression of ERE promoter-driven luciferase reporter (ERE-Luc). Our findings showed that E2 profoundly stimulated this reporter expression and that HTLV-1Tax significantly induced this stimulation. This result is highly interesting because in our previous study Tax was found to strongly block the E2-ERα-mediated activation of BRCA1 expression. ERα was found to produce a big complex by recruiting various cofactors in the nucleus before binding to the ERE region. We also found that only part of the reqruited cofactors are required for the transcriptional activity of ERα complex. Chip assay revealed that the binding of Tax to the ERα complex, did not interfere with its link to ERE region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abou-Kandil
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Nora Eisa
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Azhar Jabareen
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- a Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
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28
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Zheng J, Qin W, Jiao D, Ren J, Wei M, Shi S, Xi W, Wang H, Yang AG, Huan Y, Wen W. Knockdown of COUP-TFII inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis through upregulating BRCA1 in renal cell carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1574-85. [PMID: 27193872 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zheng
- Department of Urology; Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
- Department of Oncology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Dian Jiao
- Department of Urology; Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Radiology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Urology; Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Shengjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Wenjin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Urology; Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Yi Huan
- Department of Radiology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Weihong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
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29
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Tokarz P, Kaarniranta K, Blasiak J. Role of the Cell Cycle Re-Initiation in DNA Damage Response of Post-Mitotic Cells and Its Implication in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rejuvenation Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Tokarz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska, Lodz, Poland
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30
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Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood. It typically presents with leukocoria or strabismus. In later stages of the disease, the child may exhibit proptosis, buphthalmos, or hypopyon. The pathognomonic molecular aberration is a loss of function mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13q. The degree of tumor involvement within the eye is defined by its group. Grouping was historically done with Reese-Ellsworth System. Recent therapeutic advances have led to the development of a new grouping system, the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB). In cases of extraocular extension and metastatic disease, the degree of tumor involvement outside of the eye is defined by its stage. Retinoblastoma is staged using the International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS). Children with intraocular retinoblastoma have an excellent overall and ocular survival. In order to avoid the morbidity of enucleation and external beam radiation, treatments for isolated intraocular retinoblastoma have progressively moved toward targeted local modalities. Patients with extraocular involvement, such as those with trilateral retinoblastoma, have a poorer prognosis. The majority of these higher stage patients are now able to be cured with combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira J Dunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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31
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E2F1: a promising regulator in ovarian carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:2823-31. [PMID: 26749284 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F is a family of transcription factors that recognized to regulate the expression of genes essential for a wide range of cellular functions, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, DNA replication, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. E2F1, the most classic member of the E2F family, exhibits a complex role in tumor development regulation. In recent years, a growing body of data suggested an intimate relationship between E2F1 and ovarian carcinoma. And E2F1 was well identified to play dual functions and serve as a useful prognostic indicator in ovarian carcinoma. However, the mechanism underlying E2F1 associated with ovarian carcinoma remains elusive. It is necessary to clarify the fundamental role of E2F1 in ovarian carcinoma. In this review, we tried to sum up the knowledge of E2F1, including its structure and related mechanism. We also attempt to absorb the research achievements and collect the mechanism of E2F1 in ovarian carcinoma.
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32
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Homologous Recombination Repair Factors Rad51 and BRCA1 Are Necessary for Productive Replication of Human Papillomavirus 31. J Virol 2015; 90:2639-52. [PMID: 26699641 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02495-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED High-risk human papillomavirus 31 (HPV31)-positive cells exhibit constitutive activation of the ATM-dependent DNA damage response (DDR), which is necessary for productive viral replication. In response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), ATM activation leads to DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR), which requires the principal recombinase protein Rad51, as well as BRCA1. Previous studies from our lab demonstrated that Rad51 and BRCA1 are expressed at high levels in HPV31-positive cells and localize to sites of viral replication. These results suggest that HPV may utilize ATM activity to increase HR activity as a means to facilitate viral replication. In this study, we demonstrate that high-risk HPV E7 expression alone is sufficient for the increase in Rad51 and BRCA1 protein levels. We have found that this increase occurs, at least in part, at the level of transcription. Studies analyzing protein stability indicate that HPV may also protect Rad51 and BRCA1 from turnover, contributing to the overall increase in cellular levels. We also demonstrate that Rad51 is bound to HPV31 genomes, with binding increasing per viral genome upon productive replication. We have found that depletion of Rad51 and BRCA1, as well as inhibition of Rad51's recombinase activity, abrogates productive viral replication upon differentiation. Overall, these results indicate that Rad51 and BRCA1 are required for the process of HPV31 genome amplification and suggest that productive replication occurs in a manner dependent upon recombination. IMPORTANCE Productive replication of HPV31 requires activation of an ATM-dependent DNA damage response, though how ATM activity contributes to replication is unclear. Rad51 and BRCA1 play essential roles in repair of double-strand breaks, as well as the restart of stalled replication forks through homologous recombination (HR). Given that ATM activity is required to initiate HR repair, coupled with the requirement of Rad51 and BRCA1 for productive viral replication, our findings suggest that HPV may utilize ATM activity to ensure localization of recombination factors to productively replicating viral genomes. The finding that E7 increases the levels of Rad51 and BRCA1 suggests that E7 contributes to productive replication by providing DNA repair factors required for viral DNA synthesis. Our studies not only imply a role for recombination in the regulation of productive HPV replication but provide further insight into how HPV manipulates the DDR to facilitate the productive phase of the viral life cycle.
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Wang Y, Deng O, Feng Z, Du Z, Xiong X, Lai J, Yang X, Xu M, Wang H, Taylor D, Yan C, Chen C, Difeo A, Ma Z, Zhang J. RNF126 promotes homologous recombination via regulation of E2F1-mediated BRCA1 expression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1363-72. [PMID: 26234677 PMCID: PMC4740281 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNF126 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The deletion of RNF126 gene was observed in a wide range of human cancers and is correlated with improved disease-free and overall survival. These data highlights the clinical relevance of RNF126 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. However, the specific functions of RNF126 remain largely unknown. Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break repair is important for tumor suppression and cancer therapy resistance. Here, we demonstrate that RNF126 facilitates HR by promoting the expression of BRCA1, in a manner independent of its E3 ligase activity but depending on E2F1, a well-known transcription factor of BRCA1 promoter. In support of this result, RNF126 promotes transactivation of BRCA1 promoter by directly binding to E2F1. Most importantly, an RNF126 mutant lacking 11 amino acids that is responsible for the interaction with E2F1 has a dominant-negative effect on BRCA1 expression and HR by suppressing E2F1-mediated transactivation of BRCA1 promoter and blocking the enrichment of E2F1 on BRCA1 promoter. Lastly, RNF126 depletion leads to the increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Collectively, our results suggest a novel role of RNF126 in promoting HR-mediated repair through positive regulation on BRCA1 expression by direct interaction with E2F1. This study not only offers novel insights into our current understanding of the biological functions of RNF126 but also provides a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - O Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - X Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, QuanZhou, Fujian, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Yan
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Difeo
- General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Tissue-specific targeting of cell fate regulatory genes by E2f factors. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:565-75. [PMID: 25909886 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins are important regulators of diverse cell fate decisions, and in this capacity have pivotal roles in neurogenesis and brain development. The mechanisms by which cell cycle regulation is integrated with cell fate control in the brain and other tissues are poorly understood, and an outstanding question is whether the cell cycle machinery regulates fate decisions directly or instead as a secondary consequence of proliferative control. Identification of the genes targeted by E2 promoter binding factor (E2f) transcription factors, effectors of the pRb/E2f cell cycle pathway, will provide essential insights into these mechanisms. We identified the promoter regions bound by three neurogenic E2f factors in neural precursor cells in a genome-wide manner. Through bioinformatic analyses and integration of published genomic data sets we uncovered hundreds of transcriptionally active E2f-bound promoters corresponding to genes that control cell fate processes, including key transcriptional regulators and members of the Notch, fibroblast growth factor, Wnt and Tgf-β signaling pathways. We also demonstrate a striking enrichment of the CCCTC binding factor transcription factor (Ctcf) at E2f3-bound nervous system-related genes, suggesting a potential regulatory co-factor for E2f3 in controlling differentiation. Finally, we provide the first demonstration of extensive tissue specificity among E2f target genes in mammalian cells, whereby E2f3 promoter binding is well conserved between neural and muscle precursors at genes associated with cell cycle processes, but is tissue-specific at differentiation-associated genes. Our findings implicate the cell cycle pathway as a widespread regulator of cell fate genes, and suggest that E2f3 proteins control cell type-specific differentiation programs by regulating unique sets of target genes. This work significantly enhances our understanding of how the cell cycle machinery impacts cell fate and differentiation, and will importantly drive further discovery regarding the mechanisms of cell fate control and transcriptional regulation in the brain, as well as in other tissues.
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Young A, Berry R, Holloway AF, Blackburn NB, Dickinson JL, Skala M, Phillips JL, Brettingham-Moore KH. RNA-seq profiling of a radiation resistant and radiation sensitive prostate cancer cell line highlights opposing regulation of DNA repair and targets for radiosensitization. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:808. [PMID: 25369795 PMCID: PMC4233036 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is a chosen treatment option for prostate cancer patients and while some tumours respond well, up to 50% of patients may experience tumour recurrence. Identification of functionally relevant predictive biomarkers for radioresponse in prostate cancer would enable radioresistant patients to be directed to more appropriate treatment options, avoiding the side-effects of radiotherapy. METHODS Using an in vitro model to screen for novel biomarkers of radioresistance, transcriptome analysis of a radioresistant (PC-3) and radiosensitive (LNCaP) prostate cancer cell line was performed. Following pathway analysis candidate genes were validated using qRT-PCR. The DNA repair pathway in radioresistant PC-3 cells was then targeted for radiation sensitization using the PARP inhibitor, niacinimide. RESULTS Opposing regulation of a DNA repair and replication pathway was observed between PC-3 and LNCaP cells from RNA-seq analysis. Candidate genes BRCA1, RAD51, FANCG, MCM7, CDC6 and ORC1 were identified as being significantly differentially regulated post-irradiation. qRT-PCR validation confirmed BRCA1, RAD51 and FANCG as being significantly differentially regulated at 24 hours post radiotherapy (p-value =0.003, 0.045 and 0.003 respectively). While the radiosensitive LNCaP cells down-regulated BRCA1, FANCG and RAD51, the radioresistant PC-3 cell line up-regulated these candidates to promote cell survival post-radiotherapy and a similar trend was observed for MCM7, CDC6 and ORC1. Inhibition of DNA repair using niacinamide sensitised the radioresistant cells to irradiation, reducing cell survival at 2 Gy from 66% to 44.3% (p-value =0.02). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the DNA repair candidates identified via RNA-seq hold potential as both targets for radiation sensitization and predictive biomarkers in prostate cancer.
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Wiedemeyer WR, Beach JA, Karlan BY. Reversing Platinum Resistance in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: Targeting BRCA and the Homologous Recombination System. Front Oncol 2014. [PMID: 24624361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00034]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to platinum chemotherapy is one of the main factors driving ovarian cancer mortality, and overcoming platinum resistance is considered one of the greatest challenges in ovarian cancer research. Genetic and functional evidence points to the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair system, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular, as main determinants of response to platinum therapy. BRCA-mutant ovarian cancers are especially sensitive to platinum, associated with better survival, and amenable to poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor treatment. Here, we discuss a therapeutic concept that seeks to disrupt HR capacity via targeting of BRCA1 and BRCA2 functionality in order to reverse platinum resistance in BRCA-proficient high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC). We review the molecular signaling pathways that converge on BRCA1 and BRCA2, their activation status in ovarian cancer, and therapeutic options to modulate BRCA function. Several recent publications demonstrate efficient chemosensitization of BRCA-proficient cancers by combining targeted therapy with standard platinum-based agents. Due to its inherent genomic heterogeneity, molecularly defined subgroups of HGSOC may require different approaches. We seek to provide an overview of available agents and their potential use to reverse platinum resistance by inhibiting the HR system, either directly or indirectly, by targeting oncogenic activators of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Jessica A Beach
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Wiedemeyer WR, Beach JA, Karlan BY. Reversing Platinum Resistance in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: Targeting BRCA and the Homologous Recombination System. Front Oncol 2014. [PMID: 24624361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00034] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to platinum chemotherapy is one of the main factors driving ovarian cancer mortality, and overcoming platinum resistance is considered one of the greatest challenges in ovarian cancer research. Genetic and functional evidence points to the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair system, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular, as main determinants of response to platinum therapy. BRCA-mutant ovarian cancers are especially sensitive to platinum, associated with better survival, and amenable to poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor treatment. Here, we discuss a therapeutic concept that seeks to disrupt HR capacity via targeting of BRCA1 and BRCA2 functionality in order to reverse platinum resistance in BRCA-proficient high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC). We review the molecular signaling pathways that converge on BRCA1 and BRCA2, their activation status in ovarian cancer, and therapeutic options to modulate BRCA function. Several recent publications demonstrate efficient chemosensitization of BRCA-proficient cancers by combining targeted therapy with standard platinum-based agents. Due to its inherent genomic heterogeneity, molecularly defined subgroups of HGSOC may require different approaches. We seek to provide an overview of available agents and their potential use to reverse platinum resistance by inhibiting the HR system, either directly or indirectly, by targeting oncogenic activators of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Jessica A Beach
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Wiedemeyer WR, Beach JA, Karlan BY. Reversing Platinum Resistance in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma: Targeting BRCA and the Homologous Recombination System. Front Oncol 2014; 4:34. [PMID: 24624361 PMCID: PMC3939430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to platinum chemotherapy is one of the main factors driving ovarian cancer mortality, and overcoming platinum resistance is considered one of the greatest challenges in ovarian cancer research. Genetic and functional evidence points to the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair system, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 in particular, as main determinants of response to platinum therapy. BRCA-mutant ovarian cancers are especially sensitive to platinum, associated with better survival, and amenable to poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor treatment. Here, we discuss a therapeutic concept that seeks to disrupt HR capacity via targeting of BRCA1 and BRCA2 functionality in order to reverse platinum resistance in BRCA-proficient high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC). We review the molecular signaling pathways that converge on BRCA1 and BRCA2, their activation status in ovarian cancer, and therapeutic options to modulate BRCA function. Several recent publications demonstrate efficient chemosensitization of BRCA-proficient cancers by combining targeted therapy with standard platinum-based agents. Due to its inherent genomic heterogeneity, molecularly defined subgroups of HGSOC may require different approaches. We seek to provide an overview of available agents and their potential use to reverse platinum resistance by inhibiting the HR system, either directly or indirectly, by targeting oncogenic activators of HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruprecht Wiedemeyer
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Jessica A Beach
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Shukrun M, Jabareen A, Abou-Kandil A, Chamias R, Aboud M, Huleihel M. HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein inhibits the estrogen-induced-ER α-Mediated BRCA1 expression by interaction with CBP/p300 cofactors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89390. [PMID: 24586743 PMCID: PMC3931753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is a multifunctional tumor suppressor, whose expression is activated by the estrogen (E2)-liganded ERα receptor and regulated by certain recruited transcriptional co-activators. Interference with BRCA1 expression and/or functions leads to high risk of breast or/and ovarian cancer. Another multifunctional protein, HTLV-1Tax oncoprotein, is widely regarded as crucial for developing adult T-cell leukemia and other clinical disorders. Tax profile reveals that it can antagonize BRCA1 expression and/or functionality. Therefore, we hypothesize that Tax expression in breast cells can sensitize them to malignant transformation by environmental carcinogens. Here we examined Tax effect on BRCA1 expression by testing its influence on E2-induced expression of BRCA1 promoter-driven luciferase reporter (BRCA1-Luc). We found that E2 strongly stimulated this reporter expression by liganding to ERα, which consequently associated with BRCA1 promoter, while ERα concomitantly recruited CBP/p300 to this complex for co-operative enhancement of BRCA1 expression. Introducing Tax into these cells strongly blocked this E2-ERα-mediated activation of BRCA1 expression. We noted, also, that Tax exerted this inhibition by binding to CBP/p300 without releasing them from their complex with ERα. Chip assay revealed that the binding of Tax to the CBP/p300-ERα complex, prevented its link to AP1 site. Interestingly, we noted that elevating the intracellular pool of CBP or p300 to excessive levels dramatically reduced the Tax-mediated inhibition of BRCA1 expression. Exploring the mechanism of this reduction revealed that the excessive co-factors were sufficient to bind separately the free Tax molecules, thus lowering their amount in the CBP/p300-ERα complex and relieving, thereby, the inhibition of BRCA1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meital Shukrun
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Azhar Jabareen
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ammar Abou-Kandil
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rachel Chamias
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mordechai Aboud
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Ishikawa M, Iwamoto T, Fukumoto S, Yamada Y. Pannexin 3 inhibits proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells by regulating Wnt and p21 signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2839-51. [PMID: 24338011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling and BMP promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitors, respectively. However, the regulatory mechanism involved in the transition from proliferation to differentiation is unclear. Here, we show that Panx3 (pannexin 3) plays a key role in this transition by inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the cell cycle exit. Using primary calvarial cells and explants, C3H10T1/2 cells, and C2C12 cells, we found that Panx3 expression inhibited cell growth, whereas the inhibition of endogenous Panx3 expression increased it. We also found that the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cell growth by promoting β-catenin degradation through GSK3β activation. Additionally, the Panx3 hemichannel inhibited cyclin D1 transcription and Rb phosphorylation through reduced cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling. Furthermore, the Panx3 endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) channel induced the transcription and phosphorylation of p21, through the calmodulin/Smad pathway, and resulted in the cell cycle exit. Our results reveal that Panx3 is a new regulator that promotes the switch from proliferation to differentiation of osteoprogenitors via multiple Panx3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ishikawa
- From the Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4370
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Effect of estrogen and tamoxifen on the expression pattern of AP-1 factors in MCF-7 cells: role of c-Jun, c-Fos, and Fra-1 in cell cycle regulation. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:143-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang Q, Li J, Yang X, Sun H, Gao S, Zhu H, Wu J, Jin W. Nrf2 is associated with the regulation of basal transcription activity of the BRCA1 gene. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:179-87. [PMID: 23353771 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 is closely related to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The activity of BRCA1 promoter is regulated by transcriptional factors. The transcription factor Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid-2p45-related factor 2) is a potent transcriptional activator and plays a central role in inducible expression of many cytoprotective genes. In this report, we found that over-expression of Nrf2 stimulated BRCA1 expression, knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated BRCA1 expression. Nrf2 also interacted with CBP and p300 to form an active transcription complex, which could bind to the ARE (antioxidant response element) site on the BRCA1 promoter and activate its transcription by inducing histone acetylation. Our finding could lead to a better understanding of the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Institute, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Stress-Mediated Alterations in Chromatin Architecture Correlate with Down-Regulation of a Gene Encoding 60S rpL32 in Rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:528-40. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jirawatnotai S, Hu Y, Livingston DM, Sicinski P. Proteomic identification of a direct role for cyclin d1 in DNA damage repair. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4289-93. [PMID: 22915759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human CCND1 gene, which encodes the cell-cycle protein cyclin D1, is one of the most frequently amplified genes in human cancers. Cyclin D1 activates the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 and drives cell proliferation. Beyond the cell-cycle role, the full repertoire of cyclin D1 functions in cancer cells is still unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that cyclin D1 may play a role in DNA damage response. In this review, we discuss observations linking cyclin D1 to DNA damage repair and summarize our recent findings, which show a cyclin D1 function in homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwanon Jirawatnotai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Dahlman-Wright K, Qiao Y, Jonsson P, Gustafsson JÅ, Williams C, Zhao C. Interplay between AP-1 and estrogen receptor α in regulating gene expression and proliferation networks in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1684-91. [PMID: 22791811 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays an important role in breast cancer. Estrogen-dependent gene regulation by ERα can be mediated by interaction with other DNA-binding proteins, such as activator protein-1 (AP-1). The nature of such interactions in mediating the estrogen response in breast cancer cells remains unclear. Here we show that knockdown of c-Fos, a component of the transcription factor AP-1, attenuates the expression of 37% of all estrogen-regulated genes, suggesting that c-Fos is a fundamental factor for ERα-mediated transcription. Additionally, knockdown of c-Fos affected the expression of a number of genes that were not regulated by estrogen. Pathway analysis reveals that silencing of c-Fos downregulates an E2F1-dependent proproliferative gene network. Thus, modulation of the E2F1 pathway by c-Fos represents a novel mechanism by which c-Fos enhances breast cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, we show that c-Fos and ERα can cooperate in regulating E2F1 gene expression by binding to regulatory elements in the E2F1 promoter. To start to dissect the molecular details of the cross talk between AP-1 and estrogen signaling, we identify a novel ERα/AP-1 target, PKIB (cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor-β), which is overexpressed in ERα-positive breast cancer tissues. Knockdown of PKIB results in robust growth suppression of breast cancer cells. Collectively, our findings support c-Fos as a critical factor that governs estrogen-dependent gene expression and breast cancer proliferation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dahlman-Wright
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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Repression of androgen receptor transcription through the E2F1/DNMT1 axis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25187. [PMID: 21966451 PMCID: PMC3180375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although androgen receptor (AR) function has been extensively studied, regulation of the AR gene itself has been much less characterized. In this study, we observed a dramatic reduction in the expression of androgen receptor mRNA and protein in hyperproliferative prostate epithelium of keratin 5 promoter driven E2F1 transgenic mice. To confirm an inhibitory function for E2F1 on AR transcription, we showed that E2F1 inhibited the transcription of endogenous AR mRNA, subsequent AR protein, and AR promoter activity in both human and mouse epithelial cells. E2F1 also inhibited androgen-stimulated activation of two AR target gene promoters. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of E2F-mediated inhibition of AR, we evaluated the effects of two functional E2F1 mutants on AR promoter activity and found that the transactivation domain appears to mediate E2F1 repression of the AR promoter. Because DNMT1 is a functional intermediate of E2F1 we examined DNMT1 function in AR repression. Repression of endogenous AR in normal human prostate epithelial cells was relieved by DNMT1 shRNA knock down. DNMT1 was shown to be physically associated within the AR minimal promoter located 22 bps from the transcription start site; however, methylation remained unchanged at the promoter regardless of DNMT1 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that DNMT1 operates either as a functional intermediary or in cooperation with E2F1 inhibiting AR gene expression in a methylation independent manner.
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Chen J, Zhu F, Weaks RL, Biswas AK, Guo R, Li Y, Johnson DG. E2F1 promotes the recruitment of DNA repair factors to sites of DNA double-strand breaks. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1287-94. [PMID: 21512314 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.8.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F1 transcription factor is post-translationally modified and stabilized in response to various forms of DNA damage to regulate the expression of cell cycle and pro-apoptotic genes. E2F1 also forms foci at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) but the function of E2F1 at sites of damage is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the absence of E2F1 leads to spontaneous DNA breaks and impaired recovery following exposure to ionizing radiation. E2F1 deficiency results in defective NBS1 phosphorylation and foci formation in response to DSBs but does not affect NBS1 expression levels. Moreover, an increased association between NBS1 and E2F1 is observed in response to DNA damage, suggesting that E2F1 may promote NBS1 foci formation through a direct or indirect interaction at sites of DNA breaks. E2F1 deficiency also impairs RPA and Rad51 foci formation indicating that E2F1 is important for DNA end resection and the formation of single-stranded DNA at DSBs. These findings establish new roles for E2F1 in the DNA damage response, which may directly contribute to DNA repair and genome maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Smithville, TX, USA
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Weberpals JI, O'Brien AM, Niknejad N, Garbuio KD, Clark-Knowles KV, Dimitroulakos J. The effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor M344 on BRCA1 expression in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2011; 11:29. [PMID: 21854619 PMCID: PMC3175148 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibition of Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1) expression sensitizes breast and ovarian cancer cells to platinum chemotherapy. However, therapeutically relevant agents that target BRCA1 expression have not been identified. Our recent report suggested the potential of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, M344, to inhibit BRCA1 expression. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of M344 on BRCA1 mRNA and protein expression, as well as its effect on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in various breast (MCF7, T-47D and HCC1937) and ovarian (A2780s, A2780cp and OVCAR-4) cancer cell lines. Results With the addition of M344, the platinum-sensitive breast and ovarian cancer cell lines that displayed relatively high BRCA1 protein levels demonstrated significant potentiation of cisplatin cytotoxicity in association with a reduction of BRCA1 protein. The cisplatin-resistant cell lines, T-47D and A2780s, elicited increased cytotoxicity of cisplatin with M344 and down regulation of BRCA1 protein levels. A2780s cells subjected to combination platinum and M344 treatment, demonstrated increased DNA damage as assessed by the presence of phosphorylated H2A.X foci in comparison to either treatment alone. Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, A2780s and MCF7 cells exposed to M344 alone and in combination with cisplatin, did not demonstrate enhanced acetylated Histone 4 at the BRCA1 promoter, suggesting an indirect effect on this promoter. Conclusions The enhanced sensitivity of HDAC inhibition to platinum may be mediated through a BRCA1-dependent mechanism in breast and ovarian cancer cells. The findings of this study may be important in the future design of clinical trials involving HDAC inhibitors using BRCA1 as a tumour biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne I Weberpals
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Li Z, Li P, Krishnan A, Liu J. Large-scale dynamic gene regulatory network inference combining differential equation models with local dynamic Bayesian network analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:2686-91. [PMID: 21816876 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Reverse engineering gene regulatory networks, especially large size networks from time series gene expression data, remain a challenge to the systems biology community. In this article, a new hybrid algorithm integrating ordinary differential equation models with dynamic Bayesian network analysis, called Differential Equation-based Local Dynamic Bayesian Network (DELDBN), was proposed and implemented for gene regulatory network inference. RESULTS The performance of DELDBN was benchmarked with an in vivo dataset from yeast. DELDBN significantly improved the accuracy and sensitivity of network inference compared with other approaches. The local causal discovery algorithm implemented in DELDBN also reduced the complexity of the network inference algorithm and improved its scalability to infer larger networks. We have demonstrated the applicability of the approach to a network containing thousands of genes with a dataset from human HeLa cell time series experiments. The local network around BRCA1 was particularly investigated and validated with independent published studies. BRAC1 network was significantly enriched with the known BRCA1-relevant interactions, indicating that DELDBN can effectively infer large size gene regulatory network from time series data. AVAILABILITY The R scripts are provided in File 3 in Supplementary Material. CONTACT zheng.li@monsanto.com; jingdong.liu@monsanto.com SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Monsanto Company, Mail zone CC1A, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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Lee MH, Lahusen T, Wang RH, Xiao C, Xu X, Hwang YS, He WW, Shi Y, Deng CX. Yin Yang 1 positively regulates BRCA1 and inhibits mammary cancer formation. Oncogene 2011; 31:116-27. [PMID: 21666725 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the breast cancer-associated gene 1 (BRCA1) in sporadic breast cancers is usually reduced, yet the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. To identify factors that are responsible for reduced BRCA1 expression, we screened 92 known transcription factors for their ability to regulate expression of BRCA1. Among several potential regulators, the Gli-Krueppel-related transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) showed the most dramatic transactivation of the BRCA1 promoter. YY1 binds to the promoter of BRCA1, and its overexpression resulted in increased expression of BRCA1 and a number of BRCA1 downstream genes. We further showed that overexpression of YY1 in cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation, foci formation and tumor growth in nude mice. To assess the clinical relevance between YY1 and BRCA1, we studied expression of YY1 and BRCA1 from human breast cancer samples and tissue arrays, and detected a significant positive correlation between the level of YY1 and BRCA1 expression in these cancers. Taken together, these findings suggest that YY1 is a key regulator of BRCA1 expression and may be causally linked to the molecular etiology of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Lee
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, 10/9N105, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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