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Zeng S, Jin N, Yu B, Ren Q, Yan Z, Fu S. Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule antigens are effective in the treatment of colorectal cancer. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:249. [PMID: 39107717 PMCID: PMC11302356 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antigen (anti-EpCAM-CAR-T). METHODS A third-generation CAR-T cell construct used a single-chain variable fragment derived from monoclonal antibody against human EpCAM. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted from volunteers. The proportion of cluster of differentiation 8 positive (CD8+) and CD4 + T cells was measured using flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the expression of EpCAM-CAR. The killing efficiency was detected using the MTT assay and transwell assay, and the secretion of killer cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was detected using the ELISA. The inhibitory effect of EpCAM-CAR-T on colorectal cancer in vivo was detected using xenografts. RESULTS It was found that T cells expanded greatly, and the proportion of CD3+, CD8 + and CD4 + T cells was more than 60%. Furthermore, EpCAM-CAR-T cells had a higher tumour inhibition rate in the EpCAM expression positive group than in the negative group (P < 0.05). The secretion of killer cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in the EpCAM expression positive cell group was higher than that in the negative group (P < 0.05). In the experimental group treated with EpCAM-CAR-T cells, the survival rate of nude mice was higher (P < 0.05), and the tumour was smaller than that in the blank and control groups (P < 0.05). The secretion of serum killer cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in tumour-bearing nude mice in the experimental group treated with EpCAM-CAR-T cells was higher than that in the blank and control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study successfully constructed EpCAM-CAR cells and found that they can target and recognise EpCAM-positive tumour cells, secrete killer cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and better inhibit the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo than unmodified T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Zeng
- Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China
- Birth Defects and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine and Health Graduate Education Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Ning Jin
- Birth Defects and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine and Health Graduate Education Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Baofeng Yu
- Birth Defects and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine and Health Graduate Education Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Gynecology, Hainan West Central Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, 571700, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- Department of Gynecology, Hainan West Central Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, 571700, China
| | - Songtao Fu
- Birth Defects and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Biomedicine and Health Graduate Education Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
- Biomedicine and Health Graduate Education Innovation Center, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
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2
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Xiao D, Xiong M, Wang X, Lyu M, Sun H, Cui Y, Chen C, Jiang Z, Sun F. Regulation of the Function and Expression of EpCAM. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1129. [PMID: 38791091 PMCID: PMC11117676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a single transmembrane protein on the cell surface. Given its strong expression on epithelial cells and epithelial cell-derived tumors, EpCAM has been identified as a biomarker for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and exosomes and a target for cancer therapy. As a cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM has a crystal structure that indicates that it forms a cis-dimer first and then probably a trans-tetramer to mediate intercellular adhesion. Through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), EpCAM and its proteolytic fragments are also able to regulate multiple signaling pathways, Wnt signaling in particular. Although great progress has been made, increasingly more findings have revealed the context-specific expression and function patterns of EpCAM and their regulation processes, which necessitates further studies to determine the structure, function, and expression of EpCAM under both physiological and pathological conditions, broadening its application in basic and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Mengqing Lyu
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Hanxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Yeting Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Fan Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (X.W.); (M.L.); (H.S.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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3
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Wang T, Wang C, Wang J, Wang B. An Intrabody against B-Cell Receptor-Associated Protein 31 (BAP31) Suppresses the Glycosylation of the Epithelial Cell-Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) via Affecting the Formation of the Sec61-Translocon-Associated Protein (TRAP) Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14787. [PMID: 37834237 PMCID: PMC10572819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is hyperglycosylated in carcinoma tissue and the oncogenic function of EpCAM primarily depends on the degree of glycosylation. Inhibiting EpCAM glycosylation is expected to have an inhibitory effect on cancer. We analyzed the relationship of BAP31 with 84 kinds of tumor-associated antigens and found that BAP31 is positively correlated with the protein level of EpCAM. Triple mutations of EpCAM N76/111/198A, which are no longer modified by glycosylation, were constructed to determine whether BAP31 has an effect on the glycosylation of EpCAM. Plasmids containing different C-termini of BAP31 were constructed to identify the regions of BAP31 that affects EpCAM glycosylation. Antibodies against BAP31 (165-205) were screened from a human phage single-domain antibody library and the effect of the antibody (VH-F12) on EpCAM glycosylation and anticancer was investigated. BAP31 increases protein levels of EpCAM by promoting its glycosylation. The amino acid region from 165 to 205 in BAP31 plays an important role in regulating the glycosylation of EpCAM. The antibody VH-F12 significantly inhibited glycosylation of EpCAM which, subsequently, reduced the adhesion of gastric cancer cells, inducing cytotoxic autophagy, inhibiting the AKT-PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway, and, finally, resulting in proliferation inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we clarified that BAP31 plays a key role in promoting N-glycosylation of EpCAM by affecting the Sec61 translocation channels. Altogether, these data implied that BAP31 regulates the N-glycosylation of EpCAM and may represent a potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bing Wang
- College of Life Science and Health, Northeastern University, 195 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110819, China; (T.W.); (C.W.); (J.W.)
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4
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Guerra E, Di Pietro R, Stati G, Alberti S. A non-mutated TROP2 fingerprint in cancer genetics. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1151090. [PMID: 37456256 PMCID: PMC10338868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1151090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of high throughput DNA sequencing is providing massive amounts of tumor-associated mutation data. Implicit in these analyses is the assumption that, by acquiring a series of hallmark changes, normal cells evolve along a neoplastic path. However, the lack of correlation between cancer risk and global exposure to mutagenic factors provides arguments against this model. This suggested that additional, non-mutagenic factors are at work in cancer development. A candidate determinant is TROP2, that stands out for its expression in the majority of solid tumors in human, for its impact on the prognosis of most solid cancers and for its role as driver of cancer growth and metastatic diffusion, through overexpression as a wild-type form. The Trop-2 signaling network encompasses CREB1, Jun, NF-κB, Rb, STAT1 and STAT3, through induction of cyclin D1 and MAPK/ERK. Notably, Trop-2-driven pathways vastly overlap with those activated by most functionally relevant/most frequently mutated RAS and TP53, and are co-expressed in a large fraction of individual tumor cases, suggesting functional overlap. Mutated Ras was shown to synergize with the TROP2-CYCLIND1 mRNA chimera in transforming primary cells into tumorigenic ones. Genomic loss of TROP2 was found to promote carcinogenesis in squamous cell carcinomas through modulation of Src and mutated Ras pathways. DNA methylation and TP53 status were shown to cause genome instability and TROP gene amplification, together with Trop-2 protein overexpression. These findings suggest that mutagenic and the TROP2 non-mutagenic pathways deeply intertwine in driving transformed cell growth and malignant progression of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Guerra
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gianmarco Stati
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Section of Biomorphology, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Saverio Alberti
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences - Biomedical Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Different Targeting Mechanisms in the Targeted Therapy of Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092981. [PMID: 35566331 PMCID: PMC9099628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a usual digestive tract malignancy and the third main cause of cancer death around the world, with a high occurrence rate and mortality rate. Conventional therapies for CRC have certain side effects and restrictions. However, the exciting thing is that with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have gradually become more valuable drug delivery systems than traditional therapies because of their capacity to control drug release and target CRC. This also promotes the application of nano-drug targeted delivery systems in the therapy of CRC. Moreover, to make nanoparticles have a better colon targeting effect, many approaches have been used, including nanoparticles targeting CRC and in response to environmental signals. In this review, we focus on various targeting mechanisms of CRC-targeted nanoparticles and their latest research progress in the last three years, hoping to give researchers some inspiration on the design of CRC-targeted nanoparticles.
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6
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Bui S, Mejia I, Díaz B, Wang Y. Adaptation of the Golgi Apparatus in Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:806482. [PMID: 34957124 PMCID: PMC8703019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.806482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus plays a central role in normal cell physiology by promoting cell survival, facilitating proliferation, and enabling cell-cell communication and migration. These roles are partially mediated by well-known Golgi functions, including post-translational modifications, lipid biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and protein secretion. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that the Golgi plays a critical role in sensing and integrating external and internal cues to promote cellular homeostasis. Indeed, the unique structure of the mammalian Golgi can be fine-tuned to adapt different Golgi functions to specific cellular needs. This is particularly relevant in the context of cancer, where unrestrained proliferation and aberrant survival and migration increase the demands in Golgi functions, as well as the need for Golgi-dependent sensing and adaptation to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of how the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus is influenced by oncogenic transformation, and how this adaptation may facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Isabel Mejia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Díaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Hematology and Oncology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Pavšič M. Trop2 Forms a Stable Dimer with Significant Structural Differences within the Membrane-Distal Region as Compared to EpCAM. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910640. [PMID: 34638982 PMCID: PMC8508679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trop2 is a cell-surface transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the maintenance of epithelial tissue integrity and is an important carcinoma marker. It shares similar claudin-interaction capacity with its paralogue EpCAM, and both are implicated in signaling triggered by proteolytic cleavage within the ectodomain. However, the cell proliferation-regulating interactions with IGF-1, neuregulin-1, and α5β1 integrin appear to be Trop2-specific. To illuminate the structural differences between Trop2 and EpCAM, we report the first crystal structure of a Trop2 ectodomain dimer and compare it to the analogous part of EpCAM. While the overall fold of the two proteins is similar, the dimers differ. In Trop2, the inter-subunit contacts are more extensive than in EpCAM, and there are two major differences in the membrane-distal regions. The immunogenic N-terminal domain is in Trop2 almost colinear with the dimer interface plain and consequently more laterally exposed, and the cleft of yet unknown functionality between the two subunits is almost absent. Furthermore, the site of initial signaling-associated proteolytic cleavage in Trop2 is accessible in the dimeric state, while in EpCAM dimer destabilization is required. The structural differences highlight the divergent evolutionary path of the two proteins and pave the way for their structure-based utilization in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Trop-2 cleavage by ADAM10 is an activator switch for cancer growth and metastasis. Neoplasia 2021; 23:415-428. [PMID: 33839455 PMCID: PMC8042651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2 is a transmembrane signal transducer that can induce cancer growth. Using antibody targeting and N-terminal Edman degradation, we show here that Trop-2 undergoes cleavage in the first thyroglobulin domain loop of its extracellular region, between residues R87 and T88. Molecular modeling indicated that this cleavage induces a profound rearrangement of the Trop-2 structure, which suggested a deep impact on its biological function. No Trop-2 cleavage was detected in normal human tissues, whereas most tumors showed Trop-2 cleavage, including skin, ovary, colon, and breast cancers. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that ADAM10 physically interacts with Trop-2. Immunofluorescence/confocal time-lapse microscopy revealed that the two molecules broadly colocalize at the cell membrane. We show that ADAM10 inhibitors, siRNAs and shRNAs abolish the processing of Trop-2, which indicates that ADAM10 is an effector protease. Proteolysis of Trop-2 at R87-T88 triggered cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. A corresponding role was shown for metastatic spreading of colon cancer, as the R87A-T88A Trop-2 mutant abolished xenotransplant metastatic dissemination. Activatory proteolysis of Trop-2 was recapitulated in primary human breast cancers. Together with the prognostic impact of Trop-2 and ADAM10 on cancers of the skin, ovary, colon, lung, and pancreas, these data indicate a driving role of this activatory cleavage of Trop-2 on malignant progression of tumors.
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Dotter H, Boll M, Eder M, Eder AC. Library and post-translational modifications of peptide-based display systems. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107699. [PMID: 33513435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Innovative biotechnological methods empower the successful identification of new drug candidates. Phage, ribosome and mRNA display represent high throughput screenings, allowing fast and efficient progress in the field of targeted drug discovery. The identification range comprises low molecular weight peptides up to whole antibodies. However, a major challenge poses the stability and affinity in particular of peptides. Chemical modifications e.g. the introduction of unnatural amino acids or cyclization, have been proven to be essential tools to overcome these limitations. This review article particularly focuses on available methods for the targeted chemical modification of peptides and peptide libraries in selected display approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dotter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boll
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ann-Christin Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium, partner site Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Glycosylation of Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1638-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Gires O, Pan M, Schinke H, Canis M, Baeuerle PA. Expression and function of epithelial cell adhesion molecule EpCAM: where are we after 40 years? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:969-987. [PMID: 32507912 PMCID: PMC7497325 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) was discovered four decades ago as a tumor antigen on colorectal carcinomas. Owing to its frequent and high expression on carcinomas and their metastases, EpCAM serves as a prognostic marker, a therapeutic target, and an anchor molecule on circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs/DTCs), which are considered the major source for metastatic cancer cells. Today, EpCAM is reckoned as a multi-functional transmembrane protein involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, stemness, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of carcinoma cells. To fulfill these functions, EpCAM is instrumental in intra- and intercellular signaling as a full-length molecule and following regulated intramembrane proteolysis, generating functionally active extra- and intracellular fragments. Intact EpCAM and its proteolytic fragments interact with claudins, CD44, E-cadherin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and intracellular signaling components of the WNT and Ras/Raf pathways, respectively. This plethora of functions contributes to shaping intratumor heterogeneity and partial EMT, which are major determinants of the clinical outcome of carcinoma patients. EpCAM represents a marker for the epithelial status of primary and systemic tumor cells and emerges as a measure for the metastatic capacity of CTCs. Consequentially, EpCAM has reclaimed potential as a prognostic marker and target on primary and systemic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gires
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer", Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Henrik Schinke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick A Baeuerle
- Institute for Immunology, LMU Munich, Grosshadernerstr. 9, 82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
- MPM Capital, Cambridge MA, 450 Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Gaber A, Lenarčič B, Pavšič M. Current View on EpCAM Structural Biology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061361. [PMID: 32486423 PMCID: PMC7349879 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EpCAM, a carcinoma cell-surface marker protein and a therapeutic target, has been primarily addressed as a cell adhesion molecule. With regard to recent discoveries of its role in signaling with implications in cell proliferation and differentiation, and findings contradicting a direct role in mediating adhesion contacts, we provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the available structural data on EpCAM and interpret it in the light of recent reports on its function. First, we describe the structure of extracellular part of EpCAM, both as a subunit and part of a cis-dimer which, according to several experimental observations, represents a biologically relevant oligomeric state. Next, we provide a thorough evaluation of reports on EpCAM as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule with a structure-based explanation why direct EpCAM participation in cell–cell contacts is highly unlikely. Finally, we review the signaling aspect of EpCAM with focus on accessibility of signaling-associated cleavage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Gaber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.G.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-479-8550
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Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE, Nasir SN, Yew LT. Revisiting the Roles of Pro-Metastatic EpCAM in Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020255. [PMID: 32046162 PMCID: PMC7072682 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a cell surface protein that was discovered as a tumour marker of epithelial origins nearly four decades ago. EpCAM is expressed at basal levels in the basolateral membrane of normal epithelial cells. However, EpCAM expression is upregulated in solid epithelial cancers and stem cells. EpCAM can also be found in disseminated tumour cells and circulating tumour cells. Various OMICs studies have demonstrated that EpCAM plays roles in several key biological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM can be detected in the bodily fluid of cancer patients suggesting that EpCAM is a pathophysiologically relevant anti-tumour target as well as being utilized as a diagnostic/prognostic agent for a variety of cancers. This review will focus on the structure-features of EpCAM protein and discuss recent evidence on the pathological and physiological roles of EpCAM in modulating cell adhesion and signalling pathways in cancers as well as deliberating the clinical implication of EpCAM as a therapeutic target.
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14
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Tang HY, Speicher DW. Experimental Assignment of Disulfide-Bonds in Purified Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 96:e86. [PMID: 30747488 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is an important post-translational modification that is critical for stabilizing the native structures of proteins, particularly proteins exposed to oxidizing environments. For this reason, most cysteines in secreted proteins or protein domains on the surface of the cell are in disulfides, whereas most cysteines in the cytoplasm are in the unmodified -SH form. Disulfide linkages must be experimentally determined, as they cannot be predicted from amino acid sequence. These assignments provide insights into three-dimensional structure and contribute to the understanding of structural-functional relationships. This unit details a series of protocols that have been applied successfully to map disulfide bonds in proteins. The general strategy involves chemical or proteolytic cleavage of the protein followed by chromatographic separation of the resultant peptides. Mass spectrometry is used to identify disulfide-containing peptides and determine sites of disulfide linkage. A partial reduction and alkylation strategy for mapping disulfide linkages in peptides with multiple disulfide bonds is also presented. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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15
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Barkeer S, Chugh S, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. Glycosylation of Cancer Stem Cells: Function in Stemness, Tumorigenesis, and Metastasis. Neoplasia 2018; 20:813-825. [PMID: 30015157 PMCID: PMC6037882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a critical role in tumor aggressiveness, progression, and metastasis. Emerging evidence associates cancer initiation and metastasis to the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several universal markers have been identified for CSCs characterization; however, a specific marker has not yet been identified for different cancer types. Specific glycosylation variation plays a major role in the progression and metastasis of different cancers. Interestingly, many of the CSC markers are glycoproteins and undergo differential glycosylation. Given the importance of CSCs and altered glycosylation in tumorigenesis, the present review will discuss current knowledge of altered glycosylation of CSCs and its application in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Barkeer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Seema Chugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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16
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Tretter JY, Schorpp K, Luxenburger E, Trambauer J, Steiner H, Hadian K, Gires O, Niessing D. A high-content screen for small-molecule regulators of epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) cleavage yields a robust inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8994-9005. [PMID: 29700109 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane protein that regulates cell cycle progression and differentiation and is overexpressed in many carcinomas. The EpCAM-induced mitogenic cascade is activated via regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of EpCAM by ADAM and γ-secretases, generating the signaling-active intracellular domain EpICD. Because of its expression pattern and molecular function, EpCAM is a valuable target in prognostic and therapeutic approaches for various carcinomas. So far, several immunotherapeutic strategies have targeted the extracellular domain of EpCAM. However, targeting the intracellular signaling cascade of EpCAM holds promise for specifically interfering with EpCAM's proliferation-stimulating signaling cascade. Here, using a yellow fluorescence protein-tagged version of the C-terminal fragment of EpCAM, we established a high-content screening (HCS) of a small-molecule compound library (n = 27,280) and characterized validated hits that target EpCAM signaling. In total, 128 potential inhibitors were initially identified, of which one compound with robust inhibitory effects on RIP of EpCAM was analyzed in greater detail. In summary, our study demonstrates that the development of an HCS for small-molecule inhibitors of the EpCAM signaling pathway is feasible. We propose that this approach may also be useful for identifying chemical compounds targeting other disorders involving membrane cleavage-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Luxenburger
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Johannes Trambauer
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Steiner
- the Biomedical Center, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- the Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute for Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Gires
- the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center and
| | - Dierk Niessing
- From the Institute of Structural Biology and .,the Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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17
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Ma W, Sun M, Fu P, Li S, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. A Chiral-Nanoassemblies-Enabled Strategy for Simultaneously Profiling Surface Glycoprotein and MicroRNA in Living Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703410. [PMID: 28980743 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assemblies of nanomaterials for biological applications in living cells have attracted much attention. Herein, graphene oxide (GO)-gold nanoparticle (Au NP) assemblies are driven by a splint DNA strand, which is designed with two regions at both ends that are complementary with the DNA sequence anchored on the surface of the GO and the Au NPs. In the presence of microRNA (miR)-21 and epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM), the hybridization of miR-21 with a molecular probe leads to the separation of 6-fluorescein-phosphoramidite-modified Au NPs from GO, resulting in a decrease in the Raman signal, while EpCAM recognition reduces circular dichroism (CD) signals. The CD signals reverse from negative in original assemblies into positive when reacted with cells, which correlates with two enantiomer geometries. The EpCAM detection has a good linear range of 8.47-74.78 pg mL-1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.63 pg mL-1 , whereas miR-21 detection displays an outstanding linear range of 0.07-13.68 amol ng-1RNA and LOD of 0.03 amol ng-1RNA . All the results are in good agreement with those of the Raman and confocal bioimaging. The strategy opens up an avenue to allow the highly accurate and reliable diagnosis (dual targets) of clinic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Pan Fu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Si Li
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Internatioal joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection Collaborative Innovationcenter of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P.R. China
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18
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Durand KL, Tan L, Stinson CA, Love-Nkansah CB, Ma X, Xia Y. Assigning Peptide Disulfide Linkage Pattern Among Regio-Isomers via Methoxy Addition to Disulfide and Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1099-1108. [PMID: 28194735 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pinpointing disulfide linkage pattern is critical in the characterization of proteins and peptides consisting of multiple disulfide bonds. Herein, we report a method based on coupling online disulfide modification and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to distinguish peptide disulfide regio-isomers. Such a method relies on a new disulfide bond cleavage reaction in solution, involving methanol as a reactant and 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This reaction leads to selective cleavage of a disulfide bond and formation of sulfenic methyl ester (-SOCH3) at one cysteine residue and a thiol (-SH) at the other. Under low energy collision-induced dissociation (CID), cysteine sulfenic methyl ester motif produces a signature methanol loss (-32 Da), allowing its identification from other possible isomeric structures such as S-hydroxylmethyl (-SCH2OH) and methyl sulfoxide (-S(O)-CH3). Since disulfide bond can be selectively cleaved and modified upon methoxy addition, subsequent MS2 CID of the methoxy addition product provides enhanced sequence coverage as demonstrated by the analysis of bovine insulin. More importantly, this reaction does not induce disulfide scrambling, likely due to the fact that radical intermediates are not involved in the process. An approach based on methoxy addition followed by MS3 CID has been developed for assigning disulfide linkage patterns in peptide disulfide regio-isomers. This methodology was successfully applied to characterizing peptide systems having two disulfide bonds and three disulfide linkage isomers: side-by-side, overlapped, and looped-within-a-loop configurations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt L Durand
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Craig A Stinson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | | | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA.
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19
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An anti-EpCAM antibody EpAb2-6 for the treatment of colon cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24947-68. [PMID: 26317650 PMCID: PMC4694806 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is known to be overexpressed in epithelial cancers associated with enhanced malignant potential, particularly colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, it is unknown whether progression of malignance can be directly inhibited by targeting EpCAM. Here, we have generated five novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against EpCAM. One of these anti-EpCAM mAbs, EpAb2-6, was found to induce cancer cell apoptosis in vitro, inhibit tumor growth, and prolong the overall survival of both a pancreatic cancer metastatic mouse model and mice with human colon carcinoma xenografts. EpAb2-6 also increases the therapeutic efficacy of irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) therapy in a colon cancer animal model and gemcitabine therapy in a pancreatic cancer animal model. Furthermore, EpAb2-6, which binds to positions Y95 and D96 of the EGF-II/TY domain of EpCAM, inhibits production of EpICD, thereby decreasing its translocation and subsequent signal activation. Collectively, our results indicate that the novel anti-EpCAM mAb can potentially be used for cancer-targeted therapy.
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20
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Chen Y, Ding L, Song W, Yang M, Ju H. Liberation of Protein-Specific Glycosylation Information for Glycan Analysis by Exonuclease III-Aided Recycling Hybridization. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2923-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ding
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanyao Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School
of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Abstract
Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a vertebrate secretory protein synthesized in the thyrocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it acquires N-linked glycosylation and conformational maturation (including formation of many disulfide bonds), leading to homodimerization. Its primary functions include iodide storage and thyroid hormonogenesis. Tg consists largely of repeating domains, and many tyrosyl residues in these domains become iodinated to form monoiodo- and diiodotyrosine, whereas only a small portion of Tg structure is dedicated to hormone formation. Interestingly, evolutionary ancestors, dependent upon thyroid hormone for development, synthesize thyroid hormones without the complete Tg protein architecture. Nevertheless, in all vertebrates, Tg follows a strict pattern of region I, II-III, and the cholinesterase-like (ChEL) domain. In vertebrates, Tg first undergoes intracellular transport through the secretory pathway, which requires the assistance of thyrocyte ER chaperones and oxidoreductases, as well as coordination of distinct regions of Tg, to achieve a native conformation. Curiously, regions II-III and ChEL behave as fully independent folding units that could function as successful secretory proteins by themselves. However, the large Tg region I (bearing the primary T4-forming site) is incompetent by itself for intracellular transport, requiring the downstream regions II-III and ChEL to complete its folding. A combination of nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations, splice site mutations, and missense mutations in Tg occurs spontaneously to cause congenital hypothyroidism and thyroidal ER stress. These Tg mutants are unable to achieve a native conformation within the ER, interfering with the efficiency of Tg maturation and export to the thyroid follicle lumen for iodide storage and hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale (B.D.J.), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (P.A.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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22
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He J, Liu W, Wang S, Liu W, Liu H. The SREC-I and SREC-II associated with epidermal growth factor in scavenger receptor family are the potential regulative transmembrane receptors in Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:182-195. [PMID: 26343178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In innate immunity, the regulation of the immunologic gene expression plays a vital role in defense against pathogenic threat. The class F scavenger receptors (SCARFs), a kind of crucial immunologic type I transmembrane receptors, mainly involve in the signal transmission and eliminating pathogens in host immune system. In this study, the SREC-I and SREC-II of SCARFs in Larimichthys crocea (designated as LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 respectively) were first identified, the potential genetic locus relationships with other species were depicted and the features of gene expression after Vibrio alginolyticus stimulation were tested. The results demonstrated that the complete ORF sequences of two candidates were 3024 bp and 2832 bp (KM884873 and KM884874) respectively including some important domains and motifs, such as EGF/EGF-like domains, TRAF2-binding consensus motif, generic motif and atipical motif. The gene location maps and genetic locus interpreted that the DNA sequences of LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 were 7603 bp and 4883 bp, and some locus had changed compared with human being, but three more crucial genetic locus were conservative among ten species. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the highest mRNA expression of LycSREC1 and LycSREC2 were both in liver among eight detected tissues, and their expression were up-regulated by V. alginolyticus stimulation. All these findings would contribute to better understanding the biologic function of SCARFs in defending against pathogenic bacteria challenge and further exploring the innate immune of sciaenidae fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu He
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, PR China
| | - Wan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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Chen Y, Ding L, Song W, Yang M, Ju H. Protein-specific Raman imaging of glycosylation on single cells with zone-controllable SERS effect. Chem Sci 2015; 7:569-574. [PMID: 28791106 PMCID: PMC5519952 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A zone-controllable SERS effect integrates the controlling of nano-substrate size to match the expression zone of protein-specific glycan for Raman imaging.
A zone-controllable SERS effect is presented for Raman imaging of protein-specific glycosylation on a cell surface using two types of newly designed nanoprobes. The signal probe, prepared using a Raman signal molecule and dibenzocyclooctyne-amine to functionalize a 10 nm Au nanoparticle, exhibits a negligible SERS effect and can recognize and link the azide-tagged glycan via a click reaction. The substrate probe, an aptamer modified 30 or 40 nm Au nanoparticles, can specifically recognize the target protein to create an efficient SERS zone on the target protein. By controlling the size of the substrate probe to match the expression zone of the protein-specific glycan, an efficient SERS signal can be generated. This method has been successfully used for in situ imaging of sialic acids on the target protein EpCAM on an MCF-7 cell surface and for the monitoring of the expression variation of protein-specific glycosylation during drug treatment. The concept of zone control can also be used to measure the distance between glycoproteins on a cell surface. This protocol shows promise in uncovering glycosylation-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89683593
| | - Lin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89683593
| | - Wanyao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89683593
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Chemistry , UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , London WC1N 1AX , UK
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 25 89683593
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WANG WENJIE, WU MENGYAO, SHEN MENG, ZHI QIAOMING, LIU ZEYI, GONG FEIRAN, TAO MIN, LI WEI. Cantharidin and norcantharidin impair stemness of pancreatic cancer cells by repressing the β-catenin pathway and strengthen the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine and erlotinib. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1912-22. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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25
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Dollé L, Theise ND, Schmelzer E, Boulter L, Gires O, van Grunsven LA. EpCAM and the biology of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G233-50. [PMID: 25477371 PMCID: PMC4329473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is frequently and highly expressed on carcinomas, tumor-initiating cells, selected tissue progenitors, and embryonic and adult stem cells. During liver development, EpCAM demonstrates a dynamic expression, since it can be detected in fetal liver, including cells of the parenchyma, whereas mature hepatocytes are devoid of EpCAM. Liver regeneration is associated with a population of EpCAM-positive cells within ductular reactions, which gradually lose the expression of EpCAM along with maturation into hepatocytes. EpCAM can be switched on and off through a wide panel of strategies to fine-tune EpCAM-dependent functional and differentiative traits. EpCAM-associated functions relate to cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, maintenance of a pluripotent state, regulation of differentiation, migration, and invasion. These functions can be conferred by the full-length protein and/or EpCAM-derived fragments, which are generated upon regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Control by EpCAM therefore not only depends on the presence of full-length EpCAM at cellular membranes but also on varying rates of the formation of EpCAM-derived fragments that have their own regulatory properties and on changes in the association of EpCAM with interaction partners. Thus spatiotemporal localization of EpCAM in immature liver progenitors, transit-amplifying cells, and mature liver cells will decisively impact the regulation of EpCAM functions and might be one of the triggers that contributes to the adaptive processes in stem/progenitor cell lineages. This review will summarize EpCAM-related molecular events and how they relate to hepatobiliary differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Neil D. Theise
- 2Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York;
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 3McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 4Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland; and
| | - Olivier Gires
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium;
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26
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Pavšič M, Gunčar G, Djinović-Carugo K, Lenarčič B. Crystal structure and its bearing towards an understanding of key biological functions of EpCAM. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4764. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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27
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A novel COX-independent mechanism of sulindac sulfide involves cleavage of epithelial cell adhesion molecule protein. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Di Jeso B, Morishita Y, Treglia AS, Lofrumento DD, Nicolardi G, Beguinot F, Kellogg AP, Arvan P. Transient covalent interactions of newly synthesized thyroglobulin with oxidoreductases of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11488-11496. [PMID: 24599957 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly synthesized thyroglobulin (Tg), the thyroid prohormone, forms detectable high molecular weight mixed disulfide adducts: until now, only Tg "adduct B" was identified as primarily engaging the endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductases ERp57 and protein disulfide isomerase. Here, we demonstrate that the faster migrating Tg adduct C primarily engages the CaBP1/P5 oxidoreductase, whereas the slower migrating Tg adduct A primarily engages ERp72. Upon siRNA-mediated knockdown of CaBP1/P5 or ERp72, adducts C or A, respectively, are decreased. Within the three Tg adduct bands that do not exhibit a precursor-product relationship, Tg exhibits distinct oxidation patterns. We present evidence suggesting that disulfide maturation occurs within Tg monomers engaged in each of the adduct bands. Moreover, the same Tg substrate molecules can form simultaneous mixed disulfides with both CaBP1/P5 and protein disulfide isomerase, although these are generally viewed as components of distinct oxidoreductase-chaperone protein complexes. Such substrate-oxidoreductase combinations offer Tg the potential for simultaneous oxidative maturation along different parallel tracks leading to the native state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Jeso
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy,.
| | - Yoshiaki Morishita
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Antonella S Treglia
- Laboratorio di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario D Lofrumento
- Laboratorio di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universita' del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy, and
| | - Giuseppe Nicolardi
- Laboratorio di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Universita' del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy, and
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali e Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Università Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aaron P Kellogg
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,.
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Yang Y, Fei F, Song Y, Li X, Zhang Z, Fei Z, Su H, Wan S. Polymorphisms of EpCAM gene and prognosis for non-small-cell lung cancer in Han Chinese. Cancer Sci 2013; 105:89-96. [PMID: 24304228 PMCID: PMC4317886 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in a wide variety of human cancers and is associated with patient prognosis, including those with lung cancer. However, the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the EpCAM gene with the prognosis for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has never been investigated. We evaluated the association between two SNPs, rs1126497 and rs1421, in the EpCAM gene and clinical outcomes in a Chinese cohort of 506 NSCLC patients. The SNPs were genotyped using the Sequenom iPLEX genotyping system. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess the association of EpCAM gene genotypes with the prognosis of NSCLC. We found that the non-synonymous SNP rs1126497 was significantly associated with survival. Compared with the CC genotype, the CT+TT genotype was a risk factor for both death (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.94; P = 0.040) and recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.77; P = 0.039). However, the SNP rs1421 did not show any significant effect on patient prognosis. Instead, the AG+GG genotype in rs1421 was significantly associated with early T stages (T1/T2) when compared with the AA genotype (odds ratio for late stage = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.96, P = 0.029). Further stratified analysis showed notable modulating effects of clinical characteristics on the associations between variant genotypes of rs1126497 and NSCLC outcomes. In conclusion, our study indicated that the non-synonymous SNP rs1126497 may be a potential prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Bryan RT, Shimwell NJ, Wei W, Devall AJ, Pirrie SJ, James ND, Zeegers MP, Cheng KK, Martin A, Ward DG. Urinary EpCAM in urothelial bladder cancer patients: characterisation and evaluation of biomarker potential. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:679-85. [PMID: 24292452 PMCID: PMC3915119 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cell adhesion molecule is overexpressed in bladder tumours and released from bladder cancer cells in vitro. We test the hypotheses that urinary EpCAM could act as a biomarker for primary bladder cancer detection and risk stratification. METHODS Epithelial cell adhesion molecule was measured by ELISA in urine from 607 patients with primary bladder tumours and in urine from 53 non-cancer controls. Mann-Whitney tests and ROC analyses were used to determine statistical significance and discrimination between non-cancer controls and different stages and grades of disease. Multivariable modelling and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to determine prognostic significance. The structure of urinary EpCAM was investigated by western blotting and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Urinary EpCAM levels increase with stage and grade of bladder cancer. Alongside grade and stage, elevated urinary EpCAM is an independent indicator of poor prognosis with a hazard ratio of 1.76 for bladder cancer-specific mortality. The soluble form of EpCAM in urine is the extracellular domain generated by cleavage between ala243 and gly244. Further studies are required to define the influence of other urinary tract malignancies and benign urological conditions on urinary EpCAM. CONCLUSION The extracellular domain of EpCAM is shed into urine by bladder tumours. Urinary EpCAM is a strong indicator of bladder cancer-specific survival, and may be useful within a multi-marker panel for disease detection or as a stand-alone marker to prioritise the investigation and treatment of patients. The mechanisms and effects of EpCAM cleavage in bladder cancer are worthy of further investigation, and may identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Bryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - N J Shimwell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - W Wei
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A J Devall
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S J Pirrie
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - N D James
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M P Zeegers
- 1] School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK [2] Department of Complex Genetics, Cluster of Genetics and Cell Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K K Cheng
- School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - A Martin
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - D G Ward
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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31
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Gadalla SE, Öjemalm K, Vasquez PL, Nilsson I, Ericsson C, Zhao J, Nistér M. EpCAM associates with endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:203-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schnell U, Cirulli V, Giepmans BNG. EpCAM: structure and function in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1989-2001. [PMID: 23618806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Injection of tumor cells in mice more than 30 years ago resulted in the discovery of an epithelial antigen, later defined as a cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). Although EpCAM has since evoked significant interest as a target in cancer therapy, mechanistic insights on the functions of this glycoprotein have been emerging only very recently. This may have been caused by the multitude of functions attributed to the glycoprotein, its localization at different subcellular sites and complex posttranslational modifications. Here, we review how EpCAM modifies cell-cell contact adhesion strength and tissue plasticity, and how it regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Major knowledge derived from human diseases will be highlighted: Mutant EpCAM that is absent from the cell surface leads to fatal intestinal abnormalities (congenital tufting enteropathy). EpCAM-mediated cell proliferation in cancer may result from signaling (i) via regulated intramembrane proteolysis and/or (ii) the localization and association with binding partners in specialized membrane microdomains. New insight in EpCAM signaling will help to develop optimized cancer therapies and open new avenues in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schnell
- Dept. of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Trerotola M, Jernigan DL, Liu Q, Siddiqui J, Fatatis A, Languino LR. Trop-2 promotes prostate cancer metastasis by modulating β(1) integrin functions. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3155-67. [PMID: 23536555 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying metastatic dissemination are still not completely understood. We have recently shown that β(1) integrin-dependent cell adhesion to fibronectin and signaling is affected by a transmembrane molecule, Trop-2, which is frequently upregulated in human carcinomas. Here, we report that Trop-2 promotes metastatic dissemination of prostate cancer cells in vivo and is abundantly expressed in metastasis from human prostate cancer. We also show here that Trop-2 promotes prostate cancer cell migration on fibronectin, a phenomenon dependent on β(1) integrins. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Trop-2 and the α(5)β(1) integrin associate through their extracellular domains, causing relocalization of α(5)β(1) and the β(1)-associated molecule talin from focal adhesions to the leading edges. Trop-2 effect is specific as this molecule does not modulate migration on vitronectin, does not associate with the major vitronectin receptor, α(v)β(3) integrin, and does not affect localization of α(v)β(3) integrin as well as vinculin in focal adhesions. We show that Trop-2 enhances directional prostate cancer cell migration, through modulation of Rac1 GTPase activity. Finally, we show that Trop-2 induces activation of PAK4, a kinase that has been reported to mediate cancer cell migration. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that β(1) integrin-dependent migratory and metastatic competence of prostate cancer cells is enhanced by Trop-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Trerotola
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Abstract
EpCAM [epithelial cell adhesion molecule; CD326 (cluster of differentiation 326)] is highly expressed on epithelium-derived tumours and can play a role in cell proliferation. Recently, RIP (regulated intramembrane proteolysis) has been implicated as the trigger for EpCAM-mediated proliferative signalling. However, RIP does not explain all EpCAM-derived protein fragments. To shed light on how proteolytic cleavage is involved in EpCAM signalling, we characterized the protein biochemically using antibodies binding to three different EpCAM domains. Using a newly generated anti-EpCAM antibody, we find that EpCAM can be cleaved at multiple positions within its ectodomain in addition to described peptides, revealing that EpCAM is processed via distinct proteolytic pathways. Here, we report on four new peptides, but also discuss the previously described cleavage products to provide a comprehensive picture of EpCAM cleavage at multiple positions. The complex regulation of EpCAM might not only result in the absence of full-length EpCAM, but the newly formed EpCAM-derived proteins may have their own signalling properties.
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35
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Schnell U, Kuipers J, Mueller JL, Veenstra-Algra A, Sivagnanam M, Giepmans BNG. Absence of cell-surface EpCAM in congenital tufting enteropathy. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2566-71. [PMID: 23462293 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; CD326) gene are causal for congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), a disease characterized by intestinal abnormalities resulting in lethal diarrhea in newborns. Why the different mutations all lead to the same disease is not clear. Here, we report that most mutations, including a novel intronic variant, will result in lack of EpCAM's transmembrane domain, whereas two mutations allow transmembrane localization. We find that these mutants are not routed to the plasma membrane, and that truncated mutants are secreted or degraded. Thus, all epcam mutations lead to loss of cell-surface EpCAM, resulting in CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schnell
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Simon M, Stefan N, Plückthun A, Zangemeister-Wittke U. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:451-68. [PMID: 23316711 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.759938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is abundantly expressed in epithelial tumors, on cancer stem cells and circulating tumor cells. Together with its role in oncogenic signaling, this has sparked interest in its potential for tumor targeting with antibodies and drug conjugates for safe and effective cancer therapy. Recent advances in protein engineering, linker design and drug formulations have provided a multitude of EpCAM-targeting anticancer agents, several of them with good perspectives for clinical development. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the biological, therapeutic and technical aspects of EpCAM-targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy. The authors discuss seminal findings, which distinguish EpCAM as a target with oncogenic function and abundant expression in epithelial tumors. Moreover, recent trends in engineering improved anti-EpCAM antibodies, binding proteins that are not derived from immunoglobulins and drug conjugates derived from them are highlighted and their therapeutic potential based on reported preclinical and clinical data, originality of design and perspectives are critically assessed. EXPERT OPINION EpCAM has shown promise for safe and efficient targeting of solid tumors using antibodies, alternative binding molecules and novel drug conjugates. Among the myriad of EpCAM-targeting drug delivery systems investigated so far, several could demonstrate therapeutic benefit, other formulations engineered to become tailor-made missiles are on the brink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Simon
- University of Bern, Institute of Pharmacology, Friedbühlstrasse 49, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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37
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Guerra E, Trerotola M, Aloisi AL, Tripaldi R, Vacca G, La Sorda R, Lattanzio R, Piantelli M, Alberti S. The Trop-2 signalling network in cancer growth. Oncogene 2012; 32:1594-600. [PMID: 22562244 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our findings show that upregulation of a wild-type Trop-2 has a key controlling role in human cancer growth, and that tumour development is quantitatively driven by Trop-2 expression levels. However, little is known about the regulation of expression of the TROP2 gene. Hence, we investigated the TROP2 transcription control network. TROP2 expression was shown to depend on a highly interconnected web of transcription factors: TP63/TP53L, ERG, GRHL1/Get-1 (grainyhead-like epithelial transactivator), HNF1A/TCF-1 (T-cell factor), SPI1/PU.1, WT (Wilms' tumour)1, GLIS2, AIRE (autoimmune regulator), FOXM1 (forkhead box M1) and FOXP3, with HNF4A as the major network hub. TROP2 upregulation was shown to subsequently drive the expression and activation of CREB1 (cyclic AMP-responsive-element binding protein), Jun, NF-κB, Rb, STAT1 and STAT3 through induction of the cyclin D1 and ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase)/MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) pathways. Growth-stimulatory signalling through NF-κB, cyclin D1 and ERK was shown to require an intact Trop-2 cytoplasmic tail. Network hubs and interacting partners are co-expressed with Trop-2 in primary human tumours, supporting a role of this signalling network in cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Guerra
- Unit of Cancer Pathology, Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine and CeSI, Foundation University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
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Functional polymorphism in the EpCAM gene is associated with occurrence and advanced disease status of cervical cancer in Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7303-9. [PMID: 22322561 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) was originally identified as a tumor associated antigen, attributable to its high expression on rapidly proliferating tumors of epithelial origin. EpCAM plays vital roles in carcinogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis in most tumors. A non-synonymous polymorphism (rs1126497 C/T) was found in exon 3 of EpCAM, which cause a transition from 115 Met to 115 Thr. Another polymorphism (rs1421 A/G) in the 3'UTR causes loss of has-miR-1183 binding. We performed a multiple independent case-control analysis to assess the association between EpCAM genotypes and cervical cancer risk. Genotyping a total of 518 patients with cervical cancer and 723 control subjects in a Chinese population, we observed that the variant EpCAM genotypes (rs1126497 CT, and TT) were associated with substantially increased risk of cervical cancer. Compared with the rs1126497 CC genotype, CT genotype had a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer (Crude OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.33-2.20; adjusted OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.33-2.22), the TT carriers had a further increased risk of cervical cancer (Crude OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.01-3.72; adjusted OR = 1.96; 95%CI = 1.01-3.81), and there was a trend for an allele dose effect on risk of cervical cancer (P < 0.001). Moreover, the allele T increases the risk for invasive disease or metastatic disease, compared with C allele. However, there exists no significant difference in genotype frequencies of rs1421 A/G site between cases and controls (P = 0.798). These findings suggest that rs1126497 C/T polymorphism in EpCAM may be a genetic modifier for developing cervical cancer.
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Determination of Peptide and Protein Disulfide Linkages by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 331:79-116. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Pavšič M, Lenarčič B. Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray characterization of the human epithelial cell-adhesion molecule ectodomain. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1363-6. [PMID: 22102232 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111031897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell-adhesion molecule (EpCAM; CD326) is a transmembrane glycoprotein involved in epithelial cell-cell adhesion, cell proliferation and differentiation. Its elevated expression level in various carcinomas is exploited by several antitumour therapies that are at various stages of clinical development. The 35 kDa polypeptide chain of EpCAM is divided into a large extracellular part, a transmembrane helix and a short cytoplasmic tail. The modular extracellular part of human EpCAM was cloned and mutated to prevent N-linked glycosylation. After expression in insect cells and purification using standard chromatographic techniques, the extracellular part was crystallized. The crystals belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 86.83, b = 50.16, c = 66.56 Å, β = 127.9°. The crystal diffracted to 1.95 Å resolution and contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Pavšič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Zöller M, Jung T. The Colorectal Cancer Initiating Cell: Markers and Their Role in Liver Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0292-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kurtz JE, Dufour P. Adecatumumab: an anti-EpCAM monoclonal antibody, from the bench to the bedside. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:951-8. [PMID: 20426706 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.482098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In developing new anticancer drugs, the identification of relevant targets is a key issue of growing importance. Ideally, an anticancer drug target should be specific to cancer cells, in order to both increase efficacy and decrease toxicity of the compound. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a membrane protein with proto-oncogenic properties that is expressed in a number of endothelium-derived cancers and is a promising anticancer drug target. Adecatumumab is a monoclonal, fully human IgG1 antibody that targets EpCAM, development of which is at present reaching Phase III trials. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN From a review of literature, we here update the rationale for using EpCAM as an anticancer target for monoclonal antibodies, with a special focus on adecatumumab. The fully human nature of adecatumumab is also discussed to put the drug in perspective with other related anti-EpCAM monoclonal antibodies, such as edrecolomab and catumaxomab. Adecatumumab studies are recapitulated, in order to provide the reader with a comprehensive view of the development of this promising anticancer agent. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Adecatumumab is a promising fully human monoclonal antibody targeting EpCAM which is expressed in almost all adenocarcinomas and its activity is not dependent of K-Ras status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Emmanuel Kurtz
- Département d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Avenue Molière, 67200 Strasbourg, France
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43
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A non-synonymous polymorphism Thr115Met in the EpCAM gene is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Chinese population. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 126:487-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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44
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Seok YJ, Kim KI, Yoo KH, Hwang-Bo J, Lee HH, Shon DH, Ko KS, Kang HS, Lee KJ, Oh DB, Joung YH, Chung IS. Expression and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Chimeric Protein of Human Colorectal Cancer Antigen GA733-2 and an Fc Antibody Fragment in Stably Transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1435-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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Nübel T, Preobraschenski J, Tuncay H, Weiss T, Kuhn S, Ladwein M, Langbein L, Zöller M. Claudin-7 regulates EpCAM-mediated functions in tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:285-99. [PMID: 19276185 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
EpCAM has been described as a therapeutically relevant tumor marker. We noted an interaction between EpCAM and the tight junction protein claudin-7 and here explored the nature of this interaction and its effect on EpCAM-mediated functions. The interaction between EpCAM and claudin-7 was defined in HEK293 cells transfected with rat claudin-7 and EpCAM cDNA. Deletions of the epidermal growth factor-like and the thyroglobin repeat domains of EpCAM or the cytoplasmic domain of EpCAM or claudin-7 did not prevent the EpCAM-claudin-7 association. A chimeric EpCAM molecule with an exchange of the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and an EpCAM molecule with point mutations in an AxxxG motif in the transmembrane region do not associate with claudin-7. HEK cells and the rat pancreatic tumor line BSp73AS, transfected with (mutated) EpCAM and claudin-7 cDNA, revealed that the association of both molecules severely alters the functional activity of EpCAM. Claudin-7-associated EpCAM is recruited into tetraspanin-enriched membrane microdomains (TEM). The TEM-located claudin-7-EpCAM complex supports proliferation accompanied by sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 phosphorylation, up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins, and drug resistance, but not EpCAM-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Enhanced motility may be supported by colocalization of claudin-7 with actin bundles, which is only seen in EpCAM-claudin-7-expressing cells. The EpCAM-claudin-7 complex strongly promotes tumorigenicity, accelerates tumor growth, and supports ascites production and thymic metastasis formation. High expression of the tumor marker EpCAM is frequently associated with poor prognosis, which could well rely on the EpCAM-claudin-7 association that prohibits EpCAM-mediated cell-cell adhesion but promotes migration, proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Nübel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany
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46
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Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Slomianny MC, Dekeyzer-Beseme O, Haeuw JF, Michalski JC. Glycoproteomics and glycomics investigation of membrane N-glycosylproteins from human colon carcinoma cells. Proteomics 2008; 8:3236-56. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update covering the period 2001-2002. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2008; 27:125-201. [PMID: 18247413 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is the second update of the original review on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates that was published in 1999. It covers fundamental aspects of the technique as applied to carbohydrates, fragmentation of carbohydrates, studies of specific carbohydrate types such as those from plant cell walls and those attached to proteins and lipids, studies of glycosyl-transferases and glycosidases, and studies where MALDI has been used to monitor products of chemical synthesis. Use of the technique shows a steady annual increase at the expense of older techniques such as FAB. There is an increasing emphasis on its use for examination of biological systems rather than on studies of fundamental aspects and method development and this is reflected by much of the work on applications appearing in tabular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is by far the most common type of cancer of the oral cavity, representing more than 90% of all oral cancers. Despite refinement of surgical techniques and adjuvant therapies, the prognosis for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma remains poor. Identification of prognostic factors related to tumor biology might improve this assessment. Recently, the human trophoblast cell-surface antigen TROP2 was found to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer, correlating with aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate TROP2 expression and its prognostic impact in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. TROP2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in a series of 90 patients on a tissue microarray of paraffin-embedded specimens. Survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Parameters found to be of prognostic significance in univariate analysis were verified in a multivariate Cox regression model. TROP2 overexpression was observed in 52 (58%) of the tumor samples. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that TROP2 overexpression was significantly associated with decreased overall survival (P<0.01). Overall survival gradually worsened with increasing TROP2 scores. By univariate analyses, no correlation with conventional clinicopathological features was found. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed TROP2 overexpression to be an independent factor predictive of poor disease outcome (P<0.01). These results demonstrate that TROP2 overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. TROP2 overexpression was detectable in 58% of the tumor samples, indicating it to be a potential novel therapeutic target in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
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André M, Morelle W, Planchon S, Milhiet PE, Rubinstein E, Mollicone R, Chamot-Rooke J, Le Naour F. Glycosylation status of the membrane protein CD9P-1. Proteomics 2007; 7:3880-95. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kim PS, Lee J, Jongsamak P, Menon S, Li B, Hossain SA, Bae JH, Panijpan B, Arvan P. Defective protein folding and intracellular retention of thyroglobulin-R19K mutant as a cause of human congenital goiter. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:477-84. [PMID: 17916655 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that a thyroglobulin (Tg)-R19K missense mutation may be a newly identified cause of human congenital goiter, which is surprising for this seemingly conservative substitution. Here, we have examined the intracellular fate of recombinant mutant Tg expressed in COS-7 cells. Incorporation of the R19K mutation largely blocked Tg secretion, and this mutant was approximately 90% degraded intracellularly over a 24-h period after synthesis. Before its degradation, the Tg-R19K mutant exhibited abnormally increased association with molecular chaperones BiP, calnexin, and protein disulfide isomerase, and was unable to undergo anterograde advance from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi complex. Inhibitors of proteasomal proteolysis and ER mannosidase-I both prevented ER-associated degradation of the Tg-R19K mutant and increased its association with ER molecular chaperones. ER quality control around Tg residue 19 is not dependent upon charge but upon side-chain packing, because Tg-R19Q was efficiently secreted. Whereas a Tg mutant truncated after residue 174 folds sufficiently well to escape ER quality control, introduction of the R19K point mutation blocked its secretion. The data indicate that the R19K mutation induces local misfolding in the amino-terminal domain of Tg that has global effects on Tg transport and thyroid hormonogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Kim
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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