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Crowe LP, Gioseffi A, Bertolini MS, Docampo R. Inorganic Polyphosphate Is in the Surface of Trypanosoma cruzi but Is Not Significantly Secreted. Pathogens 2024; 13:776. [PMID: 39338967 PMCID: PMC11434814 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, an infection that can lead to the development of cardiac fibrosis, which is characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the interstitial region of the myocardium. The parasite itself can induce myofibroblast differentiation of cardiac fibroblast in vitro, leading to increased expression of ECM. Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a linear polymer of orthophosphate that can also induce myofibroblast differentiation and deposition of ECM components and is highly abundant in T. cruzi. PolyP can modify proteins post-translationally by non-enzymatic polyphosphorylation of lysine residues of poly-acidic, serine-(S) and lysine (K)-rich (PASK) motifs. In this work, we used a bioinformatics screen and identified the presence of PASK domains in several surface proteins of T. cruzi. We also detected polyP in the external surface of its different life cycle stages and confirmed the stimulation of host cell fibrosis by trypomastigote infection. However, we were not able to detect significant secretion of the polymer or activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), an important factor for the generation of fibrosis by inorganic polyP- or trypomastigote-conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan P Crowe
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Anna Gioseffi
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Mayara S Bertolini
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Schoeppe R, Waldmann M, Jessen HJ, Renné T. An Update on Polyphosphate In Vivo Activities. Biomolecules 2024; 14:937. [PMID: 39199325 PMCID: PMC11352482 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionary ancient inorganic molecule widespread in biology, exerting a broad range of biological activities. The intracellular polymer serves as an energy storage pool and phosphate/calcium ion reservoir with implications for basal cellular functions. Metabolisms of the polymer are well understood in procaryotes and unicellular eukaryotic cells. However, functions, regulation, and association with disease states of the polymer in higher eukaryotic species such as mammalians are just beginning to emerge. The review summarises our current understanding of polyP metabolism, the polymer's functions, and methods for polyP analysis. In-depth knowledge of the pathways that control polyP turnover will open future perspectives for selective targeting of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schoeppe
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Waldmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79105 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Kalvelage J, Rabus R. Multifaceted Dinoflagellates and the Marine Model Prorocentrum cordatum. Microb Physiol 2024; 34:197-242. [PMID: 39047710 DOI: 10.1159/000540520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dinoflagellates are a monophyletic group within the taxon Alveolata, which comprises unicellular eukaryotes. Dinoflagellates have long been studied for their organismic and morphologic diversity as well as striking cellular features. They have a main size range of 10-100 µm, a complex "cell covering", exceptionally large genomes (∼1-250 Gbp with a mean of 50,000 protein-encoding genes) spread over a variable number of highly condensed chromosomes, and perform a closed mitosis with extranuclear spindles (dinomitosis). Photosynthetic, marine, and free-living Prorocentrum cordatum is a ubiquitously occurring, bloom-forming dinoflagellate, and an emerging model system, particularly with respect to systems biology. SUMMARY Focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) analysis of P. cordatum recently revealed (i) a flattened nucleus with unusual structural features and a total of 62 tightly packed chromosomes, (ii) a single, barrel-shaped chloroplast devoid of grana and harboring multiple starch granules, (iii) a single, highly reticular mitochondrion, and (iv) multiple phosphate and lipid storage bodies. Comprehensive proteomics of subcellular fractions suggested (i) major basic nuclear proteins to participate in chromosome condensation, (ii) composition of nuclear pores to differ from standard knowledge, (iii) photosystems I and II, chloroplast complex I, and chlorophyll a-b binding light-harvesting complex to form a large megacomplex (>1.5 MDa), and (iv) an extraordinary richness in pigment-binding proteins. Systems biology-level investigation of heat stress response demonstrated a concerted down-regulation of CO2-concentrating mechanisms, CO2-fixation, central metabolism, and monomer biosynthesis, which agrees with reduced growth yields. KEY MESSAGES FIB/SEM analysis revealed new insights into the remarkable subcellular architecture of P. cordatum, complemented by proteogenomic unraveling of novel nuclear structures and a photosynthetic megacomplex. These recent findings are put in the wider context of current understanding of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kalvelage
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Rabus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Borghi F, Azevedo C, Johnson E, Burden JJ, Saiardi A. A mammalian model reveals inorganic polyphosphate channeling into the nucleolus and induction of a hyper-condensate state. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100814. [PMID: 38981472 PMCID: PMC11294840 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer that controls fundamental processes. To overcome the absence of a genetically tractable mammalian model, we developed an inducible mammalian cell line expressing Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (EcPPK1). Inducing EcPPK1 expression prompted polyP synthesis, enabling validation of polyP analytical methods. Virtually all newly synthesized polyP accumulates within the nucleus, mainly in the nucleolus. The channeled polyP within the nucleolus results in the redistribution of its markers, leading to altered rRNA processing. Ultrastructural analysis reveals electron-dense polyP structures associated with a hyper-condensed nucleolus resulting from an exacerbation of the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) phenomena controlling this membraneless organelle. The selective accumulation of polyP in the nucleoli could be interpreted as an amplification of polyP channeling to where its physiological function takes place. Indeed, quantitative analysis of several mammalian cell lines confirms that endogenous polyP accumulates within the nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipy Borghi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Azevedo
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Docampo R. Advances in the cellular biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of acidocalcisomes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0004223. [PMID: 38099688 PMCID: PMC10966946 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00042-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAcidocalcisomes are organelles conserved during evolution and closely related to the so-called volutin granules of bacteria and archaea, to the acidocalcisome-like vacuoles of yeasts, and to the lysosome-related organelles of animal species. All these organelles have in common their acidity and high content of polyphosphate and calcium. They are characterized by a variety of functions from storage of phosphorus and calcium to roles in Ca2+ signaling, osmoregulation, blood coagulation, and inflammation. They interact with other organelles through membrane contact sites or by fusion, and have several enzymes, pumps, transporters, and channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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de Moraes LS, Galué-Parra AJ, Hage AAP, Moura HA, Garcia MSA, Macêdo CG, Rodrigues APD, Guilhon GMSP, da Silva EO. In Vitro Leishmanicidal Activity of Copaiba Oil and Kojic Acid Combination on the Protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Host Cell. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2925. [PMID: 38138069 PMCID: PMC10745933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Leishmaniasis refers to a group of anthropozoonotic diseases caused by Leishmania. The major chemotherapeutic agent used for its treatment is Glucantime®®, but the search continues for new compounds that are economically viable and act on the protozoan without causing damage to the host cell. As an alternative approach, this study used a combination of copaiba oil (CO) and kojic acid (KA) to determine their in vitro action on host cells, on the Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis protozoan and its interaction with macrophages. (2) Methods: In vitro culture, analysis of cytokine release and microscopy assays were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA (GraphPad Prism). (3) Results: The combination did not induce cytotoxic effects on macrophages after treatment but promoted morphological changes in the protozoan, such as nuclear alterations (apoptotic characteristics), alterations in the cellular body and an increase in the number of electrodense structures and acidocalcisomes, observed mainly at the concentrations of CO20KA50 and CO30KA50 μg/mL. We observed reductions in the intracellular amastigote number and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, after treatment with CO30KA at 50 µg/mL. (4) Conclusions: We report here, for the first time, that the combination of CO and KA may be a promising approach against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienne Silveira de Moraes
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post Graduation Program, Health and Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapa (UNIFAP), Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Adan Jesús Galué-Parra
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Amanda Anastácia Pinto Hage
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Hévila Aragão Moura
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Marcus Savio Araujo Garcia
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Caroline Gomes Macêdo
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Evandro Chagas’s Institute, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém 70723-040, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.J.G.-P.); (A.A.P.H.); (H.A.M.); (M.S.A.G.); (C.G.M.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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Nascimento JF, Souza ROO, Alencar MB, Marsiccobetre S, Murillo AM, Damasceno FS, Girard RBMM, Marchese L, Luévano-Martinez LA, Achjian RW, Haanstra JR, Michels PAM, Silber AM. How much (ATP) does it cost to build a trypanosome? A theoretical study on the quantity of ATP needed to maintain and duplicate a bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei cell. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011522. [PMID: 37498954 PMCID: PMC10409291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis is required for the synthesis, transport and polymerization of monomers for macromolecules as well as for the assembly of the latter into cellular structures. Other cellular processes not directly related to synthesis of biomass, such as maintenance of membrane potential and cellular shape, also require ATP. The unicellular flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei has a complex digenetic life cycle. The primary energy source for this parasite in its bloodstream form (BSF) is glucose, which is abundant in the host's bloodstream. Here, we made a detailed estimation of the energy budget during the BSF cell cycle. As glycolysis is the source of most produced ATP, we calculated that a single parasite produces 6.0 x 1011 molecules of ATP/cell cycle. Total biomass production (which involves biomass maintenance and duplication) accounts for ~63% of the total energy budget, while the total biomass duplication accounts for the remaining ~37% of the ATP consumption, with in both cases translation being the most expensive process. These values allowed us to estimate a theoretical YATP of 10.1 (g biomass)/mole ATP and a theoretical [Formula: see text] of 28.6 (g biomass)/mole ATP. Flagellar motility, variant surface glycoprotein recycling, transport and maintenance of transmembrane potential account for less than 30% of the consumed ATP. Finally, there is still ~5.5% available in the budget that is being used for other cellular processes of as yet unknown cost. These data put a new perspective on the assumptions about the relative energetic weight of the processes a BSF trypanosome undergoes during its cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina F. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho O. O. Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayke B. Alencar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Marsiccobetre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Murillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia S. Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B. M. M. Girard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Marchese
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Luévano-Martinez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan W. Achjian
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurgen R. Haanstra
- Systems Biology Lab, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Michels
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ariel M. Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Smircich P, Pérez-Díaz L, Hernández F, Duhagon MA, Garat B. Transcriptomic analysis of the adaptation to prolonged starvation of the insect-dwelling Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1138456. [PMID: 37091675 PMCID: PMC10117895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1138456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a digenetic unicellular parasite that alternates between a blood-sucking insect and a mammalian, host causing Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis. In the insect gut, the parasite differentiates from the non-replicative trypomastigote forms that arrive upon blood ingestion to the non-infective replicative epimastigote forms. Epimastigotes develop into infective non-replicative metacyclic trypomastigotes in the rectum and are delivered via the feces. In addition to these parasite stages, transitional forms have been reported. The insect-feeding behavior, characterized by few meals of large blood amounts followed by long periods of starvation, impacts the parasite population density and differentiation, increasing the transitional forms while diminishing both epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes. To understand the molecular changes caused by nutritional restrictions in the insect host, mid-exponentially growing axenic epimastigotes were cultured for more than 30 days without nutrient supplementation (prolonged starvation). We found that the parasite population in the stationary phase maintains a long period characterized by a total RNA content three times smaller than that of exponentially growing epimastigotes and a distinctive transcriptomic profile. Among the transcriptomic changes induced by nutrient restriction, we found differentially expressed genes related to managing protein quality or content, the reported switch from glucose to amino acid consumption, redox challenge, and surface proteins. The contractile vacuole and reservosomes appeared as cellular components enriched when ontology term overrepresentation analysis was carried out, highlighting the roles of these organelles in starving conditions possibly related to their functions in regulating cell volume and osmoregulation as well as metabolic homeostasis. Consistent with the quiescent status derived from nutrient restriction, genes related to DNA metabolism are regulated during the stationary phase. In addition, we observed differentially expressed genes related to the unique parasite mitochondria. Finally, our study identifies gene expression changes that characterize transitional parasite forms enriched by nutrient restriction. The analysis of the here-disclosed regulated genes and metabolic pathways aims to contribute to the understanding of the molecular changes that this unicellular parasite undergoes in the insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Smircich
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Garat, ; Pablo Smircich,
| | - Leticia Pérez-Díaz
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabricio Hernández
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Ana Duhagon
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Garat
- Sección Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Garat, ; Pablo Smircich,
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Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are electron-dense organelles rich in polyphosphate and inorganic and organic cations that are acidified by proton pumps, and possess several channels, pumps, and transporters. They are present in bacteria and eukaryotes and have been studied in greater detail in trypanosomatids. Biogenesis studies of trypanosomatid acidocalcisomes found that they share properties with lysosome-related organelles of animal cells. In addition to their described roles in autophagy, cation and phosphorus storage, osmoregulation, pH homeostasis, and pathogenesis, recent studies have defined the role of these organelles in phosphate utilization, calcium ion (Ca2+ ) signaling, and bioenergetics, and will be the main subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Lessons from protozoans: Phosphate sensing and polyphosphate storage in fungi. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010298. [PMID: 35239748 PMCID: PMC8893339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ebrahimi M, Habernig L, Broeskamp F, Aufschnaiter A, Diessl J, Atienza I, Matz S, Ruiz FA, Büttner S. Phosphate Restriction Promotes Longevity via Activation of Autophagy and the Multivesicular Body Pathway. Cells 2021; 10:3161. [PMID: 34831384 PMCID: PMC8620443 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient limitation results in an activation of autophagy in organisms ranging from yeast, nematodes and flies to mammals. Several evolutionary conserved nutrient-sensing kinases are critical for efficient adaptation of yeast cells to glucose, nitrogen or phosphate depletion, subsequent cell-cycle exit and the regulation of autophagy. Here, we demonstrate that phosphate restriction results in a prominent extension of yeast lifespan that requires the coordinated activity of autophagy and the multivesicular body pathway, enabling efficient turnover of cytoplasmic and plasma membrane cargo. While the multivesicular body pathway was essential during the early days of aging, autophagy contributed to long-term survival at later days. The cyclin-dependent kinase Pho85 was critical for phosphate restriction-induced autophagy and full lifespan extension. In contrast, when cell-cycle exit was triggered by exhaustion of glucose instead of phosphate, Pho85 and its cyclin, Pho80, functioned as negative regulators of autophagy and lifespan. The storage of phosphate in form of polyphosphate was completely dispensable to in sustaining viability under phosphate restriction. Collectively, our results identify the multifunctional, nutrient-sensing kinase Pho85 as critical modulator of longevity that differentially coordinates the autophagic response to distinct kinds of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ebrahimi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Andreas Aufschnaiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Jutta Diessl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Isabel Atienza
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, 11001 Cadiz, Spain; (I.A.); (F.A.R.)
| | - Steffen Matz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Felix A. Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, 11001 Cadiz, Spain; (I.A.); (F.A.R.)
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.E.); (L.H.); (F.B.); (J.D.); (S.M.)
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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12
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The Histidine Ammonia Lyase of Trypanosoma cruzi Is Involved in Acidocalcisome Alkalinization and Is Essential for Survival under Starvation Conditions. mBio 2021; 12:e0198121. [PMID: 34724827 PMCID: PMC8561398 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01981-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, accumulates polyphosphate (polyP) and Ca2+ inside acidocalcisomes. The alkalinization of this organelle stimulates polyP hydrolysis and Ca2+ release. Here, we report that histidine ammonia lyase (HAL), an enzyme that catalyzes histidine deamination with production of ammonia (NH3) and urocanate, is responsible for acidocalcisome alkalinization. Histidine addition to live parasites expressing HAL fused to the pH-sensitive emission biosensor green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant pHluorin induced alkalinization of acidocalcisomes. PolyP decreased HAL activity of epimastigote lysates or the recombinant protein but did not cause its polyphosphorylation, as determined by the lack of HAL electrophoretic shift on NuPAGE gels using both in vitro and in vivo conditions. We demonstrate that HAL binds strongly to polyP and localizes to the acidocalcisomes and cytosol of the parasite. Four lysine residues localized in the HAL C-terminal region are instrumental for its polyP binding, its inhibition by polyP, its function inside acidocalcisomes, and parasite survival under starvation conditions. Expression of HAL in yeast deficient in polyP degradation decreased cell fitness. This effect was enhanced by histidine and decreased when the lysine-rich C-terminal region was deleted. In conclusion, this study highlights a mechanism for stimulation of acidocalcisome alkalinization linked to amino acid metabolism.
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13
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Lander N, Chiurillo MA, Docampo R. Signaling pathways involved in environmental sensing in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:819-828. [PMID: 33034088 PMCID: PMC8032824 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a unicellular parasite and the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The parasite has a digenetic life cycle alternating between mammalian and insect hosts, where it faces a variety of environmental conditions to which it must adapt in order to survive. The adaptation to these changes is mediated by signaling pathways that coordinate the cellular responses to the new environmental settings. Major environmental changes include temperature, nutrient availability, ionic composition, pH, osmolarity, oxidative stress, contact with host cells and tissues, host immune response, and intracellular life. Some of the signaling pathways and second messengers potentially involved in the response to these changes have been elucidated in recent years and will be the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Miguel A. Chiurillo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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14
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Stasic AJ, Dykes EJ, Cordeiro CD, Vella SA, Fazli MS, Quinn S, Docampo R, Moreno SNJ. Ca 2+ entry at the plasma membrane and uptake by acidic stores is regulated by the activity of the V-H + -ATPase in Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:1054-1068. [PMID: 33793004 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal intracellular signal that regulates many cellular functions. In Toxoplasma gondii, the controlled influx of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+ into the cytosol initiates a signaling cascade that promotes pathogenic processes like tissue destruction and dissemination. In this work, we studied the role of proton transport in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis and the initiation of Ca2+ signaling. We used a T. gondii mutant of the V-H+ -ATPase, a pump previously shown to transport protons to the extracellular medium, and to control intracellular pH and membrane potential and we show that proton gradients are important for maintaining resting cytosolic Ca2+ at physiological levels and for Ca2+ influx. Proton transport was also important for Ca2+ storage by acidic stores and, unexpectedly, the endoplasmic reticulum. Proton transport impacted the amount of polyphosphate (polyP), a phosphate polymer that binds Ca2+ and concentrates in acidocalcisomes. This was supported by the co-localization of the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4), the catalytic subunit of the VTC complex that synthesizes polyP, with the V-ATPase in acidocalcisomes. Our work shows that proton transport regulates plasma membrane Ca2+ transport and control acidocalcisome polyP and Ca2+ content, impacting Ca2+ signaling and downstream stimulation of motility and egress in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Stasic
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Dykes
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephen A Vella
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA
| | - Mojtaba S Fazli
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Quinn
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, GA, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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15
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Mantilla BS, Do Amaral LD, Jessen HJ, Docampo R. The Inositol Pyrophosphate Biosynthetic Pathway of Trypanosoma cruzi. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:283-292. [PMID: 33411501 PMCID: PMC10466500 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inositol phosphates (IPs) are phosphorylated derivatives of myo-inositol involved in the regulation of several cellular processes through their interaction with specific proteins. Their synthesis relies on the activity of specific kinases that use ATP as phosphate donor. Here, we combined reverse genetics and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to dissect the inositol phosphate biosynthetic pathway and its metabolic intermediates in the main life cycle stages (epimastigotes, cell-derived trypomastigotes, and amastigotes) of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. We found evidence of the presence of highly phosphorylated IPs, like inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), inositol heptakisphosphate (IP7), and inositol octakisphosphate (IP8), that were not detected before by HPLC analyses of the products of radiolabeled exogenous inositol. The kinases involved in their synthesis (inositol polyphosphate multikinase (TcIPMK), inositol 5-phosphate kinase (TcIP5K), and inositol 6-phosphate kinase (TcIP6K)) were also identified. TcIPMK is dispensable in epimastigotes, important for the synthesis of polyphosphate, and critical for the virulence of the infective stages. TcIP5K is essential for normal epimastigote growth, while TcIP6K mutants displayed defects in epimastigote motility and growth. Our results demonstrate the relevance of highly phosphorylated IPs in the life cycle of T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Mantilla
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Leticia D. Do Amaral
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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16
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Denoncourt A, Downey M. Model systems for studying polyphosphate biology: a focus on microorganisms. Curr Genet 2021; 67:331-346. [PMID: 33420907 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphates (polyP) are polymers of inorganic phosphates joined by high-energy bonds to form long chains. These chains are present in all forms of life but were once disregarded as 'molecular fossils'. PolyP has gained attention in recent years following new links to diverse biological roles ranging from energy storage to cell signaling. PolyP research in humans and other higher eukaryotes is limited by a lack of suitable tools and awaits the identification of enzymatic players that would enable more comprehensive studies. Therefore, many of the most important insights have come from single-cell model systems. Here, we review determinants of polyP metabolism, regulation, and function in major microbial systems, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and algae. We highlight key similarities and differences that may aid in our understanding of how polyP impacts cell physiology at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Denoncourt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael Downey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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17
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The IP 3 receptor and Ca 2+ signaling in trypanosomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118947. [PMID: 33421534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, and the T. brucei group of parasites cause neglected diseases that affect millions of people around the world. These unicellular microorganisms have complex life cycles involving an insect vector and a mammalian host. Both groups of pathogens possess an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling pathway, and an IP3 receptor, but with lineage-specific adaptations that make them different from their mammalian counterparts. The phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to IP3 is N-terminally myristoylated and palmitoylated. Acidocalcisomes, which are lysosome-related organelles rich in polyphosphate, are the main intracellular Ca2+ stores. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) localizes to acidocalcisomes instead of the endoplasmic reticulum. The trypanosome IP3R is stimulated by luminal phosphate and pyrophosphate, which are hydrolysis products of polyphosphate (polyP), and inhibited by tripolyphosphate (polyP3), which is the most abundant polyP in acidocalcisomes. Ca2+ signaling is important for host cell invasion and differentiation and to maintain cellular bioenergetics.
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18
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Asady B, Dick CF, Ehrenman K, Sahu T, Romano JD, Coppens I. A single Na+-Pi cotransporter in Toxoplasma plays key roles in phosphate import and control of parasite osmoregulation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 16:e1009067. [PMID: 33383579 PMCID: PMC7817038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic ions such as phosphate, are essential nutrients required for a broad spectrum of cellular functions and regulation. During infection, pathogens must obtain inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the host. Despite the essentiality of phosphate for all forms of life, how the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii acquires Pi from the host cell is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that Toxoplasma actively internalizes exogenous Pi by exploiting a gradient of Na+ ions to drive Pi uptake across the plasma membrane. The Na+-dependent phosphate transport mechanism is electrogenic and functionally coupled to a cipargarmin sensitive Na+-H+-ATPase. Toxoplasma expresses one transmembrane Pi transporter harboring PHO4 binding domains that typify the PiT Family. This transporter named TgPiT, localizes to the plasma membrane, the inward buds of the endosomal organelles termed VAC, and many cytoplasmic vesicles. Upon Pi limitation in the medium, TgPiT is more abundant at the plasma membrane. We genetically ablated the PiT gene, and ΔTgPiT parasites are impaired in importing Pi and synthesizing polyphosphates. Interestingly, ΔTgPiT parasites accumulate 4-times more acidocalcisomes, storage organelles for phosphate molecules, as compared to parental parasites. In addition, these mutants have a reduced cell volume, enlarged VAC organelles, defects in calcium storage and a slightly alkaline pH. Overall, these mutants exhibit severe growth defects and have reduced acute virulence in mice. In survival mode, ΔTgPiT parasites upregulate several genes, including those encoding enzymes that cleave or transfer phosphate groups from phosphometabolites, transporters and ions exchangers localized to VAC or acidocalcisomes. Taken together, these findings point to a critical role of TgPiT for Pi supply for Toxoplasma and also for protection against osmotic stresses. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is indispensable for the biosynthesis of key cellular components, and is involved in many metabolic and signaling pathways. Transport across the plasma membrane is the first step in the utilization of Pi. The import mechanism of Pi by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma is unknown. We characterized a transmembrane, high-affinity Na+-Pi cotransporter, named TgPiT, expressed by the parasite at the plasma membrane for Pi uptake. Interestingly, TgPiT is also localized to inward buds of the endosomal VAC organelles and some cytoplasmic vesicles. Loss of TgPiT results in a severe reduction in Pi internalization and polyphosphate levels, but stimulation of the biogenesis of phosphate-enriched acidocalcisomes. ΔTgPiT parasites have a shrunken cell body, enlarged VAC organelles, poor release of stored calcium and a mildly alkaline pH, suggesting a role for TgPiT in the maintenance of overall ionic homeostasis. ΔTgPiT parasites are poorly infectious in vitro and in mice. The mutant appears to partially cope with the absence of TgPiT by up-regulating genes coding for ion transporters and enzymes catalyzing phosphate group transfer. Our data highlight a scenario in which the role of TgPiT in Pi and Na+ transport is functionally coupled with osmoregulation activities central to sustain Toxoplasma survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beejan Asady
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudia F. Dick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Ehrenman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tejram Sahu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Suess PM, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Platelet polyphosphate induces fibroblast chemotaxis and myofibroblast differentiation. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3043-3052. [PMID: 32808449 PMCID: PMC7719587 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets secrete many pro-wound healing molecules such as growth factors and cytokines. We found that releasates from activated human platelets induced the differentiation of cultured murine and human fibroblasts into a myofibroblast phenotype. Surprisingly, most of this differentiation-inducing activity was heat-stable, suggesting it was not due to the protein component of the releasates. Inorganic polyphosphate is a major constituent of platelet-dense granules and promotes blood coagulation and inflammation. OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate the contribution of polyphosphate on myofibroblast differentiating activity of platelet releasates. METHODS Using NIH-3T3 cells and primary human fibroblasts, we examined the effect of human platelet releasates and chemically synthesized polyphosphate on fibroblast differentiation and migration. RESULTS We found that the myofibroblast-inducing activity of platelet releasates was severely attenuated after incubation with a polyphosphate-degrading enzyme, and that fibroblasts responded to platelet-sized polyphosphate by increased levels of α-smooth muscle actin, stress fibers, and collagen. Furthermore, fibroblasts were chemotactic toward polyphosphate. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that platelet-derived polyphosphate acts as a cell signaling molecule by inducing murine and human fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts, a cell type known to drive both wound healing and fibrosing diseases. Polyphosphate therefore not only promotes early wound responses through enhancing fibrin clot formation, but also may play roles in the later stages of wound healing, and, potentially, progression of fibrotic diseases, by recruiting fibroblasts and inducing their differentiation into myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Suess
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Stephanie A. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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20
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Wallnöfer EA, Thurner GC, Kremser C, Talasz H, Stollenwerk MM, Helbok A, Klammsteiner N, Albrecht-Schgoer K, Dietrich H, Jaschke W, Debbage P. Albumin-based nanoparticles as contrast medium for MRI: vascular imaging, tissue and cell interactions, and pharmacokinetics of second-generation nanoparticles. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:19-73. [PMID: 33040183 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This multidisciplinary study examined the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles based on albumin-DTPA-gadolinium chelates, testing the hypothesis that these nanoparticles create a stronger vessel signal than conventional gadolinium-based contrast agents and exploring if they are safe for clinical use. Nanoparticles based on human serum albumin, bearing gadolinium and designed for use in magnetic resonance imaging, were used to generate magnet resonance images (MRI) of the vascular system in rats ("blood pool imaging"). At the low nanoparticle doses used for radionuclide imaging, nanoparticle-associated metals were cleared from the blood into the liver during the first 4 h after nanoparticle application. At the higher doses required for MRI, the liver became saturated and kidney and spleen acted as additional sinks for the metals, and accounted for most processing of the nanoparticles. The multiple components of the nanoparticles were cleared independently of one another. Albumin was detected in liver, spleen, and kidneys for up to 2 days after intravenous injection. Gadolinium was retained in the liver, kidneys, and spleen in significant concentrations for much longer. Gadolinium was present as significant fractions of initial dose for longer than 2 weeks after application, and gadolinium clearance was only complete after 6 weeks. Our analysis could not account quantitatively for the full dose of gadolinium that was applied, but numerous organs were found to contain gadolinium in the collagen of their connective tissues. Multiple lines of evidence indicated intracellular processing opening the DTPA chelates and leading to gadolinium long-term storage, in particular inside lysosomes. Turnover of the stored gadolinium was found to occur in soluble form in the kidneys, the liver, and the colon for up to 3 weeks after application. Gadolinium overload poses a significant hazard due to the high toxicity of free gadolinium ions. We discuss the relevance of our findings to gadolinium-deposition diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Wallnöfer
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G C Thurner
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Kremser
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Talasz
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M M Stollenwerk
- Faculty of Health and Society, Biomedical Laboratory Science, University Hospital MAS, Malmö University, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Helbok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - N Klammsteiner
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Albrecht-Schgoer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82/IV, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Dietrich
- Central Laboratory Animal Facilities, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4a, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - W Jaschke
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Debbage
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lathosterol Oxidase (Sterol C-5 Desaturase) Deletion Confers Resistance to Amphotericin B and Sensitivity to Acidic Stress in Leishmania major. mSphere 2020; 5:5/4/e00380-20. [PMID: 32611698 PMCID: PMC7333571 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00380-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterols are essential membrane components in eukaryotes, and sterol synthesis inhibitors can have potent effects against pathogenic fungi and trypanosomatids. Understanding the roles of sterols will facilitate the development of new drugs and counter drug resistance. LSO is required for the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the sterol core structure in mammals, fungi, protozoans, plants, and algae. Functions of this C-5–C-6 double bond are not well understood. In this study, we generated and characterized a lathosterol oxidase-null mutant in Leishmania major. Our data suggest that LSO is vital for the structure and membrane-stabilizing functions of leishmanial sterols. In addition, our results imply that while mutations in lathosterol oxidase can confer resistance to amphotericin B, an important antifungal and antiprotozoal agent, the alteration in sterol structure leads to significant defects in stress response that could be exploited for drug development. Lathosterol oxidase (LSO) catalyzes the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the synthesis of various types of sterols in mammals, fungi, plants, and protozoa. In Leishmania parasites, mutations in LSO or other sterol biosynthetic genes are associated with amphotericin B resistance. To investigate the biological roles of sterol C-5–C-6 desaturation, we generated an LSO-null mutant line (lso−) in Leishmania major, the causative agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis. lso− parasites lacked the ergostane-based sterols commonly found in wild-type L. major and instead accumulated equivalent sterol species without the C-5–C-6 double bond. These mutant parasites were replicative in culture and displayed heightened resistance to amphotericin B. However, they survived poorly after reaching the maximal density and were highly vulnerable to the membrane-disrupting detergent Triton X-100. In addition, lso− mutants showed defects in regulating intracellular pH and were hypersensitive to acidic conditions. They also had potential alterations in the carbohydrate composition of lipophosphoglycan, a membrane-bound virulence factor in Leishmania. All these defects in lso− were corrected upon the restoration of LSO expression. Together, these findings suggest that the C-5–C-6 double bond is vital for the structure of the sterol core, and while the loss of LSO can lead to amphotericin B resistance, it also makes Leishmania parasites vulnerable to biologically relevant stress. IMPORTANCE Sterols are essential membrane components in eukaryotes, and sterol synthesis inhibitors can have potent effects against pathogenic fungi and trypanosomatids. Understanding the roles of sterols will facilitate the development of new drugs and counter drug resistance. LSO is required for the formation of the C-5–C-6 double bond in the sterol core structure in mammals, fungi, protozoans, plants, and algae. Functions of this C-5–C-6 double bond are not well understood. In this study, we generated and characterized a lathosterol oxidase-null mutant in Leishmania major. Our data suggest that LSO is vital for the structure and membrane-stabilizing functions of leishmanial sterols. In addition, our results imply that while mutations in lathosterol oxidase can confer resistance to amphotericin B, an important antifungal and antiprotozoal agent, the alteration in sterol structure leads to significant defects in stress response that could be exploited for drug development.
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22
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Silva RCMC, Fox EGP, Gomes FM, Feijó DF, Ramos I, Koeller CM, Costa TFR, Rodrigues NS, Lima AP, Atella GC, Miranda K, Schoijet AC, Alonso GD, de Alcântara Machado E, Heise N. Venom alkaloids against Chagas disease parasite: search for effective therapies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10642. [PMID: 32606423 PMCID: PMC7327076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is an important disease affecting millions of patients in the New World and is caused by a protozoan transmitted by haematophagous kissing bugs. It can be treated with drugs during the early acute phase; however, effective therapy against the chronic form of Chagas disease has yet to be discovered and developed. We herein tested the activity of solenopsin alkaloids extracted from two species of fire ants against the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiologic agent of Chagas disease. Although IC50 determinations showed that solenopsins are more toxic to the parasite than benznidazole, the drug of choice for Chagas disease treatment, the ant alkaloids presented a lower selectivity index. As a result of exposure to the alkaloids, the parasites became swollen and rounded in shape, with hypertrophied contractile vacuoles and intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, possibly resulting in osmotic stress; no accumulation of multiple kinetoplasts and/or nuclei was detected. Overexpressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-an enzyme essential for osmoregulation that is a known target of solenopsins in mammalian cells-did not prevent swelling and vacuolization, nor did it counteract the toxic effects of alkaloids on the parasites. Additional experimental results suggested that solenopsins induced a type of autophagic and programmed cell death in T. cruzi. Solenopsins also reduced the intracellular proliferation of T. cruzi amastigotes in infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and demonstrated activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense bloodstream forms, which is another important aetiological kinetoplastid parasite. The results suggest the potential of solenopsins as novel natural drugs against neglected parasitic diseases caused by kinetoplastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C M Costa Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo G P Fox
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Red Imported Fire Ant Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Daniel F Feijó
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ramos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Koeller
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Tatiana F R Costa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana P Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Alejandra C Schoijet
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres" (INGEBI-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ednildo de Alcântara Machado
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Norton Heise
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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23
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Genomic and biotechnological insights on stress-linked polyphosphate production induced by chromium(III) in Ochrobactrum anthropi DE2010. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Christ JJ, Willbold S, Blank LM. Methods for the Analysis of Polyphosphate in the Life Sciences. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4167-4176. [PMID: 32039586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is the polymer of orthophosphate and can be found in all living organisms. For polyP characterization, one or more of six parameters are of interest: the molecular structure (linear, cyclic, or branched), the concentration, the average chain length, the chain length distribution, the cellular localization, and the cation composition. Here, the merits, limitations, and critical parameters of the state-of-the-art methods for the analysis of the six parameters from the life sciences are discussed. With this contribution, we aim to lower the entry barrier into the analytics of polyP, a molecule with prominent, yet often incompletely understood, contributions to cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johannes Christ
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, Worringer Weg 1, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology-iAMB, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology-ABBt, Worringer Weg 1, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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25
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Lorenzo‐Orts L, Couto D, Hothorn M. Identity and functions of inorganic and inositol polyphosphates in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:637-652. [PMID: 31423587 PMCID: PMC6973038 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyPs) and inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) form important stores of inorganic phosphate and can act as energy metabolites and signaling molecules. Here we review our current understanding of polyP and inositol phosphate (InsP) metabolism and physiology in plants. We outline methods for polyP and InsP detection, discuss the known plant enzymes involved in their synthesis and breakdown, and summarize the potential physiological and signaling functions for these enigmatic molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo‐Orts
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Daniel Couto
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratoryDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of Geneva30 Quai E. AnsermetGeneva1211Switzerland
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26
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Müller WE, Schröder HC, Wang X. Inorganic Polyphosphates As Storage for and Generator of Metabolic Energy in the Extracellular Matrix. Chem Rev 2019; 119:12337-12374. [PMID: 31738523 PMCID: PMC6935868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) consist of linear chains of orthophosphate residues, linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. They are evolutionarily old biopolymers that are present from bacteria to man. No other molecule concentrates as much (bio)chemically usable energy as polyP. However, the function and metabolism of this long-neglected polymer are scarcely known, especially in higher eukaryotes. In recent years, interest in polyP experienced a renaissance, beginning with the discovery of polyP as phosphate source in bone mineralization. Later, two discoveries placed polyP into the focus of regenerative medicine applications. First, polyP shows morphogenetic activity, i.e., induces cell differentiation via gene induction, and, second, acts as an energy storage and donor in the extracellular space. Studies on acidocalcisomes and mitochondria provided first insights into the enzymatic basis of eukaryotic polyP formation. In addition, a concerted action of alkaline phosphatase and adenylate kinase proved crucial for ADP/ATP generation from polyP. PolyP added extracellularly to mammalian cells resulted in a 3-fold increase of ATP. The importance and mechanism of this phosphotransfer reaction for energy-consuming processes in the extracellular matrix are discussed. This review aims to give a critical overview about the formation and function of this unique polymer that is capable of storing (bio)chemically useful energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E.G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator
Grant Research
Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Holmes AOM, Kalli AC, Goldman A. The Function of Membrane Integral Pyrophosphatases From Whole Organism to Single Molecule. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31824962 PMCID: PMC6882861 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane integral pyrophosphatases (mPPases) are responsible for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. This enzymatic mechanism is coupled to the pumping of H+ or Na+ across membranes in a process that can be K+ dependent or independent. Understanding the movements and dynamics throughout the mPPase catalytic cycle is important, as this knowledge is essential for improving or impeding protein function. mPPases have been shown to play a crucial role in plant maturation and abiotic stress tolerance, and so have the potential to be engineered to improve plant survival, with implications for global food security. mPPases are also selectively toxic drug targets, which could be pharmacologically modulated to reduce the virulence of common human pathogens. The last few years have seen the publication of many new insights into the function and structure of mPPases. In particular, there is a new body of evidence that the catalytic cycle is more complex than originally proposed. There are structural and functional data supporting a mechanism involving half-of-the-sites reactivity, inter-subunit communication, and exit channel motions. A more advanced and in-depth understanding of mPPases has begun to be uncovered, leaving the field of research with multiple interesting avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O. M. Holmes
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antreas C. Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Goldman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Research Program in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Tsednee M, Castruita M, Salomé PA, Sharma A, Lewis BE, Schmollinger SR, Strenkert D, Holbrook K, Otegui MS, Khatua K, Das S, Datta A, Chen S, Ramon C, Ralle M, Weber PK, Stemmler TL, Pett-Ridge J, Hoffman BM, Merchant SS. Manganese co-localizes with calcium and phosphorus in Chlamydomonas acidocalcisomes and is mobilized in manganese-deficient conditions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17626-17641. [PMID: 31527081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposing cells to excess metal concentrations well beyond the cellular quota is a powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of metal homeostasis. Such improved understanding may enable bioengineering of organisms with improved nutrition and bioremediation capacity. We report here that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can accumulate manganese (Mn) in proportion to extracellular supply, up to 30-fold greater than its typical quota and with remarkable tolerance. As visualized by X-ray fluorescence microscopy and nanoscale secondary ion MS (nanoSIMS), Mn largely co-localizes with phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), consistent with the Mn-accumulating site being an acidic vacuole, known as the acidocalcisome. Vacuolar Mn stores are accessible reserves that can be mobilized in Mn-deficient conditions to support algal growth. We noted that Mn accumulation depends on cellular polyphosphate (polyP) content, indicated by 1) a consistent failure of C. reinhardtii vtc1 mutant strains, which are deficient in polyphosphate synthesis, to accumulate Mn and 2) a drastic reduction of the Mn storage capacity in P-deficient cells. Rather surprisingly, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, EPR, and electron nuclear double resonance revealed that only little Mn2+ is stably complexed with polyP, indicating that polyP is not the final Mn ligand. We propose that polyPs are a critical component of Mn accumulation in Chlamydomonas by driving Mn relocation from the cytosol to acidocalcisomes. Within these structures, polyP may, in turn, escort vacuolar Mn to a number of storage ligands, including phosphate and phytate, and other, yet unidentified, compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeli Castruita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patrice A Salomé
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Brianne E Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Stefan R Schmollinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Daniela Strenkert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Kristen Holbrook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kaustav Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Si Chen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439
| | - Christina Ramon
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Peter K Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 .,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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29
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Goodenough U, Heiss AA, Roth R, Rusch J, Lee JH. Acidocalcisomes: Ultrastructure, Biogenesis, and Distribution in Microbial Eukaryotes. Protist 2019; 170:287-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Potapenko E, Negrão NW, Huang G, Docampo R. The acidocalcisome inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor of Trypanosoma brucei is stimulated by luminal polyphosphate hydrolysis products. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10628-10637. [PMID: 31138655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are acidic calcium stores rich in polyphosphate (polyP) and are present in trypanosomes and also in a diverse range of other organisms. Ca2+ is released from these organelles through a channel, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (TbIP3R), which is essential for growth and infectivity of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei However, the mechanism by which TbIP3R controls Ca2+ release is unclear. In this work, we expressed TbIP3R in a chicken B lymphocyte cell line in which the genes for all three vertebrate IP3Rs were stably ablated (DT40-3KO). We show that IP3-mediated Ca2+ release depends on Ca2+ but not on ATP concentration and is inhibited by heparin, caffeine, and 2-aminomethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). Excised patch clamp recordings from nuclear membranes of DT40 cells expressing only TbIP3R disclosed that luminal inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) or pyrophosphate (PPi), and neutral or alkaline pH can stimulate IP3-generated currents. In contrast, polyP or acidic pH did not induce these currents, and nuclear membranes obtained from cells expressing rat IP3R were unresponsive to polyP or its hydrolysis products. Our results are consistent with the notion that polyP hydrolysis products within acidocalcisomes or alkalinization of their luminal pH activate TbIP3R and Ca2+ release. We conclude that TbIP3R is well-adapted to its role as the major Ca2+ release channel of acidocalcisomes in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Núria W Negrão
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Guozhong Huang
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and
| | - Roberto Docampo
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and .,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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31
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Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) consists of a linear arrangement of inorganic phosphates and defies its structural simplicity with an astounding number of different activities in the cell. Already well known for its ability to partake in phosphate, calcium, and energy metabolism, polyP recently gained a new functional dimension with the discovery that it serves as a stabilizing scaffold for protein-folding intermediates. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent studies that have identified polyP not only as a potent protein-like chaperone that protects cells against stress-induced protein aggregation, but also as a robust modifier of amyloidogenic processes that shields neuronal cells from amyloid toxicity. We consider some of the most pressing questions in the field, the obstacles faced, and the potential avenues to take to provide a complete picture about the working mechanism and physiological relevance of this intriguing biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Xie
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and
| | - Ursula Jakob
- From the Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and
- Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085
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32
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Baker CJ, Smith SA, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate in thrombosis, hemostasis, and inflammation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:18-25. [PMID: 30656272 PMCID: PMC6332810 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This illustrated review focuses on polyphosphate as a potent modulator of the plasma clotting cascade, with possible roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. Polyphosphates are highly anionic, linear polymers of inorganic phosphates that are widespread throughout biology. Infectious microorganisms accumulate polyphosphates with widely varying polymer lengths (from a few phosphates to over a thousand phosphates long), while activated human platelets secrete polyphosphate with a very narrow size distribution (about 60-100 phosphates long). Work from our lab and others has shown that long-chain polyphosphate is a potent trigger of clotting via the contact pathway, while polyphosphate of the size secreted by platelets accelerates factor V activation, blocks the anticoagulant activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, promotes factor XI activation by thrombin, and makes fibrin fibrils thicker and more resistant to fibrinolysis. Polyphosphate also modulates inflammation by triggering bradykinin release, inhibiting the complement system, and modulating endothelial function. Polyphosphate and nucleic acids have similar physical properties and both will trigger the contact pathway-although polyphosphate is orders of magnitude more procoagulant than either DNA or RNA. Important caveats in these studies include observations that nucleic acids and polyphosphate may co-purify, and that these preparations can be contaminated with highly procoagulant microparticles if silica-based purification methods are employed. Polyphosphate has received attention as a possible therapeutic, with some recent studies exploring the use of polyphosphate in a variety of formulations to control bleeding. Other studies are investigating treatments that block polyphosphate function as novel antithrombotics with the possibility of reduced bleeding side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Baker
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Stephanie A. Smith
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
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33
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Negreiros RS, Lander N, Huang G, Cordeiro CD, Smith SA, Morrissey JH, Docampo R. Inorganic polyphosphate interacts with nucleolar and glycosomal proteins in trypanosomatids. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:973-994. [PMID: 30230089 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a polymer of three to hundreds of phosphate units bound by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds and present from bacteria to humans. Most polyP in trypanosomatids is concentrated in acidocalcisomes, acidic calcium stores that possess a number of pumps, exchangers, and channels, and are important for their survival. In this work, using polyP as bait we identified > 25 putative protein targets in cell lysates of both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Gene ontology analysis of the binding partners found a significant over-representation of nucleolar and glycosomal proteins. Using the polyphosphate-binding domain (PPBD) of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX), we localized long-chain polyP to the nucleoli and glycosomes of trypanosomes. A competitive assay based on the pre-incubation of PPBD with exogenous polyP and subsequent immunofluorescence assay of procyclic forms (PCF) of T. brucei showed polyP concentration-dependent and chain length-dependent decrease in the fluorescence signal. Subcellular fractionation experiments confirmed the presence of polyP in glycosomes of T. brucei PCF. Targeting of yeast PPX to the glycosomes of PCF resulted in polyP hydrolysis, alteration in their glycolytic flux and increase in their susceptibility to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Negreiros
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Noelia Lander
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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34
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Potapenko E, Cordeiro CD, Huang G, Storey M, Wittwer C, Dutta AK, Jessen HJ, Starai VJ, Docampo R. 5-Diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (5-IP 7) regulates phosphate release from acidocalcisomes and yeast vacuoles. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19101-19112. [PMID: 30315104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidocalcisomes of Trypanosoma brucei and the acidocalcisome-like vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are acidic calcium compartments that store polyphosphate (polyP). Both organelles possess a phosphate-sodium symporter (TbPho91 and Pho91p in T. brucei and yeast, respectively), but the roles of these transporters in growth and orthophosphate (Pi) transport are unclear. We found here that Tbpho91 -/- trypanosomes have a lower growth rate under phosphate starvation and contain larger acidocalcisomes that have increased Pi content. Heterologous expression of TbPHO91 in Xenopus oocytes followed by two-electrode voltage clamp recordings disclosed that myo-inositol polyphosphates stimulate both sodium-dependent depolarization of the oocyte membrane potential and Pi conductance. Deletion of the SPX domain in TbPho91 abolished this stimulation. Inositol pyrophosphates such as 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate generated outward currents in Na+/Pi-loaded giant vacuoles prepared from WT or from TbPHO91-expressing pho91Δ strains but not from the pho91Δ yeast strains or from the pho91Δ strains expressing PHO91 or TbPHO91 with mutated SPX domains. Our results indicate that TbPho91 and Pho91p are responsible for vacuolar Pi and Na+ efflux and that myo-inositol polyphosphates stimulate the Na+/Pi symporter activities through their SPX domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Potapenko
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and.,the Departments of Cellular Biology and
| | - Ciro D Cordeiro
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and.,the Departments of Cellular Biology and
| | - Guozhong Huang
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and
| | - Melissa Storey
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and
| | - Christopher Wittwer
- the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amit K Dutta
- the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent J Starai
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Roberto Docampo
- From the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and .,the Departments of Cellular Biology and
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35
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Kohl K, Zangger H, Rossi M, Isorce N, Lye LF, Owens KL, Beverley SM, Mayer A, Fasel N. Importance of polyphosphate in the Leishmania life cycle. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:371-384. [PMID: 30175107 PMCID: PMC6116282 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.08.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites contain negatively charged polymers of a few up to several hundreds of phosphate residues. In other organisms, these poly-phosphate (polyP) chains serve as an energy source and phosphate reservoir, and have been implicated in adaptation to stress and virulence of pathogenic organisms. In this study, we confirmed first that the polyP polymerase vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) is responsible for polyP synthesis in Leishmania parasites. During Leishmaniain vitro culture, polyP is accumulated in logarithmic growth phase and subsequently consumed once stationary phase is reached. However, polyP is not essential since VTC4-deficient (vtc4-) Leishmania proliferated normally in culture and differentiated into infective metacyclic parasites and into intracellular and axenic amastigotes. In in vivo mouse infections, L. majorVTC4 knockout showed a delay in lesion formation but ultimately gave rise to strong pathology, although we were unable to restore virulence by complementation to confirm this phenotype. Knockdown of VTC4 did not alter the course of L. guyanensis infections in mice, suggesting that polyP was not required for infection, or that very low levels of it suffice for lesion development. At higher temperatures, Leishmania promastigotes highly consumed polyP, and both knockdown or deletion of VTC4 diminished parasite survival. Thus, although polyP was not essential in the life cycle of the parasite, our data suggests a role for polyP in increasing parasite survival at higher temperatures, a situation faced by the parasite when transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kid Kohl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine L Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasitic diseases that pose a threat to human life include leishmaniasis - caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania species. Existing drugs have limitations due to deleterious side effects like teratogenicity, high cost and drug resistance. This calls for the need to have an insight into therapeutic aspects of disease. Areas covered: We have identified different drug targets via. molecular, imuunological, metabolic as well as by system biology approaches. We bring these promising drug targets into light so that they can be explored to their maximum. In an effort to bridge the gaps between existing knowledge and prospects of drug discovery, we have compiled interesting studies on drug targets, thereby paving the way for establishment of better therapeutic aspects. Expert opinion: Advancements in technology shed light on many unexplored pathways. Further probing of well established pathways led to the discovery of new drug targets. This review is a comprehensive report on current and emerging drug targets, with emphasis on several metabolic targets, organellar biochemistry, salvage pathways, epigenetics, kinome and more. Identification of new targets can contribute significantly towards strengthening the pipeline for disease elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, UP, India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, UP, India
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37
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Christ JJ, Blank LM. Enzymatic quantification and length determination of polyphosphate down to a chain length of two. Anal Biochem 2018; 548:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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The Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids, and Their Unique Role in the Biology of Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020036. [PMID: 29614775 PMCID: PMC6027508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, as well as Trypanosoma cruzi and more than 20 species of the genus Leishmania, form a group of flagellated protists that threaten human health. These organisms are transmitted by insects that, together with mammals, are their natural hosts. This implies that during their life cycles each of them faces environments with different physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological characteristics. In this work we review how amino acids are obtained from such environments, how they are metabolized, and how they and some of their intermediate metabolites are used as a survival toolbox to cope with the different conditions in which these parasites should establish the infections in the insects and mammalian hosts.
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39
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Phosphate Acquisition and Virulence in Human Fungal Pathogens. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030048. [PMID: 28829379 PMCID: PMC5620639 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic fungi to acquire essential macro and micronutrients during infection is a well-established virulence trait. Recent studies in the major human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans have revealed that acquisition of the essential macronutrient, phosphate, is essential for virulence. The phosphate sensing and acquisition pathway in fungi, known as the PHO pathway, has been extensively characterized in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we highlight recent advances in phosphate sensing and signaling mechanisms, and use the S. cerevisiae PHO pathway as a platform from which to compare the phosphate acquisition and storage strategies employed by several human pathogenic fungi. We also explore the multi-layered roles of phosphate acquisition in promoting fungal stress resistance to pH, cationic, and oxidative stresses, and describe emerging roles for the phosphate storage molecule polyphosphate (polyP). Finally, we summarize the recent studies supporting the necessity of phosphate acquisition in mediating the virulence of human fungal pathogens, highlighting the concept that this requirement is intimately linked to promoting resistance to host-imposed stresses.
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40
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Kostanjšek R, Vittori M, Srot V, van Aken PA, Štrus J. Polyphosphate-accumulating bacterial community colonizing the calcium bodies of terrestrial isopod crustaceans Titanethes albus and Hyloniscus riparius. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3753549. [PMID: 28449118 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods from the group Trichoniscidae accumulate calcium in specialized organs, known as the calcium bodies. These consist of two pairs of epithelial sacs located alongside the digestive system. These organs contain various forms of calcium and constantly present bacteria. To elucidate their origin and role, we analyzed the bacteria of the calcium bodies in the cave-dwelling isopod Titanethes albus and the epigean species Hyloniscus riparius, by microscopy, histochemistry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, 16S rRNA analysis and in situ hybridization. The calcium bodies of both species comprise numerous and diverse bacterial communities consisting of known soil bacteria. Despite their diversity, these bacteria share the polyphosphate-accumulation ability. We present the model of phosphorous dynamics in the calcium bodies during the molting cycle and potentially beneficial utilization of the symbiotic phosphate by the host in cyclic regeneration of the cuticle. Although not fully understood, this unique symbiosis represents the first evidence of polyphosphate-accumulating bacterial symbionts in the tissue of a terrestrial animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Kostanjšek
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miloš Vittori
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Srot
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter A van Aken
- Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jasna Štrus
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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41
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Ramos CL, Gomes FM, Girard-Dias W, Almeida FP, Albuquerque PC, Kretschmer M, Kronstad JW, Frases S, de Souza W, Rodrigues ML, Miranda K. Phosphorus-rich structures and capsular architecture in Cryptococcus neoformans. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:227-238. [PMID: 28262043 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this study, we aimed to analyze the relationship of phosphorus-rich structures with surface architecture in Cryptococcus neoformans. METHODS Phosphorus-rich structures in C. neoformans were analyzed by combining fluorescence microscopy, biochemical extraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe x-ray microanalysis and 3D reconstruction of high pressure frozen and freeze substituted cells by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). RESULTS & CONCLUSION Intracellular and surface phosphorus-enriched structures were identified. These molecules were required for capsule assembly, as demonstrated in experiments using polysaccharide incorporation by capsule-deficient cells and mutants with defects in polyphosphate synthesis. The demonstration of intracellular and cell wall-associated polyphosphates in C. neoformans may lead to future studies involving their participation in both physiologic and pathogenic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ramos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wendell Girard-Dias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Almeida
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Albuquerque
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James W Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare Miranda
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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42
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Gerasimaitė R, Mayer A. Ppn2, a novel Zn2+-dependent polyphosphatase in the acidocalcisome-like yeast vacuole. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1625-1636. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.201061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidocalcisome-like organelles are found in all kingdoms of life. Many of their functions, such as the accumulation and storage of metal ions, nitrogen and phosphate, the activation of blood clotting and inflammation, depend on the controlled synthesis and turnover of polyphosphate (polyP), a polymer of inorganic phosphate linked by phosphoric anhydride bonds. The exploration of the role of acidocalcisomes in metabolism and physiology requires manipulation of polyP turnover, yet the complete set of proteins responsible for this turnover is unknown. Here, we identify a novel type of polyphosphatase operating in the acidocalcisome-like vacuoles of yeast, Ppn2. Ppn2 belongs to the PPP-superfamily of metallo-phosphatases, is activated by Zn2+ ions and exclusively shows endopolyphosphatase activity. It is sorted to vacuoles via the multivesicular body pathway. Together with Ppn1, Ppn2 constitutes a major fraction of polyphosphatase activity that is necessary to mobilize polyP stores, for example in response to phosphate scarcity. This finding opens the way to manipulating polyP metabolism more profoundly and deciphering its roles in phosphate and energy homeostasis, as well as in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rūta Gerasimaitė
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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43
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Bru S, Jiménez J, Canadell D, Ariño J, Clotet J. Improvement of biochemical methods of polyP quantification. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 4:6-15. [PMID: 28357384 PMCID: PMC5354550 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.01.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is an abundant and physiologically important biomolecule
for virtually any living cell. Therefore, determination of changes in cellular
content of polyP is crucial for its functional characterization. Determination
of cellular polyP has been performed by many different methods, and the lack of
a standardized procedure is possibly responsible for the large dispersion of
results found in the relevant literature. For a relatively simple organism, such
as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this variation can be up
to 12-fold. polyP extraction and determination of free phosphate released by
enzymatic degradation of the polymer is a method quite common and relatively
straightforward for polyP determination. By using the yeast S.
cerevisiae as model, we have experimentally evaluated the different
steps in this procedure in order to identify critical issues that might explain
the disparate reported results. As the main output of this evaluation we propose
a straightforward and robust procedure that can be used as gold standard
protocol for cellular polyP purification and determination from unicellular
organisms, thus providing consistency to measurements and facilitating
inter-laboratory comparisons and biological interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Jiménez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Canadell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ariño
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) accumulates in acidocalcisomes, acidic calcium stores that have been found from bacteria to human cells. Proton pumps, such as the vacuolar proton pyrophosphatase (V-H(+)-PPase or VP1), the vacuolar proton ATPase (V-H(+)-ATPase) or both, maintain their acidity. A vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex is involved in the synthesis and translocation of polyP to these organelles in several eukaryotes, such as yeast, trypanosomatids, Apicomplexan and algae. Studies in trypanosomatids have revealed the role of polyP and acidocalcisomes in osmoregulation and calcium signalling.
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45
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Schlagenhauf A, Pohl S, Haidl H, Leschnik B, Gallistl S, Muntean W. Non-enzymatic quantification of polyphosphate levels in platelet lysates and releasates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:1-5. [PMID: 27521983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate has been shown to be shed upon platelet activation inducing prothrombotic stimuli on the coagulation system. Several methods have been published to detect and quantify polyphosphate in various cells and tissues, but evaluation of platelet content has only been achieved by indirect detection of orthophosphate after enzymatic digestion, thus, relying heavily on specificity of an exopolyphosphatase that is not commercially available. We present a non-enzymatic method for quantification of platelet-derived polyphosphate featuring optimized extraction on silica spin-columns, followed by specific fluorescence detection using DAPI. This allowed us to quantify polyphosphate in platelet lysates, but also in releasates of TRAP-activated platelets for the first time. Extraction of exogenous polyphosphate from buffer and sample matrices resulted in quantitative yields while removing matrix effects observed with direct fluorescence detection. Treatment of eluted fractions with phosphatase completely abrogated polyphosphate-specific fluorescence arguing for no additional compounds influencing the fluorescence detection. This was confirmed by no change in fluorescence intensity in samples previously treated with DNase and RNase. Taken together, we developed a robust and easily standardizable method to quantify polyphosphate in platelet lysates and releasates that will facilitate polyphosphate related investigations of platelet physiology and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schlagenhauf
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Sina Pohl
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Haidl
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Bettina Leschnik
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Siegfried Gallistl
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Muntean
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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46
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Ikeh MAC, Kastora SL, Day AM, Herrero-de-Dios CM, Tarrant E, Waldron KJ, Banks AP, Bain JM, Lydall D, Veal EA, MacCallum DM, Erwig LP, Brown AJP, Quinn J. Pho4 mediates phosphate acquisition in Candida albicans and is vital for stress resistance and metal homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2784-801. [PMID: 27385340 PMCID: PMC5007097 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first evidence that the phosphate-responsive transcription factor Pho4 is vital for survival of Candida albicans to diverse and physiologically relevant stresses. Pho4 is important for C. albicans pathogenesis, and thus these findings illustrate how metabolic adaptation promotes C. albicans survival in the host. During interactions with its mammalian host, the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is exposed to a range of stresses such as superoxide radicals and cationic fluxes. Unexpectedly, a nonbiased screen of transcription factor deletion mutants revealed that the phosphate-responsive transcription factor Pho4 is vital for the resistance of C. albicans to these diverse stresses. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that Pho4 does not induce stress-protective genes directly. Instead, we show that loss of Pho4 affects metal cation toxicity, accumulation, and bioavailability. We demonstrate that pho4Δ cells are sensitive to metal and nonmetal cations and that Pho4-mediated polyphosphate synthesis mediates manganese resistance. Significantly, we show that Pho4 is important for mediating copper bioavailability to support the activity of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase Sod1 and that loss of Sod1 activity contributes to the superoxide sensitivity of pho4Δ cells. Consistent with the key role of fungal stress responses in countering host phagocytic defenses, we also report that C. albicans pho4Δ cells are acutely sensitive to macrophage-mediated killing and display attenuated virulence in animal infection models. The novel connections between phosphate metabolism, metal homeostasis, and superoxide stress resistance presented in this study highlight the importance of metabolic adaptation in promoting C. albicans survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A C Ikeh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Stavroula L Kastora
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Day
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Tarrant
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Waldron
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - A Peter Banks
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Judith M Bain
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - David Lydall
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Veal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Donna M MacCallum
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Lars P Erwig
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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47
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Deciphering the relationship among phosphate dynamics, electron-dense body and lipid accumulation in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25731. [PMID: 27180903 PMCID: PMC4867602 DOI: 10.1038/srep25731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential element for life on earth and is also important for modern agriculture, which is dependent on inorganic fertilizers from phosphate rock. Polyphosphate is a biological polymer of phosphate residues, which is accumulated in organisms during the biological wastewater treatment process to enhance biological phosphorus removal. Here, we investigated the relationship between polyphosphate accumulation and electron-dense bodies in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri. Under sulfur-depleted conditions, in which some symporter genes were upregulated, while others were downregulated, total phosphate accumulation increased in the early stage of culture compared to that under sulfur-replete conditions. The P signal was detected only in dense bodies by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed marked ultrastructural variations in dense bodies with and without polyphosphate. Our findings suggest that the dense body is a site of polyphosphate accumulation, and P. kessleri has potential as a phosphate-accumulating organism.
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48
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Docampo R, Huang G. Acidocalcisomes of eukaryotes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:66-72. [PMID: 27125677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acidocalcisomes are organelles rich in polyphosphate and cations and acidified by proton pumps. Although they have also been described in prokaryotes they have been better characterized in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Eukaryotic acidocalcisomes belong to the group of lysosome-related organelles. They have a variety of functions, from the storage of cations and phosphorus to calcium signaling, autophagy, osmoregulation, blood coagulation, and inflammation. Acidocalcisomes of several unicellular eukaryotes possess a variety of transporters, channels and pumps implying a large energetic requirement for their maintenance and suggesting other important functions waiting to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Docampo
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Guozhong Huang
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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49
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Hasanuzzaman AFM, Robledo D, Gómez-Tato A, Alvarez-Dios JA, Harrison PW, Cao A, Fernández-Boo S, Villalba A, Pardo BG, Martínez P. De novo transcriptome assembly of Perkinsus olseni trophozoite stimulated in vitro with Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) plasma. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 135:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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R. Shah N, Vidilaseris K, Xhaard H, Goldman A. Integral membrane pyrophosphatases: a novel drug target for human pathogens? AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.1.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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