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Panara V, Varaliová Z, Wilting J, Koltowska K, Jeltsch M. The relationship between the secondary vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system in fish. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38940420 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
New technologies have resulted in a better understanding of blood and lymphatic vascular heterogeneity at the cellular and molecular levels. However, we still need to learn more about the heterogeneity of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems among different species at the anatomical and functional levels. Even the deceptively simple question of the functions of fish lymphatic vessels has yet to be conclusively answered. The most common interpretation assumes a similar dual setup of the vasculature in zebrafish and mammals: a cardiovascular circulatory system, and a lymphatic vascular system (LVS), in which the unidirectional flow is derived from surplus interstitial fluid and returned into the cardiovascular system. A competing interpretation questions the identity of the lymphatic vessels in fish as at least some of them receive their flow from arteries via specialised anastomoses, neither requiring an interstitial source for the lymphatic flow nor stipulating unidirectionality. In this alternative view, the 'fish lymphatics' are a specialised subcompartment of the cardiovascular system, called the secondary vascular system (SVS). Many of the contradictions found in the literature appear to stem from the fact that the SVS develops in part or completely from an embryonic LVS by transdifferentiation. Future research needs to establish the extent of embryonic transdifferentiation of lymphatics into SVS blood vessels. Similarly, more insight is needed into the molecular regulation of vascular development in fish. Most fish possess more than the five vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes and three VEGF receptor genes that we know from mice or humans, and the relative tolerance of fish to whole-genome and gene duplications could underlie the evolutionary diversification of the vasculature. This review discusses the key elements of the fish lymphatics versus the SVS and attempts to draw a picture coherent with the existing data, including phylogenetic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Panara
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Varaliová
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical School Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Koltowska
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Beijer Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Yliopistonkatu 3, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
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2
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Tamura Y, Kawashima T, Ji R, Agata N, Itoh Y, Kawakami K. Histological and biochemical changes in lymphatic vessels after skeletal muscle injury induced by lengthening contraction in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15950. [PMID: 38355142 PMCID: PMC10866689 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are actively involved in the recovery process of inflamed tissues. However, the changes in intramuscular lymphatic vessels during inflammation caused by skeletal muscle injury remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in lymphatic vessels after skeletal muscle injury. The left tibialis anterior muscles of male mice were subjected to lengthening contractions (LC) for inducing skeletal muscle injury, and samples were collected on Days 2, 4, and 7 for examining changes in both the skeletal muscles and intramuscular lymphatic vessels. With hematoxylin-eosin staining, the inflammatory response was observed in myofibers on Days 2 and 4 after LC, whereas regeneration of myofibers was found on Day 7 after LC. The number and area of intramuscular lymphatic vessels analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 were significantly increased only on Day 4 after LC. Based on the abovementioned results, intramuscular lymphatic vessels undergo morphological changes such as increase under the state of muscle inflammation. This study demonstrated that the morphology of intramuscular lymphatic vessels undergoes significant changes during the initial recovery phase following skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tamura
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Takafumi Kawashima
- Department of RehabilitationAkeno‐Central HospitalOitaJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Rui‐Cheng Ji
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Nobuhide Agata
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Yuta Itoh
- Faculty of Rehabilitation ScienceNagoya Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Keisuke Kawakami
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
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3
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Bokhari SMZ, Hamar P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D): An Angiogenesis Bypass in Malignant Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13317. [PMID: 37686121 PMCID: PMC10487419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the key regulators of vasculogenesis in normal and oncological development. VEGF-A is the most studied angiogenic factor secreted by malignant tumor cells under hypoxic and inflammatory stress, which made VEGF-A a rational target for anticancer therapy. However, inhibition of VEGF-A by monoclonal antibody drugs led to the upregulation of VEGF-D. VEGF-D was primarily described as a lymphangiogenic factor; however, VEGF-D's blood angiogenic potential comparable to VEGF-A has already been demonstrated in glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. These findings suggested a role for VEGF-D in facilitating malignant tumor growth by bypassing the anti-VEGF-A antiangiogenic therapy. Owing to its high mitogenic ability, higher affinity for VEGFR-2, and higher expression in cancer, VEGF-D might even be a stronger angiogenic driver and, hence, a better therapeutic target than VEGF-A. In this review, we summarized the angiogenic role of VEGF-D in blood vasculogenesis and its targetability as an antiangiogenic therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hamar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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Jackson TL, Slakter J, Buyse M, Wang K, Dugel PU, Wykoff CC, Boyer DS, Gerometta M, Baldwin ME, Price CF. A randomized controlled trial of OPT-302, a VEGF-C/D inhibitor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:588-597. [PMID: 36754174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is driven by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)-A, -C and -D, which promote angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF-A drugs are the standard of care, but these do not inhibit VEGF-C and -D, which may explain why many patients fail to respond fully. This trial aimed to test the safety and efficacy of OPT-302, a biologic inhibitor of VEGF-C and -D, in combination with the anti-VEGF-A inhibitor ranibizumab. DESIGN Dose-ranging, phase 2b, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Participants with treatment-naïve nAMD were enrolled from 109 sites across Europe, Israel, and USA. METHODS Participants were randomized to six, 4-weekly, intravitreal injections of 0.5 mg OPT-302, 2.0 mg OPT-302, or sham; plus intravitreal 0.5 mg ranibizumab. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was mean change in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes (comparing baseline to week 24) were the proportion of participants gaining or losing ≥15 ETDRS BCVA letters; area under the ETDRS BCVA over time curve; change in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) central subfield thickness (CST); and change in intra-retinal fluid and sub-retinal fluid on SD-OCT. RESULTS Of 366 participants recruited 1st December 2017 to 30th November 2018, 122, 123 and 121 were randomized to 0.5 mg OPT-302, 2.0 mg OPT-302 or sham respectively. Mean (± standard deviation) visual acuity gain in the 2.0 mg OPT-302 group was significantly superior to sham (+14.2 ± 11.61 versus +10.8 ± 11.52 letters; p=0.01). The 0.5 mg OPT-302 group was not significantly different to sham (+9.44 ± 11.32 letters; p=0.83). Compared to sham, the secondary BCVA outcomes favored the 2.0 mg OPT-302 group, with structural outcomes favoring both OPT-302 dosage groups. Adverse events were similar across groups, with 16 (13.3%), 7 (5.6%) and 10 (8.3%) participants in the lower dose, higher dose and sham group developing at least one serious adverse event. Two unrelated deaths both occurred in the sham arm. CONCLUSIONS Significantly superior vision gain was observed with OPT-302 2.0 mg combination therapy, versus standard of care, with favorable safety (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03345082).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Jackson
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Jason Slakter
- The Digital Angiographic Reading Center (DARC), New York, New York, USA
| | - Marc Buyse
- International Drug Development Institute (IDDI), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kun Wang
- International Drug Development Institute (IDDI), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pravin U Dugel
- Retinal Consultants of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - David S Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, California, USA
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Pajula J, Lähteenvuo J, Lähteenvuo M, Honkonen K, Halonen P, Hätinen OP, Kuivanen A, Heikkilä M, Nurro J, Hartikainen J, Ylä-Herttuala S. Adenoviral VEGF-D ΔN ΔC gene therapy for myocardial ischemia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:999226. [PMID: 36619378 PMCID: PMC9817830 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.999226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. In spite of the availability of improved treatments, there is still a large group of chronic ischemia patients who suffer from significant symptoms and disability. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new treatment strategies for these patients. Therapeutic angiogenesis is a novel therapy method which has shown promising results in preclinical studies. In this study, we evaluated safety and efficacy of adenoviral (Ad) VEGF-DΔNΔC gene transfer for the treatment of myocardial ischemia in a pig model. Methods: Adenoviral VEGF-DΔNΔC gene transfer was given to pigs (n = 26) via intramyocardial injections using an electromechanical injection catheter. Angiogenic effects were evaluated in an acute myocardial infarction model (n = 18) and functionality of the lymphatic vessels were tested in healthy porcine myocardium (n = 8). AdLacZ was used as a control. Results: AdVEGF-DΔNΔC induced safe and effective myocardial angiogenesis by inducing a four-fold increase in mean capillary area at the edge of the myocardial infarct six days after the gene transfer relative to the control AdLacZ group. The effect was sustained over 21 days after the gene transfer, and there were no signs of vessels regression. AdVEGF-DΔNΔC also increased perfusion 3.4-fold near the infarct border zone relative to the control as measured by fluorescent microspheres. Ejection fraction was 8.7% higher in the AdVEGF-DΔNΔC treated group 21 days after the gene transfer relative to the AdLacZ control group. Modified Miles assay detected a transient increase in plasma protein extravasation after the AdVEGF-DΔNΔC treatment and a mild accumulation of pericardial effusate was observed at d6. However, AdVEGF-DΔNΔC also induced the growth of functional lymphatic vasculature, and the amount of pericardial fluid and level of vascular permeability had returned to normal by d21. Conclusion: Endovascular intramyocardial AdVEGF-DΔNΔC gene therapy proved to be safe and effective in the acute porcine myocardial infarction model and provides a new potential treatment option for patients with severe coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Pajula
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Markku Lähteenvuo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Krista Honkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Halonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Antti Kuivanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minja Heikkilä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Nurro
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Hartikainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,*Correspondence: Seppo Ylä-Herttuala,
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6
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Hlophe YN, Joubert AM. Vascular endothelial growth
factor‐C
in activating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 and chemokine receptor‐4 in melanoma adhesion. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5743-5754. [DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N. Hlophe
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - Anna M. Joubert
- Department of Physiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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7
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Cao M, Ong MTY, Yung PSH, Tuan RS, Jiang Y. Role of synovial lymphatic function in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1186-1197. [PMID: 35487439 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) affects the entire joint, initially with a low degree of inflammation. Synovitis is correlated with the severity of OA clinical symptoms and cartilage degradation. The synovial lymphatic system (SLS) plays a prominent role in clearing macromolecules within the joint, including the pro-inflammatory cytokines in arthritic status. Scattered evidence shows that impaired SLS drainage function leads to the accumulation of inflammatory factors in the joint and aggravates the progression of OA, and the role of SLS function in OA is less studied. DESIGN This review summarizes the current understanding of synovial lymphatic function in OA progression and potential regulatory pathways and aims to provide a framework of knowledge for the development of OA treatments targeting lymphatic structure and functions. RESULTS SLS locates in the subintima layer of the synovium and consists of lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic collecting vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) is the most critical regulating factor of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and SLS. Nitric oxide production-induced impairment of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and contractile function may attribute to drainage dysfunction. Preclinical evidence suggests that promoting lymphatic drainage may help restore intra-articular homeostasis to attenuate the progression of OA. CONCLUSION SLS is actively involved in the homeostatic maintenance of the joint. Understanding the drainage function of the SLS at different stages of OA development is essential for further design of therapies targeting the function of these vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M T Y Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - P S H Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - R S Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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8
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kenney HM, Wu CL, Loiselle AE, Xing L, Ritchlin CT, Schwarz EM. Single-cell transcriptomics of popliteal lymphatic vessels and peripheral veins reveals altered lymphatic muscle and immune cell populations in the TNF-Tg arthritis model. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:64. [PMID: 35255954 PMCID: PMC8900348 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic dysfunction exists in tumor necrosis factor transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. While joint-draining TNF-Tg popliteal lymphatic vessels (PLVs) have deficits in contractility during end-stage arthritis, the nature of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) and their TNF-altered transcriptome remain unknown. Thus, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) on TNF-Tg LMCs in PLVs efferent to inflamed joints versus wild-type (WT) controls. Methods Single-cell suspensions of PLVs were sorted for smooth muscle cells (SMCs), which was validated by Cspg4-Cre;tdTomato reporter gene expression. Single-cell RNA-seq was performed on a 10x Genomics platform and analyzed using the Seurat R package. Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projections (UMAPs) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software were used to assess cell clusters and functional genomics in WT vs. TNF-Tg populations. Results Fluorescent imaging of Cspg4-Cre;tdTomato vessels demonstrated dim PLVs and strong reporter gene expression in the adjacent superficial saphenous vein, which was corroborated by flow cytometry of LMCs and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from these vessels. Due to their unique morphology, these populations could also be readily detected by scatter analysis of cells from non-fluorescent mice. Bioinformatics analysis of flow sorted WT and TNF-Tg cells identified 20 unique cell clusters that together were 22.4% LMCs, 15.0% VSMCs, and 62.6% non-muscle cells of 8879 total cells. LMCs and M2-macrophages were decreased, while inflammatory monocytes were increased in TNF-Tg lower limb vasculature. SMC populations were defined by Cald1, Tpm1, and Pdgfrb expression and were enriched in myofibroblast-like gene expression. TNF-Tg LMCs exhibited enhanced functional genomics associated with cell death, phagocyte recruitment, and joint inflammation. Among the most prominent TNF-induced genes in SMCs were Mmp3, Cxcl12, and Ccl19, and the most downregulated genes were Zbtb16, Galnt15, and Apod. Conclusions Single-cell RNA-seq can be used to investigate functional genomics of lower limb vasculature in mice. Our findings confirm the inflammatory transcriptome of TNF-Tg vessels and altered gene expression in SMC populations. This study further supports a potential role of mesenchymal stromal cells in inflammatory-erosive arthritis pathogenesis, and warrants future studies to define the effects of this TNF-altered transcriptome on PLV function and joint homeostasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02730-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mark Kenney
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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10
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Krebs R, Tikkanen JM, Raissadati A, Hollmén M, Dhaygude K, Lemström KB. Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 1 and 2 Attenuates Natural Killer Cell and Innate Immune Responses in an Experimental Model for Obliterative Bronchiolitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 192:254-269. [PMID: 34774518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) after lung transplantation is a nonreversible, life-threatening complication. We investigated the role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1 and -2 in the development of obliterative airway disease (OAD), an experimental model for OB. The nonimmunosuppressed recipients underwent transplantation with fully major histocompatibility complex mismatched heterotopic tracheal allografts and received VEGFR-1 and -2-specific monoclonal antibodies either alone or in combination or rat IgG as a control. The treatment with VEGFR-1- or -2-blocking antibody significantly decreased intragraft mRNA expression of natural killer cell activation markers early after transplantation. This was followed by reduced infiltration of CD11b+ cells and CD4+ T cells as well as down-regulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory chemokines and profibrotic growth factors. However, blocking of both VEGFR-1 and -2 was necessary to reduce luminal occlusion. Furthermore, concomitant inhibition of the calcineurin activation pathway almost totally abolished the development of OAD. This study proposes that blocking of VEGF receptors blunted natural killer cell and innate immune responses early after transplantation and attenuated the development of OAD. The results of this study suggest that further studies on the role of VEGFR-1 and -2 blocking in development of obliterative airway lesions might be rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Krebs
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jussi M Tikkanen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alireza Raissadati
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Hollmén
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kishor Dhaygude
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl B Lemström
- Translational Immunology Research Program, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Creed HA, Sanfelippo AN, Reyna AJ, Chakraborty A, Rutkowski JM. Impact of High Fat Diet and Bolus Feeding on Chyle Accumulation in a Mouse Model of Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly. Lymphat Res Biol 2021; 20:358-367. [PMID: 34748416 PMCID: PMC9422780 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Generalized lymphatic anomalies (GLA) are complex vessel malformations that can impair lymphatic function. Potential GLA complications include lipid-rich lymph in the thoracic space or peritoneal cavity, respectively chylothorax and chylous ascites. To reduce the potential for chyle accumulation, GLA patients limit dietary fats. We hypothesized that dietary fatty acid composition impacts the potential for lymphatic dysfunction and chyle accumulation in GLA. Methods and Results: Adipose-specific overexpression of lymphatic growth factors has demonstrated lethal chylothorax in mice. Here, we utilized mice with inducible adipocyte overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VD mice) to mimic lymphatic proliferation in GLA and assessed the incidence of chyle accumulation on a mixed high fat diet (HFD), high saturated fat diet (HSFD), or high unsaturated fat diet (HUSFD). Lipid transport was assessed by uptake rates of bolus oral triglyceride load and mesenteric fat analysis. Lymphatic expansion and inflammation were determined by whole mount immunofluorescence and gene expression. Body composition was assessed by MRI. HSFD 2-month wildtype groups resulted in an increase in TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 expression compared with chow-fed controls. The chyle accumulation incidence was highest in HFD-fed mice compared with either HSFD or HUSFD. Strikingly, increased mortality was observed irrespective of which high fat diet was consumed after administration of a bolus lipid load. Conclusion: Chronic HFD increases risk of chyle accumulation, however increased mortality was driven particularly by a bolus lipid load in VD mice. These findings suggest that although chronic HFD increases chyle accumulation risk, a single large meal feeding may increase risk of lethal chylothorax instances for GLA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Creed
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley N Sanfelippo
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Andrea J Reyna
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Adri Chakraborty
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
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12
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Baranwal G, Creed HA, Black LM, Auger A, Quach AM, Vegiraju R, Eckenrode HE, Agarwal A, Rutkowski JM. Expanded renal lymphatics improve recovery following kidney injury. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15094. [PMID: 34806312 PMCID: PMC8606868 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major cause of patient mortality and a major risk multiplier for the progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mechanism of the AKI to CKD transition is complex but is likely mediated by the extent and length of the inflammatory response following the initial injury. Lymphatic vessels help to maintain tissue homeostasis through fluid, macromolecule, and immune modulation. Increased lymphatic growth, or lymphangiogenesis, often occurs during inflammation and plays a role in acute and chronic disease processes. What roles renal lymphatics and lymphangiogenesis play in AKI recovery and CKD progression remains largely unknown. To determine if the increased lymphatic density is protective in the response to kidney injury, we utilized a transgenic mouse model with inducible, kidney-specific overexpression of the lymphangiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor-D to expand renal lymphatics. "KidVD" mouse kidneys were injured using inducible podocyte apoptosis and proteinuria (POD-ATTAC) or bilateral ischemia reperfusion. In the acute injury phase of both models, KidVD mice demonstrated a similar loss of function measured by serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate compared to their littermates. While the initial inflammatory response was similar, KidVD mice demonstrated a shift toward more CD4+ and fewer CD8+ T cells in the kidney. Reduced collagen deposition and improved functional recovery over time was also identified in KidVD mice. In KidVD-POD-ATTAC mice, an increased number of podocytes were counted at 28 days post-injury. These data demonstrate that increased lymphatic density prior to injury alters the injury recovery response and affords protection from CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Baranwal
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
| | - Heidi A. Creed
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
| | - Laurence M. Black
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Nephrology Research and Training CenterUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Alexa Auger
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
| | - Alexander M. Quach
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
| | - Rahul Vegiraju
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
| | - Han E. Eckenrode
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Nephrology Research and Training CenterUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Nephrology Research and Training CenterUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsBirmingham Veterans Administration Medical CenterBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic BiologyDepartment of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTexasUSA
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13
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Luck R, Karakatsani A, Shah B, Schermann G, Adler H, Kupke J, Tisch N, Jeong HW, Back MK, Hetsch F, D'Errico A, De Palma M, Wiedtke E, Grimm D, Acker-Palmer A, von Engelhardt J, Adams RH, Augustin HG, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. The angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway regulates Purkinje cell dendritic morphogenesis in a cell-autonomous manner. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109522. [PMID: 34407407 PMCID: PMC9110807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuro-vascular communication is essential to synchronize central nervous system development. Here, we identify angiopoietin/Tie2 as a neuro-vascular signaling axis involved in regulating dendritic morphogenesis of Purkinje cells (PCs). We show that in the developing cerebellum Tie2 expression is not restricted to blood vessels, but it is also present in PCs. Its ligands angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) are expressed in neural cells and endothelial cells (ECs), respectively. PC-specific deletion of Tie2 results in reduced dendritic arborization, which is recapitulated in neural-specific Ang1-knockout and Ang2 full-knockout mice. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing reveals that Tie2-deficient PCs present alterations in gene expression of multiple genes involved in cytoskeleton organization, dendritic formation, growth, and branching. Functionally, mice with deletion of Tie2 in PCs present alterations in PC network functionality. Altogether, our data propose Ang/Tie2 signaling as a mediator of intercellular communication between neural cells, ECs, and PCs, required for proper PC dendritic morphogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luck
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andromachi Karakatsani
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bhavin Shah
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Geza Schermann
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Adler
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janina Kupke
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Tisch
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hyun-Woo Jeong
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michaela Kerstin Back
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Hetsch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna D'Errico
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michele De Palma
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Bioquant Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Bioquant Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), University of Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- European Center of Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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14
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Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (svVEGFs): Unravelling their molecular structure, functions, and research potential. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:133-143. [PMID: 34090786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis, a physiological process characterized by the formation of new vessels from a preexisting endothelium. VEGF has also been implicated in pathologic states, such as neoplasias, intraocular neovascular disorders, among other conditions. VEGFs are distributed in seven different families: VEGF-A, B, C, D, and PIGF (placental growth factor), which are identified in mammals; VEGF-E, which are encountered in viruses; and VEGF-F or svVEGF (snake venom VEGF) described in snake venoms. This is the pioneer review of svVEGF family, exploring its distribution among the snake venoms, molecular structure, main functions, and potential applications.
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15
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Llorián-Salvador M, Barabas P, Byrne EM, Lechner J, Augustine J, Curtis TM, Chen M, Xu H. VEGF-B Is an Autocrine Gliotrophic Factor for Müller Cells under Pathologic Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:35. [PMID: 32945843 PMCID: PMC7509798 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Müller glia are important in retinal health and disease and are a major source of retinal VEGF-A. Of the different VEGF family members, the role of VEGF-A in retinal health and disease has been studied extensively. The potential contribution of other VEGF family members to retinal pathophysiology, however, remains poorly defined. This study aimed to understand the role of VEGF-B in Müller cell pathophysiology. Methods The expression of different VEGFs and their receptors in human MIO-M1 and mouse QMMuC-1 Müller cell lines and primary murine Müller cells was examined by RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot. The effect of recombinant VEGF-B or VEGF-B neutralization on Müller cell viability and survival under normal, hypoxic, and oxidative (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) conditions was evaluated by Alamar Blue, Yo-Pro uptake, and immunocytochemistry. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, aquaporin-4, inward rectifying K+ channel subtype 4.1, glutamine synthetase, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 under different treatment conditions was examined by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel activity was assessed using a Fura-2–based calcium assay. Results VEGF-B was expressed in Müller cells at the highest levels compared with other members of the VEGF family. VEGF-B neutralization did not affect Müller cell viability or functionality under normal conditions, but enhanced hypoxia– or 4-HNE–induced Müller cell death and decreased inward rectifying K+ channel subtype 4.1 and aquaporin-4 expression. Recombinant VEGF-B restored Müller cell glutamine synthetase expression under hypoxic conditions and protected Müller cells from 4-HNE–induced damage by normalizing transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel expression and activity. Conclusions Autocrine production of VEGF-B protects Müller cells under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barabas
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Eimear M Byrne
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Lechner
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Josy Augustine
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL. Belfast, United Kingdom
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16
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Kumar A, Nayakanti DS, Mangalaparthi KK, Gopinath V, Reddy NVN, Govindan K, Voolapalli G, Kumar P, Kumar LD. Quantitative proteome profiling stratifies fibroepithelial lesions of the breast. Oncotarget 2021; 12:507-518. [PMID: 33747363 PMCID: PMC7939526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast fibroepithelial lesions (FELs) include heterogeneous pathological tumors, involving indolent fibroadenoma (FAD) to potentially aggressive phyllodes tumors (PTs). The current grading system remains unreliable in differentiating these tumors due to histological heterogeneity and lack of appropriate markers to monitor the sudden and unpredictable malignant transformation of PTs. Thus, there exists an imminent need for a marker-based diagnostic approach to augment the conventional histological platform that could lead to accurate diagnosis and distinction of FELs. The high- throughput quantitative proteomic analysis suggested that FAD and PTs form distinct clusters away from borderline and malignant though there exist marked differences between them. Interestingly, over-expression of extracellular matrices (ECM) related proteins and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in borderline PTs led us to hypothesize a model of deposition and degradation leading to ECM remodeling and EMT acquisition triggering its malignant transformation. We also identified three candidate biomarkers such as MUCL1, HTRA1, and VEGDF uniquely expressed in FAD, borderline, and malignant PTs, respectively, which were further validated using immunohistochemistry. The present work shed light on a brief mechanistic framework of PTs aggressive nature and present potential biomarkers to differentiate overlapping FELs that would be of practical utility in augmenting existing diagnosis and disease management for this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.,Authors share equal first authorship
| | - David S Nayakanti
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Discoverer Building International Tech Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.,Authors share equal first authorship
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Discoverer Building International Tech Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Authors share equal second authorship
| | - Veena Gopinath
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.,Authors share equal second authorship
| | | | - Krishna Govindan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Geeta Voolapalli
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, 500025, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Discoverer Building International Tech Park, Whitefield, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Lekha Dinesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
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17
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Künnapuu J, Bokharaie H, Jeltsch M. Proteolytic Cleavages in the VEGF Family: Generating Diversity among Angiogenic VEGFs, Essential for the Activation of Lymphangiogenic VEGFs. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020167. [PMID: 33672235 PMCID: PMC7926383 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) regulate the growth of blood and lymphatic vessels. Some of them induce the growth of blood vessels, and others the growth of lymphatic vessels. Blocking VEGF-A is used today to treat several types of cancer (“antiangiogenic therapy”). However, in other diseases, we would like to increase the activity of VEGFs. For example, VEGF-A could generate new blood vessels to protect from heart disease, and VEGF-C could generate new lymphatics to counteract lymphedema. Clinical trials are testing the latter concept at the moment. Because VEGF-C and VEGF-D are produced as inactive precursors, we propose that novel drugs could also target the enzymatic activation of VEGF-C and VEGF-D. However, because of the delicate balance between too much and too little vascular growth, a detailed understanding of the activation of the VEGFs is needed before such concepts can be converted into safe and efficacious therapies. Abstract Specific proteolytic cleavages turn on, modify, or turn off the activity of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Proteolysis is most prominent among the lymphangiogenic VEGF-C and VEGF-D, which are synthesized as precursors that need to undergo enzymatic removal of their C- and N-terminal propeptides before they can activate their receptors. At least five different proteases mediate the activating cleavage of VEGF-C: plasmin, ADAMTS3, prostate-specific antigen, cathepsin D, and thrombin. All of these proteases except for ADAMTS3 can also activate VEGF-D. Processing by different proteases results in distinct forms of the “mature” growth factors, which differ in affinity and receptor activation potential. The “default” VEGF-C-activating enzyme ADAMTS3 does not activate VEGF-D, and therefore, VEGF-C and VEGF-D do function in different contexts. VEGF-C itself is also regulated in different contexts by distinct proteases. During embryonic development, ADAMTS3 activates VEGF-C. The other activating proteases are likely important for non-developmental lymphangiogenesis during, e.g., tissue regeneration, inflammation, immune response, and pathological tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. The better we understand these events at the molecular level, the greater our chances of developing successful therapies targeting VEGF-C and VEGF-D for diseases involving the lymphatics such as lymphedema or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Künnapuu
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Honey Bokharaie
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (H.B.)
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-3200235
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18
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Shao X, Liao J, Li C, Lu X, Cheng J, Fan X. CellTalkDB: a manually curated database of ligand-receptor interactions in humans and mice. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5955941. [PMID: 33147626 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communications in multicellular organisms generally involve secreted ligand-receptor (LR) interactions, which is vital for various biological phenomena. Recent advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have effectively resolved cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and the cell-type composition of complex tissues, facilitating the systematic investigation of cell-cell communications at single-cell resolution. However, assessment of chemical-signal-dependent cell-cell communication through scRNA-seq relies heavily on prior knowledge of LR interaction pairs. We constructed CellTalkDB (http://tcm.zju.edu.cn/celltalkdb), a manually curated comprehensive database of LR interaction pairs in humans and mice comprising 3398 human LR pairs and 2033 mouse LR pairs, through text mining and manual verification of known protein-protein interactions using the STRING database, with literature-supported evidence for each pair. Compared with SingleCellSignalR, the largest LR-pair resource, CellTalkDB includes not only 2033 mouse LR pairs but also 377 additional human LR pairs. In conclusion, the data on human and mouse LR pairs contained in CellTalkDB could help to further the inference and understanding of the LR-interaction-based cell-cell communications, which might provide new insights into the mechanism underlying biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jie Liao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Junyun Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Zhejiang University, China
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19
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Vogrin AJ, Bower NI, Gunzburg MJ, Roufail S, Okuda KS, Paterson S, Headey SJ, Stacker SA, Hogan BM, Achen MG. Evolutionary Differences in the Vegf/Vegfr Code Reveal Organotypic Roles for the Endothelial Cell Receptor Kdr in Developmental Lymphangiogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2023-2036.e4. [PMID: 31433980 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vascular development establishes embryonic and adult tissue fluid balance and is integral in disease. In diverse vertebrate organs, lymphatic vessels display organotypic function and develop in an organ-specific manner. In all settings, developmental lymphangiogenesis is considered driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-3 (VEGFR3), whereas a role for VEGFR2 remains to be fully explored. Here, we define the zebrafish Vegf/Vegfr code in receptor binding studies. We find that while Vegfd directs craniofacial lymphangiogenesis, it binds Kdr (a VEGFR2 homolog) but surprisingly, unlike in mammals, does not bind Flt4 (VEGFR3). Epistatic analyses and characterization of a kdr mutant confirm receptor-binding analyses, demonstrating that Kdr is indispensible for rostral craniofacial lymphangiogenesis, but not caudal trunk lymphangiogenesis, in which Flt4 is central. We further demonstrate an unexpected yet essential role for Kdr in inducing lymphatic endothelial cell fate. This work reveals evolutionary divergence in the Vegf/Vegfr code that uncovers spatially restricted mechanisms of developmental lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Vogrin
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Menachem J Gunzburg
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sally Roufail
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kazuhide S Okuda
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Scott Paterson
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen J Headey
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Marc G Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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20
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Norden PR, Kume T. The Role of Lymphatic Vascular Function in Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2020; 11:404. [PMID: 32477160 PMCID: PMC7232548 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its roles in the maintenance of interstitial fluid homeostasis and immunosurveillance, the lymphatic system has a critical role in regulating transport of dietary lipids to the blood circulation. Recent work within the past two decades has identified an important relationship between lymphatic dysfunction and patients with metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, in part characterized by abnormal lipid metabolism and transport. Utilization of several genetic mouse models, as well as non-genetic models of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome, has demonstrated that abnormal lymphangiogenesis and poor collecting vessel function, characterized by impaired contractile ability and perturbed barrier integrity, underlie lymphatic dysfunction relating to obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Despite the progress made by these models, the contribution of the lymphatic system to metabolic disorders remains understudied and new insights into molecular signaling mechanisms involved are continuously developing. Here, we review the current knowledge related to molecular mechanisms resulting in impaired lymphatic function within the context of obesity and diabetes. We discuss the role of inflammation, transcription factor signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated signaling, and nitric oxide signaling contributing to impaired lymphangiogenesis and perturbed lymphatic endothelial cell barrier integrity, valve function, and contractile ability in collecting vessels as well as their viability as therapeutic targets to correct lymphatic dysfunction and improve metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter R. Norden
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension is associated with renal immune cell accumulation and sodium retention. Lymphatic vessels provide a route for immune cell trafficking and fluid clearance. Whether specifically increasing renal lymphatic density can treat established hypertension, and whether renal lymphatics are involved in mechanisms of blood pressure regulation remain undetermined. Here, we tested the hypothesis that augmenting renal lymphatic density can attenuate blood pressure in established hypertension. METHODS Transgenic mice with inducible kidney-specific overexpression of VEGF-D ('KidVD+' mice) and KidVD- controls were administered a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, for 4 weeks, with doxycycline administration beginning at the end of week 1. To identify mechanisms by which renal lymphatics alter renal Na handling, Na excretion was examined in KidVD+ mice during acute and chronic salt loading conditions. RESULTS Renal VEGF-D induction for 3 weeks enhanced lymphatic density and significantly attenuated blood pressure in KidVD+ mice whereas KidVD- mice remained hypertensive. No differences were identified in renal immune cells, however, the urinary Na excretion was increased significantly in KidVD+ mice. KidVD+ mice demonstrated normal basal sodium handling, but following chronic high salt loading, KidVD+ mice had a significantly lower blood pressure along with increased urinary fractional excretion of Na. Mechanistically, KidVD+ mice demonstrated decreased renal abundance of total NCC and cleaved ENaCα Na transporters, increased renal tissue fluid volume, and increased plasma ANP. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that therapeutically augmenting renal lymphatics increases natriuresis and reduces blood pressure under sodium retention conditions.
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22
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A multi-scale model for determining the effects of pathophysiology and metabolic disorders on tumor growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3025. [PMID: 32080250 PMCID: PMC7033139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for efficient chemotherapy drugs and other anti-cancer treatments would benefit from a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its role in tumor progression. Because in vivo experimental methods are unable to isolate or control individual factors of the TME and in vitro models often do not include all the contributing factors, some questions are best addressed with systems biology mathematical models. In this work, we present a new fully-coupled, agent-based, multi-scale mathematical model of tumor growth, angiogenesis and metabolism that includes important aspects of the TME spanning subcellular-, cellular- and tissue-level scales. The mathematical model is computationally implemented for a three-dimensional TME, and a double hybrid continuous-discrete (DHCD) method is applied to solve the governing equations. The model recapitulates the distinct morphological and metabolic stages of a solid tumor, starting with an avascular tumor and progressing through angiogenesis and vascularized tumor growth. To examine the robustness of the model, we simulated normal and abnormal blood conditions, including hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, hyperoxemia/hypoxemia, and hypercarbia/hypocarbia - conditions common in cancer patients. The results demonstrate that tumor progression is accelerated by hyperoxemia, hyperglycemia and hypercarbia but inhibited by hypoxemia and hypoglycemia; hypocarbia had no appreciable effect. Because of the importance of interstitial fluid flow in tumor physiology, we also examined the effects of hypo- or hypertension, and the impact of decreased hydraulic conductivity common in desmoplastic tumors. The simulations show that chemotherapy-increased blood pressure, or reduction of interstitial hydraulic conductivity increase tumor growth rate and contribute to tumor malignancy.
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23
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Schlüter A, Aksan B, Diem R, Fairless R, Mauceri D. VEGFD Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells and, consequently, Capillaries against Excitotoxic Injury. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:281-299. [PMID: 32055648 PMCID: PMC7005343 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, neurons and the vasculature influence each other. While it is well described that a functional vascular system is trophic to neurons and that vascular damage contributes to neurodegeneration, the opposite scenario in which neural damage might impact the microvasculature is less defined. In this study, using an in vivo excitotoxic approach in adult mice as a tool to cause specific damage to retinal ganglion cells, we detected subsequent damage to endothelial cells in retinal capillaries. Furthermore, we detected decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGFD) in retinal ganglion cells. In vivo VEGFD supplementation via neuronal-specific viral-mediated expression or acute intravitreal delivery of the mature protein preserved the structural and functional integrity of retinal ganglion cells against excitotoxicity and, additionally, spared endothelial cells from degeneration. Viral-mediated suppression of expression of the VEGFD-binding receptor VEGFR3 in retinal ganglion cells revealed that VEGFD exerts its protective capacity directly on retinal ganglion cells, while protection of endothelial cells is the result of upheld neuronal integrity. These findings suggest that VEGFD supplementation might be a novel, clinically applicable approach for neuronal and vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Schlüter
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bahar Aksan
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Fairless
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CCU Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Tirronen A, Vuorio T, Kettunen S, Hokkanen K, Ramms B, Niskanen H, Laakso H, Kaikkonen MU, Jauhiainen M, Gordts PLSM, Ylä-Herttuala S. Deletion of Lymphangiogenic and Angiogenic Growth Factor VEGF-D Leads to Severe Hyperlipidemia and Delayed Clearance of Chylomicron Remnants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2327-2337. [PMID: 30354205 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Dyslipidemia is one of the key factors behind coronary heart disease. Blood and lymphatic vessels play pivotal roles in both lipoprotein metabolism and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Recent studies have linked members of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family to lipid metabolism, but the function of VEGF-D has remained unexplored. Here, we investigated how the deletion of VEGF-D affects lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in atherogenic LDLR-/- ApoB100/100 mice. Approach and Results- Deletion of VEGF-D (VEGF-D-/-LDLR-/-ApoB100/100) led to markedly elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels without an increase in atherogenesis. Size distribution and hepatic lipid uptake studies confirmed a delayed clearance of large chylomicron remnant particles that cannot easily penetrate through the vascular endothelium. Mechanistically, the inhibition of VEGF-D signaling significantly decreased the hepatic expression of SDC1 (syndecan 1), which is one of the main receptors for chylomicron remnant uptake when LDLR is absent. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed reduced expression of SDC1 in the sinusoidal surface of hepatocytes in VEGF-D deficient mice. Furthermore, hepatic RNA-sequencing revealed that VEGF-D is also an important regulator of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation. The lack of VEGF-D signaling via VEGFR3 (VEGF receptor 3) led to lowered expression of genes regulating triglyceride and cholesterol production, as well as downregulation of peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway. Conclusions- These results demonstrate that VEGF-D, a powerful lymphangiogenic and angiogenic growth factor, is also a major regulator of chylomicron metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annakaisa Tirronen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Taina Vuorio
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Sanna Kettunen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Krista Hokkanen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Bastian Ramms
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.R., P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Germany (B.R.)
| | - Henri Niskanen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Hanne Laakso
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.)
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland (M.J.)
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine (B.R., P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center (P.L.S.M.G.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- From the A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio (A.T., T.V., S.K., K.H., H.N., H.L., M.U.K., S.Y.-H.).,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (S.Y.-H.)
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25
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Morfoisse F, Noel A. Lymphatic and blood systems: Identical or fraternal twins? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105562. [PMID: 31278994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic systems work in close collaboration to ensure their respective physiological functions. The lymphatic vessel network is being extensively studied, but has been overlooked as compared to the blood vasculature mainly due to the problematic discrimination of lymphatic vessels from the blood ones. This issue has been fortunately resolved in the past decade leading to the emergence of a huge amount of data in lymphatic biology revealing many shared features with the blood vasculature. However, this likeliness between the two vascular systems may lead to a simplistic view of lymphatics and a direct transcription of what is known for the blood system to the lymphatic one, thereby neglecting the lymphatic specificities. In this context, this review aims to clarify the main differences between the two vascular systems focusing on recently discovered lymphatic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morfoisse
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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26
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Csányi G, Singla B. Arterial Lymphatics in Atherosclerosis: Old Questions, New Insights, and Remaining Challenges. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040495. [PMID: 30979062 PMCID: PMC6518204 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network is well known for its role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis, absorption of dietary lipids, trafficking of immune cells, and adaptive immunity. Aberrant lymphatic function has been linked to lymphedema and immune disorders for a long time. Discovery of lymphatic cell markers, novel insights into developmental and postnatal lymphangiogenesis, development of genetic mouse models, and the introduction of new imaging techniques have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. Previous studies linked the lymphatic vasculature to atherosclerosis through regulation of immune responses, reverse cholesterol transport, and inflammation. Despite extensive research, many aspects of the lymphatic circulation in atherosclerosis are still unknown and future studies are required to confirm that arterial lymphangiogenesis truly represents a therapeutic target in patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we provide an overview of factors and mechanisms that regulate lymphangiogenesis, summarize recent findings on the role of lymphatics in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, immune cell trafficking and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and present an overview of pharmacological and genetic strategies to modulate lymphatic vessel density in cardiovascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Csányi
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Vascular Biology Center, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd., Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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27
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Chakraborty A, Barajas S, Lammoglia GM, Reyna AJ, Morley TS, Johnson JA, Scherer PE, Rutkowski JM. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D) Overexpression and Lymphatic Expansion in Murine Adipose Tissue Improves Metabolism in Obesity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:924-939. [PMID: 30878136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obese adipose tissue expansion is an inflammatory process that results in dysregulated lipolysis, increased circulating lipids, ectopic lipid deposition, and systemic insulin resistance. Lymphatic vessels provide a route of fluid, macromolecule, and immune cell clearance, and lymphangiogenesis increases this capability. Indeed, inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis is critical in resolving acute and chronic inflammation, but it is largely absent in obese adipose tissue. Enhancing adipose tissue lymphangiogenesis could, therefore, improve metabolism in obesity. To test this hypothesis, transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of murine vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D under a tightly controlled Tet-On promoter were crossed with adipocyte-specific adiponectin-reverse tetracycline-dependent transactivator mice (Adipo-VD) to stimulate adipose tissue-specific lymphangiogenesis during 16-week high-fat diet-induced obesity. Adipose VEGF-D overexpression induced de novo lymphangiogenesis in murine adipose tissue, and obese Adipo-VD mice exhibited enhanced glucose clearance, lower insulin levels, and reduced liver triglycerides. On β-3 adrenergic stimulation, Adipo-VD mice exhibited more rapid and increased glycerol flux from adipose tissue, suggesting that the lymphatics are a potential route of glycerol clearance. Resident macrophage crown-like structures were scarce and total F4/80+ macrophages were reduced in obese Adipo-VD s.c. adipose tissue with evidence of increased immune trafficking from the tissue. Augmenting VEGF-D signaling and lymphangiogenesis specifically in adipose tissue, therefore, reduces obesity-associated immune accumulation and improves metabolic responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri Chakraborty
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Sheridan Barajas
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Gabriela M Lammoglia
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Andrea J Reyna
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station
| | - Thomas S Morley
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joshua A Johnson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station.
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28
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory response by influencing drainage of extravasated fluid, inflammatory mediators, and leukocytes. Lymphatic vessels undergo pronounced enlargement in inflamed tissue and display increased leakiness, indicating reduced functionality. Interfering with lymphatic expansion by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) signaling axis exacerbates inflammation in a variety of disease models, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis and skin inflammation. In contrast, stimulation of the lymphatic vasculature, e.g., by transgenic or viral overexpression as well as local injections of VEGF-C, has been shown to reduce inflammation severity in models of rheumatoid arthritis, skin inflammation, and IBD. Strikingly, the induced expansion of the lymphatic vasculature improves lymphatic function as assessed by the drainage of dyes, fluorescent tracers or inflammatory cells and labeled antigens. The drainage performance of lymphatic vessels is influenced by vascular permeability and pumping activity, which are influenced by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling as well as several inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitric oxide. Considering the beneficial effects of lymphatic activation in inflammation, administration of pro-lymphangiogenic factors like VEGF-C, preferably in a targeted, inflammation site-specific fashion, represents a promising therapeutic approach in the setting of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Revhaug C, Zasada M, Rognlien AGW, Günther CC, Grabowska A, Książek T, Madetko-Talowska A, Szewczyk K, Bik-Multanowski M, Kwinta P, Pietrzyk JJ, Baumbusch LO, Saugstad OD. Pulmonary vascular disease is evident in gene regulation of experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:2122-2130. [PMID: 30428746 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1541081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the gene expression regarding pulmonary vascular disease in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia in young mice. Premature delivery puts babies at risk of severe complications. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of premature birth leading to lifelong affection of pulmonary function. BPD is recognized as a disease of arrested alveolar development. The disease process is not fully described and no complete cure or prevention is known. The focus of interest in the search for treatment and prevention of BPD has traditionally been at airspace level; however, the pulmonary vasculature is increasingly acknowledged in the pathology of BPD. The aim of the investigation was to study the gene expression in lungs with BPD with regards to pulmonary vascular disease (PVD).Methods: We employed a murine model of hyperoxia-induced BPD and gene expression microarray technique to determine the mRNA expression in lung tissue from young mice. We combined gene expression pathway analysis and analyzed the biological function of multiple single gene transcripts from lung homogenate to study the PVD relevant gene expression.Results: There were n = 117 significantly differentially regulated genes related to PVD through down-regulation of contractile elements, up- and down-regulation of factors involved in vascular tone and tissue-specific genes. Several genes also allowed for pinpointing gene expression differences to the pulmonary vasculature. The gene Nppa coding for a natriuretic peptide, a potent vasodilator, was significantly down-regulated and there was a significant up-regulation of Pde1a (phosphodiesterase 1A), Ptger3 (prostaglandin e receptor 3), and Ptgs1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase one).Conclusion: The pulmonary vasculature is affected by the arrest of secondary alveolarization as seen by differentially regulated genes involved in vascular tone and pulmonary vasculature suggesting BPD is not purely an airspace disease. Clues to prevention and treatment may lie in the pulmonary vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Revhaug
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magdalena Zasada
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anne Gro W Rognlien
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Agnieszka Grabowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Teofila Książek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Madetko-Talowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szewczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirolaw Bik-Multanowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemko Kwinta
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek J Pietrzyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lars O Baumbusch
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola D Saugstad
- Department of Pediatric Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Kilarski WW. Physiological Perspective on Therapies of Lymphatic Vessels. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2018; 7:189-208. [PMID: 29984111 PMCID: PMC6032671 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2017.0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Growth of distinctive blood vessels of granulation tissue is a central step in the post-developmental tissue remodeling. Even though lymphangiogenesis is a part of the regeneration process, the significance of the controlled restoration of lymphatic vessels has only recently been recognized. Recent Advances: Identification of lymphatic markers and growth factors paved the way for the exploration of the roles of lymphatic vessels in health and disease. Emerging pro-lymphangiogenic therapies use vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C to combat fluid retention disorders such as lymphedema and to enhance the local healing process. Critical Issues: The relevance of recently identified lymphatic functions awaits verification by their association with pathologic conditions. Further, despite a century of research, the complete etiology of secondary lymphedema, a fluid retention disorder directly linked to the lymphatic function, is not understood. Finally, the specificity of pro-lymphangiogenic therapy depends on VEGF-C transfection efficiency, dose exposure, and the age of the subject, factors that are difficult to standardize in a heterogeneous human population. Future Directions: Further research should reveal the role of lymphatic circulation in internal organs and connect its impairment with human diseases. Pro-lymphangiogenic therapies that aim at the acceleration of tissue healing should focus on the controlled administration of VEGF-C to increase their capillary specificity, whereas regeneration of collecting vessels might benefit from balanced maturation and differentiation of pre-existing lymphatics. Unique features of pre-nodal lymphatics, fault tolerance and functional hyperplasia of capillaries, may find applications outreaching traditional pro-lymphangiogenic therapies, such as immunomodulation or enhancement of subcutaneous grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold W. Kilarski
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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31
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Jha SK, Rauniyar K, Jeltsch M. Key molecules in lymphatic development, function, and identification. Ann Anat 2018; 219:25-34. [PMID: 29842991 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While both blood and lymphatic vessels transport fluids and thus share many similarities, they also show functional and structural differences, which can be used to differentiate them. Specific visualization of lymphatic vessels has historically been and still is a pivot point in lymphatic research. Many of the proteins that are investigated by molecular biologists in lymphatic research have been defined as marker molecules, i.e. to visualize and distinguish lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) from other cell types, most notably from blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Among the factors that drive the developmental differentiation of lymphatic structures from venous endothelium, Prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX1) is the master transcriptional regulator. PROX1 maintains lymphatic identity also in the adult organism and thus is a universal LEC marker. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is the major tyrosine kinase receptor that drives LEC proliferation and migration. The major activator for VEGFR-3 is vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). However, before VEGF-C can signal, it needs to be proteolytically activated by an extracellular protein complex comprised of Collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1) protein and the protease A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 3 (ADAMTS3). This minireview attempts to give an overview of these and a few other central proteins that scientific inquiry has linked specifically to the lymphatic vasculature. It is limited in scope to a brief description of their main functions, properties and developmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland.
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32
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Hominick D, Silva A, Khurana N, Liu Y, Dechow PC, Feng JQ, Pytowski B, Rutkowski JM, Alitalo K, Dellinger MT. VEGF-C promotes the development of lymphatics in bone and bone loss. eLife 2018; 7:34323. [PMID: 29620526 PMCID: PMC5903859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) have lymphatic vessels in their bones and their bones gradually disappear. Here, we report that mice that overexpress VEGF-C in bone exhibit a phenotype that resembles GSD. To drive VEGF-C expression in bone, we generated Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc double-transgenic mice. In contrast to Osx-tTA mice, Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc mice developed lymphatics in their bones. We found that inhibition of VEGFR3, but not VEGFR2, prevented the formation of bone lymphatics in Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc mice. Radiological and histological analysis revealed that bones from Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc mice were more porous and had more osteoclasts than bones from Osx-tTA mice. Importantly, we found that bone loss in Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc mice could be attenuated by an osteoclast inhibitor. We also discovered that the mutant phenotype of Osx-tTA;TetO-Vegfc mice could be reversed by inhibiting the expression of VEGF-C. Taken together, our results indicate that expression of VEGF-C in bone is sufficient to induce the pathologic hallmarks of GSD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Hominick
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Asitha Silva
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Noor Khurana
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, United States
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, United States
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, United States
| | | | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas, United States
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael T Dellinger
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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33
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Trapiella-Alfonso L, Broussy S, Liu WQ, Vidal M, Lecarpentier E, Tsatsaris V, Gagey-Eilstein N. Colorimetric immunoassays for the screening and specificity evaluation of molecules disturbing VEGFs/VEGFRs interactions. Anal Biochem 2018; 544:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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34
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Rauniyar K, Jha SK, Jeltsch M. Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in the Morphogenesis of Lymphatic Vessels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29484295 PMCID: PMC5816233 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Because virtually all tissues contain blood vessels, the importance of hemevascularization has been long recognized in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, the lymphatic vasculature has only recently become a subject of interest. Central to the task of growing a lymphatic network are lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which constitute the innermost layer of all lymphatic vessels. The central molecule that directs proliferation and migration of LECs during embryogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). VEGF-C is therefore an important ingredient for LEC culture and attempts to (re)generate lymphatic vessels and networks. During its biosynthesis VEGF-C undergoes a stepwise proteolytic processing, during which its properties and affinities for its interaction partners change. Many of these fundamental aspects of VEGF-C biosynthesis have only recently been uncovered. So far, most—if not all—applications of VEGF-C do not discriminate between different forms of VEGF-C. However, for lymphatic regeneration and engineering purposes, it appears mandatory to understand these differences, since they relate, e.g., to important aspects such as biodistribution and receptor activation potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology of VEGF-C as it relates to the growth of LECs and lymphatic vessels. However, the properties of VEGF-C are similarly relevant for the cardiovascular system, since both old and recent data show that VEGF-C can have a profound effect on the blood vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sawan Kumar Jha
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Emerging Roles for VEGF-D in Human Disease. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8010001. [PMID: 29300337 PMCID: PMC5871970 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are located in many tissues and organs throughout the body, and play important roles in a wide variety of prevalent diseases in humans. Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) is a secreted protein that can promote the remodeling of blood vessels and lymphatics in development and disease. Recent fundamental and translational studies have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms by which VEGF-D exerts its effects in human disease. Hence this protein is now of interest as a therapeutic and/or diagnostic target, or as a potential therapeutic agent, in a diversity of indications in cardiovascular medicine, cancer and the devastating pulmonary condition lymphangioleiomyomatosis. This has led to clinical trial programs to assess the effect of targeting VEGF-D signaling pathways, or delivering VEGF-D, in angina, cancer and ocular indications. This review summarizes our understanding of VEGF-D signaling in human disease, which is largely based on animal disease models and clinicopathological studies, and provides information about the outcomes of recent clinical trials testing agonists or antagonists of VEGF-D signaling.
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36
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Kong LL, Yang NZ, Shi LH, Zhao GH, Zhou W, Ding Q, Wang MH, Zhang YS. The optimum marker for the detection of lymphatic vessels. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:515-520. [PMID: 28855985 PMCID: PMC5574200 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin, lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor-1, prospero-related homeobox-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 have been demonstrated to have crucial roles in the development of the lymphatic system and lymphangiogenesis process by combining with their corresponding receptors. Thus, the four markers have been widely used in labelling lymphatic vessels for the detection of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel invasion. Numerous authors have aimed to identify the roles of these four markers in the lymphatic system and the mechanisms have been partly clarified at the molecular level. The aim of the present review was to comprehensively clarify the characteristics and latent action modes of the four markers in order to determine which is the best one for the detection of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Kong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Nian-Zhao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Hui Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Hai Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Sheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
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37
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Honkanen HK, Izzi V, Petäistö T, Holopainen T, Harjunen V, Pihlajaniemi T, Alitalo K, Heljasvaara R. Elevated VEGF-D Modulates Tumor Inflammation and Reduces the Growth of Carcinogen-Induced Skin Tumors. Neoplasia 2017; 18:436-46. [PMID: 27435926 PMCID: PMC4954931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) promotes the lymph node metastasis of cancer by inducing the growth of lymphatic vasculature, but its specific roles in tumorigenesis have not been elucidated. We monitored the effects of VEGF-D in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) by subjecting transgenic mice overexpressing VEGF-D in the skin (K14-mVEGF-D) and VEGF-D knockout mice to a chemical skin carcinogenesis protocol involving 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatments. In K14-mVEGF-D mice, tumor lymphangiogenesis was significantly increased and the frequency of lymph node metastasis was elevated in comparison with controls. Most notably, the papillomas regressed more often in K14-mVEGF-D mice than in littermate controls, resulting in a delay in tumor incidence and a remarkable reduction in the total tumor number. Skin tumor growth and metastasis were not obviously affected in the absence of VEGF-D; however, the knockout mice showed a trend for reduced lymphangiogenesis in skin tumors and in the untreated skin. Interestingly, K14-mVEGF-D mice showed an altered immune response in skin tumors. This consisted of the reduced accumulation of macrophages, mast cells, and CD4+ T-cells and an increase of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells. Cytokine profiling by flow cytometry and quantitative real time PCR revealed that elevated VEGF-D expression results in an attenuated Th2 response and promotes M1/Th1 and Th17 polarization in the early stage of skin carcinogenesis, leading to an anti-tumoral immune environment and the regression of primary tumors. Our data suggest that VEGF-D may be beneficial in early-stage tumors since it suppresses the pro-tumorigenic inflammation, while at later stages VEGF-D-induced tumor lymphatics provide a route for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne-Kaisa Honkanen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Petäistö
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vanessa Harjunen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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38
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Zolfaghari Saravi Z, Seyedmajidi M, Sharbatdaran M, Bijani A, Mozaffari F, Aminishakib P. VEGFR-3 Expression in Oral Lichen Planus. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:381-384. [PMID: 28345335 PMCID: PMC5454731 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.2.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Given the postulated the role of inflammation and possible contribution of
lymphangiogenesis in oral lichen planus, this study aimed to assess any associated presence of VEGFR-3. Material
and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 52 formalin fixed and paraffin embedded blocks of oral
lichen planus (pathological diagnosis based on Modified WHO criteria), comprising 25 of erosive and 27 of reticular
type, along with 60 samples of normal mucosa (with minimal inflammation from clinical and histopathological aspects)
obtained at crown lengthening surgery. Four micron sections were cut from paraffin blocks and stained with H and
E for confirmation of diagnosis and by immunohistochemistry with primary antibodies against VEGFR-3. Negative
controls were provided by omission of primary antibody and placenta was considered as a positive control. Data were
analyzed by Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-wallis tests and P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Findings: VEGFR-3 expression was apparent in 61.5% of lichen planus specimens and 5% of those from normal
mucosa (p<0.001). Also, the average number of stained vessels was significantly higher in oral lichen planus than in
normal mucosa (p<0.001). VEGFR-3 expression in oral lichen planus (p=0.262) and the average number of stained
vessels (p=0.092) demonstrated no significant difference according to the type. Conclusion: It appears that VEGFR-3
expression might be involved in the pathogenesis of the oral lichen planus through increasing lymphatic vessels and
lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zolfaghari Saravi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, Dental Faculty, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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39
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Bower NI, Vogrin AJ, Le Guen L, Chen H, Stacker SA, Achen MG, Hogan BM. Vegfd modulates both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during zebrafish embryonic development. Development 2017; 144:507-518. [PMID: 28087639 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) control angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during development and in pathological conditions. In the zebrafish trunk, Vegfa controls the formation of intersegmental arteries by primary angiogenesis and Vegfc is essential for secondary angiogenesis, giving rise to veins and lymphatics. Vegfd has been largely thought of as dispensable for vascular development in vertebrates. Here, we generated a zebrafish vegfd mutant by genome editing. vegfd mutants display significant defects in facial lymphangiogenesis independent of vegfc function. Strikingly, we find that vegfc and vegfd cooperatively control lymphangiogenesis throughout the embryo, including during the formation of the trunk lymphatic vasculature. Interestingly, we find that vegfd and vegfc also redundantly drive artery hyperbranching phenotypes observed upon depletion of Flt1 or Dll4. Epistasis and biochemical binding assays suggest that, during primary angiogenesis, Vegfd influences these phenotypes through Kdr (Vegfr2) rather than Flt4 (Vegfr3). These data demonstrate that, rather than being dispensable during development, Vegfd plays context-specific indispensable and also compensatory roles during both blood vessel angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil I Bower
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam J Vogrin
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ludovic Le Guen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Huijun Chen
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Hogan
- Division of Genomics of Development and Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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40
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Davydova N, Harris NC, Roufail S, Paquet-Fifield S, Ishaq M, Streltsov VA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Stacker SA, Achen MG. Differential Receptor Binding and Regulatory Mechanisms for the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-C and -D. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27265-27278. [PMID: 27852824 PMCID: PMC5207153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-C and VEGF-D are secreted glycoproteins that induce angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and spread. They exhibit structural homology and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, receptors on endothelial cells that signal for growth of blood vessels and lymphatics. VEGF-C and VEGF-D were thought to exhibit similar bioactivities, yet recent studies indicated distinct signaling mechanisms (e.g. tumor-derived VEGF-C promoted expression of the prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme COX-2 in lymphatics, a response thought to facilitate metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature, whereas VEGF-D did not). Here we explore the basis of the distinct bioactivities of VEGF-D using a neutralizing antibody, peptide mapping, and mutagenesis to demonstrate that the N-terminal α-helix of mature VEGF-D (Phe93–Arg108) is critical for binding VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Importantly, the N-terminal part of this α-helix, from Phe93 to Thr98, is required for binding VEGFR-3 but not VEGFR-2. Surprisingly, the corresponding part of the α-helix in mature VEGF-C did not influence binding to either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3, indicating distinct determinants of receptor binding by these growth factors. A variant of mature VEGF-D harboring a mutation in the N-terminal α-helix, D103A, exhibited enhanced potency for activating VEGFR-3, was able to promote increased COX-2 mRNA levels in lymphatic endothelial cells, and had enhanced capacity to induce lymphatic sprouting in vivo. This mutant may be useful for developing protein-based therapeutics to drive lymphangiogenesis in clinical settings, such as lymphedema. Our studies shed light on the VEGF-D structure/function relationship and provide a basis for understanding functional differences compared with VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Davydova
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Nicole C Harris
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sally Roufail
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Sophie Paquet-Fifield
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Musarat Ishaq
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and
| | - Steven P Williams
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Tara Karnezis
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000
| | - Steven A Stacker
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000.,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- From the Tumour Angiogenesis and Microenvironment Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, .,the Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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41
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Dashkevich A, Hagl C, Beyersdorf F, Nykänen AI, Lemström KB. VEGF Pathways in the Lymphatics of Healthy and Diseased Heart. Microcirculation 2016; 23:5-14. [PMID: 26190445 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac lymphatic system is a rare focus of the modern cardiovascular research. Nevertheless, the growing body of evidence is depicting lymphatic endothelium as an important functional unit in healthy and diseased myocardium. Since the discovery of angiogenic VEGF-A in 1983 and lymphangiogenic VEGF-C in 1997, an increasing amount of knowledge has accumulated on the essential roles of VEGF ligands and receptors in physiological and pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Tissue adaptation to several stimuli such as hypoxia, pathogen invasion, degenerative process and inflammation often involves coordinated changes in both blood and lymphatic vessels. As lymphatic vessels are involved in the initiation and resolution of inflammation and regulation of tissue edema, VEGF family members may have important roles in myocardial lymphatics in healthy and in cardiac disease. We will review the properties of VEGF ligands and receptors concentrating on their lymphatic vessel effects first in normal myocardium and then in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Dashkevich
- Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Hagl
- Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Antti I Nykänen
- Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl B Lemström
- Cardiac Surgery, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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42
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Hosono K, Isonaka R, Kawakami T, Narumiya S, Majima M. Signaling of Prostaglandin E Receptors, EP3 and EP4 Facilitates Wound Healing and Lymphangiogenesis with Enhanced Recruitment of M2 Macrophages in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162532. [PMID: 27711210 PMCID: PMC5053515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in homeostasis, metabolism, and immunity, and also occurs during wound-healing. Here, we examined the roles of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor (EP) signaling in enhancement of lymphangiogenesis in wound healing processes. The hole-punch was made in the ears of male C57BL/6 mice using a metal ear punch. Healing process and lymphangiogenesis together with macrophage recruitment were analyzed in EP knockout mice. Lymphangiogenesis was up-regulated in the granulation tissues at the margins of punched-hole wounds in mouse ears, and this increase was accompanied by increased expression levels of COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Administration of celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, suppressed lymphangiogenesis in the granulation tissues and reduced the induction of the pro-lymphangiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -C and VEGF-D. Topical applications of selective EP receptor agonists enhanced the expressions of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 and VEGF receptor-3. The wound-healing processes and recruitment of CD11b-positive macrophages, which produced VEGF-C and VEGF-D, were suppressed under COX-2 inhibition. Mice lacking either EP3 or EP4 exhibited reduced wound-healing, lymphangiogenesis and recruitment of M2 macrophages, compared with wild type mice. Proliferation of cultured human lymphatic endothelial cells was not detected under PGE2 stimulation. Lymphangiogenesis and recruitment of M2 macrophages that produced VEGF-C/D were suppressed in mice treated with a COX-2 inhibitor or lacking either EP3 or EP4 during wound healing. COX-2 and EP3/EP4 signaling may be novel targets to control lymphangiogenesis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ear/physiology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Lymphangiogenesis/drug effects
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Prostaglandin-E Synthases/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D/biosynthesis
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Hosono
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Risa Isonaka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kawakami
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulation Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Lammoglia GM, Van Zandt CE, Galvan DX, Orozco JL, Dellinger MT, Rutkowski JM. Hyperplasia, de novo lymphangiogenesis, and lymphatic regression in mice with tissue-specific, inducible overexpression of murine VEGF-D. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H384-94. [PMID: 27342876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00208.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels modulate tissue fluid balance and inflammation and provide a conduit for endocrine and lipid transport. The growth of new lymphatic vessels in the adult, lymphangiogenesis, is predominantly mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) signaling. We took advantage of the unique binding of murine VEGF-D specifically to VEGFR-3 and generated mice capable of inducible, tissue-specific expression of murine VEGF-D under a tightly-controlled tetracycline response element (TRE) promoter to stimulate adult tissue lymphangiogenesis. With doxycycline-activated expression, TRE-VEGF-D mouse crossed to mice with tissue-specific promoters for the lung [Clara cell secretory protein-reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA)] developed pulmonary lymphangiectasia. In the kidney, (kidney-specific protein-rtTA × TRE-VEGF-D) mice exhibited rapid lymphatic hyperplasia on induction of VEGF-D expression. Crossed with adipocyte-specific adiponectin-rtTA mice [Adipo-VEGF-D (VD)], chronic VEGF-D overexpression was capable of inducing de novo lymphangiogenesis in white adipose tissue and a massive expansion of brown adipose tissue lymphatics. VEGF-D expression in white adipose tissue also increased macrophage infiltration and tissue fibrosis in the tissue. Expression did not, however, measurably affect peripheral fluid transport, the blood vasculature, or basal metabolic parameters. On removal of the doxycycline stimulus, VEGF-D expression returned to normal, and the expanded adipose tissue lymphatics regressed in Adipo-VD mice. The inducible TRE-VEGF-D mouse thus provides a novel murine platform to study the adult mechanisms and therapies of an array of disease- and tissue-specific models of lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Lammoglia
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Carolynn E Van Zandt
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Daniel X Galvan
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Jose L Orozco
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Michael T Dellinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center School of Medicine, College Station, Texas; Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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44
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Okada T, Kimura A, Kanki K, Nakatani S, Nagahara Y, Hiraga M, Watanabe Y. Liver Resident Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) Share Several Functional Antigens in Common with Endothelial Cells. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:139-50. [PMID: 26678711 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and specific functions of Kupffer cells (KCs), a liver resident macrophage subpopulation, are still unclear. We compared KCs with peritoneal macrophages using cDNA microarray analysis and found that these cells share some antigens with endothelial cells. KCs highly express VCAM-1 and VEGF receptors (VEGF-Rs) at transcriptional and protein levels. VCAM-1 mediates the functional binding of KCs with lymphocytes and induces KC activation. Among the VEGF receptors, VEGF-R2 and VEGF-R3 were expressed on the KCs, while VEGF-R1 was expressed on other tissue macrophage subsets. VEGF120, a ligand of both VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2, transduced strong survival and chemotactic signals through the KCs, when compared to PIGF, a VEGF-R1 ligand, indicating that VEGF-R2 plays significant roles in regulating KC activities. Expression of the VEGF-Rs was regulated by TLR4 signalling. These results suggest that the function of KCs is partly regulated by the common antigens shared with endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kimura
- Denka Seiken Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan
| | - K Kanki
- Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Yonago, Japan
| | - S Nakatani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Nagahara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama, Japan
| | - M Hiraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Sato T, Paquet-Fifield S, Harris NC, Roufail S, Turner DJ, Yuan Y, Zhang YF, Fox SB, Hibbs ML, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Williams RA, Stacker SA, Sly PD, Achen MG. VEGF-D promotes pulmonary oedema in hyperoxic acute lung injury. J Pathol 2016; 239:152-61. [PMID: 26924464 PMCID: PMC5071654 DOI: 10.1002/path.4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Leakage of fluid from blood vessels, leading to oedema, is a key feature of many diseases including hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI), which can occur when patients are ventilated with high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia). The molecular mechanisms driving vascular leak and oedema in HALI are poorly understood. VEGF‐D is a protein that promotes blood vessel leak and oedema when overexpressed in tissues, but the role of endogenous VEGF‐D in pathological oedema was unknown. To address these issues, we exposed Vegfd‐deficient mice to hyperoxia. The resulting pulmonary oedema in Vegfd‐deficient mice was substantially reduced compared to wild‐type, as was the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, consistent with reduced vascular leak. Vegf‐d and its receptor Vegfr‐3 were more highly expressed in lungs of hyperoxic, versus normoxic, wild‐type mice, indicating that components of the Vegf‐d signalling pathway are up‐regulated in hyperoxia. Importantly, VEGF‐D and its receptors were co‐localized on blood vessels in clinical samples of human lungs exposed to hyperoxia; hence, VEGF‐D may act directly on blood vessels to promote fluid leak. Our studies show that Vegf‐d promotes oedema in response to hyperoxia in mice and support the hypothesis that VEGF‐D signalling promotes vascular leak in human HALI. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Sato
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicole C Harris
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally Roufail
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Debra J Turner
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Yinan Yuan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - You-Fang Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Richard A Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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46
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Stacker SA, Halford MM, Roufail S, Caesar C, Achen MG. A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27022756 DOI: 10.3791/53867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Roufail
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Carol Caesar
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
| | - Marc G Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre
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Ohhashi T, Kawai Y. Proposed new lymphology combined with lymphatic physiology, innate immunology, and oncology. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:51-66. [PMID: 25376927 PMCID: PMC10718024 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-014-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As one of the lymphatic functions, it is well known that the transport and drainage of hydrophilic substances including plasma protein through the lymphatic system play pivotal roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues in collaboration with the exchange of the substances through the blood capillaries and venules. The physiological functions of the lymphatic system have been studied by many investigations of microcirculation, i.e., Yoffey and Courtice, Ruszunyak et al., Földie and Casley-Smigh et al., Roddie, Schmid-Schönbein et al., and Ohhashi et al. On the other hand, it is also well known that the initial clinical signs of primary diseases such as inflammation, tumors, and circulatory disorders including infarction and thrombosis appear as functional abnormalities of the internal environment in tissues. These abnormalities of the functions are strongly related to immunological defense reactions around the internal environment and abnormal actions of the transport and drainage of the lymphatic system. Taking into consideration the current inspired findings in lymphatic physiology, innate immunology, and oncology, we have proposed a new lymphology combined with new knowledge of the three above-mentioned academic fields from a defense mechanism points of view. In this review, we would like to demonstrate comprehensively our latest studies related to the possibility of establishing a new lymphology, hoping the readers will evaluate this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ohhashi
- Department of Innovation of Medical and Health Sciences Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan,
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48
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Secker GA, Harvey NL. VEGFR signaling during lymphatic vascular development: From progenitor cells to functional vessels. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:323-31. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A. Secker
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
| | - Natasha L. Harvey
- Centre for Cancer Biology; University of South Australia, and SA Pathology; Adelaide Australia
- School of Medicine; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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Abstract
Key Points
Haploinsufficiency of Sox18 reveals an important role for VEGFD in regulating blood vascular development in vivo in vertebrates. VEGFD acts through mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase–extracellular signal-regulated kinase to modulate the activity and nuclear concentration of endothelial-specific transcription factor SOX18.
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50
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Pillai G, Ceballos-Coronel ML. Science and technology of the emerging nanomedicines in cancer therapy: A primer for physicians and pharmacists. SAGE Open Med 2013; 1:2050312113513759. [PMID: 26770691 PMCID: PMC4687778 DOI: 10.1177/2050312113513759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine, the medical applications of devices based on nanotechnology, promises an endless range of applications from biomedical imaging to drug and gene delivery. The size range of the nanomaterials is strictly defined as 1–100 nm, although many marketed nanomedicines are in the submicron range of 100–1000 nm. The major advantages of using nanomaterials as a carrier for anticancer agents are the possibility of targeted delivery to the tumor; their physical properties such as optical and magnetic properties, which can be exploited for developing contrast agents for tumor imaging; their ability to hold thousands of molecules of a drug and deliver at the required site and also the ability to overcome solubility and stability issues. Currently, there are several nanotechnology-enabled diagnostic and therapeutic agents undergoing clinical trials and a few already approved by Food and Drug Administration. Targeted delivery of anticancer agents is achieved by exploiting a unique characteristic of the rapidly dividing tumor cells called “the enhanced permeability and retention effect.” Nanoparticles with mean diameter between 100 and 200 nm or even above 200 nm have also been reported to be taken up by tumor cells via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. In addition to this passive targeting based on size, the nanoparticle surface may be modified with a variety of carefully chosen ligands that would interact with specific receptors on the surface of the tumor cells, thus imparting additional specificity for active targeting. Regional release of a drug contained in a nanoparticulate system by the application of external stimuli such as hyperthermia to a thermosensitive device is another innovative strategy for targeted delivery. Nanoparticles protect the enclosed drug from rapid elimination from the body, keep them in circulation for prolonged periods and often evade expulsion by the efflux pump mechanisms, which also leads to avoidance of development of resistance. This review focuses on the science and technology of Food and Drug Administration–approved cancer nanomedicines such as Abraxane, Doxil, DaunoXome and those drug-delivery systems that have reached an advanced stage of clinical development utilizing liposomes, albumin nanospheres, thermosensitive devices and gold nanoshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishna Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maria L Ceballos-Coronel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA
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