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Zhou H, Liu M, Meng F, Zheng D, Feng N. Transcriptomics and physiology reveal the mechanism of potassium indole-3-butyrate (IBAK) mediating rice resistance to salt stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:569. [PMID: 37968598 PMCID: PMC10652493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IBAK, as a plant growth regulator, has broad application prospects in improving crop resistance to abiotic stress. RESULTS In this study, the regulation mechanism of IBAK on rice was revealed by physiology and transcriptomics by spraying 80 mg·L-1 IBAK solution on rice leaves at the early jointing stage under salt stress. The results showed that spraying IBAK solution on leaves under salt stress could significantly increase K+ content, decrease Na+ content, increase net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and increase the activity of catalase (CAT) and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and soluble protein in rice leaves. Using IBAK under salt stress increased the expression of plant hormone signal transduction pathway-related genes LOC4332548 and LOC4330957, which may help rice to more effectively sense and respond to plant hormone signals and enhance resistance to salt stress. In addition, the photosynthesis pathway-related genes LOC4339270, LOC4327150, and LOC4346326 were upregulated after using IBAK under salt stress, and the upregulation of these genes may be beneficial to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis and increase the photosynthetic capacity of rice. Regarding starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, spraying IBAK on leaves could promote the expression of sucrose synthesis-related gene LOC4347800 and increase the expression of starch synthesis-related genes LOC4330709 and LOC4343010 under salt stress. Finally, IBAK spraying resulted in the upregulation of multiple 50 S and 30 S ribosomal protein genes in the ribosome pathway, which may increase protein synthesis, help maintain cell function, and promote rice growth and development. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed the mechanism of IBAK mediating resistance to salt stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhou
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Naijie Feng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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2
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Guo Q, Gao Y, Song C, Zhang X, Wang G. Morphological and transcriptomic responses/acclimations of erect-type submerged macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata both at low-light exposure and light recovery phases. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10583. [PMID: 37809356 PMCID: PMC10556543 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Light intensity is a determinant for submerged macrophytes. Little is known about their molecular responses to low-light exposure, despite more informative and responsive than morphological traits. For erect-type submerged macrophytes, the stem is more crucial relative to the leaf in acclimation to low-light stress, but receives less attention. We determined morphological and stem transcriptomic responses/acclimations of Hydrilla verticillata to extremely and mildly low light (7.2 and 36 μmol photons m-2 s-1, respectively), that is, EL and ML, with the radiation intensity of 180 μmol photons m-2 s-1 as the control. Low-light exposure continued for 9 days, followed by a 7-day recovery phase (180 μmol photons m-2 s-1). At the exposure phase, the low-light treatments, in particular the EL, decreased the relative growth ratio, but induced greater height and longer stem internode distance and epidermal cell. Such responses/acclimations continued into the recovery phase, despite more or less changes in the magnitude. Transcriptome showed that the photosynthetic system was inhibited at the exposure phase, but the macrophyte adjusted hormone synthesis relating to cell division and elongation. Moreover, the EL activated cell stress responses such as DNA repair. Following light recovery, the macrophyte exhibited a strong-light response, although energy metabolism enhanced. Especially, the EL enriched the pathways relating to anthocyanin synthesis at such phase, indicating an activation of photoprotective mechanism. Our findings suggest that negative influences of low light occur at both low-light exposure and recovery phases, but submerged macrophytes would acclimate to light environments. Transcriptome can show molecular basis of plant responses/acclimations, including but not limited to morphology. This study establishes a bridge connecting morphological and molecular responses/acclimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Guo
- School of EnvironmentNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- School of EnvironmentNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chao Song
- School of EnvironmentNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xinhou Zhang
- School of EnvironmentNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of EnvironmentNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
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3
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Opatíková M, Semchonok DA, Kopečný D, Ilík P, Pospíšil P, Ilíková I, Roudnický P, Zeljković SĆ, Tarkowski P, Kyrilis FL, Hamdi F, Kastritis PL, Kouřil R. Cryo-EM structure of a plant photosystem II supercomplex with light-harvesting protein Lhcb8 and α-tocopherol. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1359-1369. [PMID: 37550369 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The heart of oxygenic photosynthesis is the water-splitting photosystem II (PSII), which forms supercomplexes with a variable amount of peripheral trimeric light-harvesting complexes (LHCII). Our knowledge of the structure of green plant PSII supercomplex is based on findings obtained from several representatives of green algae and flowering plants; however, data from a non-flowering plant are currently missing. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of PSII supercomplex from spruce, a representative of non-flowering land plants, at 2.8 Å resolution. Compared with flowering plants, PSII supercomplex in spruce contains an additional Ycf12 subunit, Lhcb4 protein is replaced by Lhcb8, and trimeric LHCII is present as a homotrimer of Lhcb1. Unexpectedly, we have found α-tocopherol (α-Toc)/α-tocopherolquinone (α-TQ) at the boundary between the LHCII trimer and the inner antenna CP43. The molecule of α-Toc/α-TQ is located close to chlorophyll a614 of one of the Lhcb1 proteins and its chromanol/quinone head is exposed to the thylakoid lumen. The position of α-Toc in PSII supercomplex makes it an ideal candidate for the sensor of excessive light, as α-Toc can be oxidized to α-TQ by high-light-induced singlet oxygen at low lumenal pH. The molecule of α-TQ appears to shift slightly into the PSII supercomplex, which could trigger important structure-functional modifications in PSII supercomplex. Inspection of the previously reported cryo-electron microscopy maps of PSII supercomplexes indicates that α-Toc/α-TQ can be present at the same site also in PSII supercomplexes from flowering plants, but its identification in the previous studies has been hindered by insufficient resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Opatíková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry A Semchonok
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ilík
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Ilíková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnický
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Fotis L Kyrilis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Farzad Hamdi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Panagiotis L Kastritis
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hallenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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4
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Su X, Yan S, Zhao W, Liu H, Jiang Q, Wei Y, Guo H, Yin M, Shen J, Cheng H. Self-assembled thiophanate-methyl/star polycation complex prevents plant cell-wall penetration and fungal carbon utilization during cotton infection by Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124354. [PMID: 37028625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
No effective fungicides are available for the management of Verticillium dahliae, which causes vascular wilt disease. In this study, a star polycation (SPc)-based nanodelivery system was used for the first time to develop a thiophanate-methyl (TM) nanoagent for the management of V. dahliae. SPc spontaneously assembled with TM through hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces to decrease the particle size of TM from 834 to 86 nm. Compared to TM alone, the SPc-loaded TM further reduced the colony diameter of V. dahliae to 1.12 and 0.64 cm, and the spore number to 1.13 × 108 and 0.72 × 108 cfu/mL at the concentrations of 3.77 and 4.71 mg/L, respectively. The TM nanoagents disturbed the expression of various crucial genes in V. dahliae, and contributed to preventing plant cell-wall degradation and carbon utilization by V. dahliae, which mainly impaired the infective interaction between pathogens and plants. TM nanoagents remarkably decreased the plant disease index and the fungal biomass in the root compared to TM alone, and its control efficacy was the best (61.20 %) among the various formulations tested in the field. Furthermore, SPc showed negligible acute toxicity toward cotton seeds. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to design a self-assembled nanofungicide that efficiently inhibits V. dahliae growth and protects cotton from the destructive Verticillium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, PR China
| | - Qinhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, PR China.
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Transcriptome Sequencing and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of Drought Stress in Millet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810792. [PMID: 36142707 PMCID: PMC9501609 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the oldest agricultural crops in China, millet (Panicum miliaceum) has powerful drought tolerance. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of ‘Hequ Red millet’ (HQ) and ‘Yanshu No.10’ (YS10) millet after 6 h of drought stress were performed. Transcriptome characteristics of drought stress in HQ and YS10 were characterized by Pacbio full-length transcriptome sequencing. The pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that the highly enriched categories were related to starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, metabolic pathways, and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites when the two millet varieties were subjected to drought stress. Under drought stress, 245 genes related to energy metabolism were found to show significant changes between the two strains. Further analysis showed that 219 genes related to plant hormone signal transduction also participated in the drought response. In addition, numerous genes involved in anthocyanin metabolism and photosynthesis were confirmed to be related to drought stress, and these genes showed significant differential expression and played an important role in anthocyanin metabolism and photosynthesis. Moreover, we identified 496 transcription factors related to drought stress, which came from 10 different transcription factor families, such as bHLH, C3H, MYB, and WRKY. Further analysis showed that many key genes related to energy metabolism, such as citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and ATP synthase, showed significant upregulation, and most of the structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis also showed significant upregulation in both strains. Most genes related to plant hormone signal transduction showed upregulated expression, while many JA and SA signaling pathway-related genes were downregulated. Metabolome analysis was performed on ‘Hequ red millet’ (HQ) and ‘Yanshu 10’ (YS10), a total of 2082 differential metabolites (DEMs) were identified. These findings indicate that energy metabolism, anthocyanins, photosynthesis, and plant hormones are closely related to the drought resistance of millet and adapt to adversity by precisely regulating the levels of various molecular pathways.
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6
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Qu G, Bao Y, Liao Y, Liu C, Zi H, Bai M, Liu Y, Tu D, Wang L, Chen S, Zhou G, Can M. Draft genomes assembly and annotation of Carex parvula and Carex kokanica reveals stress-specific genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4970. [PMID: 35322069 PMCID: PMC8943043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Kobresia plants are important forage resources on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and are essential in maintaining the ecological balance of grasslands. Therefore, it is beneficial to obtain Kobresia genome resources and study the adaptive characteristics of Kobresia plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Previously, we have assembled the genome of Carex littledalei (Kobresia littledalei), which is a diploid with 29 chromosomes. In this study, we assembled genomes of Carex parvula (Kobresia pygmaea) and Carex kokanica (Kobresia royleana) via using Illumina and PacBio sequencing data, which were about 783.49 Mb and 673.40 Mb in size, respectively. And 45,002 or 36,709 protein-coding genes were further annotated in the genome of C. parvula or C. kokanica. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Kobresia in Cyperaceae separated from Poaceae about 101.5 million years ago after separated from Ananas comosus in Bromeliaceae about 117.2 million years ago. C. littledalei and C. parvula separated about 5.0 million years ago, after separated from C. kokanica about 6.2 million years ago. In this study, transcriptome data of C. parvula at three different altitudes were also measured and analyzed. Kobresia plants genomes assembly and transcriptome analysis will assist research into mechanisms of plant adaptation to environments with high altitude and cold weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Yuhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Yangci Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Can Liu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Magaweng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Dengqunpei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, China
| | - Shaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Muyou Can
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, 850000, China.
- Institute of Grassland Science, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850000, China.
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Akbar S, Yao W, Yu K, Qin L, Ruan M, Powell CA, Chen B, Zhang M. Photosynthetic characterization and expression profiles of sugarcane infected by Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:279-294. [PMID: 31900791 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), belonging to genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, is a severe pathogen of several agricultural important crops, mainly sugarcane. Due to complex nature of sugarcane, the effect of SCMV pathogenicity on sugarcane photosynthetic systems remains to be explored. In this study, we investigated the alterations occurring in the photosynthetic system in the sugarcane genotypes at the cytopathological, physiological and biological, transcriptome and proteome level. We generated the transcriptome assembly of two genotypes (susceptible Badila and resistant B-48) using Saccharum spontaneum L. as a reference genome. RNA-sequencing data revealed the significant upregulation of NAD(P)H, RubisCO, oxygen-evolving complex, chlorophyll a and b binding protein, Psb protein family, PSI reaction center subunit II, and IVgenes in B-48, as compared to its counterparts. Upregulated genes in B-48 are associated with various processes such as stability and assembly of photosystem, protection against photoinhibition and antiviral defense. The expression pattern of differentially abundant genes were further verified at the proteomics level. Overall, differentially expressed genes/proteins (DEGs/DEPs) showed the consistency of expression at both transcriptome and proteome level in B-48 genotype. Comprehensively, these data supported the efficiency of B-48 genotype under virus infection conditions and provided a better understanding of the expression pattern of photosynthesis-related genes in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kai Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Lifang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Miaohong Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | | | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
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8
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Graça AT, Hall M, Persson K, Schröder WP. High-resolution model of Arabidopsis Photosystem II reveals the structural consequences of digitonin-extraction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15534. [PMID: 34330992 PMCID: PMC8324835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, the photosynthetic process is performed and regulated by Photosystem II (PSII). Arabidopsis thaliana was the first higher plant with a fully sequenced genome, conferring it the status of a model organism; nonetheless, a high-resolution structure of its Photosystem II is missing. We present the first Cryo-EM high-resolution structure of Arabidopsis PSII supercomplex with average resolution of 2.79 Å, an important model for future PSII studies. The digitonin extracted PSII complexes demonstrate the importance of: the LHG2630-lipid-headgroup in the trimerization of the light-harvesting complex II; the stabilization of the PsbJ subunit and the CP43-loop E by DGD520-lipid; the choice of detergent for the integrity of membrane protein complexes. Furthermore, our data shows at the anticipated Mn4CaO5-site a single metal ion density as a reminiscent early stage of Photosystem II photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André T Graça
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karina Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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9
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van Bezouwen LS, Caffarri S, Kale RS, Kouřil R, Thunnissen AMWH, Oostergetel GT, Boekema EJ. Subunit and chlorophyll organization of the plant photosystem II supercomplex. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:17080. [PMID: 28604725 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a light-driven protein, involved in the primary reactions of photosynthesis. In plant photosynthetic membranes PSII forms large multisubunit supercomplexes, containing a dimeric core and up to four light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), which act as antenna proteins. Here we solved a three-dimensional (3D) structure of the C2S2M2 supercomplex from Arabidopsis thaliana using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis at an overall resolution of 5.3 Å. Using a combination of homology modelling and restrained refinement against the cryo-EM map, it was possible to model atomic structures for all antenna complexes and almost all core subunits. We located all 35 chlorophylls of the core region based on the cyanobacterial PSII structure, whose positioning is highly conserved, as well as all the chlorophylls of the LHCII S and M trimers. A total of 13 and 9 chlorophylls were identified in CP26 and CP24, respectively. Energy flow from LHC complexes to the PSII reaction centre is proposed to follow preferential pathways: CP26 and CP29 directly transfer to the core using several routes for efficient transfer; the S trimer is directly connected to CP43 and the M trimer can efficiently transfer energy to the core through CP29 and the S trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Bezouwen
- Electron microscopy and Protein crystallography group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Caffarri
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Ravindra S Kale
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andy-Mark W H Thunnissen
- Electron microscopy and Protein crystallography group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert T Oostergetel
- Electron microscopy and Protein crystallography group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron microscopy and Protein crystallography group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Mackey KRM, Post AF, McIlvin MR, Saito MA. Physiological and proteomic characterization of light adaptations in marine Synechococcus. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2348-2365. [PMID: 28371229 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine Synechococcus thrive over a range of light regimes in the ocean. We examined the proteomic, genomic and physiological responses of seven Synechococcus isolates to moderate irradiances (5-80 μE m-2 s-1 ), and show that Synechococcus spans a continuum of light responses ranging from low light optimized (LLO) to high light optimized (HLO). These light responses are linked to phylogeny and pigmentation. Marine sub-cluster 5.1A isolates with higher phycouribilin: phycoerythrobilin ratios fell toward the LLO end of the continuum, while sub-cluster 5.1B, 5.2 and estuarine Synechococcus with less phycouribilin fell toward the HLO end of the continuum. Global proteomes were highly responsive to light, with > 50% of abundant proteins varying more than twofold between the lowest and highest irradiance. All strains downregulated phycobilisome proteins with increasing irradiance. Regulation of proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport, carbon fixation, oxidative stress protection (superoxide dismutases) and iron and nitrogen metabolism varied among strains, as did the number of high light inducible protein (Hlip) and DNA photolyase genes in their genomes. All but one LLO strain possessed the photoprotective orange carotenoid protein (OCP). The unique combinations of light responses in each strain gives rise to distinct photophysiological phenotypes that may affect Synechococcus distributions in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton F Post
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Matthew R McIlvin
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02536, USA
| | - Mak A Saito
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02536, USA
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11
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Wang L, Wang B, Du Q, Chen J, Tian J, Yang X, Zhang D. Allelic variation in PtoPsbW associated with photosynthesis, growth, and wood properties in Populus tomentosa. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 292:77-91. [PMID: 27722913 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-016-1257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is one of the most important reactions on earth. PsbW, a nuclear-encoded subunit of photosystem II (PSII), stabilizes PSII structure and plays an important role in photosynthesis. Here, we used candidate gene-based linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping to detect significant associations between allelic variations of PtoPsbW and traits related to photosynthesis, growth, and wood properties in Populus tomentosa. PtoPsbW showed the highest expression in leaves and it increased during the development of these leaves, suggesting that PtoPsbW may play an important role in plant growth and development. Analysis of nucleotide diversity and LD revealed that PtoPsbW has low single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity (π tot = 0.0048 and θ w = 0.0050) and relatively low average value of LD (0.1500), indicating that PtoPsbW is conserved due to its indispensable function. Using single-SNP associations in an association population of 435 individuals, we identified five significant associations at the threshold of P ≤ 0.05, explaining 3.28-15.98 % of the phenotypic variation. Haplotype-based association analyses indicated that 13 haplotypes (P ≤ 0.05) from six blocks were associated with photosynthesis, growth, and wood properties. Our work shows that identifying allelic variation and LD can help to decipher the genetic basis of photosynthesis and could potentially be applied for molecular marker-assisted selection in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaxing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Weisz DA, Gross ML, Pakrasi HB. The Use of Advanced Mass Spectrometry to Dissect the Life-Cycle of Photosystem II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 27242823 PMCID: PMC4862242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a photosynthetic membrane-protein complex that undergoes an intricate, tightly regulated cycle of assembly, damage, and repair. The available crystal structures of cyanobacterial PSII are an essential foundation for understanding PSII function, but nonetheless provide a snapshot only of the active complex. To study aspects of the entire PSII life-cycle, mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful tool that can be used in conjunction with biochemical techniques. In this article, we present the MS-based approaches that are used to study PSII composition, dynamics, and structure, and review the information about the PSII life-cycle that has been gained by these methods. This information includes the composition of PSII subcomplexes, discovery of accessory PSII proteins, identification of post-translational modifications and quantification of their changes under various conditions, determination of the binding site of proteins not observed in PSII crystal structures, conformational changes that underlie PSII functions, and identification of water and oxygen channels within PSII. We conclude with an outlook for the opportunity of future MS contributions to PSII research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Weisz
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Himadri B. Pakrasi
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Plöchinger M, Schwenkert S, von Sydow L, Schröder WP, Meurer J. Functional Update of the Auxiliary Proteins PsbW, PsbY, HCF136, PsbN, TerC and ALB3 in Maintenance and Assembly of PSII. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:423. [PMID: 27092151 PMCID: PMC4823308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of Photosystem (PS) II in plants has turned out to be a highly complex process which, at least in part, occurs in a sequential order and requires many more auxiliary proteins than subunits present in the complex. Owing to the high evolutionary conservation of the subunit composition and the three-dimensional structure of the PSII complex, most plant factors involved in the biogenesis of PSII originated from cyanobacteria and only rarely evolved de novo. Furthermore, in chloroplasts the initial assembly steps occur in the non-appressed stroma lamellae, whereas the final assembly including the attachment of the major LHCII antenna proteins takes place in the grana regions. The stroma lamellae are also the place where part of PSII repair occurs, which very likely also involves assembly factors. In cyanobacteria initial PSII assembly also occurs in the thylakoid membrane, in so-called thylakoid centers, which are in contact with the plasma membrane. Here, we provide an update on the structures, localisations, topologies, functions, expression and interactions of the low molecular mass PSII subunits PsbY, PsbW and the auxiliary factors HCF136, PsbN, TerC and ALB3, assisting in PSII complex assembly and protein insertion into the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Plöchinger
- Department Biologie I, Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biologie I, Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lotta von Sydow
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of Chemistry, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang P. Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of Chemistry, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang P. Schröder,
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department Biologie I, Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätPlanegg-Martinsried, Germany
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14
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Yang C, Liu T, Bai F, Wang N, Pan Z, Yan X, Peng S. miRNAome analysis associated with anatomic and transcriptomic investigations reveal the polar exhibition of corky split vein in boron deficient Citrus sinensis. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1639-57. [PMID: 25754997 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corky split vein can develop under long-term boron deficient conditions in Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv. Newhall. This symptom only occurs in the upper rather than the lower epidermis of old leaves. Our previous study demonstrated that vascular hypertrophy was involved in the symptoms, and the 3rd developmental stage of corky split vein (BD3) was the critical stage for phenotype formation. Here, we performed an intensive study on the BD3 vein and its control sample (CK3 vein). A lignin test demonstrated that the lignin content in BD3 vein was approximately 1.7 times more than the CK3 vein. Anatomical investigation of the corky split vein indicated that the upper epidermis was destroyed by overgrowing vascular cells, and the increased lignin may contribute to vascular cell differentiation and wounding-induced lignification. In a subsequent small RNA sequencing of the BD3 and CK3 veins, 99 known miRNAs and 22 novel miRNAs were identified. Comparative profiling of these miRNAs demonstrated that the 57 known miRNAs and all novel miRNAs exhibited significant expression differences between the two small RNAs libraries of the BD3 and CK3 veins. Associated with our corresponding digital gene expression data, we propose that the decreased expression of two miRNAs, csi-miR156b and csi-miR164, which leads to the up-regulation of their target genes, SPLs (csi-miR156b-targeted) and CUC2 (csi-miR164-targeted), may promote vascular cell division and orderless stage transition in old leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fuxi Bai
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Pan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - ShuAng Peng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement (Central Region), MOA, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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15
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Huang W, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Hu F, Zhang L, Ma Z, He Z, Huang J. Arabidopsis thylakoid formation 1 is a critical regulator for dynamics of PSII-LHCII complexes in leaf senescence and excess light. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1673-91. [PMID: 23671330 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, photosystem II (PSII) is a large pigment-protein supramolecular complex composed of the PSII core complex and the plant-specific peripheral light-harvesting complexes (LHCII). PSII-LHCII complexes are highly dynamic in their quantity and macro-organization to various environmental conditions. In this study, we reported a critical factor, the Arabidopsis Thylakoid Formation 1 (THF1) protein, which controls PSII-LHCII dynamics during dark-induced senescence and light acclimation. Loss-of-function mutations in THF1 lead to a stay-green phenotype in pathogen-infected and senescent leaves. Both LHCII and PSII core subunits are retained in dark-induced senescent leaves of thf1, indicative of the presence of PSII-LHCII complexes. Blue native (BN)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and immunoblot analysis showed that, in dark- and high-light-treated thf1 leaves, a type of PSII-LHCII megacomplex is selectively retained while the stability of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes significantly decreased, suggesting a dual role of THF1 in dynamics of PSII-LHCII complexes. We showed further that THF1 interacts with Lhcb proteins in a pH-dependent manner and that the stay-green phenotype of thf1 relies on the presence of LHCII complexes. Taken together, the data suggest that THF1 is required for dynamics of PSII-LHCII supramolecular organization in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Krupnik T, Kotabová E, van Bezouwen LS, Mazur R, Garstka M, Nixon PJ, Barber J, Kaňa R, Boekema EJ, Kargul J. A reaction center-dependent photoprotection mechanism in a highly robust photosystem II from an extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23529-42. [PMID: 23775073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the rhodophytan order Cyanidiales are unique among phototrophs in their ability to live in extremely low pH levels and moderately high temperatures. The photosynthetic apparatus of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae represents an intermediate type between cyanobacteria and higher plants, suggesting that this alga may provide the evolutionary link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic phototrophs. Although we now have a detailed structural model of photosystem II (PSII) from cyanobacteria at an atomic resolution, no corresponding structure of the eukaryotic PSII complex has been published to date. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a highly active and robust dimeric PSII complex from C. merolae. We show that this complex is highly stable across a range of extreme light, temperature, and pH conditions. By measuring fluorescence quenching properties of the isolated C. merolae PSII complex, we provide the first direct evidence of pH-dependent non-photochemical quenching in the red algal PSII reaction center. This type of quenching, together with high zeaxanthin content, appears to underlie photoprotection mechanisms that are efficiently employed by this robust natural water-splitting complex under excess irradiance. In order to provide structural details of this eukaryotic form of PSII, we have employed electron microscopy and single particle analyses to obtain a 17 Å map of the C. merolae PSII dimer in which we locate the position of the protein mass corresponding to the additional extrinsic protein stabilizing the oxygen-evolving complex, PsbQ'. We conclude that this lumenal subunit is present in the vicinity of the CP43 protein, close to the membrane plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krupnik
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Shi LX, Hall M, Funk C, Schröder WP. Photosystem II, a growing complex: updates on newly discovered components and low molecular mass proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:13-25. [PMID: 21907181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II is a unique complex capable of absorbing light and splitting water. The complex has been thoroughly studied and to date there are more than 40 proteins identified, which bind to the complex either stably or transiently. Another special feature of this complex is the unusually high content of low molecular mass proteins that represent more than half of the proteins. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the low molecular mass proteins (<15kDa) and present an overview of the newly identified components as well. We have also performed co-expression analysis of the genes encoding PSII proteins to see if the low molecular mass proteins form a specific sub-group within the Photosystem II complex. Interestingly we found that the chloroplast-localized genes encoding PSII proteins display a different response to environmental and stress conditions compared to the nuclear localized genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Fettke J, Malinova I, Albrecht T, Hejazi M, Steup M. Glucose-1-phosphate transport into protoplasts and chloroplasts from leaves of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1723-34. [PMID: 21115809 PMCID: PMC3091119 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.168716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Almost all glucosyl transfer reactions rely on glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) that either immediately acts as glucosyl donor or as substrate for the synthesis of the more widely used Glc dinucleotides, ADPglucose or UDPglucose. In this communication, we have analyzed two Glc-1-P-related processes: the carbon flux from externally supplied Glc-1-P to starch by either mesophyll protoplasts or intact chloroplasts from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). When intact protoplasts or chloroplasts are incubated with [U-(14)C]Glc-1-P, starch is rapidly labeled. Incorporation into starch is unaffected by the addition of unlabeled Glc-6-P or Glc, indicating a selective flux from Glc-1-P to starch. However, illuminated protoplasts incorporate less (14)C into starch when unlabeled bicarbonate is supplied in addition to the (14)C-labeled Glc-1-P. Mesophyll protoplasts incubated with [U-(14)C]Glc-1-P incorporate (14)C into the plastidial pool of adenosine diphosphoglucose. Protoplasts prepared from leaves of mutants of Arabidopsis that lack either the plastidial phosphorylase or the phosphoglucomutase isozyme incorporate (14)C derived from external Glc-1-P into starch, but incorporation into starch is insignificant when protoplasts from a mutant possessing a highly reduced ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity are studied. Thus, the path of assimilatory starch biosynthesis initiated by extraplastidial Glc-1-P leads to the plastidial pool of adenosine diphosphoglucose, and at this intermediate it is fused with the Calvin cycle-driven route. Mutants lacking the plastidial phosphoglucomutase contain a small yet significant amount of transitory starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fettke
- Mass Spectrometry of Biopolymers, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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19
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Chen G, Allahverdiyeva Y, Aro EM, Styring S, Mamedov F. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the electron transfer reactions in photosystem II membrane preparations from Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:205-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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García-Cerdán JG, Kovács L, Tóth T, Kereïche S, Aseeva E, Boekema EJ, Mamedov F, Funk C, Schröder WP. The PsbW protein stabilizes the supramolecular organization of photosystem II in higher plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:368-381. [PMID: 21265891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PsbW, a 6.1-kDa low-molecular-weight protein, is exclusive to photosynthetic eukaryotes, and associates with the photosystem II (PSII) protein complex. In vivo and in vitro comparison of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants with T-DNA insertion knock-out mutants completely lacking the PsbW protein, or with antisense inhibition plants exhibiting decreased levels of PsbW, demonstrated that the loss of PsbW destabilizes the supramolecular organization of PSII. No PSII-LHCII supercomplexes could be detected or isolated in the absence of the PsbW protein. These changes in macro-organization were accompanied by a minor decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F(V) /F(M) , a strongly decreased PSII core protein phosphorylation and a modification of the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in dark-adapted leaves. In addition, the absence of PsbW protein led to faster redox changes in the PQ pool, i.e. transitions from state 1 to state 2, as measured by changes in stationary fluorescence (F(S) ) kinetics, compared with the wild type. Despite these dramatic effects on macromolecular structure, the transgenic plants exhibited no significant phenotype under normal growth conditions. We suggest that the PsbW protein is located close to the minor antenna of the PSII complex, and is important for the contact and stability between several PSII-LHCII supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G García-Cerdán
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Carbohydrate metabolism and cell protection mechanisms differentiate drought tolerance and sensitivity in advanced potato clones (Solanum tuberosum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11:275-91. [PMID: 21274588 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In potatoes and many other crops, drought is one of the most important environmental constraints leading to yield loss. Development of drought-tolerant cultivars is therefore required for maintaining yields under climate change conditions and for the extension of agriculture to sub-optimal cropping areas. Drought tolerance mechanisms have been well described for many crop plants including Native Andean potato. However, knowledge on tolerance traits suitable for commercial potato varieties is scarce. In order to describe drought tolerance mechanisms that sustain potato yield under water stress, we have designed a growth-chamber experiment with two Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars, the more drought tolerant accession 397077.16, and the sensitive variety Canchan. After 21 days of drought exposure, gene expression was studied in leaves using cDNA microarrays. The results showed that the tolerant clone presented more differentially expressed genes than the sensitive one, suggesting greater stress response and adaptation. Moreover, it exhibited a large pool of upregulated genes belonging to cell rescue and detoxication such as LEAs, dehydrins, HSPs, and metallothioneins. Transcription factors related to abiotic stresses and genes belonging to raffinose family oligosaccharide synthesis, involved in desiccation tolerance, were upregulated to a greater extent in the tolerant clone. This latter result was corroborated by biochemical analyses performed at 32 and 49 days after drought that showed an increase in galactinol and raffinose especially in clone 397077.16. The results depict key components for the drought tolerance of this advanced potato clone.
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22
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Plöscher M, Granvogl B, Zoryan M, Reisinger V, Eichacker LA. Mass spectrometric characterization of membrane integral low molecular weight proteins from photosystem II in barley etioplasts. Proteomics 2009; 9:625-35. [PMID: 19137553 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Photosystem II (PSII), a high number of plastid encoded and membrane integral low molecular weight proteins smaller than 10 kDa, the proteins PsbE, F, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Tc, Z and the nuclear encoded PsbW, X, Y1, Y2 proteins have been described. Here we show that all low molecular weight proteins of PSII already accumulate in the etioplast membrane fraction in darkness, whereas PsaI and PsaJ of photosystem I (PSI) represent the only low molecular weight proteins that do not accumulate in darkness. We found by BN-PAGE separation of membrane protein complexes and selective MS that the accumulation of one-helix proteins from PSII is light independent and occurs in etioplasts. In contrast, in chloroplasts isolated from light-grown plants, low molecular weight proteins were found to specifically accumulate in PSI and II complexes. Our results demonstrate how plants grown in darkness prepare for the induction of chlorophyll dependent photosystem assembly upon light perception. We anticipate that our investigation will provide the essential means for the analysis of protein assembly in any membrane utilizing low molecular weight protein subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Plöscher
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Biozentrum der LMU Biologie, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Dobáková M, Sobotka R, Tichý M, Komenda J. Psb28 protein is involved in the biogenesis of the photosystem II inner antenna CP47 (PsbB) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1076-86. [PMID: 19036835 PMCID: PMC2633855 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.130039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of the Psb28 protein in the structure and function of the photosystem II (PSII) complex has been studied in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The protein was localized in the membrane fraction and, whereas most of the protein was detected as an unassembled protein, a small portion was found in the PSII core complex lacking the CP43 antenna (RC47). The association of Psb28 with RC47 was further confirmed by preferential isolation of RC47 from the strain containing a histidine-tagged derivative of Psb28 using nickel-affinity chromatography. However, the affinity-purified fraction also contained a small amount of the unassembled PSII inner antenna CP47 bound to Psb28-histidine, indicating a structural relationship between Psb28 and CP47. A psb28 deletion mutant exhibited slower autotrophic growth than wild type, although the absence of Psb28 did not affect the functional properties of PSII. The mutant showed accelerated turnover of the D1 protein, faster PSII repair, and a decrease in the cellular content of PSI. Radioactive labeling revealed a limitation in the synthesis of both CP47 and the PSI subunits PsaA/PsaB in the absence of Psb28. The mutant cells contained a high level of magnesium protoporphyrin IX methylester, a decreased level of protochlorophyllide, and released large quantities of protoporphyrin IX into the medium, indicating inhibition of chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis at the cyclization step yielding the isocyclic ring E. Overall, our results show the importance of Psb28 for synthesis of Chls and/or apoproteins of Chl-binding proteins CP47 and PsaA/PsaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Dobáková
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 37981 Trebon, Czech Republic
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Kosmala A, Bocian A, Rapacz M, Jurczyk B, Zwierzykowski Z. Identification of leaf proteins differentially accumulated during cold acclimation between Festuca pratensis plants with distinct levels of frost tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3595-609. [PMID: 19553368 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) as the most frost-tolerant species within the Lolium-Festuca complex was used as a model for research aimed at identifying the cellular components involved in the cold acclimation (CA) of forage grasses. The work presented here also comprises the first comprehensive proteomic research on CA in a group of monocotyledonous species which are able to withstand winter conditions. Individual F. pratensis plants with contrasting levels of frost tolerance, high frost tolerant (HFT) and low frost tolerant (LFT) plants, were selected for comparative proteomic research. The work focused on the analysis of leaf protein accumulation before and after 2, 8, and 26 h, and 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 d of CA, using high-throughput two-dimensional electrophoresis, and on the identification of proteins which were accumulated differentially between the selected plants by the application of mass spectrometry. The analyses of approximately 800 protein profiles revealed a total of 41 (5.1%) proteins that showed a minimum of a 1.5-fold difference in abundance, at a minimum of one time point of CA for HFT and LFT genotypes. It was shown that significant differences in profiles of protein accumulation between the analysed plants appeared relatively early during cold acclimation, most often after 26 h (on the 2nd day) of CA and one-half of the differentially accumulated proteins were all parts of the photosynthetic apparatus. Several proteins identified here have been reported to be differentially accumulated during cold conditions for the first time in this paper. The functions of the selected proteins in plant cells and their probable influence on the level of frost tolerance in F. pratensis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
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25
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García-Cerdán JG, Sveshnikov D, Dewez D, Jansson S, Funk C, Schröder WP. Antisense Inhibition of the PsbX Protein Affects PSII Integrity in the Higher Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 50:191-202. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Granvogl B, Zoryan M, Plöscher M, Eichacker LA. Localization of 13 one-helix integral membrane proteins in photosystem II subcomplexes. Anal Biochem 2008; 383:279-88. [PMID: 18804444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II is a multimeric protein complex of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. Approximately half of the at least 26 different integral membrane protein subunits have molecular masses lower than 10 kDa. After one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) separation, followed by enzymatic digestion of detected proteins, hardly any of these low-molecular-weight (LMW) subunits are detectable. Therefore, we developed a method for the analysis of highly hydrophobic LMW proteins. Intact proteins are extracted from acrylamide gels using a mixture of formic acid and organic solvent, precipitated with acetone, and analyzed by "top-down" mass spectrometry (MS). After offline nanoESI (electrospray ionization) MS, all LMW one-helix proteins from photosystem II were detected. In the four detected photosystem II supercomplexes of Nicotiana tabacum wild-type plants, 11 different one-helix proteins were identified as PsbE, -F, -H, -I, -K, -L, -M, -Tc, -W, and two isoforms of PsbX. The proteins PsbJ, -Y1, and -Y2 were localized in the buffer front after blue native (BN) PAGE, indicating their release during solubilization. Assembled PsbW is detected exclusively in supercomplexes, whereas it is absent in photosystem II core complexes, corroborating the protein's function for assembly of the light-harvesting complexes. This approach will substantiate gel-blot immunoanalysis for localization and identification of LMW protein subunits in any membrane protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Granvogl
- Department für Biologie I, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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27
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Kanervo E, Singh M, Suorsa M, Paakkarinen V, Aro E, Battchikova N, Aro EM. Expression of protein complexes and individual proteins upon transition of etioplasts to chloroplasts in pea (Pisum sativum). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 49:396-410. [PMID: 18263621 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcn016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein complexes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) etioplasts, etio-chloroplasts and chloroplasts were examined using 2D Blue Native/SDS-PAGE. The most prominent protein complexes in etioplasts were the ATPase and the Clp and FtsH protease complexes which probably have a crucial role in the biogenesis of etioplasts and chloroplasts. Also the cytochrome b(6)f (Cyt b(6)f) complex was assembled in the etioplast membrane, as well as Rubisco, at least partially, in the stroma. These complexes are composed of proteins encoded by both the plastid and nuclear genomes, indicating that a functional cross-talk exists between pea etioplasts and the nucleus. In contrast, the proteins and protein complexes that bind chlorophyll, with the PetD subunit and the entire Cyt b(6)f complex as an exception, did not accumulate in etioplasts. Nevertheless, some PSII core components such as PsbE and the luminal oxygen-evolvong complex (OEC) proteins PsbO and PsbP accumulated efficiently in etioplasts. After 6 h de-etiolation, a complete PSII core complex appeared with 40% of the maximal photochemical efficiency, but a fully functional PSII was recorded only after 24 h illumination. Similarly, the core complex of PSI was assembled after 6 h illumination, whereas the PSI-light-harvesting complex I was stably assembled only in chloroplasts illuminated for 24 h. Moreover, a battery of proteins responsible for defense against oxidative stress accumulated particularly in etioplasts, including the stromal and thylakoidal forms of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and PsbS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eira Kanervo
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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28
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Rumpho ME, Summer EJ, Green BJ, Fox TC, Manhart JR. Mollusc/algal chloroplast symbiosis: how can isolated chloroplasts continue to function for months in the cytosol of a sea slug in the absence of an algal nucleus? ZOOLOGY 2006; 104:303-12. [PMID: 16351845 DOI: 10.1078/0944-2006-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A marine sea slug, Elysia chlorotica, has acquired the ability to carry out photosynthesis as a result of forming an intracellular symbiotic association with chloroplasts of the chromophytic alga, Vaucheria litorea. The symbiont chloroplasts (kleptoplasts) are functional, i.e. they evolve oxygen and fix CO(2) and actively transcribe and translate proteins for several months in the sea slug cytosol. Considering the dependency of plastid function on nuclear genes, the level of kleptoplast activity observed in the animal cell is quite remarkable. Possible factors contributing to this long-lasting functional association that are considered here include: the presence of an algal nuclear genome in the sea slug, autonomous chloroplasts, unusual chloroplast/protein stability, re-directing of animal proteins to the kleptoplast, and lateral gene transfer. Based on our current understanding, the acquisition and incorporation of intact algal plastids by E. chlorotica is aided by the robustness of the plastids and the long-term functional activity of the kleptoplasts appears to be supported by both plastid and protein stability and contributions from the sea slug.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Rumpho
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5735, USA.
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30
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Bumba L, Tichy M, Dobakova M, Komenda J, Vacha F. Localization of the PsbH subunit in photosystem II from the Synechocystis 6803 using the His-tagged Ni–NTA Nanogold labeling. J Struct Biol 2005; 152:28-35. [PMID: 16181791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The PsbH protein belongs to a group of small protein subunits of photosystem II (PSII) complex. This protein is predicted to have a single transmembrane helix and it is important for the assembly of the PSII complex as well as for the proper function at the acceptor side of PSII. To identify the location of the PsbH subunit, the PSII complex with His-tagged PsbH protein was isolated from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and labeled by Ni(2+)-nitrilo triacetic acid Nanogold. Electron microscopy followed by single particle image analysis identified the location of the labeled His-tagged PsbH protein at the periphery of the dimeric PSII complex. These results indicate that the N terminus of the PsbH protein is located at the stromal surface of the PSII complex and close to the CP47 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Plant and Molecular Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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31
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Rokka A, Suorsa M, Saleem A, Battchikova N, Aro EM. Synthesis and assembly of thylakoid protein complexes: multiple assembly steps of photosystem II. Biochem J 2005; 388:159-68. [PMID: 15638811 PMCID: PMC1186704 DOI: 10.1042/bj20042098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To study the synthesis and assembly of multisubunit thylakoid protein complexes, we performed [35S]Met pulse and chase experiments with isolated chloroplasts and intact leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), followed by Blue Native gel separation of the (sub)complexes and subsequent identification of the newly synthesized and assembled protein subunits. PSII (photosystem II) core subunits were the most intensively synthesized proteins, particularly in vitro and at high light intensities in vivo, and could be sequestered in several distinct PSII subassemblies. Newly synthesized D1 was first found in the reaction centre complex that also contained labelled D2 and two labelled low-molecular-mass proteins. The next biggest PSII subassembly contained CP47 also. Then PsbH was assembled together with at least two other labelled chloroplast-encoded low-molecular-mass subunits, PsbM and PsbTc, and a nuclear-encoded PsbR. Subsequently, CP43 was inserted into the PSII complex concomitantly with PsbK. These assembly steps seemed to be essential for the dimerization of PSII core monomers. Intact PSII core monomer was the smallest subcomplex harbouring the newly synthesized 33 kDa oxygen-evolving complex protein PsbO. Nuclear-encoded PsbW was synthesized only at low light intensities concomitantly with Lhcb polypeptides and was distinctively present in PSII-LHCII (where LHC stands for light-harvesting complex) supercomplexes. The PsbH protein, on the contrary, was vigorously synthesized and incorporated into PSII core monomers together with the D1 protein, suggesting an intrinsic role for PsbH in the photoinhibition-repair cycle of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rokka
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Ammar Saleem
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Natalia Battchikova
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
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Dekker JP, Boekema EJ. Supramolecular organization of thylakoid membrane proteins in green plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1706:12-39. [PMID: 15620363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis in green plants are mediated by four large protein complexes, embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) are both organized into large supercomplexes with variable amounts of membrane-bound peripheral antenna complexes. PSI consists of a monomeric core complex with single copies of four different LHCI proteins and has binding sites for additional LHCI and/or LHCII complexes. PSII supercomplexes are dimeric and contain usually two to four copies of trimeric LHCII complexes. These supercomplexes have a further tendency to associate into megacomplexes or into crystalline domains, of which several types have been characterized. Together with the specific lipid composition, the structural features of the main protein complexes of the thylakoid membranes form the main trigger for the segregation of PSII and LHCII from PSI and ATPase into stacked grana membranes. We suggest that the margins, the strongly folded regions of the membranes that connect the grana, are essentially protein-free, and that protein-protein interactions in the lumen also determine the shape of the grana. We also discuss which mechanisms determine the stacking of the thylakoid membranes and how the supramolecular organization of the pigment-protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane and their flexibility may play roles in various regulatory mechanisms of green plant photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dekker
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Iwai M, Katoh H, Katayama M, Ikeuchi M. PSII-Tc Protein Plays an Important Role in Dimerization of Photosystem II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:1809-16. [PMID: 15653799 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of PSII genes, psbB and psbTc, from the thermophilic cyanobacterium, Thermosynechococcus elongatus strain BP-1. PSII-Tc, encoded by psbTc, is a small membrane-spanning subunit of the PSII core complex of cyanobacteria and plants. However, its role has not been fully elucidated. We generated an insertional disruptant of psbTc and studied the role of the PSII-Tc protein in cyanobacterial PSII. The following observations were made: (i) The psbTc disruptant could grow photoautotrophically at a rate similar to that of wild-type T. elongatus under a wide range of light conditions. (ii) Thylakoids and oxygen-evolving PSII complexes were successfully isolated from the psbTc disruptant as well as the wild type. There was no significant difference in the oxygen evolution activities of cells, thylakoids or PSII complexes between the psbTc disruptant and the wild type. This is in contrast to the lower activities in the other PSII mutants of T. elongatus. (iii) Chromatographic separation of monomeric and dimeric PSII revealed that recovery of dimeric PSII was dramatically reduced in the psbTc disruptant. (iv) SDS-urea-PAGE showed a complete loss of the 4.7-kDa band in the mutant PSII. Since this band in wild-type PSII consists of PSII-M and PSII-Tc, we assume that PSII-Tc is critical for the binding of PSII-M in the PSII complex and is involved directly and indirectly in the dimerization of PSII. These results appear to be in good agreement with the recent structural model of the dimeric PSII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwai
- Department of Life Sciences (Biology), University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
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Komenda J, Reisinger V, Müller BC, Dobáková M, Granvogl B, Eichacker LA. Accumulation of the D2 protein is a key regulatory step for assembly of the photosystem II reaction center complex in Synechocystis PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:48620-9. [PMID: 15347679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405725200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of monomer and dimer photosystem (PS) II reaction center core complexes has been analyzed by two-dimensional Blue-native/SDS-PAGE in Synechocystis PCC 6803 wild type and in mutant strains lacking genes psbA, psbB, psbC, psbDIC/DII, or the psbEFLJ operon. In vivo pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments revealed that mutant cells assembled PSII precomplexes only. In DeltapsbC and DeltapsbB, assembly of reaction center cores lacking CP43 and reaction center complexes was detected, respectively. In DeltapsbA, protein subunits CP43, CP47, D2, and cytochrome b559 were synthesized, but proteins did not assemble. Similarly, in DeltapsbD/C lacking D2, and CP43, the de novo synthesized proteins D1, CP47, and cytochrome b559 did not form any mutual complexes, indicating that assembly of the reaction center complex is a prerequisite for assembly with core subunits CP47 and CP43. Finally, although CP43 and CP47 accumulated in DeltapsbEFLJ, D2 was neither expressed nor accumulated. We, furthermore, show that the amount of D2 is high in the strain lacking D1, whereas the amount of D1 is low in the strain lacking D2. We conclude that expression of the psbEFLJ operon is a prerequisite for D2 accumulation that is the key regulatory step for D1 accumulation and consecutive assembly of the PSII reaction center complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic
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Shi LX, Schröder WP. The low molecular mass subunits of the photosynthetic supracomplex, photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1608:75-96. [PMID: 14871485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2002] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The photosystem II (PSII) complex is located in the thylakoid membrane of higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria and drives the water oxidation process of photosynthesis, which splits water into reducing equivalents and molecular oxygen by solar energy. Electron and X-ray crystallography analyses have revealed that the PSII core complex contains between 34 and 36 transmembrane alpha-helices, depending on the organism. Of these helices at least 12-14 are attributed to low molecular mass proteins. However, to date, at least 18 low molecular mass (<10 kDa) subunits are putatively associated with the PSII complex. Most of them contain a single transmembrane span and their protein sequences are conserved among photosynthetic organisms. In addition, these proteins do not have any similarity to any known functional proteins in any type of organism, and only two of them bind a cofactor. These findings raise intriguing questions about why there are so many small protein subunits with single-transmembrane spans in the PSII complex, and their possible functions. This article reviews our current knowledge of this group of proteins. Deletion mutations of the low molecular mass subunits from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic model systems are compared in an attempt to understand the function of these proteins. From these comparisons it seems that the majority of them are involved in stabilization, assembly or dimerization of the PSII complex. The small proteins may facilitate fast dynamic conformational changes that the PSII complex needs to perform an optimal photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Umeå University and Umeå Plant Science Center (UPSC), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Minagawa J, Takahashi Y. Structure, function and assembly of Photosystem II and its light-harvesting proteins. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2004; 82:241-63. [PMID: 16143838 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-2079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit chlorophyll-protein complex that drives electron transfer from water to plastoquinone using energy derived from light. In green plants, the native form of PSII is surrounded by the light-harvesting complex (LHCII complex) and thus it is called the PSII-LHCII supercomplex. Over the past several years, understanding of the structure, function, and assembly of PSII and LHCII complexes has increased considerably. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been an excellent model organism to study PSII and LHCII complexes, because this organism grows heterotrophically and photoautotrophically and it is amenable to biochemical, genetic, molecular biological and recombinant DNA methodology. Here, the genes encoding and regulating components of the C. reinhardtii PSII-LHCII supercomplex have been thoroughly catalogued: they include 15 chloroplast and 20 nuclear structural genes as well as 13 nuclear genes coding for regulatory factors. This review discusses these molecular genetic data and presents an overview of the structure, function and assembly of PSII and LHCII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Minagawa
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan,
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Suorsa M, Regel RE, Paakkarinen V, Battchikova N, Herrmann RG, Aro EM. Protein assembly of photosystem II and accumulation of subcomplexes in the absence of low molecular mass subunits PsbL and PsbJ. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2004; 271:96-107. [PMID: 14686923 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein assembly and stability of photosystem II (PSII) (sub)complexes were studied in mature leaves of four plastid mutants of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), each having one of the psbEFLJ operon genes inactivated. In the absence of psbL, no PSII core dimers or PSII-light harvesting complex (LHCII) supercomplexes were formed, and the assembly of CP43 into PSII core monomers was extremely labile. The assembly of CP43 into PSII core monomers was found to be necessary for the assembly of PsbO on the lumenal side of PSII. The two other oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) proteins, PsbP and PsbQ, were completely lacking in Delta psbL. In the absence of psbJ, both intact PSII core monomers and PSII core dimers harboring the PsbO protein were formed, whereas the LHCII antenna remained detached from the PSII dimers, as demonstrated by 77 K fluorescence measurements and by the lack of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. The Delta psbJ mutant was characterized by a deficiency of PsbQ and a complete lack of PsbP. Thus, both the PsbL and PsbJ subunits of PSII are essential for proper assembly of the OEC. The absence of psbE and psbF resulted in a complete absence of all central PSII core and OEC proteins. In contrast, very young, vigorously expanding leaves of all psbEFLJ operon mutants accumulated at least traces of D2, CP43 and the OEC proteins PsbO and PsbQ, implying developmental control of the expression of the PSII core and OEC proteins. Despite severe problems in PSII assembly, the thylakoid membrane complexes other than PSII were present and correctly assembled in all psbEFLJ operon mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Finland
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Leister D, Schneider A. From Genes to Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 228:31-83. [PMID: 14667042 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)28002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although photosynthesis in higher plants is of cyanobacterial descent, it differs strikingly in organization and regulation from the prokaryotic process. Genomics, proteomics, and comparative genome analysis are now providing powerful new tools for the molecular dissection of photosynthesis in higher plants. Mutant screens and reverse genetics identify an increasing number of gene-function relationships that have a bearing on photosynthesis, revealing a marked interdependency between photosynthesis and other cellular processes. Photosynthesis-related functions are mostly located in the chloroplast, but can also be located in other compartments of the plant cell. The analysis by DNA-array hybridization of mRNA expression patterns both in the chloroplast and the nucleus, under various environmental conditions and/or in different genetic backgrounds that affect the function of the plastid, is rapidly improving our understanding of how photosynthesis is regulated, and it reveals that plastid-to-nucleus signaling plays a central role in its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leister
- Abteilung für Pflanzenzüchtung und Ertragsphysiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, D-50829 Köln, Germany
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Thidholm E, Lindström V, Tissier C, Robinson C, Schröder WP, Funk C. Novel approach reveals localisation and assembly pathway of the PsbS and PsbW proteins into the photosystem II dimer. FEBS Lett 2002; 513:217-22. [PMID: 11904154 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A blue-native gel electrophoresis system was combined with an in organello import assay to specifically analyse the location and assembly of two nuclear-encoded photosystem II (PSII) subunits. With this method we were able to show that initially the low molecular mass PsbW protein is not associated with the monomeric form of PSII. Instead a proportion of newly imported PsbW is directly assembled in dimeric PSII supercomplexes with very fast kinetics; its negatively charged N-terminal domain is essential for this process. The chlorophyll-binding PsbS protein, which is involved in energy dissipation, is first detected in the monomeric PSII subcomplexes, and only at later time points in the dimeric form of PSII. It seems to be bound tighter to the PSII core complex than to light harvesting complex II. These data point to radically different assembly pathways for different PSII subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Thidholm
- Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yakushevska AE, Jensen PE, Keegstra W, van Roon H, Scheller HV, Boekema EJ, Dekker JP. Supermolecular organization of photosystem II and its associated light-harvesting antenna in Arabidopsis thaliana. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6020-8. [PMID: 11732995 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The organization of Arabidopsis thaliana photosystem II (PSII) and its associated light-harvesting antenna (LHCII) was studied in isolated PSII-LHCII supercomplexes and native membrane-bound crystals by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis. Over 4000 single-particle projections of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes were analyzed. In comparison to spinach supercomplexes [Boekema, E.J., van Roon, H., van Breemen, J.F.L. & Dekker, J.P. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. 266, 444-452] some striking differences were revealed: a much larger number of supercomplexes from Arabidopsis contain copies of M-type LHCII trimers. M-type trimers can also bind in the absence of the more common S-type trimers. No binding of l-type trimers could be detected. Analysis of native membrane-bound PSII crystals revealed a novel type of crystal with a unit cell of 25.6 x 21.4 nm (angle 77 degrees ), which is larger than any of the PSII lattices observed before. The data show that the unit cell is built up from C2S2M2 supercomplexes, rather than from C2S2M supercomplexes observed in native membrane crystals from spinach [Boekema, E.J., Van Breemen, J.F.L., Van Roon, H. & Dekker, J.P. (2000) J. Mol. Biol. 301, 1123-1133]. It is concluded from both the single particle analysis and the crystal analysis that the M-type trimers bind more strongly to PSII core complexes in Arabidopsis than in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Yakushevska
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Hankamer B, Morris E, Nield J, Carne A, Barber J. Subunit positioning and transmembrane helix organisation in the core dimer of photosystem II. FEBS Lett 2001; 504:142-51. [PMID: 11532446 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently 3D structural models of the photosystem II (PSII) core dimer complexes of higher plants (spinach) and cyanobacteria (Synechococcus elongatus) have been derived by electron [Rhee et al. (1998) Nature 396, 283-286; Hankamer et al. (2001) J. Struct. Biol., in press] and X-ray [Zouni et al. (2001) Nature 409, 739-743] crystallography respectively. The intermediate resolutions of these structures do not allow direct identification of side chains and therefore many of the individual subunits within the structure are unassigned. Here we review the structure of the higher plant PSII core dimer and provide evidence for the tentative assignment of the low molecular weight subunits. In so doing we highlight the similarities and differences between the higher plant and cyanobacterial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hankamer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. Light and Life. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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