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Zawrotniak M, Juszczak M, Rapała-Kozik M. Release of neutrophil extracellular traps in response to Candida albicans yeast, as a secondary defense mechanism activated by phagocytosis. Yeast 2023; 40:349-359. [PMID: 36737224 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the main pathogens responsible for the development of difficult-to-fight fungal infections called candidiasis. Neutrophils are the major effector cells involved in the eradication of fungal pathogens. This group of immune cells uses several mechanisms that enable the rapid neutralization of pathogens. The most frequently identified mechanisms are phagocytosis and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The mechanism for selecting the type of neutrophil immune response is still unknown. In our study, we analyzed the relationship between the activation of phagocytosis and netosis. We detected the presence of two neutrophil populations characterized by different response patterns to contact with C. albicans blastospores. The first neutrophil population showed an increased ability to rapidly release NETs without prior internalization of the pathogen. In the second population, the netosis process was inherently associated with phagocytosis. Differences between populations also referred to the production of reactive oxygen species. Our results suggest that neutrophils use different strategies to fight C. albicans and, contrary to previous reports, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapała-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Drayton M, Kizhakkedathu JN, Straus SK. Towards Robust Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides to Combat Bacterial Resistance. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25133048. [PMID: 32635310 PMCID: PMC7412191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), otherwise known as host defence peptides (HDPs), are naturally occurring biomolecules expressed by a large array of species across the phylogenetic kingdoms. They have great potential to combat microbial infections by directly killing or inhibiting bacterial activity and/or by modulating the immune response of the host. Due to their multimodal properties, broad spectrum activity, and minimal resistance generation, these peptides have emerged as a promising response to the rapidly concerning problem of multidrug resistance (MDR). However, their therapeutic efficacy is limited by a number of factors, including rapid degradation, systemic toxicity, and low bioavailability. As such, many strategies have been developed to mitigate these limitations, such as peptide modification and delivery vehicle conjugation/encapsulation. Oftentimes, however, particularly in the case of the latter, this can hinder the activity of the parent AMP. Here, we review current delivery strategies used for AMP formulation, focusing on methodologies utilized for targeted infection site release of AMPs. This specificity unites the improved biocompatibility of the delivery vehicle with the unhindered activity of the free AMP, providing a promising means to effectively translate AMP therapy into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Drayton
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Suzana K. Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-604-822-2537
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Wu L, Saxena S, Singh RK. Neutrophils in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:1-20. [PMID: 32036601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to inflammation, infection, and injury. As one of the most abundant leukocytes in the immune system, neutrophils play an essential role in cancer progression, through multiple mechanisms, including promoting angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and cancer metastasis. Recent studies demonstrating elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios suggest neutrophil as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for disease status in cancer. This chapter will discuss the phenotypic and functional changes in the neutrophil in the tumor microenvironment, the underlying mechanism(s) of neutrophil facilitated cancer metastasis, and clinical potential of neutrophils as a prognostic/diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sugandha Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Miralda I, Klaes CK, Graham JE, Uriarte SM. Human Neutrophil Granule Exocytosis in Response to Mycobacterium smegmatis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020123. [PMID: 32075233 PMCID: PMC7169382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis rarely causes disease in the immunocompetent, but reported cases of soft tissue infection describe abscess formation requiring surgical debridement for resolution. Neutrophils are the first innate immune cells to accumulate at sites of bacterial infection, where reactive oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes are used to kill microbial invaders. As these phagocytic cells play central roles in protection from most bacteria, we assessed human neutrophil phagocytosis and granule exocytosis in response to serum opsonized or non-opsonized M. smegmatis mc2. Although phagocytosis was enhanced by serum opsonization, M. smegmatis did not induce exocytosis of secretory vesicles or azurophilic granules at any time point tested, with or without serum opsonization. At early time points, opsonized M. smegmatis induced significant gelatinase granule exocytosis compared to non-opsonized bacteria. Differences in granule release between opsonized and non-opsonized M. smegmatis decreased in magnitude over the time course examined, with bacteria also evoking specific granule exocytosis by six hours after addition to cultured primary single-donor human neutrophils. Supernatants from neutrophils challenged with opsonized M. smegmatis were able to digest gelatin, suggesting that complement and gelatinase granule exocytosis can contribute to neutrophil-mediated tissue damage seen in these rare soft tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Christopher K. Klaes
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - James E. Graham
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.E.G.); (S.M.U.); Tel.: +1-502-852-2781 (J.E.G.); +1-502-852-1396 (S.M.U.)
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 570 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.E.G.); (S.M.U.); Tel.: +1-502-852-2781 (J.E.G.); +1-502-852-1396 (S.M.U.)
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Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Cancer: Going Pro. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040564. [PMID: 31010242 PMCID: PMC6520693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer is not only about the tumor cell itself, but also about other involved players including cancer cell recruited immune cells, their released pro-inflammatory factors, and the extracellular matrix. These players constitute the tumor microenvironment and play vital roles in the cancer progression. Neutrophils—the most abundant white blood cells in the circulation system—constitute a significant part of the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophils play major roles linking inflammation and cancer and are actively involved in progression and metastasis. Additionally, recent data suggest that neutrophils could be considered one of the emerging targets for multiple cancer types. This review summarizes the most recent updates regarding neutrophil recruitments and functions in the tumor microenvironment as well as potential development of neutrophils-targeted putative therapeutic strategies.
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Nakayama H, Nagafuku M, Suzuki A, Iwabuchi K, Inokuchi JI. The regulatory roles of glycosphingolipid-enriched lipid rafts in immune systems. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3921-3942. [PMID: 30320884 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts formed by glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on cellular membranes play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Lactosylceramide (LacCer) forms lipid rafts on plasma and granular membranes of human neutrophils. These LacCer-enriched lipid rafts bind directly to pathogenic components, such as pathogenic fungi-derived β-glucan and Mycobacteria-derived lipoarabinomannan via carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, and mediate innate immune responses to these pathogens. In contrast, a-series and o-series gangliosides form distinct rafts on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, respectively, contributing to the respective functions of these cells and stimulating adaptive immune responses through T cell receptors. These findings suggest that gangliosides play indispensable roles in T cell selection and activation. This Review introduces the involvement of GSL-enriched lipid rafts in innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan.,Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nagafuku
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan.,Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan.,Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Jin-Ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
More than 100 years have passed since Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes. As molecular biological techniques have been developed and improved, we have gained deeper knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of immunological responses to invasion. The innate immune system is the inborn defense mechanism and the first line of defense against all kinds of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. Innate immunity was originally considered to comprise non-specific reactions. However, we now know that innate immune systems develop molecular mechanisms specific to pathogenic microorganisms. In the 1970s, a neutral glycosphingolipid lactosylceramide (LacCer) was found to bind specifically to several kinds of microorganisms. LacCer is highly expressed in phagocytes and epithelial cells. LacCer forms lipid rafts on human neutrophils and is involved in neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, and superoxide generation. In contrast, mouse neutrophils express relatively little LacCer on their cell surfaces. Thus, it is difficult to observe LacCer-mediated innate immunological reactions in mice. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a typical pathogen for humans but not mice in general. Interestingly, M. tuberculosis can escape killing by neutrophils through regulation of the LacCer-enriched lipid raft-mediated immunological reactions of these cells. These observations indicate that LacCer-enriched lipid rafts play an essential role in human innate immunity. This review describes LacCer-mediated innate immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Infection-control Nursing, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Health-Care and Nursing.,Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine
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Iwabuchi K. Gangliosides in the Immune System: Role of Glycosphingolipids and Glycosphingolipid-Enriched Lipid Rafts in Immunological Functions. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1804:83-95. [PMID: 29926405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8552-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although individuals are constantly exposed to infectious agents, these agents are generally resisted by the innate and acquired immune systems. Both the innate and acquired immune systems protect against invading organisms, but they differ functionally in several ways. The innate immune system is the body's inborn defense mechanism and the first line of defense against invading organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), which are expressed on the outer leaflet of plasma membranes (Murate et al., J Cell Sci 128(8):1627-1638, 2015), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity (Inokuchi et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1851(1):98-106, 2015; Nakayama et al., Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 61(3):217-228, 2013; Rueda, Br J Nutr 98(Suppl 1):S68-73, 2007; Popa and Portoukalian, Pathol Biol (Paris) 51(5):253-255, 2003).Recent studies have indicated that innate immunity is not a "nonspecific" immune system. Large numbers of viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins have been reported to bind to host surface carbohydrates, a number of which are components of GSLs (Schengrund, Biochem Pharmacol 65(5):699-707, 2003). Binding studies have also demonstrated that some glycolipids function as receptors for microorganisms and bacterial toxins (Yates and Rampersaud, Ann N Y Acad Sci 845:57-71, 1998). These findings clearly indicate that GSLs are involved in host-pathogen interactions.GSLs are composed of hydrophobic ceramide and hydrophilic sugar moieties (Hakomori, Annu Rev Biochem 50:733-764, 1980). The ceramide moiety of sphingolipids and the cholesterol sterol-ring system are thought to interact via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic van der Waal's forces (Mukherjee and Maxfield, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20:839-866, 2004). Additional hydrophilic cis interactions among GSL headgroups have been found to promote their lateral associations with surrounding lipid and protein membrane components. These interactions result in the separation in cell membranes of lipid rafts, which are lipid domains rich in GSLs, cholesterol, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and membrane-anchored signaling molecules (Pike, J Lipid Res 47(7):1597-1598, 2006). These GSL-enriched lipid rafts play important roles in immunological functions (Inokuchi et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1851(1):98-106, 2015; Iwabuchi et al., Mediators Inflamm 2015:120748, 2015; Anderson and Roche, Biochim Biophys Acta 1853(4):775-780, 2015; Zuidscherwoude et al., J Leukoc Biol 95(2):251-263, 2014; Dykstra et al., Annu Rev Immunol 21:457-481, 2003). This introductory chapter describes the roles of GSLs and their lipid rafts in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Infection Control Nursing, Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.
- Institute for Environmental and Gender Specific Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.
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Jeschke A, Haas A. Sequential actions of phosphatidylinositol phosphates regulate phagosome-lysosome fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:452-465. [PMID: 29237821 PMCID: PMC6014173 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagosome-with-lysosome fusion comprises subreactions with differential lipid requirements: PI(4)P is required during and after phagosome-to-lysosome tethering, and PI(3)P is required after tethering. Moreover, PI(4)P serves to anchor to (phago)lysosome membranes Arl8 and HOPS, whereas PI(3)P contributes to membrane binding of HOPS only. Phagosomes mature into phagolysosomes by sequential fusion with early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. Phagosome-with-lysosome fusion (PLF) results in the delivery of lysosomal hydrolases into phagosomes and in digestion of the cargo. The machinery that drives PLF has been little investigated. Using a cell-free system, we recently identified the phosphoinositide lipids (PIPs) phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) as regulators of PLF. We now report the identification and the PIP requirements of four distinct subreactions of PLF. Our data show that (i) PI(3)P and PI(4)P are dispensable for the disassembly and activation of (phago)lysosomal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors, that (ii) PI(3)P is required only after the tethering step, and that (iii) PI(4)P is required during and after tethering. Moreover, our data indicate that PI(4)P is needed to anchor Arl8 (Arf-like GTPase 8) and its effector homotypic fusion/vacuole protein sorting complex (HOPS) to (phago)lysosome membranes, whereas PI(3)P is required for membrane association of HOPS only. Our study provides a first link between PIPs and established regulators of membrane fusion in late endocytic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jeschke
- Cell Biology Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Haas
- Cell Biology Institute, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Nakayama H, Kurihara H, Morita YS, Kinoshita T, Mauri L, Prinetti A, Sonnino S, Yokoyama N, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Iwabuchi K. Lipoarabinomannan binding to lactosylceramide in lipid rafts is essential for the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra101. [PMID: 27729551 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria use virulence factors, including mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), to survive in host phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils. We assessed the roles of lactosylceramide (LacCer, CDw17)-enriched lipid rafts in the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by human neutrophils and in the intracellular fate of phagocytosed mycobacteria. We showed that the association of the Src family kinase (SFK) Lyn with C24 fatty acid chain-containing LacCer was essential for the phagocytosis of mycobacteria by neutrophils. Assays with LacCer-containing liposomes, LacCer-coated plastic plates, and LAM-coated beads demonstrated that the phagocytosis of mycobacteria was mediated through the binding of LacCer to LAM. Both ManLAM from pathogenic species and phosphoinositol-capped LAM (PILAM) from nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis bound equivalently to LacCer to stimulate phagocytosis. However, PILAM from an M. smegmatis α1,2-mannosyltransferase deletion mutant (ΔMSMEG_4247), lacking the α1,2-monomannose side branches of the LAM mannan core, did not bind to LacCer or induce phagocytosis. An anti-LacCer antibody immunoprecipitated the SFK Hck from the phagosomes of neutrophils that internalized nonpathogenic mycobacteria but not from those that internalized pathogenic mycobacteria. Furthermore, knockdown of Hck by short inhibitory RNA abolished the fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes containing nonpathogenic mycobacteria. Further analysis showed that ManLAM, but not PILAM, inhibited the association of Hck with LacCer-enriched lipid rafts in phagosomal membranes, effectively blocking phagolysosome formation. Together, these findings suggest that pathogenic mycobacteria use ManLAM not only for binding to LacCer-enriched lipid rafts and entering neutrophils but also for disrupting signaling through Hck-coupled, LacCer-enriched lipid rafts and preventing phagolysosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan. Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-9364, USA. Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, World Premier International Research Center Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Kinoshita
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, World Premier International Research Center Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Technologies, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prinetti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Technologies, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Technologies, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi, Milano 20129, Italy
| | - Noriko Yokoyama
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Takamori
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Faculty of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan. Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan. Infection Control Nursing, Juntendo University Graduate School of Health Care and Nursing, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0023, Japan.
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Lafontaine ER, Zimmerman SM, Shaffer TL, Michel F, Gao X, Hogan RJ. Use of a safe, reproducible, and rapid aerosol delivery method to study infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76804. [PMID: 24098563 PMCID: PMC3788738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a saprophytic bacterium readily isolated from wet soils of countries bordering the equator. Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted clone of B. pseudomallei that does not persist outside of its equine reservoir and causes the zoonosis glanders, which is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Infection by these organisms typically occurs via percutaneous inoculation or inhalation of aerosols, and the most common manifestation is severe pneumonia leading to fatal bacteremia. Glanders and melioidosis are difficult to diagnose and require prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. There are no vaccines available to protect against either Burkholderia species, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents given that B. mallei has previously been utilized in this manner. Hence, experiments were performed to establish a mouse model of aerosol infection to study the organisms and develop countermeasures. Using a hand-held aerosolizer, BALB/c mice were inoculated intratracheally with strains B. pseudomallei 1026b and B. mallei ATCC23344 and growth of the agents in the lungs, as well as dissemination to the spleen, were examined. Mice infected with 102, 103 and 104 organisms were unable to control growth of B. mallei in the lungs and bacteria rapidly disseminated to the spleen. Though similar results were observed in mice inoculated with 103 and 104B. pseudomallei cells, animals infected with 102 organisms controlled bacterial replication in the lungs, dissemination to the spleen, and the extent of bacteremia. Analysis of sera from mice surviving acute infection revealed that animals produced antibodies against antigens known to be targets of the immune response in humans. Taken together, these data show that small volume aerosol inoculation of mice results in acute disease, dose-dependent chronic infection, and immune responses that correlate with those seen in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. Zimmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Teresa L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yeung T, Heit B, Dubuisson JF, Fairn GD, Chiu B, Inman R, Kapus A, Swanson M, Grinstein S. Contribution of phosphatidylserine to membrane surface charge and protein targeting during phagosome maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 185:917-28. [PMID: 19487458 PMCID: PMC2711599 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200903020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During phagocytosis, the phosphoinositide content of the activated membrane decreases sharply, as does the associated surface charge, which attracts polycationic proteins. The cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane is enriched in phosphatidylserine (PS); however, a lack of suitable probes has precluded investigation of the fate of this phospholipid during phagocytosis. We used a recently developed fluorescent biosensor to monitor the distribution and dynamics of PS during phagosome formation and maturation. Unlike the polyphosphoinositides, PS persists on phagosomes after sealing even when other plasmalemmal components have been depleted. High PS levels are maintained through fusion with endosomes and lysosomes and suffice to attract cationic proteins like c-Src to maturing phagosomes. Phagocytic vacuoles containing the pathogens Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia trachomatis, which divert maturation away from the endolysosomal pathway, are devoid of PS, have little surface charge, and fail to recruit c-Src. These findings highlight a function for PS in phagosome maturation and microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Yeung
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
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Guiet R, Poincloux R, Castandet J, Marois L, Labrousse A, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Hematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) isoforms and phagocyte duties – From signaling and actin reorganization to migration and phagocytosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 87:527-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Abstract
Lysosomes are dynamic organelles that receive and degrade macromolecules from the secretory, endocytic, autophagic and phagocytic membrane-trafficking pathways. Live-cell imaging has shown that fusion with lysosomes occurs by both transient and full fusion events, and yeast genetics and mammalian cell-free systems have identified much of the protein machinery that coordinates these fusion events. Many pathogens that hijack the endocytic pathways to enter cells have evolved mechanisms to avoid being degraded by the lysosome. However, the function of lysosomes is not restricted to protein degradation: they also fuse with the plasma membrane during cell injury, as well as having more specialized secretory functions in some cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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15
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Trivedi V, Zhang SC, Stockinger W, Nohturfft A. A cell-free scintillation proximity assay for studies on lysosome-to-phagosome targeting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:pl3. [PMID: 17595222 DOI: 10.1126/stke.3922007pl3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytes, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, play important roles in the innate immune system through their ability to engulf, kill, and digest invading microbes. In cooperation with the humoral adaptive immune system, coating of substrates with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies enhances several aspects of phagocytosis, including the recognition of substrates by cell surface IgG (Fcgamma) receptors, particle internalization, generation of microbicidal oxygen species, and targeting of lysosomes to phagosomes. We describe a cell-free scintillation proximity assay developed to study the mechanisms of lysosome targeting to phagosomes and the regulation of this process by IgG. The approach involves the use of isolated phagosomes containing scintillant latex beads and lysosomes labeled with a tritiated marker. Scintillation results only when lysosomes and phagosomes come into immediate contact and requires supplementation of reactions with adenosine triphosphate and cytosol; addition of cytosol from IgG-conditioned cells enhances this signal. The method is useful for investigating the biochemistry and regulation of the early tethering and docking steps of lysosome and phagosome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Trivedi
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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16
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Abstract
Phagosomes are fascinating subcellular structures. After all, there are only a few compartments that are born before our very eyes and whose development we can follow in a light microscope until their contents disintegrate and are completely absorbed. Yet, some phagosomes are taken advantage of by pathogenic microorganisms, which change their fate. Research into phagosome biogenesis has flourished in recent years - the purpose of this review is to give a glimpse of where this research stands, with emphasis on the cell biology of macrophage phagosomes, on new model organisms for the study of phagosome biogenesis and on intracellular pathogens and their interference with normal phagosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Haas
- Cell Biology Institute, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Cougoule C, Carréno S, Castandet J, Labrousse A, Astarie-Dequeker C, Poincloux R, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Activation of the Lysosome-Associated p61Hck Isoform Triggers the Biogenesis of Podosomes. Traffic 2005; 6:682-94. [PMID: 15998323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic cell kinase (Hck) is a protein tyrosine kinase of the Src family specifically expressed in phagocytes as two isoforms, p59Hck and p61Hck, present at the plasma membrane and lysosomes, respectively. We report that ectopic expression of a constitutively active mutant of p61Hck (p61Hck(ca)) triggered the de novo formation of actin-rich rings at the ventral face of the cells that we characterized as bona fide podosome rosettes, structures involved in cell migration. Their formation required the adaptor domains and the kinase activity of p61Hck, the integrity of microfilament and microtubule networks and concerted action of Cdc42, Rac and Rho. Podosome rosette formation was either abolished when p61Hck(ca) was readdressed from lysosomes to the cytosol or triggered when p59Hck(ca) was relocalized to lysosomes. Lysosomal markers were present at podosome rosettes. By stimulating exocytosis of p61Hck(ca) lysosomes with a calcium ionophore, the formation of podosome rosettes was enhanced. Interestingly, we confirm that, in human macrophages, Hck and lysosomal markers were present at podosomes which were spatially reorganized as clusters, a foregoing step to form rosettes, upon expression of p61Hck(ca). We propose that lysosomes, under the control of p61Hck, are involved in the biogenesis of podosomes, a key phenomenon in the migration of phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5089, Département Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse cedex, France
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18
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Del Conde I, Shrimpton CN, Thiagarajan P, López JA. Tissue-factor-bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation. Blood 2005; 106:1604-11. [PMID: 15741221 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) circulates in plasma, largely on monocyte/macrophage-derived microvesicles that can bind activated platelets through a mechanism involving P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on the microvesicles and P-selectin on the platelets. We found these microvesicles to be selectively enriched in both TF and PSGL-1, and deficient in CD45, suggesting that they arise from distinct membrane microdomains. We investigated the possibility that microvesicles arise from cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and found that both TF and PSGL-1, but not CD45, localize to lipid rafts in blood monocytes and in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Consistent with a raft origin of TF-bearing microvesicles, their shedding was significantly reduced with depletion of membrane cholesterol. We also evaluated the interaction between TF-bearing microvesicles and platelets. Microvesicles bound only activated platelets, and required PSGL-1 to do so. The microvesicles not only bound the activated platelets, they fused with them, transferring both proteins and lipid to the platelet membrane. Fusion was blocked by either annexin V or an antibody to PSGL-1 and had an important functional consequence: increasing the proteolytic activity of the TF-VIIa complex. These findings suggest a mechanism by which all of the membrane-bound reactions of the coagulation system can be localized to the surface of activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Del Conde
- Thrombosis Research Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, N-1317, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Bauer S, Tapper H. Membrane retrieval in neutrophils during phagocytosis: inhibition by M protein-expressingS. pyogenesbacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:1142-50. [PMID: 15339937 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0404260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During phagocytosis and phagosome maturation, complex membrane traffic events must be coordinated. We have observed, using fluorescent fluid-phase and membrane markers, that in the human neutrophil, internalization of nonopsonized, Gram-positive bacteria, but not of latex beads, is accompanied by a rapid and localized formation of pinosomal structures. This pinocytic response is calcium-dependent but insensitive to actin cytoskeleton disruption and wortmannin treatment. Contrary to what we observe, endosomal structures usually are considered to participate in phagosome formation by providing necessary membrane to forming phagosomes. Instead, our results show a coupling between neutrophil secretory and membrane-retrieval processes during phagosome maturation, and we suggest that the observed, localized pinocytic response is linked to the secretion of azurophilic granules toward nascent phagosomes. Accordingly, M and M-like protein-expressing Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, which are able to survive inside neutrophil phagosomes, inhibit both the secretion of azurophilic granules to phagosomes and pinosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bauer
- Section for Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, B14, Lund University, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Barrera D, González-Arenas A, Rosales C, Agramonte-Hevia J. Macrophage--Mycobacterium tuberculosis interactions: role of complement receptor 3. Microb Pathog 2003; 35:125-31. [PMID: 12927520 DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(03)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading infectious disease in the world. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of this disease, invades macrophages and can replicate inside them. Because invasion of macrophages is a critical step for establishing a mycobacterial infection, there is much interest in understanding the mechanisms for M. tuberculosis entry into macrophages. Complement receptor 3 (CR3) is a heterodimeric surface receptor with multiple binding sites, which can mediate complement-opsonized as well as nonopsonic entrance of M. tuberculosis into macrophages. Here, we describe and discuss the role of CR3 in macrophage[bond]M. tuberculosis interactions. The actual information suggests that CR3 mediates a substantial amount of M. tuberculosis binding to macrophages, but CR3 is not related to the mechanisms that allow mycobacteria to survive and replicate intracellularly. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage[bond]M. tuberculosis interaction will help developing more effective methods to prevent and treat tuberculosis in the future.
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21
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Hostetter J, Steadham E, Haynes J, Bailey T, Cheville N. Phagosomal maturation and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in J774 cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:269-83. [PMID: 12676127 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. a. ptb) survives within macrophages are not well characterized. One strategy for intracellular survival developed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inhibition of phagosomal maturation. In this study it was hypothesized that M. a. ptb is capable of survival within macrophages by residing within a phagosomal compartment that does not mature into a functional phagolysosome. To test this hypothesis the following objectives were determined. Phagosomal maturation was evaluated by comparison of stage specific markers on the membranes of phagosomes containing live M. a. ptb with those containing killed M. a. ptb, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and zymosan A using immunofluorescent labeling and confocal microscopy. Intracellular survival of live M. a. ptb within J774 macrophages was compared to that of M. smegmatis by direct determination of bacterial viability by differential live/dead staining. The results of this study show that the phagosomes containing live M. a. ptb had increased levels of an early marker (transferrin receptor [TFR]) and decreased levels of a late maturation marker (lysosome associated membrane protein one [Lamp-1]), relative to those containing killed M. a. ptb, M. smegmatis, and zymosan A. Additionally, compared to M. smegmatis, M. a. ptb has enhanced ability to survive within cultured macrophages. These data indicate that M. a. ptb resists intracellular killing by residing within a phagosomal compartment that retains the characteristics of early phagosomes and resists maturation into functional phagolysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, 50011-1250, Ames, IA, USA.
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22
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Cougoule C, Constant P, Etienne G, Daffé M, Maridonneau-Parini I. Lack of fusion of azurophil granules with phagosomes during phagocytosis of Mycobacterium smegmatis by human neutrophils is not actively controlled by the bacterium. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1591-8. [PMID: 11854248 PMCID: PMC127746 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1591-1598.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of phagolysosomes is a very rapid event in neutrophils which takes place with nascent unclosed phagosomes, leading to the release of lysosomal enzymes such as beta-glucuronidase in the extracellular medium. We have previously shown that, under nonopsonic conditions, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria uncouple phagocytosis from fusion of azurophil granules (specialized secretory lysosomes) with phagosomes. In the present study we questioned whether they actively act on neutrophils to block this process or use phagocytic receptors that negatively control the biogenesis of phagolysosomes. As for live unicellular Mycobacterium smegmatis, we observed that nonopsonic phagocytosis of heat-killed mycobacteria did not induce the release of beta-glucuronidase, indicating that M. smegmatis does not actively act on the fusion process in neutrophils. In contrast, phagocytosis of unicellular M. smegmatis opsonized in immune serum or that of small nonopsonized mycobacterial aggregates restored the biogenesis of phagolysosomes. Aggregates were internalized in a CR3- and cholesterol-dependent manner as unicellular mycobacteria. However, aggregates but not unicellular bacteria triggered F-actin and Hck recruitment at the phagosomes, events that have been associated with lysosome fusion. Thus, we propose that M. smegmatis does not actively control the fusion of azurophil granules at early time points postinfection and that mycobacterial aggregates recruit large clusters of receptors at the neutrophil surface which could trap proteins implicated in the biogenesis of phagolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse, France
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