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Wu M, Jin Q, Xu X, Fan J, Chen W, Miao M, Gu R, Zhang S, Guo Y, Huang S, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Jia Z. TP53RK Drives the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease by Phosphorylating Birc5. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301753. [PMID: 37382161 PMCID: PMC10477881 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common characteristic of various chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) driving the loss of renal function. During this pathological process, persistent injury to renal tubular epithelial cells and activation of fibroblasts chiefly determine the extent of renal fibrosis. In this study, the role of tumor protein 53 regulating kinase (TP53RK) in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms is investigated. TP53RK is upregulated in fibrotic human and animal kidneys with a positive correlation to kidney dysfunction and fibrotic markers. Interestingly, specific deletion of TP53RK either in renal tubule or in fibroblasts in mice can mitigate renal fibrosis in CKD models. Mechanistic investigations reveal that TP53RK phosphorylates baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (Birc5) and facilitates its nuclear translocation; enhanced Birc5 displays a profibrotic effect possibly via activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Moreover, pharmacologically inhibiting TP53RK and Birc5 using fusidic acid (an FDA-approved antibiotic) and YM-155(currently in clinical phase 2 trials) respectively both ameliorate kidney fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that activated TP53RK/Birc5 signaling in renal tubular cells and fibroblasts alters cellular phenotypes and drives CKD progression. A genetic or pharmacological blockade of this axis serves as a potential strategy for treating CKDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Wu
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- School of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Fan
- School of MedicineSoutheast UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Department of Emergency MedicineChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Mengqiu Miao
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of NephrologyNanjing Key Laboratory of PediatricsJiangsu Key Laboratory of PediatricsChildren's Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing Medical UniversityNanjing210008P. R. China
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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Ye GB, Huang JR, Peng M, Gu WY, Xiong P, Zhu HM. Novel TP53RK variants cause varied clinical features of Galloway-Mowat syndrome without nephrotic syndrome in three unrelated Chinese patients. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1116949. [PMID: 36873107 PMCID: PMC9977797 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1116949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Galloway-Mowat syndrome-4 (GAMOS4) is a very rare renal-neurological disease caused by TP53RK gene mutations. GAMOS4 is characterized by early-onset nephrotic syndrome, microcephaly, and brain anomalies. To date, only nine GAMOS4 cases with detailed clinical data (caused by eight deleterious variants in TP53RK) have been reported. This study aimed to examine the clinical and genetic characteristics of three unrelated GAMOS4 patients with TP53RK gene compound heterozygous mutations. Methods Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was used to identify four novel TP53RK variants in three unrelated Chinese children. Clinical characteristics such as biochemical parameters and image findings of patients were also evaluated. Furthermore, four studies of GAMOS4 patients with TP53RK variants were reviewed. In addition, clinical and genetic features were described after a retrospective analysis of clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and genetic test results. Results The three patients showed facial abnormalities, developmental delays, microcephaly, and aberrant cerebral imaging. Furthermore, patient 1 had slight proteinuria, while patient 2 had epilepsy. However, none of the individuals had nephrotic syndrome, and all were alive for more than 3 years of age. This is the first study to assess four variants in the TP53RK gene (NM_033550.4: c.15_16dup/p.A6Efs*29, c.745A > G/p.R249G, c.185G > A/p.R62H, and c.335A > G/p.Y112C). Conclusion The clinical characteristics of the three children with TP53RK mutations are significantly different from the known GAMOS4 traits, including early nephrotic syndrome and mortality mainly occurring in the first year of life. This study provides insights into the pathogenic TP53RK gene mutation spectrum and clinical phenotypes of GAMOS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Bo Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Jin-Rong Huang
- Ganzhou Women and Children Health Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Min Peng
- Chigene Beijing Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Yue Gu
- Chigene Beijing Translational Medical Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Pin Xiong
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Min Zhu
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Cicek M, Unsal V, Emre A, Doganer A. Investigation of the Effects of Apigenin, a Possible Therapeutic Agent, on Cytotoxic and SWH Pathway in Colorectal Cancer (HT29) Cells. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:188-195. [PMID: 36721804 PMCID: PMC9871274 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and fatal malignancies in humans, still leading to serious morbidity and mortality. We here aimed to investigate the effects of flavonoid apigenin, which is considered to have anti-tumoral activity on CRC with high epidemiological prevalence, on cell proliferation and cell survivals, and the positive and negative dose-dependent effects of genetic or mutational alterations in SWH pathway components on HT29 CRC cell lines. Methods: Human colon cancer cell lines HT-29 were commercially available. In each flask, 5 groups were formed, each of which consists of 5,000 cells for different dose groups and the cells were plated. After a 24 and 48 h incubation period, cytotoxicity values were measured by MTT assay and gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis method. Results: Application of 12.5 and 25 nM of apigenin significantly increased cell death in HT29 cell lines. LATS1, STK3 and TP53 gene expression decreased in the same dose groups compared to control and other groups. Conclusion: It has been concluded that TP53 gene is strongly correlated with LATS1 and STK3 genes among the SWH pathway factors in the progression of CRC and could be used as an important marker for early detection of malignant transmission. In addition, it may be effective in CRC cases especially when 25 nM of apigenin applies for therapeutic purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Cicek
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - Velid Unsal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Mardin Artuklu University, 47200, Mardin, Turkey.,Corresponding Author: Velid Unsal, Tel: (0482) 2134002,
| | - Arif Emre
- Department of Surgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Adem Doganer
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, 46100, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
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Abstract
The KEOPS (kinase, putative endopeptidase, and other proteins of small size) complex has critical functions in eukaryotes; however, its role in fungal pathogens remains elusive. Herein, we comprehensively analyzed the pathobiological functions of the fungal KEOPS complex in Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn), which causes fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. We identified four CnKEOPS components: Pcc1, Kae1, Bud32, and Cgi121. Deletion of PCC1, KAE1, or BUD32 caused severe defects in vegetative growth, cell cycle control, sexual development, general stress responses, and virulence factor production, whereas deletion of CGI121 led to similar but less severe defects. This suggests that Pcc1, Kae1, and Bud32 are the core KEOPS components, and Cgi121 may play auxiliary roles. Nevertheless, all KEOPS components were essential for C. neoformans pathogenicity. Although the CnKEOPS complex appeared to have a conserved linear arrangement of Pcc1-Kae1-Bud32-Cgi121, as supported by physical interaction between Pcc1-Kae1 and Kae1-Bud32, CnBud32 was found to have a unique extended loop region that was critical for the KEOPS functions. Interestingly, CnBud32 exhibited both kinase activity-dependent and -independent functions. Supporting its pleiotropic roles, the CnKEOPS complex not only played conserved roles in t6A modification of ANN codon-recognizing tRNAs but also acted as a major transcriptional regulator, thus controlling hundreds of genes involved in various cellular processes, particularly ergosterol biosynthesis. In conclusion, the KEOPS complex plays both evolutionarily conserved and divergent roles in controlling the pathobiological features of C. neoformans and could be an anticryptococcal drug target. IMPORTANCE The cellular function and structural configuration of the KEOPS complex have been elucidated in some eukaryotes and archaea but have never been fully characterized in fungal pathogens. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the pathobiological roles of the KEOPS complex in the globally prevalent fungal meningitis-causing pathogen C. neoformans. The CnKEOPS complex, composed of a linear arrangement of Pcc1-Kae1-Bud32-Cgi121, not only played evolutionarily conserved roles in growth, sexual development, stress responses, and tRNA modification but also had unique roles in controlling virulence factor production and pathogenicity. Notably, a unique extended loop structure in CnBud32 is critical for the KEOPS complex in C. neoformans. Supporting its pleiotropic roles, transcriptome analysis revealed that the CnKEOPS complex governs several hundreds of genes involved in carbon and amino acid metabolism, pheromone response, and ergosterol biosynthesis. Therefore, this study provides novel insights into the fungal KEOPS complex that could be exploited as a potential antifungal drug target.
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Kae1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KEOPS complex possesses ADP/GDP nucleotidase activity. Biochem J 2022; 479:2433-2447. [PMID: 36416748 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The KEOPS complex is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex in all three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya). In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the KEOPS complex (ScKEOPS) consists of five subunits, which are Kae1, Bud32, Cgi121, Pcc1, and Gon7. The KEOPS complex is an ATPase and is required for tRNA N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification, telomere length maintenance, and efficient DNA repair. Here, recombinant ScKEOPS full complex and Kae1-Pcc1-Gon7 and Bud32-Cgi121 subcomplexes were purified and their biochemical activities were examined. KEOPS was observed to have ATPase and GTPase activities, which are predominantly attributed to the Bud32 subunit, as catalytically dead Bud32, but not catalytically dead Kae1, largely eliminated the ATPase/GTPase activity of KEOPS. In addition, KEOPS could hydrolyze ADP to adenosine or GDP to guanosine, and produce PPi, indicating that KEOPS is an ADP/GDP nucleotidase. Further mutagenesis characterization of Bud32 and Kae1 subunits revealed that Kae1, but not Bud32, is responsible for the ADP/GDP nucleotidase activity. In addition, the Kae1V309D mutant exhibited decreased ADP/GDP nucleotidase activity in vitro and shortened telomeres in vivo, but showed only a limited defect in t6A modification, suggesting that the ADP/GDP nucleotidase activity of KEOPS contributes to telomere length regulation.
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Clúa J, Rípodas C, Roda C, Battaglia ME, Zanetti ME, Blanco FA. NIPK, a protein pseudokinase that interacts with the C subunit of the transcription factor NF-Y, is involved in rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992543. [PMID: 36212340 PMCID: PMC9532615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors are key regulators of the symbiotic program that controls rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a putative protein kinase of Phaseolus vulgaris that interacts with the C subunit of the NF-Y complex. Physical interaction between NF-YC1 Interacting Protein Kinase (NIPK) and NF-YC1 occurs in the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. Only one of the three canonical amino acids predicted to be required for catalytic activity is conserved in NIPK and its putative homologs from lycophytes to angiosperms, indicating that NIPK is an evolutionary conserved pseudokinase. Post-transcriptional silencing on NIPK affected infection and nodule organogenesis, suggesting NIPK is a positive regulator of the NF-Y transcriptional complex. In addition, NIPK is required for activation of cell cycle genes and early symbiotic genes in response to rhizobia, including NF-YA1 and NF-YC1. However, strain preference in co-inoculation experiments was not affected by NIPK silencing, suggesting that some functions of the NF-Y complex are independent of NIPK. Our work adds a new component associated with the NF-Y transcriptional regulators in the context of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
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Patent highlights December 2021-January 2022. Pharm Pat Anal 2022; 11:89-96. [PMID: 35861046 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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Molina E, Cataldo VF, Eggers C, Muñoz-Madrid V, Glavic Á. p53 Related Protein Kinase is Required for Arp2/3-Dependent Actin Dynamics of Hemocytes in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:859105. [PMID: 35721516 PMCID: PMC9201722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.859105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells extend membrane protrusions like lamellipodia and filopodia from the leading edge to sense, to move and to form new contacts. The Arp2/3 complex sustains lamellipodia formation, and in conjunction with the actomyosin contractile system, provides mechanical strength to the cell. Drosophila p53-related protein kinase (Prpk), a Tsc5p ortholog, has been described as essential for cell growth and proliferation. In addition, Prpk interacts with proteins associated to actin filament dynamics such as α-spectrin and the Arp2/3 complex subunit Arpc4. Here, we investigated the role of Prpk in cell shape changes, specifically regarding actin filament dynamics and membrane protrusion formation. We found that reductions in Prpk alter cell shape and the structure of lamellipodia, mimicking the phenotypes evoked by Arp2/3 complex deficiencies. Prpk co-localize and co-immunoprecipitates with the Arp2/3 complex subunit Arpc1 and with the small GTPase Rab35. Importantly, expression of Rab35, known by its ability to recruit upstream regulators of the Arp2/3 complex, could rescue the Prpk knockdown phenotypes. Finally, we evaluated the requirement of Prpk in different developmental contexts, where it was shown to be essential for correct Arp2/3 complex distribution and actin dynamics required for hemocytes migration, recruitment, and phagocytosis during immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Molina
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vicente F. Cataldo
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Eggers
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Muñoz-Madrid
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Glavic
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Álvaro Glavic,
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Beenstock J, Sicheri F. The structural and functional workings of KEOPS. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:10818-10834. [PMID: 34614169 PMCID: PMC8565320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEOPS (Kinase, Endopeptidase and Other Proteins of Small size) is a five-subunit protein complex that is highly conserved in eukaryotes and archaea and is essential for the fitness of cells and for animal development. In humans, mutations in KEOPS genes underlie Galloway-Mowat syndrome, which manifests in severe microcephaly and renal dysfunction that lead to childhood death. The Kae1 subunit of KEOPS catalyzes the universal and essential tRNA modification N6-threonylcarbamoyl adenosine (t6A), while the auxiliary subunits Cgi121, the kinase/ATPase Bud32, Pcc1 and Gon7 play a supporting role. Kae1 orthologs are also present in bacteria and mitochondria but function in distinct complexes with proteins that are not related in structure or function to the auxiliary subunits of KEOPS. Over the past 15 years since its discovery, extensive study in the KEOPS field has provided many answers towards understanding the roles that KEOPS plays in cells and in human disease and how KEOPS carries out these functions. In this review, we provide an overview into recent advances in the study of KEOPS and illuminate exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Beenstock
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Treimer E, Niedermayer K, Schumann S, Zenker M, Schmeisser MJ, Kühl SJ. Galloway-Mowat syndrome: New insights from bioinformatics and expression during Xenopus embryogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2021; 42:119215. [PMID: 34619372 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2021.119215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare developmental disease. Patients suffer from congenital brain anomalies combined with renal abnormalities often resulting in an early-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. The etiology of GAMOS has a heterogeneous genetic contribution. Mutations in more than 10 different genes have been reported in GAMOS patients. Among these are mutations in four genes encoding members of the human KEOPS (kinase, endopeptidase and other proteins of small size) complex, including OSGEP, TP53RK, TPRKB and LAGE3. Until now, these components have been functionally mainly investigated in bacteria, eukarya and archaea and in humans in the context of the discovery of its role in GAMOS, but the KEOPS complex members' expression and function during embryogenesis in vertebrates is still unknown. In this study, in silico analysis showed that both gene localization and the protein sequences of the three core KEOPS complex members Osgep, Tp53rk and Tprkb are highly conserved across different species including Xenopus laevis. In addition, we examined the spatio-temporal expression pattern of osgep, tp53rk and tprkb using RT-PCR and whole mount in situ hybridization approaches during early Xenopus development. We observed that all three genes were expressed during early embryogenesis and enriched in tissues and organs affected in GAMOS. More precisely, KEOPS complex genes are expressed in the pronephros, but also in neural tissue such as the developing brain, eye and cranial cartilage. These findings suggest that the KEOPS complex plays an important role during vertebrate embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestine Treimer
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kathrin Niedermayer
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael J Schmeisser
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Huang LC, Taujale R, Gravel N, Venkat A, Yeung W, Byrne DP, Eyers PA, Kannan N. KinOrtho: a method for mapping human kinase orthologs across the tree of life and illuminating understudied kinases. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:446. [PMID: 34537014 PMCID: PMC8449880 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein kinases are among the largest druggable family of signaling proteins, involved in various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite their clinical relevance, nearly 30% of the 545 human protein kinases remain highly understudied. Comparative genomics is a powerful approach for predicting and investigating the functions of understudied kinases. However, an incomplete knowledge of kinase orthologs across fully sequenced kinomes severely limits the application of comparative genomics approaches for illuminating understudied kinases. Here, we introduce KinOrtho, a query- and graph-based orthology inference method that combines full-length and domain-based approaches to map one-to-one kinase orthologs across 17 thousand species. RESULTS Using multiple metrics, we show that KinOrtho performed better than existing methods in identifying kinase orthologs across evolutionarily divergent species and eliminated potential false positives by flagging sequences without a proper kinase domain for further evaluation. We demonstrate the advantage of using domain-based approaches for identifying domain fusion events, highlighting a case between an understudied serine/threonine kinase TAOK1 and a metabolic kinase PIK3C2A with high co-expression in human cells. We also identify evolutionary fission events involving the understudied OBSCN kinase domains, further highlighting the value of domain-based orthology inference approaches. Using KinOrtho-defined orthologs, Gene Ontology annotations, and machine learning, we propose putative biological functions of several understudied kinases, including the role of TP53RK in cell cycle checkpoint(s), the involvement of TSSK3 and TSSK6 in acrosomal vesicle localization, and potential functions for the ULK4 pseudokinase in neuronal development. CONCLUSIONS In sum, KinOrtho presents a novel query-based tool to identify one-to-one orthologous relationships across thousands of proteomes that can be applied to any protein family of interest. We exploit KinOrtho here to identify kinase orthologs and show that its well-curated kinome ortholog set can serve as a valuable resource for illuminating understudied kinases, and the KinOrtho framework can be extended to any protein-family of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Chin Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Rahil Taujale
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Nathan Gravel
- PREP@UGA, University of Georgia, 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Aarya Venkat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Dominic P. Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patrick A. Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, UK
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Green St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
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13
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Zhang B, Yao K, Zhou E, Zhang L, Cheng C. Chr20q Amplification Defines a Distinct Molecular Subtype of Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1977-1987. [PMID: 33619118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. About 15% of colorectal cancers are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) due to loss of function in the DNA mismatch repair pathway. This subgroup of patients has better survival rates and is more sensitive to immunotherapy. However, it remains unclear whether microsatellite stable (MSS) patients with colorectal cancer can be further stratified into subgroups with differential clinical characteristics. In this study, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas data and found that Chr20q amplification is the most frequent copy number alteration that occurs specifically in colon (46%) and rectum (61%) cancer and is mutually exclusive with MSI. Importantly, MSS patients with Chr20q amplification (MSS-A) were associated with better recurrence-free survival compared with MSS patients without Chr20q amplification (MSS-N; P = 0.03). MSS-A tumors were associated with high level of chromosome instability and low immune infiltrations. In addition, MSS-A and MSS-N tumors were associated with somatic mutations in different driver genes, with high frequencies of mutated TP53 in MSS-A and mutated KRAS and BRAF in MSS-N. Our results suggest that MSS-A and MSS-N represent two subtypes of MSS colorectal cancer, and such stratification may be used to improve therapeutic treatment in an individualized manner. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that chromosome 20q amplification occurs predominately in microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer and defines a distinct subtype with good prognosis, high chromosomal instability, distinct mutation profiles, and low immune infiltrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Emily Zhou
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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14
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Abstract
Mutations of the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) and TP53RK-binding protein (TPRKB) cause Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) and are found in various human cancers. We have previously shown that small compounds targeting PRPK showed anti-cancer activity against colon and skin cancer. Here we present the 2.53 Å crystal structure of the human PRPK-TPRKB-AMPPNP (adenylyl-imidodiphosphate) complex. The structure reveals details in PRPK-AMPPNP coordination and PRPK-TPRKB interaction. PRPK appears in an active conformation, albeit lacking the conventional kinase activation loop. We constructed a structural model of the human EKC/KEOPS complex, composed of PRPK, TPRKB, OSGEP, LAGE3, and GON7. Disease mutations in PRPK and TPRKB are mapped into the structure, and we show that one mutation, PRPK K238Nfs*2, lost the binding to OSGEP. Our structure also makes the virtual screening possible and paves the way for more rational drug design. Jian Li and Xinli Ma et al. present a 2.53 Å crystal structure of a complex consisting of the human p53-related protein kinase (PRPK), TP53RK-binding protein, and adenylyl-imidodiphosphate. They find that one disease mutation, PRPK K238Nfs*2, is important for PRPK’s binding to O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, providing insights into rational drug design.
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15
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Wu Y, Zhou L, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang R, Zheng L, Kang T. Systematic screening for potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma through a kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library. Cancer Biol Med 2020; 17:782-794. [PMID: 32944406 PMCID: PMC7476084 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. However, the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has remained unchanged during the past 30 years, owing to a lack of efficient therapeutic targets. Methods: We constructed a kinome-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 library containing 507 kinases and 100 nontargeting controls and screened the potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. The CRISPR screening sequencing data were analyzed with the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) Python package. The functional data were applied in the 143B cell line through lenti-CRISPR-mediated gene knockout. The clinical significance of kinases in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed in the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Results: We identified 53 potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. Among these targets, we analyzed 3 kinases, TRRAP, PKMYT1, and TP53RK, to validate their oncogenic functions in osteosarcoma. PKMYT1 and TP53RK showed higher expression in osteosarcoma than in normal bone tissue, whereas TRRAP showed no significant difference. High expression of all 3 kinases was associated with relatively poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Conclusions: Our results not only offer potential therapeutic kinase targets in osteosarcoma but also provide a paradigm for functional genetic screening by using a CRISPR-Cas9 library, including target design, library construction, screening workflow, data analysis, and functional validation. This method may also be useful in potentially accelerating drug discovery for other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Liwen Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ruhua Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lisi Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
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16
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Goswami MT, VanDenBerg KR, Han S, Wang LL, Singh B, Weiss T, Barlow M, Kamberov S, Wilder-Romans K, Rhodes DR, Feng FY, Tomlins SA. Identification of TP53RK-Binding Protein (TPRKB) Dependency in TP53-Deficient Cancers. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1652-1664. [PMID: 31110156 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor protein 53 (TP53; p53) is the most frequently altered gene in human cancer. Identification of vulnerabilities imposed by TP53 alterations may enable effective therapeutic approaches. Through analyzing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screening data, we identified TP53RK-Binding Protein (TPRKB), a poorly characterized member of the tRNA-modifying EKC/KEOPS complex, as the most significant vulnerability in TP53-mutated cancer cell lines. In vitro and in vivo, across multiple benign-immortalized and cancer cell lines, we confirmed that TPRKB knockdown in TP53-deficient cells significantly inhibited proliferation, with minimal effect in TP53 wild-type cells. TP53 reintroduction into TP53-null cells resulted in loss of TPRKB sensitivity, confirming the importance of TP53 status in this context. In addition, cell lines with mutant TP53 or amplified MDM2 (E3-ubiquitin ligase for TP53) also showed high sensitivity to TPRKB knockdown, consistent with TPRKB dependence in a wide array of TP53-altered cancers. Depletion of other EKC/KEOPS complex members exhibited TP53-independent effects, supporting complex-independent functions of TPRKB. Finally, we found that TP53 indirectly mediates TPRKB degradation, which was rescued by coexpression of PRPK, an interacting member of the EKC/KEOPS complex, or proteasome inhibition. Together, these results identify a unique and specific requirement of TPRKB in a variety of TP53-deficient cancers. IMPLICATIONS: Cancer cells with genomic alterations in TP53 are dependent on TPRKB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloy T Goswami
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelly R VanDenBerg
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lei Lucy Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bhavneet Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Travis Weiss
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Myles Barlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven Kamberov
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kari Wilder-Romans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Targeting PRPK and TOPK for skin cancer prevention and therapy. Oncogene 2018; 37:5633-5647. [PMID: 29904102 PMCID: PMC6195829 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (sUV) irradiation is a major environmental carcinogen that can cause inflammation and skin cancer. The costs and morbidity associated with skin cancer are increasing, and therefore identifying molecules that can help prevent skin carcinogenesis is important. In this study, we identified the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) as a novel oncogenic protein that is phosphorylated by the T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK). Knockdown of TOPK inhibited PRPK phosphorylation and conferred resistance to solar-simulated light (SSL)-induced skin carcinogenesis in mouse models. In the clinic, acute SSL irradiation significantly increased epidermal thickness as well as total protein and phosphorylation levels of TOPK and PRPK in human skin tissues. We identified two PRPK inhibitors, FDA-approved rocuronium bromide (Zemuron®) or betamethasone 17-valerate (Betaderm®) that could attenuate TOPK-dependent PRPK signaling. Importantly, topical application of either rocuronium bromide or betamethasone decreased SSL-induced epidermal hyperplasia, neovascularization, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) development in SKH1 (Crl: SKH1-Hrhr) hairless mice by inhibiting PRPK activation, and also reduced expression of the proliferation and oncogenesis markers, COX-2, cyclin D1, and MMP-9. This study is the first to demonstrate that targeting PRPK could be useful against sUV-induced cSCC development.
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18
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Zykova T, Zhu F, Wang L, Li H, Lim DY, Yao K, Roh E, Yoon SP, Kim HG, Bae KB, Wen W, Shin SH, Nadas J, Li Y, Ma W, Bode AM, Dong Z. Targeting PRPK Function Blocks Colon Cancer Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1101-1113. [PMID: 29483219 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that PRPK is phosphorylated by the T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) and that phosphorylated PRPK (p-PRPK) promotes colon cancer metastasis. Here, we analyzed colon adenocarcinomas from 87 patients and found that higher expression levels of p-PRPK were associated with later stages of metastatic dissemination (stage III and IV) as compared with earlier stages (stages I and II). Indeed, levels of p-PRPK were higher in metastatic versus malignant human colon adenocarcinomas. Knocking down PRPK expression attenuated colorectal liver and lung metastasis of colon cancer cells in vivo An in vitro kinase assay indicated that active PRPK does not phosphorylate p53 directly. We found that PRPK phosphorylates survivin, a regulator of colon cancer metastasis. PRPK phosphorylates survivin at Thr34, which is important for survivin stability. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the PRPK signaling pathway promotes colon cancer metastasis by modulating survivin stability, and that PRPK could be a new prognostic marker for the survival of colon cancer patients. In addition, we identified an FDA-approved bacteriostatic antibiotic, fusidic acid sodium salt (fusidic acid or FA) as an inhibitor of PRPK, and show that FA combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibited PRPK activity and colon cancer metastasis to the lung in mice. We contend that the combination of FA with 5-FU could be an alternative therapeutic strategy to traditional chemotherapy for colon cancer patients with poor prognosis. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1101-13. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Zykova
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Feng Zhu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Lei Wang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Haitao Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Do Young Lim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Eunmiri Roh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Sang-Pil Yoon
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyum Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Weihong Wen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Janos Nadas
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Yan Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Weiya Ma
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
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19
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Function and Biosynthesis of the Universal tRNA Modification N6-Threonylcarbamoyl-Adenosine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-65795-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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20
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Rab35 Functions in Axon Elongation Are Regulated by P53-Related Protein Kinase in a Mechanism That Involves Rab35 Protein Degradation and the Microtubule-Associated Protein 1B. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7298-313. [PMID: 27383602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4064-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rab35 is a key protein for cargo loading in the recycling endosome. In neuronal immortalized cells, Rab35 promotes neurite differentiation. Here we describe that Rab35 favors axon elongation in rat primary neurons in an activity-dependent manner. In addition, we show that the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) negatively regulates axonal elongation by reducing Rab35 protein levels through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. PRPK-induced Rab35 degradation is regulated by its interaction with microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), a microtubule stabilizing binding protein essential for axon elongation. Consistently, axon defects found in MAP1B knock-out neurons were reversed by Rab35 overexpression or PRPK inactivation suggesting an epistatic relationship among these proteins. These results define a novel mechanism to support axonal elongation, by which MAP1B prevents PRPK-induced Rab35 degradation. Such a mechanism allows Rab35-mediated axonal elongation and connects the regulation of actin dynamics with membrane trafficking. In addition, our study reveals for the first time that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway regulates a Rab GTPase. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rab35 is required for axonal outgrowth. We define that its protein levels are negatively regulated by p53-related protein kinase (PRPK). We show that microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) interacts with PRPK, preventing PRPK-dependent Rab35 proteasome degradation. We demonstrate that Rab35 regulates Cdc42 activity in neurons. This is the first evidence showing that a Rab protein is regulated by degradation dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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21
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The T-LAK Cell-originated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway Promotes Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:73-82. [PMID: 28412249 PMCID: PMC5405196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of all cancer deaths arise from the metastatic dissemination of primary tumors. Metastasis is the most lethal attribute of colorectal cancer. New data regarding the molecules contributing to the metastatic phenotype, the pathways they control and the genes they regulate are very important for understanding the processes of metastasis prognosis and prevention in the clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) in the promotion of colorectal cancer metastasis. TOPK is highly expressed in human metastatic colorectal cancer tissue compared with malignant adenocarcinoma. We identified p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) as a new substrate of TOPK. TOPK binds with and phosphorylates PRPK at Ser250 in vitro and ex vivo. This site plays a critical role in the function of PRPK. Cell lines stably expressing mutant PRPK (S250A), knockdown TOPK, knockdown PRPK or knockdown of both TOPK and PRPK significantly inhibited liver metastasis of human HCT116 colon cancer cells in a xenograft mouse model. Therefore, we conclude that TOPK directly promotes metastasis of colorectal cancer by modulating PRPK. Thus, these findings may assist in the prediction of prognosis or development of new therapeutic strategies against colon cancer.
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22
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p53-related protein kinase confers poor prognosis and represents a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 129:1308-1319. [PMID: 28082445 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-738500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
p53-related protein kinase (TP53RK, also known as PRPK) is an upstream kinase that phosphorylates (serine residue Ser15) and mediates p53 activity. Here we show that TP53RK confers poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM) patients, and, conversely, that TP53RK knockdown inhibits p53 phosphorylation and triggers MM cell apoptosis, associated with downregulation of c-Myc and E2F-1-mediated upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bim. We further demonstrate that TP53RK downregulation also triggers growth inhibition in p53-deficient and p53-mutant MM cell lines and identify novel downstream targets of TP53RK including ribonucleotide reductase-1, telomerase reverse transcriptase, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2C. Our previous studies showed that immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) downregulate p21 and trigger apoptosis in wild-type-p53 MM.1S cells, Importantly, we demonstrate by pull-down, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning fluorimetry, and isothermal titration calorimetry that IMiDs bind and inhibit TP53RK, with biologic sequelae similar to TP53RK knockdown. Our studies therefore demonstrate that either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TP53RK triggers MM cell apoptosis via both p53-Myc axis-dependent and axis-independent pathways, validating TP53RK as a novel therapeutic target in patients with poor-prognosis MM.
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23
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Elizalde PV, Cordo Russo RI, Chervo MF, Schillaci R. ErbB-2 nuclear function in breast cancer growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T243-T257. [PMID: 27765799 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15-20% of breast cancers (BC) show either membrane overexpression of ErbB-2 (MErbB-2), a member of the ErbBs family of receptor tyrosine kinases, or ERBB2 gene amplification. Until the development of MErbB-2-targeted therapies, this BC subtype, called ErbB-2-positive, was associated with increased metastatic potential and poor prognosis. Although these therapies have significantly improved overall survival and cure rates, resistance to available drugs is still a major clinical issue. In its classical mechanism, MErbB-2 activates downstream signaling cascades, which transduce its effects in BC. The fact that ErbB-2 is also present in the nucleus of BC cells was discovered over twenty years ago. Also, compelling evidence revealed a non-canonical function of nuclear ErbB-2 as a transcriptional regulator. As a deeper understanding of nuclear ErbB-2 actions would be crucial to the disclosure of its role as a biomarker and a target of therapy in BC, we will here review its function in BC, in particular, its role in growth, metastatic spreading and response to currently available MErbB-2-positive BC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Elizalde
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of CarcinogenesisInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosalía I Cordo Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of CarcinogenesisInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria F Chervo
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of CarcinogenesisInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Schillaci
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of CarcinogenesisInstituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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Zhang G, An Y, Lu X, Zhong H, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Ma F, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Peng Y, Chen Z. A Novel Naphthalimide Compound Restores p53 Function in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Reorganizing the Bak·Bcl-xl Complex and Triggering Transcriptional Regulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4211-25. [PMID: 26668309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 inactivation is a hallmark in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is therefore highly desirable to develop tumor-specific treatment for NSCLC therapy by restoring p53 function. Herein, a novel naphthalimide compound, NA-17, was identified as a promising drug candidate in view of both its anticancer activity and mechanism of action. NA-17 exhibited strong anticancer activity on a broad range of cancer cell lines but showed low toxicity to normal cell lines, such as HL-7702 and WI-38. Moreover, NA-17 showed p53-dependent inhibition selectivity in different NSCLC cell lines due to the activation state of endogenous p53 in the background level. Further studies revealed that NA-17 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, changed cell size, and induced apoptosis and cell death by increasing the proportion of sub-G1 cells. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that targeted accumulation of phospho-p53 in mitochondria and nuclei induced by NA-17 resulted in activation of Bak and direct binding of phospho-p53 to the target DNA sequences, thereby evoking cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and eventually leading to irreversible cancer cell inhibition. This work provided new insights into the molecular interactions and anticancer mechanisms of phospho-p53-dependent naphthalimide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yunfeng An
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xing Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Feng'e Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jingmei Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yancheng Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zuping Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhenfeng Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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25
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KAEA (SUDPRO), a member of the ubiquitous KEOPS/EKC protein complex, regulates the arginine catabolic pathway and the expression of several other genes in Aspergillus nidulans. Gene 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Silvennoinen O. Nucleotide-binding mechanisms in pseudokinases. Biosci Rep 2015; 36:e00282. [PMID: 26589967 PMCID: PMC4718504 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudokinases are classified by the lack of one or several of the highly conserved motifs involved in nucleotide (nt) binding or catalytic activity of protein kinases (PKs). Pseudokinases represent ∼10% of the human kinome and they are found in all evolutionary classes of kinases. It has become evident that pseudokinases, which were initially considered somewhat peculiar dead kinases, are important components in several signalling cascades. Furthermore, several pseudokinases have been linked to human diseases, particularly cancer, which is raising interest for therapeutic approaches towards these proteins. The ATP-binding pocket is a well-established drug target and elucidation of the mechanism and properties of nt binding in pseudokinases is of significant interest and importance. Recent studies have demonstrated that members of the pseudokinase family are very diverse in structure as well as in their ability and mechanism to bind nts or perform phosphoryl transfer reactions. This diversity also precludes prediction of pseudokinase function, or the importance of nt binding for said function, based on primary sequence alone. Currently available data indicate that ∼40% of pseudokinases are able to bind nts, whereas only few are able to catalyse occasional phosphoryl transfer. Pseudokinases employ diverse mechanisms to bind nts, which usually occurs at low, but physiological, affinity. ATP binding serves often a structural role but in most cases the functional roles are not precisely known. In the present review, we discuss the various mechanisms that pseudokinases employ for nt binding and how this often low-affinity binding can be accurately analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Hammarén
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina T Virtanen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland Clinical Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Medisiinarinkatu 3, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
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Trefely S, Khoo PS, Krycer JR, Chaudhuri R, Fazakerley DJ, Parker BL, Sultani G, Lee J, Stephan JP, Torres E, Jung K, Kuijl C, James DE, Junutula JR, Stöckli J. Kinome Screen Identifies PFKFB3 and Glucose Metabolism as Important Regulators of the Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-1 Signaling Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25834-46. [PMID: 26342081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling pathway (ISP) plays a fundamental role in long term health in a range of organisms. Protein kinases including Akt and ERK are intimately involved in the ISP. To identify other kinases that may participate in this pathway or intersect with it in a regulatory manner, we performed a whole kinome (779 kinases) siRNA screen for positive or negative regulators of the ISP, using GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface as an output for pathway activity. We identified PFKFB3, a positive regulator of glycolysis that is highly expressed in cancer cells and adipocytes, as a positive ISP regulator. Pharmacological inhibition of PFKFB3 suppressed insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, GLUT4 translocation, and Akt signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In contrast, overexpression of PFKFB3 in HEK293 cells potentiated insulin-dependent phosphorylation of Akt and Akt substrates. Furthermore, pharmacological modulation of glycolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes affected Akt phosphorylation. These data add to an emerging body of evidence that metabolism plays a central role in regulating numerous biological processes including the ISP. Our findings have important implications for diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cancer that are characterized by marked disruption of both metabolism and growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Trefely
- From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010 NSW, Australia
| | - Poh-Sim Khoo
- From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010 NSW, Australia, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - James R Krycer
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and
| | - Rima Chaudhuri
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and
| | - Ghazal Sultani
- From the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010 NSW, Australia
| | - James Lee
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Eric Torres
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kenneth Jung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - David E James
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and the Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- the Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia, and
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Rojas-Benitez D, Thiaville PC, de Crécy-Lagard V, Glavic A. The Levels of a Universally Conserved tRNA Modification Regulate Cell Growth. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18699-707. [PMID: 26063805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N(6)-Threonylcarbamoyl-adenosine (t(6)A) is a universal modification occurring at position 37 in nearly all tRNAs that decode A-starting codons, including the eukaryotic initiator tRNA (tRNAi (Met)). Yeast lacking central components of the t(6)A synthesis machinery, such as Tcs3p (Kae1p) or Tcs5p (Bud32p), show slow-growth phenotypes. In the present work, we show that loss of the Drosophila tcs3 homolog also leads to a severe reduction in size and demonstrate, for the first time in a non-microbe, that Tcs3 is required for t(6)A synthesis. In Drosophila and in mammals, tRNAi (Met) is a limiting factor for cell and animal growth. We report that the t(6)A-modified form of tRNAi (Met) is the actual limiting factor. We show that changing the proportion of t(6)A-modified tRNAi (Met), by expression of an un-modifiable tRNAi (Met) or changing the levels of Tcs3, regulate target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase activity and influences cell and animal growth in vivo. These findings reveal an unprecedented relationship between the translation machinery and TOR, where translation efficiency, limited by the availability of t(6)A-modified tRNA, determines growth potential in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rojas-Benitez
- From the Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile 7800024 and
| | - Patrick C Thiaville
- the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611-0700
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611-0700
| | - Alvaro Glavic
- From the Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile 7800024 and
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29
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Novel approaches for targeting kinases: allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation and pseudokinases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:541-61. [PMID: 24649957 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are involved in many essential cellular processes and their deregulation can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer. The pharmaceutical industry has invested heavily in the identification of kinase inhibitors to modulate these disease-promoting pathways, resulting in several successful drugs. However, the field is challenging as it is difficult to identify novel selective inhibitors with good pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, resistance to kinase inhibitor treatment frequently arises. The identification of non-ATP site targeting ('allosteric') inhibitors, the identification of kinase activators and the expansion of kinase target space to include the less studied members of the family, including atypical- and pseudo-kinases, are potential avenues to overcome these challenges. In this perspective, the opportunities and challenges of following these approaches and others will be discussed.
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30
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Guo Z, Wang X, Li H, Gao Y. Screening E3 substrates using a live phage display library. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76622. [PMID: 24124579 PMCID: PMC3790729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) determine specificity of ubiquitination by recognizing target substrates. However, most of their substrates are unknown. Most known substrates have been identified using distinct approaches in different laboratories. We developed a high-throughput strategy using a live phage display library as E3 substrates in in vitro screening. His-ubiquitinated phage, enriched with Ni-beads, could effectively infect E. coli for amplification. Sixteen natural potential substrates and many unnatural potential substrates of E3 MDM2 were identified through 4 independent screenings. Some substrates were identified in different independent experiments. Additionally, 10 of 12 selected candidates were ubiquitinated by MDM2 in vitro, and 3 novel substrates, DDX42, TP53RK and RPL36a were confirmed ex vivo. The whole strategy is rather simple and efficient. Non-degradation substrates can be discovered. This strategy can be extended to any E3s as long as the E3 does not ubiquitinate the empty phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Core Instrument Facility, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youhe Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Rojas-Benítez D, Ibar C, Glavic Á. The Drosophila EKC/KEOPS complex: roles in protein synthesis homeostasis and animal growth. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:168-72. [PMID: 23823807 PMCID: PMC4049849 DOI: 10.4161/fly.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TOR signaling pathway is crucial in the translation of nutritional inputs into the protein synthesis machinery regulation, allowing animal growth. We recently identified the Bud32 (yeast)/PRPK (human) ortholog in Drosophila, Prpk (p53-related protein kinase), and found that it is required for TOR kinase activity. Bud32/PRPK is an ancient and atypical kinase conserved in evolution from Archeae to humans, being essential for Archeae. It has been linked with p53 stabilization in human cell culture and its absence in yeast causes a slow-growth phenotype. This protein has been associated to KEOPS (kinase, putative endopeptidase and other proteins of small size) complex together with Kae1p (ATPase), Cgi-121 and Pcc1p. This complex has been implicated in telomere maintenance, transcriptional regulation, bud site selection and chemical modification of tRNAs (tRNAs). Bud32p and Kae1p have been related with N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t6A) synthesis, a particular chemical modification that occurs at position 37 of tRNAs that pair A-starting codons, required for proper translation in most species. Lack of this modification causes mistranslations and open reading frame shifts in yeast. The core constituents of the KEOPS complex are present in Drosophila, but their physical interaction has not been reported yet. Here, we present a review of the findings regarding the function of this complex in different organisms and new evidence that extends our recent observations of Prpk function in animal growth showing that depletion of Kae1 or Prpk, in accordance with their role in translation in yeast, is able to induce the unfolded protein response (UPR) in Drosophila. We suggest that EKC/KEOPS complex could be integrating t6A-modified tRNA availability with translational rates, which are ultimately reflected in animal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rojas-Benítez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation; Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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Ibar C, Cataldo VF, Vásquez-Doorman C, Olguín P, Glavic A. Drosophila p53-related protein kinase is required for PI3K/TOR pathway-dependent growth. Development 2013; 140:1282-91. [PMID: 23444356 DOI: 10.1242/dev.086918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth and proliferation are pivotal for final organ and body size definition. p53-related protein kinase (Bud32/PRPK) has been identified as a protein involved in proliferation through its effects on transcription in yeast and p53 stabilization in human cell culture. However, the physiological function of Bud32/PRPK in metazoans is not well understood. In this work, we have analyzed the role of PRPK in Drosophila development. Drosophila PRPK is expressed in every tissue analyzed and is required to support proliferation and cell growth. The Prpk knockdown animals show phenotypes similar to those found in mutants for positive regulators of the PI3K/TOR pathway. This pathway has been shown to be fundamental for animal growth, transducing the hormonal and nutritional status into the protein translation machinery. Functional interactions have established that Prpk operates as a transducer of the PI3K/TOR pathway, being essential for TOR kinase activation and for the regulation of its targets (S6K and 4E-BP, autophagy and bulk endocytosis). This suggests that Prpk is crucial for stimulating the basal protein biosynthetic machinery in response to insulin signaling and to changes in nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Ibar
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Eichler J, Maupin-Furlow J. Post-translation modification in Archaea: lessons from Haloferax volcanii and other haloarchaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 37:583-606. [PMID: 23167813 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As an ever-growing number of genome sequences appear, it is becoming increasingly clear that factors other than genome sequence impart complexity to the proteome. Of the various sources of proteomic variability, post-translational modifications (PTMs) most greatly serve to expand the variety of proteins found in the cell. Likewise, modulating the rates at which different proteins are degraded also results in a constantly changing cellular protein profile. While both strategies for generating proteomic diversity are adopted by organisms across evolution, the responsible pathways and enzymes in Archaea are often less well described than are their eukaryotic and bacterial counterparts. Studies on halophilic archaea, in particular Haloferax volcanii, originally isolated from the Dead Sea, are helping to fill the void. In this review, recent developments concerning PTMs and protein degradation in the haloarchaea are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel.
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The human EKC/KEOPS complex is recruited to Cullin2 ubiquitin ligases by the human tumour antigen PRAME. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42822. [PMID: 22912744 PMCID: PMC3418287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human tumour antigen PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma) is frequently overexpressed during oncogenesis, and high PRAME levels are associated with poor clinical outcome in a variety of cancers. However, the molecular pathways in which PRAME is implicated are not well understood. We recently characterized PRAME as a BC-box subunit of a Cullin2-based E3 ubiquitin ligase. In this study, we mined the PRAME interactome to a deeper level and identified specific interactions with OSGEP and LAGE3, which are human orthologues of the ancient EKC/KEOPS complex. By characterizing biochemically the human EKC complex and its interactions with PRAME, we show that PRAME recruits a Cul2 ubiquitin ligase to EKC. Moreover, EKC subunits associate with PRAME target sites on chromatin. Our data reveal a novel link between the oncoprotein PRAME and the conserved EKC complex and support a role for both complexes in the same pathways.
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35
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Richardson E, Stockwell SR, Li H, Aherne W, Cuomo ME, Mittnacht S. Mechanism-based screen establishes signalling framework for DNA damage-associated G1 checkpoint response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31627. [PMID: 22384045 PMCID: PMC3288045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage activates checkpoint controls which block progression of cells through the division cycle. Several different checkpoints exist that control transit at different positions in the cell cycle. A role for checkpoint activation in providing resistance of cells to genotoxic anticancer therapy, including chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, is widely recognized. Although the core molecular functions that execute different damage activated checkpoints are known, the signals that control checkpoint activation are far from understood. We used a kinome-spanning RNA interference screen to delineate signalling required for radiation-mediated retinoblastoma protein activation, the recognized executor of G1 checkpoint control. Our results corroborate the involvement of the p53 tumour suppressor (TP53) and its downstream targets p21CIP1/WAF1 but infer lack of involvement of canonical double strand break (DSB) recognition known for its role in activating TP53 in damaged cells. Instead our results predict signalling involving the known TP53 phosphorylating kinase PRPK/TP53RK and the JNK/p38MAPK activating kinase STK4/MST1, both hitherto unrecognised for their contribution to DNA damage G1 checkpoint signalling. Our results further predict a network topology whereby induction of p21CIP1/WAF1 is required but not sufficient to elicit checkpoint activation. Our experiments document a role of the kinases identified in radiation protection proposing their pharmacological inhibition as a potential strategy to increase radiation sensitivity in proliferating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Richardson
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Stockwell
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - He Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wynne Aherne
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Emanuela Cuomo
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Mittnacht
- Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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König S, Nimtz M, Scheiter M, Ljunggren HG, Bryceson YT, Jänsch L. Kinome analysis of receptor-induced phosphorylation in human natural killer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29672. [PMID: 22238634 PMCID: PMC3251586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the defense against infected and transformed cells through the engagement of multiple germline-encoded activation receptors. Stimulation of the Fc receptor CD16 alone is sufficient for NK cell activation, whereas other receptors, such as 2B4 (CD244) and DNAM-1 (CD226), act synergistically. After receptor engagement, protein kinases play a major role in signaling networks controlling NK cell effector functions. However, it has not been characterized systematically which of all kinases encoded by the human genome (kinome) are involved in NK cell activation. RESULTS A kinase-selective phosphoproteome approach enabled the determination of 188 kinases expressed in human NK cells. Crosslinking of CD16 as well as 2B4 and DNAM-1 revealed a total of 313 distinct kinase phosphorylation sites on 109 different kinases. Phosphorylation sites on 21 kinases were similarly regulated after engagement of either CD16 or co-engagement of 2B4 and DNAM-1. Among those, increased phosphorylation of FYN, KCC2G (CAMK2), FES, and AAK1, as well as the reduced phosphorylation of MARK2, were reproducibly observed both after engagement of CD16 and co-engagement of 2B4 and DNAM-1. Notably, only one phosphorylation on PAK4 was differentally regulated. CONCLUSIONS The present study has identified a significant portion of the NK cell kinome and defined novel phosphorylation sites in primary lymphocytes. Regulated phosphorylations observed in the early phase of NK cell activation imply these kinases are involved in NK cell signaling. Taken together, this study suggests a largely shared signaling pathway downstream of distinct activation receptors and constitutes a valuable resource for further elucidating the regulation of NK cell effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian König
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maxi Scheiter
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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The activity of an ancient atypical protein kinase is stimulated by ADP-ribose in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 511:56-63. [PMID: 21527241 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The piD261/Bud32 protein kinases are universal amongst the members of the Eucarya and Archaea. Despite the fact that phylogenetic analyses indicate that the piD261/Bud32 protein kinases descend directly from the primordial ancestor of the "eukaryotic" protein kinase superfamily, our knowledge of their physiological role is relatively fragmentary and largely limited to two eucaryal representatives: piD261/Bud32 from yeast and the p53-related protein kinase from humans. A deduced archaeal homolog, SsoPK5, is encoded by open reading frame sso0433 from the acidothermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus. Recombinantly-expressed SsoPK5 exhibited protein kinase activity, with a noticeable preference for phosphorylating proteins of acidic character and for Mn(2+) as cofactor. The protein kinase also can phosphorylate itself on serine and threonine residues. The activity of rSsoPK5 was increased several-fold upon preincubation with either millimolar concentrations of 5'-AMP or submicromolar concentrations of ADP-ribose. Other mono- and di-nucleotides were ineffective. While activation was enhanced by the presence of ATP, no autophosphorylation of the protein kinase could be detected prior to addition of exogenous substrate proteins. We therefore suggest that ADP-ribose acts by evoking a conformational transition in the enzyme. Activation by ADP-ribose represents a potential regulatory link between chromatin remodeling and the activity of SsoPK5.
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KSR1 is a functional protein kinase capable of serine autophosphorylation and direct phosphorylation of MEK1. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:452-63. [PMID: 21144847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway that regulates diverse cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Kinase suppressor of Ras-1 (KSR1) binds each of the three ERK cascade components to facilitate pathway activation. Even though KSR1 contains a C-terminal kinase domain, evidence supporting the catalytic function of KSR1 remains controversial. In this study, we produced recombinant wild-type or kinase-inactive (D683A/D700A) KSR1 proteins in Escherichia coli to test the hypothesis that KSR1 is a functional protein kinase. Recombinant wild-type KSR1, but not recombinant kinase-inactive KSR1, underwent autophosphorylation on serine residue(s), phosphorylated myelin basic protein (MBP) as a generic substrate, and phosphorylated recombinant kinase-inactive MAPK/ERK kinase-1 (MEK1). Furthermore, FLAG immunoprecipitates from KSR1(-/-) colon epithelial cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged wild-type KSR1 (+KSR1), but not vector (+vector) or FLAG-tagged kinase-inactive KSR1 (+D683A/D700A), were able to phosphorylate kinase-inactive MEK1. Since TNF activates the ERK pathway in colon epithelial cells, we tested the biological effects of KSR1 in the survival response downstream of TNF. We found that +vector and +D683A/D700A cells underwent apoptosis when treated with TNF, whereas +KSR1 cells were resistant. However, +KSR1 cells were sensitized to TNF-induced cell loss in the absence of MEK kinase activity. These data provide clear evidence that KSR1 is a functional protein kinase, MEK1 is an in vitro substrate of KSR1, and the catalytic activities of both proteins are required for eliciting cell survival responses downstream of TNF.
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Peterson D, Lee J, Lei XC, Forrest WF, Davis DP, Jackson PK, Belmont LD. A chemosensitization screen identifies TP53RK, a kinase that restrains apoptosis after mitotic stress. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6325-35. [PMID: 20647325 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Taxanes are very effective at causing mitotic arrest; however, there is variability among cancer cells in the apoptotic response to mitotic arrest. The variability in clinical efficacy of taxane-based therapy is likely a reflection of this variability in apoptotic response, thus elucidation of the molecular mechanism of the apoptotic response to mitotic stress could lead to improved clinical strategies. To identify genes whose expression influences the rate and extent of apoptosis after mitotic arrest, we screened a kinase-enriched small interfering RNA library for effects on caspase activation in response to maximally effective doses of paclitaxel, a PLK1 inhibitor, or cisplatin. Small interfering RNA oligonucleotides directed against an atypical protein kinase, TP53RK, caused the greatest increase in caspase-3/7 activation in response to antimitotic agents. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that cells entered mitosis with normal kinetics, but died after entry into mitosis in the presence of paclitaxel more rapidly when TP53RK was depleted. Because expression levels of TP53RK vary in cancers, TP53RK levels could provide a molecular marker to predict response to antimitotic agents. TP53RK inhibition may also sensitize cancers to taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peterson
- Research Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Van Landeghem L, Mahé MM, Teusan R, Léger J, Guisle I, Houlgatte R, Neunlist M. Regulation of intestinal epithelial cells transcriptome by enteric glial cells: impact on intestinal epithelial barrier functions. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:507. [PMID: 19883504 PMCID: PMC2778665 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidences suggest that enteric glial cells (EGC), a major constituent of the enteric nervous system (ENS), are key regulators of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. Indeed EGC inhibit intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) proliferation and increase IEB paracellular permeability. However, the role of EGC on other important barrier functions and the signalling pathways involved in their effects are currently unknown. To achieve this goal, we aimed at identifying the impact of EGC upon IEC transcriptome by performing microarray studies. RESULTS EGC induced significant changes in gene expression profiling of proliferating IEC after 24 hours of co-culture. 116 genes were identified as differentially expressed (70 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated) in IEC cultured with EGC compared to IEC cultured alone. By performing functional analysis of the 116 identified genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we showed that EGC induced a significant regulation of genes favoring both cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion as well as cell differentiation. Consistently, functional studies showed that EGC induced a significant increase in cell adhesion. EGC also regulated genes involved in cell motility towards an enhancement of cell motility. In addition, EGC profoundly modulated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and cell survival, although no clear functional trend could be identified. Finally, important genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism of epithelial cells were shown to be differentially regulated by EGC. CONCLUSION This study reinforces the emerging concept that EGC have major protective effects upon the IEB. EGC have a profound impact upon IEC transcriptome and induce a shift in IEC phenotype towards increased cell adhesion and cell differentiation. This concept needs to be further validated under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Eukaryotic GCP1 is a conserved mitochondrial protein required for progression of embryo development beyond the globular stage in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2009; 423:333-41. [PMID: 19694617 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GCPs (glycoproteases) are members of the HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70)/actin ATPase superfamily that are highly conserved in taxonomically diverse species from bacteria to man, suggesting an essential physiological role. Although originally identified and annotated as putative endopeptidases, a proteolytic activity could not be confirmed for these proteins. Our survey of genome databases revealed that all eukaryotic organisms contain two GCP genes [called GCP1 and GCP2/Kae1 (kinase-associated endopeptidase 1)], whereas prokaryotes have only one, either of the GCP1- (Bacteria) or the GCP2/Kae1- (Archaea) type. GCP2/Kae1 is essential for telomere elongation and transcription of essential genes, although little is known about the localization, expression and physiological role of GCP1. In the present study on GCP1-type proteins from eukaryotic organisms we demonstrated that GCP1 is a mitochondrial protein in Homo sapiens [called here GCP1/OSGEPL1 (O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase)] and Arabidopsis thaliana, which is located/anchored to the mitochondrial inner membrane. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels revealed that the expression of GCP1/OSGEPL1 in A. thaliana and H. sapiens is tissue- and organ-specific and depends on the developmental stage, suggesting a more specialized function for this protein. We showed that homozygous A. thaliana GCP1 T-DNA (transferred DNA) insertion lines were embryonic lethal. Embryos in homozygous seeds were arrested at the globular stage and failed to undergo the transition into the heart stage. On the basis of these data we propose that the mitochondrial GCP1 is essential for embryonic development in plants.
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Kinoshita M, Era T, Jakt LM, Nishikawa SI. The novel protein kinase Vlk is essential for stromal function of mesenchymal cells. Development 2009; 136:2069-79. [PMID: 19465597 DOI: 10.1242/dev.026435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
From a list of protein kinases (PKs) that are newly induced upon differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to mesendoderm, we identified a previously uncharacterized kinase, Vlk (vertebrate lonesome kinase), that is well conserved in vertebrates but has no homologs outside of the vertebrate lineage. Its kinase domain cannot be classified into any of the previously defined kinase groups or families. Although Vlk is first expressed in E-cadherin-positive anterior visceral endoderm and mesendoderm, its expression is later confined to E-cadherin-negative mesenchyme. Vlk is enriched in the Golgi apparatus and blocks VSVG transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Targeted disruption of Vlk leads to a defect in lung development and to delayed ossification of endochondral bone. Vlk(-/-) mice display neonatal lethality due to respiratory failure, with a suckling defect arising from a cleft palate. Our results demonstrate that Vlk is a novel vertebrate-specific PK that is involved in the regulation of the rate of protein export from the Golgi, thereby playing an important role in the formation of functional stroma by mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinoshita
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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ADP-ribosylation factor like 7 (ARL7) interacts with alpha-tubulin and modulates intracellular vesicular transport. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 384:352-6. [PMID: 19409876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) like 7 (ARL7, also named ARL4C) is a member of ARL family and recent studies showed that it is involved in the AI-dependent cholesterol secretion process. Yet its biological function remains largely unknown. Using a MALDI-TOF/MS analysis, we identified alpha-tubulin interacted with ARL7. The interaction was confirmed by GST pull-down assay and co-immunoprecipitation in renal carcinoma cell 786-O in which we found the endogenous ARL7 is expressed. This is the second ARL member found interacting with tubulin after ARL8. In addition, ARL7Q72L, a GTP-binding form, promoted the transferrin transport from early endosome to recycling endosome significantly. The above data suggested that ARL7 might modulate the intracellular vesicular transport via interaction with microtubules.
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Hecker A, Lopreiato R, Graille M, Collinet B, Forterre P, Libri D, van Tilbeurgh H. Structure of the archaeal Kae1/Bud32 fusion protein MJ1130: a model for the eukaryotic EKC/KEOPS subcomplex. EMBO J 2009; 27:2340-51. [PMID: 19172740 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The EKC/KEOPS yeast complex is involved in telomere maintenance and transcription. The Bud32p and kinase-associated endopeptidase 1 (Kaelp) components of the complex are totally conserved in eukarya and archaea. Their genes are fused in several archaeal genomes, suggesting that they physically interact. We report here the structure of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii Kae1/Bud32 fusion protein MJ1130. Kae1 is an iron protein with an ASKHA fold and Bud32 is an atypical small RIO-type kinase. The structure MJ1130 suggests that association with Kae1 maintains the Bud32 kinase in an inactive state. We indeed show that yeast Kae1p represses the kinase activity of yeast Bud32p. Extensive conserved interactions between MjKae1 and MjBud32 suggest that Kae1p and Bud32p directly interact in both yeast and archaea. Mutations that disrupt the Kae1p/Bud32p interaction in the context of the yeast complex have dramatic effects in vivo and in vitro, similar to those observed with deletion mutations of the respective components. Direct interaction between Kae1p and Bud32p in yeast is required both for the transcription and the telomere homeostasis function of EKC/KEOPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Hecker
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris-Sud, IFR115 UMR8621-CNR, Orsay, France
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The universal Kae1 protein and the associated Bud32 kinase (PRPK), a mysterious protein couple probably essential for genome maintenance in Archaea and Eukarya. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:29-35. [PMID: 19143597 DOI: 10.1042/bst0370029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The similarities between essential molecular mechanisms in Archaea and Eukarya make it possible to discover, using comparative genomics, new fundamental mechanisms conserved between these two domains. We are studying a complex of two proteins conserved in Archaea and Eukarya whose precise biological role and biochemical function remain unknown. One of them is a universal protein known as Kae1 (kinase-asociated endopeptidase 1). The second protein is a serine/threonine kinase corresponding to the proteins Bud32 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and PRPK (p53-related protein kinase) in humans. The genes encoding the archaeal orthologues of Kae1 and PRPK are either contiguous or even fused in many archaeal genomes. In S. cerevisiae, Kae1 and Bud32 (PRPK) belong to a chromatin-associated complex [KEOPS (kinase, endopeptidase and other proteins of small size)/EKC (endopeptidase-like kinase chromatin-associated)] that is essential for telomere elongation and transcription of essential genes. Although Kae1 is annotated as O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase in most genomes, we found that the Kae1 protein from Pyrococcus abyssi has no protease activity, but is an atypical DNA-binding protein with an AP (apurinic) lyase activity. The structure of the fusion protein from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii revealed that Kae1 maintains the ATP-binding site of Bud32 [corrected] in an inactive configuration. We have in fact found that Kae1 inhibits the kinase activity of Bud32 (PRPK) in vitro. Understanding the precise biochemical function and biological role of these two proteins (which are probably essential for genome maintenance) remains a major challenge.
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Peggion C, Lopreiato R, Casanova E, Ruzzene M, Facchin S, Pinna LA, Carignani G, Sartori G. Phosphorylation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Grx4p glutaredoxin by the Bud32p kinase unveils a novel signaling pathway involving Sch9p, a yeast member of the Akt / PKB subfamily. FEBS J 2008; 275:5919-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Capra M, Nuciforo PG, Confalonieri S, Quarto M, Bianchi M, Nebuloni M, Boldorini R, Pallotti F, Viale G, Gishizky ML, Draetta GF, Di Fiore PP. Frequent alterations in the expression of serine/threonine kinases in human cancers. Cancer Res 2007; 66:8147-54. [PMID: 16912193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases constitute a large family of regulatory enzymes involved in the homeostasis of virtually every cellular process. Subversion of protein kinases has been frequently implicated in malignant transformation. Within the family, serine/threonine kinases (STK) have received comparatively lesser attention, vis-a-vis tyrosine kinases, in terms of their involvement in human cancers. Here, we report a large-scale screening of 125 STK, selected to represent all major subgroups within the subfamily, on nine different types of tumors ( approximately 200 patients), by using in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays. Twenty-one STK displayed altered levels of transcripts in tumors, frequently with a clear tumor type-specific dimension. We identified three patterns of alterations in tumors: (a) overexpression in the absence of expression in the normal tissues (10 kinases), (b) overexpression in the presence of expression by normal tissues (8 kinases), and (c) underexpression (3 kinases). Selected members of the three classes were subjected to in-depth analysis on larger case collections and showed significant correlations between their altered expression and biological and/or clinical variables. Our findings suggest that alteration in the expression of STK is a relatively frequent occurrence in human tumors. Among the overexpressed kinases, 10 were undetectable in normal controls and are therefore ideal candidates for further validation as potential targets of molecular cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Capra
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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48
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Hecker A, Leulliot N, Gadelle D, Graille M, Justome A, Dorlet P, Brochier C, Quevillon-Cheruel S, Le Cam E, van Tilbeurgh H, Forterre P. An archaeal orthologue of the universal protein Kae1 is an iron metalloprotein which exhibits atypical DNA-binding properties and apurinic-endonuclease activity in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6042-51. [PMID: 17766251 PMCID: PMC2094082 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kae1 (Kinase-associated endopeptidase 1) protein is a member of the recently identified transcription complex EKC and telomeres maintenance complex KEOPS in yeast. Kae1 homologues are encoded by all sequenced genomes in the three domains of life. Although annotated as putative endopeptidases, the actual functions of these universal proteins are unknown. Here we show that the purified Kae1 protein (Pa-Kae1) from Pyrococcus abyssi is an iron-protein with a novel type of ATP-binding site. Surprisingly, this protein did not exhibit endopeptidase activity in vitro but binds cooperatively to single and double-stranded DNA and induces unusual DNA conformational change. Furthermore, Pa-Kae1 exhibits a class I apurinic (AP)-endonuclease activity (AP-lyase). Both DNA binding and AP-endonuclease activity are inhibited by ATP. Kae1 is thus a novel and atypical universal DNA interacting protein whose importance could rival those of RecA (RadA/Rad51) in the maintenance of genome integrity in all living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Hecker
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nicolas Leulliot
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Danièle Gadelle
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marc Graille
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anthony Justome
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Céline Brochier
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sophie Quevillon-Cheruel
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Eric Le Cam
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8621-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ. Paris-Sud, IFR115, UMR8619-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut Gustave Roussy, Interactions Moléculaires et Cancer, UMR8126-CNRS, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR8182-CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, Institut de Biologie Structurale et de Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UPR9043-CNRS, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +33 1 69 15 74 89+33 1 69 15 78 08 Correspondence may also be addressed to Herman van Tilbeurgh.
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Boudeau J, Miranda-Saavedra D, Barton GJ, Alessi DR. Emerging roles of pseudokinases. Trends Cell Biol 2006; 16:443-52. [PMID: 16879967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kinases control virtually all aspects of biology. Forty-eight human proteins have a kinase-like domain that lacks at least one of the conserved catalytic residues; these proteins are therefore predicted to be inactive and have been termed pseudokinases. Here, we describe exciting work suggesting that pseudokinases, despite lacking the ability to phosphorylate substrates, are still pivotal in regulating diverse cellular processes. We review evidence that the pseudokinase STRAD controls the function of the tumour suppressor kinase LKB1 and that a single amino acid substitution within the pseudokinase domain of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 leads to several malignant myeloproliferative disorders. We also discuss the emerging functions of other pseudokinases, including HER3 (also called ErbB3), EphB6, CCK4 (also called PTK7), KSR, Trb3, GCN2, TRRAP, ILK and CASK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH , UK
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50
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Kisseleva-Romanova E, Lopreiato R, Baudin-Baillieu A, Rousselle JC, Ilan L, Hofmann K, Namane A, Mann C, Libri D. Yeast homolog of a cancer-testis antigen defines a new transcription complex. EMBO J 2006; 25:3576-85. [PMID: 16874308 PMCID: PMC1538566 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a new yeast gene (PCC1) that codes for a factor homologous to human cancer-testis antigens. We provide evidence that Pcc1p is a new transcription factor and that its mutation affects expression of several genes, some of which are involved in cell cycle progression and polarized growth. Mutation of Pcc1p also affects the expression of GAL genes by impairing the recruitment of the SAGA and Mediator co-activators. We characterize a new complex that contains Pcc1p, a kinase, Bud32p, a putative endopeptidase, Kae1p and two additional proteins encoded by ORFs YJL184w and YMLO36w. Genetic and physical interactions among these proteins strongly suggest that this complex is a functional unit. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments and multiple genetic interactions of pcc1 mutants with mutants of the transcription apparatus and chromatin modifying enzymes underscore the direct role of the complex in transcription. Functional complementation experiments indicate that the transcriptional function of this set of genes is conserved throughout evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kisseleva-Romanova
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Raffaele Lopreiato
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Baudin-Baillieu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France
| | | | - Laila Ilan
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France
| | | | - Abdelkader Namane
- Institut Pasteur, Génopole, Plate-Forme de Protéomique, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Carl Mann
- Biochemistry Department, F Edward Hébert School of Medicine, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Domenico Libri
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, Paris, France. Tel.: +33 1 69823809; Fax: +33 1 69823877; E-mail:
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