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Tiong IKR, Lau CC, Sorgeloos P, Mat Taib MI, Muhammad TST, Danish-Daniel M, Tan MP, Sui L, Wang M, Sung YY. Hsp70 Knockdown in the Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana: Implication on Reproduction, Immune Response and Embryonic Cuticular Structure. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:562-574. [PMID: 38683457 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The potential functional role(s) of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, a crucial crustacean species for aquaculture and stress response studies, was investigated in this study. Though we have previously reported that Hsp70 knockdown may have little or no impact on Artemia development, the gestational survival and number of offspring released by adult females were impaired by obscuring Hsp70 synthesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that several cuticle and chitin synthetic genes were downregulated, and carbohydrate metabolic genes were differentially expressed in Hsp70-knockdown individuals. A more comprehensive microscopic examination performed in this study revealed exoskeleton structural destruction and abnormal eye lenses featured in Hsp70-deficient adult females 48 h after Hsp70 dsRNA injection. Cysts produced by these Hsp70-deficient broods, instead, had a defective shell and were smaller in size, whereas nauplii had shorter first antennae and a rougher body epicuticle surface. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism caused by Hsp70 knockdown affected glycogen levels in adult Artemia females, as well as trehalose in cysts released from these broods, indicating that Hsp70 may play a role in energy storage preservation. Outcomes from this work provided novel insights into the roles of Hsp70 in Artemia reproduction performance, cyst formation, and exoskeleton structure preservation. The findings also support our previous observation that Hsp70 knockdown reduced Artemia nauplius tolerance to bacterial pathogens, which could be explained by the fact that loss of Hsp70 downregulated several Toll receptor genes (NT1 and Spaetzle) and reduced the integrity of the exoskeleton, allowing pathogens to enter and cause infection, ultimately resulting in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene K R Tiong
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Cher Chien Lau
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- International Artemia Aquaculture Consortium (IAAC), Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Mimi Iryani Mat Taib
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Sifzizul Tengku Muhammad
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Danish-Daniel
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Min Pau Tan
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Liying Sui
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- International Artemia Aquaculture Consortium (IAAC), Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Min Wang
- UMT-OUC Joint Academic Centre for Marine Studies, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- International Artemia Aquaculture Consortium (IAAC), Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- UMT-OUC Joint Academic Centre for Marine Studies, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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2
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Contino M, Ferruggia G, Indelicato S, Pecoraro R, Scalisi EM, Salvaggio A, Brundo MV. Sublethal Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on the Embryonic Development of Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3152. [PMID: 37835758 PMCID: PMC10572060 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Currents, wave motion, solar radiation, and abrasion are mechanisms responsible for the degradation of large plastic artifacts and contribute to the dispersion of micro and nanoplastics into aquatic ecosystems, which are, currently, the most dangerous threats due to their invisibility and persistence. The present work evaluated the possible lethal and sublethal effects of amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (nPS-NH2) with diameters of 50 nm and 100 nm on Artemia salina (A. salina), an organism at the base of the trophic chain of the aquatic system, using a widely used model for the analysis of embryotoxicity from environmental pollutants. For this purpose, after evaluating the biodistribution of nanoplastics in the body of the tested animals, several endpoints such as anomalies, apoptosis, and ROS production were assessed. In addition, particular attention was dedicated to evaluating the correlation between toxicity and the particle size tested. The results reported that, despite the absence of a lethal impact, several sublethal effects involving gut and body size malformations, as well as the enhancement of apoptosis and oxidative stress in relation to an increase in tested concentration and a decrease in nanoparticle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Contino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Greta Ferruggia
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Stefania Indelicato
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Roberta Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Elena Maria Scalisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Antonio Salvaggio
- Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Violetta Brundo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy; (G.F.); (S.I.); (R.P.); (E.M.S.); (M.V.B.)
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Dey P, Bradley TM, Boymelgreen A. The impact of selected abiotic factors on Artemia hatching process through real-time observation of oxygen changes in a microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6370. [PMID: 37076493 PMCID: PMC10115827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current studies on abiotic impacts on Artemia, a crustacean which is widely used in aquaculture, and ecotoxicology, often focus on endpoint analysis (e.g., hatching rates, survival). Here, we demonstrate that a mechanistic understanding can be obtained through measurement of oxygen consumption in real-time over an extended time period in a microfluidic platform. The platform enables high level control of the microenvironment and direct observation of morphological changes. As a demonstration, temperature and salinity are chosen to represent critical abiotic parameters that are also threatened by climate change. The hatching process of Artemia consists of four different stages: hydration, differentiation, emergence, and hatching. Different temperatures (20, 35, and 30 °C) and salinities (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppt) are shown to significantly alter the duration of hatching stages, metabolic rates, and hatchability. Specifically, the metabolic resumption of dormant Artemia cysts was significantly enhanced at higher temperatures and moderate salinity, however, the time needed for this resumption was only dependent on higher temperatures. Hatchability was inversely related to the duration of the differentiation stage of hatching, which persisted longer at lower temperatures and salinities. The current approach of investigation of metabolism and corresponding physical changes can be employed to study hatching processes of other aquatic species, even those with low metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preyojon Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Terence M Bradley
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Alicia Boymelgreen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler St, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
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Xu LY, Wu WT, Bi N, Yan ZJ, Yang F, Yang WJ, Yang JS. A cytological revisit on parthenogenetic Artemia and the deficiency of a meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1 in the possible transition from bisexuality to parthenogenesis. Chromosoma 2023:10.1007/s00412-023-00790-x. [PMID: 36939898 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Although parthenogenesis is widespread in nature and known to have close relationships with bisexuality, the transitional mechanism is poorly understood. Artemia is an ideal model to address this issue because bisexuality and "contagious" obligate parthenogenesis independently exist in its congeneric members. In the present study, we first performed chromosome spreading and immunofluorescence to compare meiotic processes of Artemia adopting two distinct reproductive ways. The results showed that, unlike conventional meiosis in bisexual Artemia, meiosis II in parthenogenic Artemia is entirely absent and anaphase I is followed by a single mitosis-like equational division. Interspecific comparative transcriptomics showed that two central molecules in homologous recombination (HR), Dmc1 and Rad51, exhibited significantly higher expression in bisexual versus parthenogenetic Artemia. qRT-PCR indicated that the expression of both genes peaked at the early oogenesis and gradually decreased afterward. Knocking-down by RNAi of Dmc1 in unfertilized females of bisexual Artemia resulted in a severe deficiency of homologous chromosome pairing and produced univalents at the middle oogenesis stage, which was similar to that of parthenogenic Artemia, while in contrast, silencing Rad51 led to no significant chromosome morphological change. Our results indicated that Dmc1 is vital for HR in bisexual Artemia, and the deficiency of Dmc1 may be correlated with or even possibly one of core factors in the transition from bisexuality to parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Bi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Wu WT, Xu LY, Yan ZJ, Bi N, Cheng CY, Yang F, Yang WJ, Yang JS. Identification and characterization of the Doublesex gene and its mRNA isoforms in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Biochem J 2023; 480:385-401. [PMID: 36852878 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Doublesex (DSX) proteins are members of the Doublesex/mab-3-related (DMRT) protein family and play crucial roles in sex determination and differentiation among the animal kingdom. In the present study, we identified two Doublesex (Dsx)-like mRNA isoforms in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (Kellogg 1906), which are generated by the combination of alternative promoters, alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation. The two transcripts exhibited sex-biased enrichment, which we termed AfrDsxM and AfrDsxF. They share a common region which encodes an identical N-terminal DNA-binding (DM) domain. RT-qPCR analyses showed that AfrDsxM is dominantly expressed in male Artemia while AfrDsxF is specifically expressed in females. Expression levels of both isoforms increased along with the developmental stages of their respective sexes. RNA interference with dsRNA showed that the knockdown of AfrDsxM in male larvae led to the appearance of female traits including an ovary-like structure in the original male reproductive system and an elevated expression of vitellogenin. However, silencing of AfrDsxF induced no clear phenotypic change in female Artemia. These results indicated that the male AfrDSXM may act as inhibiting regulator upon the default female developmental mode in Artemia. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses revealed that the unique DM domain of AfrDSXs can specifically bind to promoter segments of potential downstream target genes like AfrVtg. These data show that AfrDSXs play crucial roles in regulating sexual development in Artemia, and further provide insight into the evolution of sex determination/differentiation in sexual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian-Ying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Bi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai-Yuan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Parraguez M. Effect of Different Culture Conditions on Gene Expression Associated With Cyst Production in Populations of Artemia franciscana. Front Genet 2022; 13:768391. [PMID: 35432444 PMCID: PMC9009394 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.768391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemia franciscana inhabits hypersaline environments in the Americas and has a well-adapted reproductive system that allows it to survive in these extreme conditions, represented by the production of diapause cysts (oviparous reproduction). This reproduction mode is controlled by numerous genes that are expressed in response to different environmental stressors, enabling this species to avoid population extinction. However, to date, the expression of these genes has not been sufficiently studied to clarify their levels in response to a combination of different environmental factors under controlled conditions. We analyzed the expression of eight genes related to oviparous reproduction (SGEG, Arp-CBP, artemin, BRCA1, p8, ArHsp21, ArHsp22, and p26) to determine their association with cyst production in two populations of A. franciscana with contrasting phenotypes, one with high (Barro Negro, BNE, Chile) and one with low (San Francisco Bay, SFB, United States) cyst production. Populations were cultured under controlled conditions of salinity (SAL, 35 and 75 ppt), photoperiod (PHO, 12L:12D and 24L:00D), iron concentration (IC, 0[Fe] and 5[Fe]), and microalgae diet (DIE; Dunaliella tertiolecta (DUN) and Tetraselmis suecica (TETRA)). Sixteen treatments were performed by combining the two conditions of each of the four factors. Data on nine reproductive parameters per female were recorded, including the percent of offspring encysted (%) (POE). The gene expression levels were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The mean POE was significantly greater in BNE than in SFB (32.40 versus 12.74%, Mann-Whitney's test, p < 0.05). Significantly upregulated expression of seven genes in BNE (more than twofold, p < 0.05) was observed in 38.28% of the treatments (e.g., DUN-75ppt-12L:12D-5[Fe] and TETRA-35ppt-12L:12D-5[Fe]). In SFB, seven genes showed significant differential expression, but most were downregulated in 29.69% of the treatments (e.g., DUN-75ppt-12L:12D-0[Fe] and DUN-75ppt-24L:00D-0[Fe]). Multiple regression analyses indicated that in BNE, five genes (SGEG, artemin, Arp-CBP, p8, and BRCA1) and three environmental factors (DIE, SAL, and IC) were important predictor variables for the POE response variable given that all of them were included in the highest-ranking models. In SFB, only two genes (ArHsp21 and artemin) and one environmental factor (SAL) were important explanatory variables in the highest-ranking models. It was concluded that the BNE population presented a characteristic gene expression pattern that differed from that of the SFB population. This pattern might be related to the marked oviparous reproduction of the BNE population. This gene expression pattern could be useful for monitoring the reproductive mode leading to diapause in Artemia and to assist with intensive cyst production in pond systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Parraguez
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Embryonic cuticle from artemia cyst shell displays amyloid-like characteristics and nontoxicity after oral consumption. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hibshman JD, Clegg JS, Goldstein B. Mechanisms of Desiccation Tolerance: Themes and Variations in Brine Shrimp, Roundworms, and Tardigrades. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592016. [PMID: 33192606 PMCID: PMC7649794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.592016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is critical for the survival of most cells and organisms. Remarkably, a small number of multicellular animals are able to survive nearly complete drying. The phenomenon of anhydrobiosis, or life without water, has been of interest to researchers for over 300 years. In this review we discuss advances in our understanding of protectants and mechanisms of desiccation tolerance that have emerged from research in three anhydrobiotic invertebrates: brine shrimp (Artemia), roundworms (nematodes), and tardigrades (water bears). Discovery of molecular protectants that allow each of these three animals to survive drying diversifies our understanding of desiccation tolerance, and convergent themes suggest mechanisms that may offer a general model for engineering desiccation tolerance in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Hibshman
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - James S. Clegg
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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DEK terminates diapause by activation of quiescent cells in the crustacean Artemia. Biochem J 2019; 476:1753-1769. [PMID: 31189566 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To cope with harsh environments, the Artemia shrimp produces gastrula embryos in diapause, a state of obligate dormancy, having cellular quiescence and suppressed metabolism. The mechanism behind these cellular events remains largely unknown. Here, we study the regulation of cell quiescence using diapause embryos of Artemia We found that Artemia DEK (Ar-DEK), a nuclear factor protein, was down-regulated in the quiescent cells of diapause embryos and enriched in the activated cells of post-diapause embryos. Knockdown of Ar-DEK induced the production of diapause embryos whereas the control Artemia released free-swimming nuaplii. Our results indicate that Ar-DEK correlated with the termination of cellular quiescence via the increase in euchromatin and decrease in heterochromatin. The phenomena of quiescence have many implications beyond shrimp ecology. In cancer cells, for example, knockdown of DEK also induced a short period of cellular quiescence and increased resistance to environmental stress in MCF-7 and MKN45 cancer cell lines. Analysis of RNA sequences in Artemia and in MCF-7 revealed that the Wnt and AURKA signaling pathways were all down-regulated and the p53 signaling pathway was up-regulated upon inhibition of DEK expression. Our results provide insight into the functions of Ar-DEK in the activation of cellular quiescence during diapause formation in Artemia.
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Malitan HS, Cohen AM, MacRae TH. Knockdown of the small heat-shock protein p26 by RNA interference modifies the diapause proteome of Artemia franciscana. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:471-479. [PMID: 30620618 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana may arrest as gastrulae, forming cysts that enter diapause, which is a state of reduced metabolism and enhanced stress tolerance. Diapausing cysts survive physiological stresses for years due, in part, to molecular chaperones. p26, a small heat-shock protein, is an abundant diapause-specific molecular chaperone in cysts, and it affects embryo development and stress tolerance. p26 is therefore thought to influence many proteins in cysts, and this study was undertaken to determine how the loss of p26 by RNA interference (RNAi) affects the diapause proteome of A. franciscana. The proteome was analyzed by shot-gun proteomics coupled to differential isotopic labeling and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins in the diapause proteome included metabolic enzymes, antioxidants, binding proteins, structural proteins, transporters, translation factors, receptors, and signal transducers. Proteins within the diapause proteome either disappeared or were reduced in amount when p26 was knocked down, or conversely, proteins appeared or increased in amount. Those proteins that disappeared may be p26 substrates, whereas the synthesis of those proteins that appeared or increased may be regulated by p26. This study provides the first global characterization of the diapause proteome of A. franciscana and demonstrates that the sHsp p26 influences proteome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro M Cohen
- b Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Life Sciences Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- a Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Rowarth NM, MacRae TH. ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 contribute to stress tolerance and longevity in Artemia franciscana, but only ArHsp40 influences diapause entry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.189001. [PMID: 30158133 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.189001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Embryos of the crustacean Artemia franciscana develop either ovoviviparously or oviparously, yielding swimming larvae (nauplii) or encysted gastrulae (cysts), respectively. Nauplii moult several times and become adults whereas cysts enter diapause, a state of dormancy characterized by exceptionally low metabolism and high stress tolerance. Synthesis of molecular chaperones such as the J-domain proteins ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 occurs during embryo development and post-diapause growth of A. franciscana and they influence development and stress tolerance. To further investigate J-domain protein function, ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 were each knocked down by RNA interference. Reductions in ArHsp40 and ArHsp40-2 had no effect on adult survival, time to release of cysts and nauplii from females and first-brood size. However, knockdown of both A. franciscana J-domain proteins reduced the longevity and heat tolerance of nauplii, with the loss of ArHsp40 having a greater effect. The knockdown of ArHsp40, but not of ArHsp40-2, caused approximately 50% of cysts to abort diapause entry and hatch without exposure to an exogenous signal such as low temperature and/or desiccation. Cysts lacking ArHsp40 that entered diapause exhibited decreased stress tolerance as did cysts with reduced ArHsp40-2, the latter to a lesser degree. The longevity of nauplii hatching prematurely from cysts was less than for nauplii arising by other means. The results expand our understanding of Hsp40 function in A. franciscana stress tolerance and development, especially during diapause, and they provide the first example of a molecular chaperone that influences diapause entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Rowarth
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2 Canada
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Hollergschwandtner E, Schwaha T, Neumüller J, Kaindl U, Gruber D, Eckhard M, Stöger-Pollach M, Reipert S. Novel mesostructured inclusions in the epidermal lining of Artemia franciscana ovisacs show optical activity. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3923. [PMID: 29093995 PMCID: PMC5661469 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomineralization, e.g., in sea urchins or mollusks, includes the assembly of mesoscopic superstructures from inorganic crystalline components and biopolymers. The resulting mesocrystals inspire biophysicists and material scientists alike, because of their extraordinary physical properties. Current efforts to replicate mesocrystal synthesis in vitro require understanding the principles of their self-assembly in vivo. One question, not addressed so far, is whether intracellular crystals of proteins can assemble with biopolymers into functional mesocrystal-like structures. During our electron microscopy studies into Artemia franciscana (Crustacea: Branchiopoda), we found initial evidence of such proteinaceous mesostructures. Results EM preparations with high-pressure freezing and accelerated freeze substitution revealed an extraordinary intracellular source of mesostructured inclusions in both the cyto-and nucleoplasm of the epidermal lining of ovisacs of A. franciscana. Confocal reflection microscopy not only confirmed our finding; it also revealed reflective, light dispersing activity of these flake-like structures, their positioning and orientation with respect to the ovisac inside. Both the striation of alternating electron dense and electron-lucent components and the sharp edges of the flakes indicate self-assembly of material of yet unknown origin under supposed participation of crystallization. However, selected area electron diffraction could not verify the status of crystallization. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis measured a marked increase in nitrogen within the flake-like inclusion, and the almost complete absence of elements that are typically involved in inorganic crystallization. This rise in nitrogen could possibility be related to higher package density of proteins, achieved by mesostructure assembly. Conclusions The ovisac lining of A. franciscana is endowed with numerous mesostructured inclusions that have not been previously reported. We hypothesize that their self-assembly was from proteinaceous polycrystalline units and carbohydrates. These mesostructured flakes displayed active optical properties, as an umbrella-like, reflective cover of the ovisac, which suggests a functional role in the reproduction of A. franciscana. In turn, studies into ovisac mesostructured inclusions could help to optimizing rearing Artemia as feed for fish farming. We propose Artemia ovisacs as an in vivo model system for studying mesostructure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Neumüller
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Kaindl
- Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margret Eckhard
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Stöger-Pollach
- University Service Center for TEM (USTEM), Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Reipert
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ye HL, Li DR, Yang JS, Chen DF, De Vos S, Vuylsteke M, Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G, Bossier P, Nagasawa H, Yang WJ. Molecular characterization and functional analyses of a diapause hormone receptor-like gene in parthenogenetic Artemia. Peptides 2017; 90:100-110. [PMID: 28174072 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, mature females under certain conditions produce and release encysted gastrula embryos that enter diapause, a state of obligate dormancy. The process is presumably regulated by diapause hormone (DH) and diapause hormone receptor (DHR) that were identified in the silkworm, Bombyx mori and other insects. However, the molecular structure and function of DHR in crustaceans remains unknown. Here, a DHR-like gene from parthenogenetic Artemia (Ar-DHR) was isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequence consists of 1410bp with a 1260-bp open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 420 amino acid residues. The results of real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis showed that the mRNA and protein of Ar-DHR were mainly expressed at the diapause stage. Furthermore, we found that Ar-DHR was located on the cell membrane of the pre-diapause cyst but in the cytoplasm of the diapause cyst by analysis of immunofluorescence. In vivo knockdown of Ar-DHR by RNA interference (RNAi) and antiserum neutralization consistently inhibited diapause cysts formation. The results indicated that Ar-DHR plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of embryonic diapause in Artemia. Thus, our findings provide an insight into the regulation of diapause formation in Artemia and the function of Ar-DHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Dong-Rui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Stephanie De Vos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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15
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Li DR, Ye HL, Yang JS, Yang F, Wang MR, De Vos S, Vuylsteke M, Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G, Bossier P, Yang WJ. Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer (Masc) gene involved in sex differentiation in Artemia. Gene 2017; 614:56-64. [PMID: 28300613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The sex of relatively primitive animals such as invertebrates is mostly determined by environmental factors and chromosome ploidy. Heteromorphic chromosomes may also play an important role, as in the ZW system in lepidopterans. However, the mechanisms of these various sex determination systems are still largely undefined. In the present study, a Masculinizer gene (Ar-Masc) was identified in the crustacean Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906. Sequence analysis revealed that the 1140-bp full-length open reading frame of Ar-Masc encodes a 380-aa protein containing two CCCH-type zinc finger domains having a high degree of shared identities with the MASC protein characterized in the silkworm Bombyx mori, which has been determined to participate in the production of male-specific splice variants. Furthermore, although Ar-Masc could be detected in almost all stages in both sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia, there were significant variations in expression between these two reproductive modes. Firstly, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that levels of both Ar-Masc mRNA and protein in sexual nauplii were much higher than in parthenogenetic nauplii throughout the hatching process. Secondly, both sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia had decreased levels of Ar-Masc along with the embryonic developmental stages, while the sexual ones had a relatively higher and more stable expression than those of parthenogenetic ones. Thirdly, immunofluorescence analysis determined that sexual individuals had higher levels of Ar-MASC protein than parthenogenetic individuals during embryonic development. Lastly, RNA interference with dsRNA showed that gene silencing of Ar-Masc in sexual A. franciscana caused the female-male ratio of progeny to be 2.19:1. These data suggest that Ar-Masc participates in the process of sex determination in A. franciscana, and provide insight into the evolution of sex determination in sexual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Rui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo-Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephanie De Vos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Dai L, Liu XC, Ye S, Li HW, Chen DF, Yu XJ, Huang XT, Zhang L, Yang F, Yang JS, Yang WJ. The RNA-editing deaminase ADAR is involved in stress resistance of Artemia diapause embryos. Stress 2016; 19:609-620. [PMID: 27696924 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1244523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The most widespread type of RNA editing, conversion of adenosine to inosine (A→I), is catalyzed by two members of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family, ADAR1 and ADAR2. These enzymes edit transcripts for neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels during adaption to changes in the physical environment. In the primitive crustacean Artemia, when maternal adults are exposed to unfavorable conditions, they release diapause embryos to withstand harsh environments. The aim of the current study was therefore to elucidate the role of ADAR of Artemia diapause embryos in resistance to stress. Here, we identified Artemia ADAR (Ar-ADAR), which harbors a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and two double-stranded RNA-binding motifs (dsRBMs) in the amino-terminal region and an adenosine deaminase (AD) domain in the carboxyl-terminal region. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Ar-ADAR is expressed abundantly in post-diapause embryos. Artemia (n = 200, three replicates) were tested under basal and stress conditions. We found that Ar-ADAR was significantly induced in response to the stresses of salinity and heat-shock. Furthermore, in vivo knockdown of Ar-ADAR (n = 100, three replicates) by RNA interference induced formation of pseudo-diapause embryos, which lack resistance to the stresses and exhibit high levels of apoptosis. These results indicate that Ar-ADAR contributes to resistance to stress in Artemia diapause embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xue-Chen Liu
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Sen Ye
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hua-Wei Li
- b Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xiao-Jian Yu
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xue-Ting Huang
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Li Zhang
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Fan Yang
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
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Li G, Jia H, Wang H, Yan Y, Guo X, Sun Q, Xu B. A typical RNA-binding protein gene (AccRBM11) in Apis cerana cerana: characterization of AccRBM11 and its possible involvement in development and stress responses. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:1005-1019. [PMID: 27590229 PMCID: PMC5083670 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-016-0725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding motif proteins (RBMs) belong to RNA-binding proteins that display extraordinary posttranscriptional gene regulation roles in various cellular processes, including development, growth, and stress responses. Nevertheless, only a few examples of the roles of RBMs are known in insects, particularly in Apis cerana cerana. In the present study, we characterized the novel RNA-binding motif protein 11 from Apis cerana cerana, which was named AccRBM11 and whose promoter sequence included abundant potential transcription factor binding sites that are connected to responses to adverse stress and early development. Quantitative PCR results suggested that AccRBM11 was expressed at highest levels in 1-day postemergence worker bees. AccRBM11 mRNA and protein levels were higher in the poison gland and the epidermis than in other tissues. Moreover, levels of AccRBM11 transcription were upregulated upon all the simulation of abiotic stresses. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated that AccRBM11 protein expression levels could be induced under some abiotic stressors, a result that did not completely in agree with the qRT-PCR results. It is also noteworthy that the expression of some genes that connected with development or stress responses were remarkably suppressed when AccRBM11 was silenced, which suggested that AccRBM11 might play a similar role in development or stress reactions with the above genes. Taken together, the data presented here provide evidence that AccRBM11 is potentially involved in the regulation of development and some abiotic stress responses. We expect that this study will promote future research on the function of RNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Warner AH, Guo ZH, Moshi S, Hudson JW, Kozarova A. Study of model systems to test the potential function of Artemia group 1 late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:139-154. [PMID: 26462928 PMCID: PMC4679747 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, are genetically programmed to develop either ovoviparously or oviparously depending on environmental conditions. Shortly upon their release from the female, oviparous embryos enter diapause during which time they undergo major metabolic rate depression while simultaneously synthesize proteins that permit them to tolerate a wide range of stressful environmental events including prolonged periods of desiccation, freezing, and anoxia. Among the known stress-related proteins that accumulate in embryos entering diapause are the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. This large group of intrinsically disordered proteins has been proposed to act as molecular shields or chaperones of macromolecules which are otherwise intolerant to harsh conditions associated with diapause. In this research, we used two model systems to study the potential function of the group 1 LEA proteins from Artemia. Expression of the Artemia group 1 gene (AfrLEA-1) in Escherichia coli inhibited growth in proportion to the number of 20-mer amino acid motifs expressed. As well, clones of E. coli, transformed with the AfrLEA-1 gene, expressed multiple bands of LEA proteins, either intrinsically or upon induction with isopropyl-β-thiogalactoside (IPTG), in a vector-specific manner. Expression of AfrLEA-1 in E. coli did not overcome the inhibitory effects of high concentrations of NaCl and KCl but modulated growth inhibition resulting from high concentrations of sorbitol in the growth medium. In contrast, expression of the AfrLEA-1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not alter the growth kinetics or permit yeast to tolerate high concentrations of NaCl, KCl, or sorbitol. However, expression of AfrLEA-1 in yeast improved its tolerance to drying (desiccation) and freezing. Under our experimental conditions, both E. coli and S. cerevisiae appear to be potentially suitable hosts to study the function of Artemia group 1 LEA proteins under environmentally stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden H Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Zhi-Hao Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Sandra Moshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - John W Hudson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Anna Kozarova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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19
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MacRae TH. Stress tolerance during diapause and quiescence of the brine shrimp, Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:9-18. [PMID: 26334984 PMCID: PMC4679736 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviparously developing embryos of the brine shrimp, Artemia, arrest at gastrulation and are released from females as cysts before entering diapause, a state of dormancy and stress tolerance. Diapause is terminated by an external signal, and growth resumes if conditions are permissible. However, if circumstances are unfavorable, cysts enter quiescence, a dormant stage that continues as long as adverse conditions persist. Artemia embryos in diapause and quiescence are remarkably resistant to environmental and physiological stressors, withstanding desiccation, cold, heat, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, and years of anoxia at ambient temperature when fully hydrated. Cysts have adapted to stress in several ways; they are surrounded by a rigid cell wall impermeable to most chemical compounds and which functions as a shield against ultraviolet radiation. Artemia cysts contain large amounts of trehalose, a non-reducing sugar thought to preserve membranes and proteins during desiccation by replacing water molecules and/or contributing to vitrification. Late embryogenesis abundant proteins similar to those in seeds and other anhydrobiotic organisms are found in cysts, and they safeguard cell organelles and proteins during desiccation. Artemia cysts contain abundant amounts of p26, a small heat shock protein, and artemin, a ferritin homologue, both ATP-independent molecular chaperones important in stress tolerance. The evidence provided in this review supports the conclusion that it is the interplay of these protective elements that make Artemia one of the most stress tolerant of all metazoan organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S., B3H 4R2, Canada.
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20
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Duan RB, Zhang L, Chen DF, Yang F, Yang JS, Yang WJ. Two p90 ribosomal S6 kinase isoforms are involved in the regulation of mitotic and meiotic arrest in Artemia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16006-15. [PMID: 24755224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple isoforms of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), which regulate diverse cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, maturation, and motility. However, the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms remains undetermined. Artemia is a useful model in which to study cell cycle arrest because these animals undergo prolonged diapauses, a state of obligate dormancy. A novel RSK isoform was identified in Artemia, which was termed Ar-Rsk2. This isoform was compared with an RSK isoform that we previously identified in Artemia, termed Ar-Rsk1. Ar-Rsk2 has an ERK-docking motif, whereas Ar-Rsk1 does not. Western blot analysis revealed that Ar-Rsk1 was activated by phosphorylation, which blocked meiosis in oocytes. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk1 reduced the level of phosphorylated cdc2 and thereby suppressed cytostatic factor activity. This indicates that Ar-Rsk1 regulates the cytostatic factor in meiosis. Expression of Ar-Rsk2 was down-regulated in Artemia cysts in which mitosis was arrested. Knockdown of Ar-Rsk2 resulted in decreased levels of cyclin D3 and phosphorylated histone H3, and the production of pseudo-diapause cysts. This indicates that Ar-Rsk2 regulates mitotic arrest. PLK and ERK RNAi showed that Ar-Rsk2, but not Ar-Rsk1, could be activated by PLK-ERK in Artemia. This is the first study to report that RSK isoforms with and without an ERK-docking motif regulate mitosis and meiosis, respectively. This study provides insight into the relationship between the structures and functions of RSK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Bing Duan
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fan Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- From the Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Identification and characterization of a Ste20-like kinase in Artemia and its role in the developmental regulation and resistance to environmental stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92234. [PMID: 24637947 PMCID: PMC3956927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To adapt to extreme environments, the crustacean Artemia has evolved two alternative reproductive pathways. During ovoviviparous (direct) development, nauplius larvae are produced. In contrast, Artemia females release encysted diapause embryos (cysts) via the oviparous pathway. To date, the cellular mechanisms that regulate stress resistance of Artemia remain largely unknown. Ste20-like kinase (SLK) participates in multiple biological processes, including stress responses, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Principal Finding We isolated and characterized a member of the SLK superfamily termed ArSLK from Artemia parthenogenetica. The ArSLK gene is transcribed throughout both ovoviviparous and oviparous development; however, the protein is located mainly in the nuclei of stress-resistant diapause cysts, unlike the nauplii and nauplius-destined embryos where it is cytoplasmic. Interestingly, exposure of nauplii to heat shock, acidic pH, and UV irradiation induced the translocation of ArSLK from cytoplasm to nucleus. This translocation was reversed following stress removal. Moreover, under physiologically-stressful conditions, the nauplius larvae produced by adults after gene knockdown of endogenous ArSLK by RNAi, lost the ability of free-swimming much earlier than those of control larvae from females injected with GFP dsRNA. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, this study demonstrated that trafficking of ArSLK between the cytoplasm and the nucleus participates in regulating the stress resistance of Artemia. Our findings may provide significant insight into the functions of members of the SLK superfamily.
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King AM, Toxopeus J, MacRae TH. Artemin, a diapause-specific chaperone, contributes to the stress tolerance of Artemia franciscana cysts and influences their release from females. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:1719-24. [PMID: 24526727 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Females of the crustacean Artemia franciscana produce either motile nauplii or gastrula stage embryos enclosed in a shell impermeable to nonvolatile compounds and known as cysts. The encysted embryos enter diapause, a state of greatly reduced metabolism and profound stress tolerance. Artemin, a diapause-specific ferritin homolog in cysts has molecular chaperone activity in vitro. Artemin represents 7.2% of soluble protein in cysts, approximately equal to the amount of p26, a small heat shock protein. However, there is almost twice as much artemin mRNA in cysts as compared with p26 mRNA, suggesting that artemin mRNA is translated less efficiently. RNA interference employing the injection of artemin double-stranded RNA into the egg sacs of A. franciscana females substantially reduced artemin mRNA and protein in cysts. Decreasing artemin diminished desiccation and freezing tolerance of cysts, demonstrating a role for this protein in stress resistance. Knockdown of artemin increased the time required for complete discharge of a brood of cysts carried within a female from a few hours up to 4 days, an effect weakened in successive broods. Artemin, an abundant molecular chaperone, contributes to stress tolerance of A. franciscana cysts while influencing their development and/or exit from females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Regulation of trehalase expression inhibits apoptosis in diapause cysts of Artemia. Biochem J 2014; 456:185-94. [PMID: 24063546 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trehalase, which specifically hydrolyses trehalose into glucose, plays an important role in the metabolism of trehalose. Large amounts of trehalose are stored in the diapause encysted embryos (cysts) of Artemia, which are not only vital to their extraordinary stress resistance, but also provide a source of energy for development after diapause is terminated. In the present study, a mechanism for the transcriptional regulation of trehalase was described in Artemia parthenogenetica. A trehalase-associated protein (ArTAP) was identified in Artemia-producing diapause cysts. ArTAP was found to be expressed only in diapause-destined embryos. Further analyses revealed that ArTAP can bind to a specific intronic segment of a trehalase gene. Knockdown of ArTAP by RNAi resulted in the release of cysts with coarse shells in which two chitin-binding proteins were missing. Western blotting showed that the level of trehalase was increased and apoptosis was induced in these ArTAP-knockdown cysts compared with controls. Taken together, these results show that ArTAP is a key regulator of trehalase expression which, in turn, plays an important role in trehalose metabolism during the formation of diapause cysts.
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Chitin-binding proteins of Artemia diapause cysts participate in formation of the embryonic cuticle layer of cyst shells. Biochem J 2013; 449:285-94. [PMID: 23013449 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia reproduces either ovoviviparously, producing free-swimming nauplii, or oviparously, producing encysted embryos (diapause cysts) able to cope with harsh and complex habitats. When the cysts enter diapause they are encased in a complex external shell that protects them from certain extreme environments. The genomic comparison of oviparous and ovoviviparous ovisacs has been described previously. We isolated three significantly up-regulated genes in oviparous oocytes and identified them as Arp-CBP (Artemia parthenogenetica chitin-binding protein) genes. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of Arp-CBP genes gradually increases during diapause cyst formation and significant mRNA accumulation occurs during the ovisac stage of oviparous development. Moreover, in situ hybridization results demonstrated that Arp-CBP mRNAs are expressed in the embryo. Interestingly, the results of immune electron microscopy showed that all three Arp-CBPs are distributed throughout the cellular ECL (embryonic cuticle layer) of the cyst shell. Furthermore, knockdown of Arp-CBP by RNA interference resulted in marked changes in the composition of the embryonic cuticular layer. The fibrous layer of the cyst shell adopted a loose conformation and the inner and outer cuticular membranes exhibited marked irregularities when Arp-CBP expression was suppressed. Finally, an in vitro recombinant protein-binding assay showed that all three Arp-CBPs have carbohydrate-binding activities. These findings provide significant insight into the mechanisms by which the ECL of Artemia cyst shell is formed, and demonstrate that Arp-CBPs are involved in construction of the fibrous lattice and are required for formation of the ECL of the cyst shell.
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King AM, MacRae TH. The small heat shock protein p26 aids development of encysting Artemia embryos, prevents spontaneous diapause termination and protects against stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43723. [PMID: 22952748 PMCID: PMC3428274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemia franciscana embryos enter diapause as encysted gastrulae, a physiological state of metabolic dormancy and enhanced stress resistance. The objective of this study was to use RNAi to investigate the function of p26, an abundant, diapause-specific small heat shock protein, in the development and behavior of encysted Artemia embryos (cysts). RNAi methodology was developed where injection of Artemia females with dsRNA specifically eliminated p26 from cysts. p26 mRNA and protein knock down were, respectively, confirmed by RT-PCR and immuno-probing of western blots. ArHsp21 and ArHsp22, diapause-related small heat shock proteins in Artemia cysts sharing a conserved α-crystallin domain with p26, were unaffected by injection of females with dsRNA for p26, demonstrating the specificity of protein knock down. Elimination of p26 delayed cyst release from females demonstrating that this molecular chaperone influences the development of diapause-destined embryos. Although development was slowed the metabolic activities of cysts either containing or lacking p26 were similar. p26 inhibited diapause termination after prolonged incubation of cysts in sea water perhaps by a direct effect on termination or indirectly because p26 is necessary for the preservation of diapause maintenance. Cyst diapause was however, terminated by desiccation and freezing, a procedure leading to high mortality within cyst populations lacking p26 and indicating the protein is required for stress tolerance. Cysts lacking p26 were also less resistant to heat shock. This is the first in vivo study to show that knock down of a small heat shock protein slows the development of diapause-destined embryos, suggesting a role for p26 in the developmental process. The same small heat shock protein prevents spontaneous termination of diapause and provides stress protection to encysted embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. King
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas H. MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhao Y, Ding X, Ye X, Dai ZM, Yang JS, Yang WJ. Involvement of cyclin K posttranscriptional regulation in the formation of Artemia diapause cysts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32129. [PMID: 22363807 PMCID: PMC3283732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Artemia eggs tend to develop ovoviviparously to yield nauplius larvae in good rearing conditions; while under adverse situations, they tend to develop oviparously and encysted diapause embryos are formed instead. However, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating this process are not well understood. Principal Finding This study has characterized the function of cyclin K, a regulatory subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) in the two different developmental pathways of Artemia. In the diapause-destined embryo, Western blots showed that the cyclin K protein was down-regulated as the embryo entered dormancy and reverted to relatively high levels of expression once development resumed, consistent with the fluctuations in phosphorylation of position 2 serines (Ser2) in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit (Rpb1) of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). Interestingly, the cyclin K transcript levels remained constant during this process. In vitro translation data indicated that the template activity of cyclin K mRNA stored in the postdiapause cyst was repressed. In addition, in vivo knockdown of cyclin K in developing embryos by RNA interference eliminated phosphorylation of the CTD Ser2 of RNAP II and induced apoptosis by inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) survival signaling pathway. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these findings reveal a role for cyclin K in regulating RNAP II activity during diapause embryo development, which involves the post-transcriptional regulation of cyclin K. In addition, a further role was identified for cyclin K in regulating the control of cell survival during embryogenesis through ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Min Dai
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Chen S, Chen DF, Yang F, Nagasawa H, Yang WJ. Characterization and Processing of Superoxide Dismutase-Fused Vitellogenin in the Diapause Embryo Formation: A Special Developmental Pathway in the Brine Shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica1. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:31-41. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Dai L, Chen DF, Liu YL, Zhao Y, Yang F, Yang JS, Yang WJ. Extracellular matrix peptides of Artemia cyst shell participate in protecting encysted embryos from extreme environments. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20187. [PMID: 21673998 PMCID: PMC3108945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many species of the brine shrimp Artemia are found in various severe environments in many parts of the world where extreme salinity, high UV radiation levels, high pH, anoxia, large temperature fluctuations, and intermittent dry conditions are often recorded. To withstand adverse environments, Artemia undergoes an oviparous developmental pathway to release cysts whereas, under favorable conditions, swimming nauplius larvae are formed directly via an ovoviviparous pathway. In the former case these cysts have an extraordinary ability to keep the embryos protected from the harsh environment for long periods. This is achieved through the protection by a complex out-wrapping cyst shell. However, the formation and function of the cyst shell is complex; the details remain largely unclear. Principal Finding A shell gland-specific gene (SGEG2) was cloned and identified from a suppression subtractive hybridization library. Western blot analysis showed that SGEG2 presumably requires post-translational proteolysis in order to be processed into two mature peptides (SGEG2a and 2b). The three matrix peptides (SGEG1 reported previously, 2a, and 2b) were found to distribute throughout the cyst shell. The results of gene knockdown by RNAi and subsequent resistance to environmental stresses assays indicated that these matrix peptides are required for cyst shell formation and are involved in protecting the encysted embryos from environmental stress. Conclusions/Significance This study revealed that extracellular matrix peptides participate in protecting embryos from extreme salinity, UV radiation, large temperature fluctuations and dry environments, thereby facilitating their survival. The cyst shell provides an excellent opportunity to link the ecological setting of an organism to the underlying physiological and biochemical processes enabling its survival. The cyst shell material has also a high potential to become an excellent new biomaterial with a high number of prospective uses due, specifically, to such biological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dai
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Fu Chen
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lei Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Shell-bound iron dependant nitric oxide synthesis in encysted Artemia parthenogenetica embryos during hydrogen peroxide exposure. Biometals 2011; 24:1035-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Warner AH, Miroshnychenko O, Kozarova A, Vacratsis PO, MacRae TH, Kim J, Clegg JS. Evidence for multiple group 1 late embryogenesis abundant proteins in encysted embryos of Artemia and their organelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 148:581-92. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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MacRae TH. Gene expression, metabolic regulation and stress tolerance during diapause. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2405-24. [PMID: 20213274 PMCID: PMC11115916 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diapause entails molecular, physiological and morphological remodeling of living animals, culminating in a dormant state characterized by enhanced stress tolerance. Molecular mechanisms driving diapause resemble those responsible for biochemical processes in proliferating cells and include transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational processes. The results are directed gene expression, differential mRNA and protein accumulation and protein modifications, including those that occur in response to changes in cellular redox potential. Biochemical pathways switch, metabolic products change and energy production is adjusted. Changes to biosynthetic activities result for example in the synthesis of molecular chaperones, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and protective coverings, all contributing to stress tolerance. The purpose of this review is to consider regulatory and mechanistic strategies that are potentially key to metabolic control and stress tolerance during diapause, while remembering that organisms undergoing diapause are as diverse as the processes itself. Some of the parameters described have well-established roles in diapause, whereas the evidence for others is cursory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H MacRae
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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