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Wodtke R, Laube M, Hauser S, Meister S, Ludwig FA, Fischer S, Kopka K, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Preclinical evaluation of an 18F-labeled N ε-acryloyllysine piperazide for covalent targeting of transglutaminase 2. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:1. [PMID: 38165538 PMCID: PMC10761660 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multifunctional protein and has a prominent role in various (patho)physiological processes. In particular, its transamidase activity, which is rather latent under physiological conditions, gains importance in malignant cells. Thus, there is a great need of theranostic probes for targeting tumor-associated TGase 2, and targeted covalent inhibitors appear to be particularly attractive as vector molecules. Such an inhibitor, equipped with a radionuclide suitable for noninvasive imaging, would be supportive for answering the general question on the possibility for functional characterization of tumor-associated TGase 2. For this purpose, the recently developed 18F-labeled Nε-acryloyllysine piperazide [18F]7b, which is a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of TGase 2, was subject to a detailed radiopharmacological characterization herein. RESULTS An alternative radiosynthesis of [18F]7b is presented, which demands less than 300 µg of the respective trimethylammonio precursor per synthesis and provides [18F]7b in good radiochemical yields (17 ± 7%) and high (radio)chemical purities (≥ 99%). Ex vivo biodistribution studies in healthy mice at 5 and 60 min p.i. revealed no permanent enrichment of 18F-activity in tissues with the exception of the bone tissue. In vivo pretreatment with ketoconazole and in vitro murine liver microsome studies complemented by mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that bone uptake originates from metabolically released [18F]fluoride. Further metabolic transformations of [18F]7b include mono-hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Based on blood sampling data and liver microsome experiments, pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma and intrinsic clearance were derived, which substantiated the apparently rapid distribution of [18F]7b in and elimination from the organisms. A TGase 2-mediated uptake of [18F]7b in different tumor cell lines could not be proven. Moreover, evaluation of [18F]7b in melanoma tumor xenograft models based on A375-hS100A4 (TGase 2 +) and MeWo (TGase 2 -) cells by ex vivo biodistribution and PET imaging studies were not indicative for a specific targeting. CONCLUSION [18F]7b is a valuable radiometric tool to study TGase 2 in vitro under various conditions. However, its suitability for targeting tumor-associated TGase 2 is strongly limited due its unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties as demonstrated in rodents. Consequently, from a radiochemical perspective [18F]7b requires appropriate structural modifications to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meister
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
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Ismail TM, Crick RG, Du M, Shivkumar U, Carnell A, Barraclough R, Wang G, Cheng Z, Yu W, Platt-Higgins A, Nixon G, Rudland PS. Targeted Destruction of S100A4 Inhibits Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1099. [PMID: 37509135 PMCID: PMC10377353 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most patients who die of cancer do so from its metastasis to other organs. The calcium-binding protein S100A4 can induce cell migration/invasion and metastasis in experimental animals and is overexpressed in most human metastatic cancers. Here, we report that a novel inhibitor of S100A4 can specifically block its increase in cell migration in rat (IC50, 46 µM) and human (56 µM) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells without affecting Western-blotted levels of S100A4. The moderately-weak S100A4-inhibitory compound, US-10113 has been chemically attached to thalidomide to stimulate the proteasomal machinery of a cell. This proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) RGC specifically eliminates S100A4 in the rat (IC50, 8 nM) and human TNBC (IC50, 3.2 nM) cell lines with a near 20,000-fold increase in efficiency over US-10113 at inhibiting cell migration (IC50, 1.6 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively). Knockdown of S100A4 in human TNBC cells abolishes this effect. When PROTAC RGC is injected with mouse TNBC cells into syngeneic Balb/c mice, the incidence of experimental lung metastases or local primary tumour invasion and spontaneous lung metastasis is reduced in the 10-100 nM concentration range (Fisher's Exact test, p ≤ 0.024). In conclusion, we have established proof of principle that destructive targeting of S100A4 provides the first realistic chemotherapeutic approach to selectively inhibiting metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir M. Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (R.B.); (A.P.-H.)
| | - Rachel G. Crick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (R.G.C.); (U.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Min Du
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunity, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (M.D.); (G.W.)
| | - Uma Shivkumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (R.G.C.); (U.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrew Carnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (R.G.C.); (U.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Roger Barraclough
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (R.B.); (A.P.-H.)
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunity, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (M.D.); (G.W.)
| | - Zhenxing Cheng
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 230032, China; (Z.C.); (W.Y.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 210009, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 230032, China; (Z.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Angela Platt-Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (R.B.); (A.P.-H.)
| | - Gemma Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (R.G.C.); (U.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Philip S. Rudland
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (R.B.); (A.P.-H.)
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3
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Ismail TM, Gross SR, Lancaster T, Rudland PS, Barraclough R. The Role of the C-Terminal Lysine of S100P in S100P-Induced Cell Migration and Metastasis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101471. [PMID: 34680103 PMCID: PMC8533620 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S100P protein is a potent inducer of metastasis in a model system, and its presence in cancer cells of patients is strongly associated with their reduced survival times. A well-established Furth Wistar rat metastasis model system, methods for measuring cell migration, and specific inhibitors were used to study pathways of motility-driven metastasis. Cells expressing C-terminal mutant S100P proteins display markedly-reduced S100P-driven metastasis in vivo and cell migration in vitro. These cells fail to display the low focal adhesion numbers observed in cells expressing wild-type S100P, and the mutant S100P proteins exhibit reduced biochemical interaction with non-muscle myosin heavy chain isoform IIA in vitro. Extracellular inhibitors of the S100P-dependent plasminogen activation pathway reduce, but only in part, wild-type S100P-dependent cell migration; they are without effect on S100P-negative cells or cells expressing C-terminal mutant S100P proteins and have no effect on the numbers of focal adhesions. Recombinant wild-type S100P protein, added extracellularly to S100P-negative cells, stimulates cell migration, which is abolished by these inhibitors. The results identify at least two S100P-dependent pathways of migration, one cell surface and the other intracellularly-linked, and identify its C-terminal lysine as a target for inhibiting multiple migration-promoting activities of S100P protein and S100P-driven metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamir M. Ismail
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (P.S.R.)
| | - Stephane R. Gross
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.R.G.); (R.B.)
| | - Tara Lancaster
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | - Philip S. Rudland
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (P.S.R.)
| | - Roger Barraclough
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; (T.M.I.); (P.S.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.G.); (R.B.)
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4
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Heizmann CW. S100 proteins: Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in laboratory medicine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1197-1206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Heizmann CW. Ca 2+-Binding Proteins of the EF-Hand Superfamily: Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1929:157-186. [PMID: 30710273 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9030-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of Ca2+-sensor proteins containing the specific Ca2+-binding motif (helix-loop-helix, called EF-hand) are of major clinical relevance in a many human diseases. Measurements of troponin, the first intracellular Ca-sensor protein to be discovered, is nowadays the "gold standard" in the diagnosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Mutations have been identified in calmodulin and linked to inherited ventricular tachycardia and in patients affected by severe cardiac arrhythmias. Parvalbumin, when introduced into the diseased heart by gene therapy to increase contraction and relaxation speed, is considered to be a novel therapeutic strategy to combat heart failure. S100 proteins, the largest subgroup with the EF-hand protein family, are closely associated with cardiovascular diseases, various types of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmune pathologies. The intention of this review is to summarize the clinical importance of this protein family and their use as biomarkers and potential drug targets, which could help to improve the diagnosis of human diseases and identification of more selective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus W Heizmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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6
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S100A4 inhibits cell proliferation by interfering with the S100A1-RAGE V domain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212299. [PMID: 30779808 PMCID: PMC6380570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-dependent human S100A4 (Mts1) protein is part of the S100 family. Here, we studied the interactions of S100A4 with S100A1 using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We used the chemical shift perturbed residues from HSQC to model S100A4 and S100A1 complex with HADDOCK software. We observed that S100A1 and the RAGE V domain have an analogous binding area in S100A4. We discovered that S100A4 acts as an antagonist among the RAGE V domain and S100A1, which inhibits tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. We used a WST-1 assay to examine the bioactivity of S100A1 and S100A4. This study could possibly be beneficial for evaluating new proteins for the treatment of diseases.
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7
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Lin Z, Deng L, Ji J, Cheng C, Wan X, Jiang R, Tang J, Zhuo H, Sun B, Chen Y. S100A4 hypomethylation affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition partially induced by LMP2A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1467-76. [PMID: 26292668 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To identify cellular target genes involved in NPC cell invasion and metastasis, gene expression profiles of CNE-1 cells with or without ectopic LMP2A expression were compared by using the metastatic gene array. S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) was the highest increased one among these genes both in mRNA and protein levels of NPC cells. Moreover, S100A4 was upregulated in LMP2A-positive NPC tissues. We found that CNE-1-S100A4 showed significantly increased invasion ability as compared to the controls both in vitro and in vivo, which indicated that S100A4 induced EMT occurrence and promoted metastasis. Notably, the DNA hypomethylation of S100A4 was found in LMP2A-positive NPC tissues. Besides, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases via 5-Aza-dC stimulated the expression of S100A4 in the cells without ectopic LMP2A expression. The methylation changes were confirmed by methylation specific PCR (MSP), suggesting that LMP2A ectopic expression led to the demethylation of S100A4 promoter. These results demonstrated that LMP2A-induced hypomethylation participated in regulating S100A4 expression in NPC. Our findings provide an evidence for the emerging notion that hypomethylation and activation of correlated genes are crucial for metastasis progression in cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ci Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Han Zhuo
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Cho CC, Hung KW, Gorja DR, Yu C. The solution structure of human calcium-bound S100A4 mutated at four cysteine loci. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2015; 62:233-238. [PMID: 25855140 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-015-9927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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9
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Wang D, Zhang J, Liu Z, Chen Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wu L, Zhou X, Meng X, Li H, Liu H, Jiang Z, Wang T. Functional expression, characterization and application of the human S100A4 protein. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:175-81. [PMID: 25339497 PMCID: PMC4237081 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations utilizing monoclonal antibodies against S100A4 provide useful tools for functional studies to investigate the clinical applications of the human S100A4 protein. In the present study, human S100A4 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3), successfully purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and identified by western blot analysis. Soluble S100A4 bioactivity was confirmed by Transwell migration and invasion assays in the human HeLa cell line. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated utilizing the standard hybridoma method and were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis. The antibody was then used to examine human gastric carcinoma specimens by immunohistochemistry. Recombinant S100A4 was functionally expressed in E. coli and promoted the migration and invasion of HeLa cells. Four hybridoma cell lines, which secreted mAbs specifically against human S100A4 protein, were obtained. One of the four mAbs, namely 2A12D10B2, recognized human S100A4 as indicated by immunohistochemical staining of human gastric carcinoma specimens and recombinant S100A4 was functionally expressed in E. coli. The mAbs of recombinant S100A4 were suitable for detecting S100A4 expression in human tissues and for investigating the subsequent clinical applications of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degang Wang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Ziquan Liu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiang Xu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xuesi Zhou
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Meng
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- Endoscopy Division, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital and City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zifeng Jiang
- Division of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Performance Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
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10
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Xuan X, Li Q, Zhang Z, Du Y, Liu P. Increased expression levels of S100A4 associated with hypoxia-induced invasion and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12535-43. [PMID: 25217321 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we explored the expression of S100A4 in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) tissues and investigated its role in hypoxia-induced invasion and metastasis in ESCC cell lines EC-1 and EC-9706. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that S100A4 was overexpressed in human ESCC tissues especially in ESCC tissues with deep invasion and lymph node metastasis. Hypoxia-induced S100A4 overexpression was observed in EC-1 and EC-9706 cells, in which it was associated with invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, we used EC-1 and EC-9706 cells again to upregulate or knockdown the expression S100A4 to investigate the mechanism role of S100A4 in hypoxia-induced invasion and metastasis in ESCC cells. And the results showed that S100A4 played an important role in promoting the invasion and metastasis of EC-1 and EC-9706 cells under hypoxia. Therefore, S100A4 overexpression might be an important mechanism by which hypoxia induced invasion and metastasis, and S100A4 could also be a potential target for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China
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11
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Liu Z, Xu C, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu X, Wu L, Zhang Z, Meng X, Liu H, Jiang Z, Wang T. Functionally active rat S100A4 from a polymerase chain reaction-synthesized gene expressed in soluble form in Escherichia coli.. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1179-1184. [PMID: 24944689 PMCID: PMC3961442 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A4 protein is associated with Ca2+-dependent regulation of intracellular activities and is significant in the invasion, growth and metastasis of cancer. In order to express rat S100A4 functionally and identify its biological activity following purification, an S100A4 gene fragment was optimized and fully synthesized via overlapping polymerase chain reaction. The gene was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pBV220, with phage λ PRPL promoters following confirmation by DNA sequencing. The pBV220-S100A4 plasmid was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. Following temperature induction, rat S100A4 was overexpressed and the protein was observed to be located in the supernatant of the lysates, which was ~30–40% of the total protein within the host. The protein was isolated and purified by metal-chelate affinity chromatography. High purity protein (>98% purity) was obtained and in vitro western blot analysis identified that the recombinant S100A4 was able to bind to the antibody against wild-type S100A4. The bioactivity of the recombinant protein was detected via Transwell migration and invasion assays. The polyclonal antibody of rat S100A4 protein was prepared for rabbit immunization and exhibited similar efficacies when compared with commercial S100A4. Therefore, rat S100A4 was functionally expressed in E. coli; thus, the production of active recombinant S100A4 protein in E. coli may further aid with the investigation and application of S100A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Liu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China ; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Hedong, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiang Xu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China ; Tianjin University of Sport, Nankai, Tianjin 300381, P.R. China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China ; Tianjin University of Sport, Nankai, Tianjin 300381, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Meng
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China ; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Hedong, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
| | - Zifeng Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Tianhui Wang
- Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Heping, Tianjin 300050, P.R. China
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Depletion of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells altered the expression of genes in key regulatory pathways of cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100103. [PMID: 24932473 PMCID: PMC4059751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor that is best known for its role in mediating the toxic responses elicited by poly aromatic hydrocarbons as well as many other environmental factors; is also involved in breast cancer progression. We previously reported that stable knockdown of AhR decreased the tumorigenic properties of the highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line; whereas ectopic overexpression of AhR was sufficient to transform immortalized human mammary epithelial cells to exhibit malignant phenotypes. In the present study we investigated the genes that are differentially regulated by AhR and are controlling cellular processes linked to breast cancer. We used Affymetrix Human GeneChip 1.0-ST whole transcriptome arrays to analyze alterations of gene expression resulting from stable AhR knockdown in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The expression of 144 genes was significantly altered with a ≥2.0-fold change and a multiple test corrected p-value ≤0.05, as a result of AhR knockdown. We demonstrate that AhR knockdown alters the expression of several genes known to be linked to cancer. These genes include those involved in tryptophan metabolism (KYNU), cell growth (MUC1 and IL8), cell survival (BIRC3 and BCL3), cell migration and invasion (S100A4 and ABI3), multi-drug resistance (ABCC3) and angiogenesis (VEGFA and CCL2). The identification of the genes and pathways affected by AhR depletion provides new insight into possible molecular events that could explain the reported phenotypic changes. In conclusion AhR knockdown alters the expression of genes known to enhance or inhibit cancer progression; tipping the balance towards a state that counteracts tumor progression.
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Gross SR, Sin CGT, Barraclough R, Rudland PS. Joining S100 proteins and migration: for better or for worse, in sickness and in health. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1551-79. [PMID: 23811936 PMCID: PMC11113901 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vast diversity of S100 proteins has demonstrated a multitude of biological correlations with cell growth, cell differentiation and cell survival in numerous physiological and pathological conditions in all cells of the body. This review summarises some of the reported regulatory functions of S100 proteins (namely S100A1, S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, S100A8/S100A9, S100A10, S100A11, S100A12, S100B and S100P) on cellular migration and invasion, established in both culture and animal model systems and the possible mechanisms that have been proposed to be responsible. These mechanisms involve intracellular events and components of the cytoskeletal organisation (actin/myosin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules) as well as extracellular signalling at different cell surface receptors (RAGE and integrins). Finally, we shall attempt to demonstrate how aberrant expression of the S100 proteins may lead to pathological events and human disorders and furthermore provide a rationale to possibly explain why the expression of some of the S100 proteins (mainly S100A4 and S100P) has led to conflicting results on motility, depending on the cells used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane R. Gross
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - Connie Goh Then Sin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - Roger Barraclough
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
| | - Philip S. Rudland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB UK
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14
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Hoffmann C, Moes D, Dieterle M, Neumann K, Moreau F, Tavares Furtado A, Dumas D, Steinmetz A, Thomas C. Live cell imaging reveals actin-cytoskeleton-induced self-association of the actin-bundling protein WLIM1. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:583-98. [PMID: 24284066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.134536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosslinking of actin filaments into bundles is essential for the assembly and stabilization of specific cytoskeletal structures. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying actin bundle formation. The two LIM-domain-containing proteins define a novel and evolutionarily conserved family of actin-bundling proteins whose actin-binding and -crosslinking activities primarily rely on their LIM domains. Using TIRF microscopy, we describe real-time formation of actin bundles induced by tobacco NtWLIM1 in vitro. We show that NtWLIM1 binds to single filaments and subsequently promotes their interaction and zippering into tight bundles of mixed polarity. NtWLIM1-induced bundles grew by both elongation of internal filaments and addition of preformed fragments at their extremities. Importantly, these data are highly consistent with the modes of bundle formation and growth observed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a GFP-fused Arabidopsis AtWLIM1 protein. Using two complementary live cell imaging approaches, a close relationship between NtWLIM1 subcellular localization and self-association was established. Indeed, both BiFC and FLIM-FRET data revealed that, although unstable NtWLIM1 complexes can sporadically form in the cytosol, stable complexes concentrate along the actin cytoskeleton. Remarkably, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton significantly impaired self-association of NtWLIM1. In addition, biochemical analyses support the idea that F-actin facilitates the switch of purified recombinant NtWLIM1 from a monomeric to a di- or oligomeric state. On the basis of our data, we propose a model in which actin binding promotes the formation and stabilization of NtWLIM1 complexes, which in turn might drive the crosslinking of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Hoffmann
- Centre de Recherche Public-Santé, 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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15
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Darbre PD, Mannello F, Exley C. Aluminium and breast cancer: Sources of exposure, tissue measurements and mechanisms of toxicological actions on breast biology. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Ca(2+)-binding protein expression in primary human thyrocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2703-2713. [PMID: 23886630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We recently identified several Ca(2+)-binding proteins (CaBP) from the S100 and annexin family to be regulated by TSH in FRTL-5 cells. Here, we study the regulation of S100A4, S100A6 and ANXA2 in primary human thyrocytes (PHT) derived from surrounding tissues (ST), cold benign thyroid nodules (CTN) and autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTN). We investigated the expression and regulation of CaBP and the effect of their expression on Ca(2+) and TSHR signaling. We used an approach that accounts for the potential of an individual PHT culture to proliferate or to express thyroid differentiation features by assessing the expression of FOS and TPO. We found a strong correlation between the regulation of CaBP and the proliferation-associated transcription factor gene FOS. PKA and MEK1/2 were regulators of ANXA2 expression, while PI3-K and triiodothyronine were additionally involved in S100 regulation. The modulated expression of CaBP was reflected by changes in ATP-elicited Ca(2+) signaling in PHT. S100A4 increased the ratio of subsequent Ca(2+) responses and showed a Ca(2+) buffering effect, while ANXA2 affected the first Ca(2+) response to ATP. Overexpression of S100A4 led to a reduced activation of NFAT by TSH. Using S100A4 E33Q, D63N, F72Q and Y75K mutants we found that the effects of S100A4 expression on Ca(2+) signaling are mediated by protein interaction. We present evidence that TSH has the ability to fine-tune Ca(2+) signals through the regulation of CaBP expression. This represents a novel putative cross-regulating mechanism in thyrocytes that could affect thyrocyte signaling and physiology.
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17
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S100A4 interacts with p53 in the nucleus and promotes p53 degradation. Oncogene 2013; 32:5531-40. [PMID: 23752197 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
S100A4 is a small calcium-binding protein that is commonly overexpressed in a range of different tumor types, and it is widely accepted that S100A4 has an important role in the process of cancer metastasis. In vitro binding assays has shown that S100A4 interacts with the tumor suppressor protein p53, indicating that S100A4 may have additional roles in tumor development. In the present study, we show that endogenous S100A4 and p53 interact in complex samples, and that the interaction increases after inhibition of MDM2-dependent p53 degradation using Nutlin-3A. Further, using proximity ligation assay, we show that the interaction takes place in the cell nucleus. S100A4 knockdown experiments in two p53 wild-type cell lines, A549 and HeLa, resulted in stabilization of p53 protein, indicating that S100A4 is promoting p53 degradation. Finally, we demonstrate that S100A4 knockdown leads to p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Thus, our data add a new layer to the oncogenic properties of S100A4 through its inhibition of p53-dependent processes.
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18
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Wang Z, Griffin M. The role of TG2 in regulating S100A4-mediated mammary tumour cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57017. [PMID: 23469180 PMCID: PMC3585722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of S100A4, a Ca(2+)-binding protein, in mediating tumour cell migration, both intracellularly and extracellularly, is well documented. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) a Ca(2+)-dependent protein crosslinking enzyme, has also been shown to enhance cell migration. Here by using the well characterised non-metastatic rat mammary R37 cells (transfected with empty vector) and highly metastatic KP1 cells (R37 cells transfected with S100A4), we demonstrate that inhibition of TG2 either by TG2 inhibitors or transfection of cells with TG2 shRNA block S100A4-accelerated cell migration in the KP1cells and in R37 cells treated with exogenous S100A4. Cell migration was also blocked by the treatment with the non-cell permeabilizing TG2 inhibitor R294, in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (Clone 16, which has a high level of TG2 expression). Inhibition was paralleled by a decrease in S100A4 polymer formation. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation and Far Western blotting assays and cross-linking assays showed not only the direct interaction between TG2 and S100A4, but also confirmed S100A4 as a substrate for TG2. Using specific functional blocking antibodies, a targeting peptide and a recombinant protein as a competitive treatment, we revealed the involvement of syndecan-4 and α5β1 integrin co-signalling pathways linked by activation of PKCα in this TG2 and S100A4-mediated cell migration. We propose a mechanism for TG2-regulated S100A4-related mediated cell migration, which is dependent on TG2 crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Single molecule fluorescence detection and tracking in mammalian cells: the state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203092 PMCID: PMC3509608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights from single-molecule tracking in mammalian cells have the potential to greatly contribute to our understanding of the dynamic behavior of many protein families and networks which are key therapeutic targets of the pharmaceutical industry. This is particularly so at the plasma membrane, where the method has begun to elucidate the mechanisms governing the molecular interactions that underpin many fundamental processes within the cell, including signal transduction, receptor recognition, cell-cell adhesion, etc. However, despite much progress, single-molecule tracking faces challenges in mammalian samples that hinder its general application in the biomedical sciences. Much work has recently focused on improving the methods for fluorescent tagging of target molecules, detection and localization of tagged molecules, which appear as diffraction-limited spots in charge-coupled device (CCD) images, and objectively establishing the correspondence between moving particles in a sequence of image frames to follow their diffusive behavior. In this review we outline the state-of-the-art in the field and discuss the advantages and limitations of the methods available in the context of specific applications, aiming at helping researchers unfamiliar with single molecules methods to plan out their experiments.
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20
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Elliott PR, Irvine AF, Jung HS, Tozawa K, Pastok MW, Picone R, Badyal SK, Basran J, Rudland PS, Barraclough R, Lian LY, Bagshaw CR, Kriajevska M, Barsukov IL. Asymmetric mode of Ca²⁺-S100A4 interaction with nonmuscle myosin IIA generates nanomolar affinity required for filament remodeling. Structure 2012; 20:654-66. [PMID: 22483112 PMCID: PMC3343272 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Filament assembly of nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) is selectively regulated by the small Ca2+-binding protein, S100A4, which causes enhanced cell migration and metastasis in certain cancers. Our NMR structure shows that an S100A4 dimer binds to a single myosin heavy chain in an asymmetrical configuration. NMIIA in the complex forms a continuous helix that stretches across the surface of S100A4 and engages the Ca2+-dependent binding sites of each subunit in the dimer. Synergy between these sites leads to a very tight association (KD ∼1 nM) that is unique in the S100 family. Single-residue mutations that remove this synergy weaken binding and ameliorate the effects of S100A4 on NMIIA filament assembly and cell spreading in A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. We propose a model for NMIIA filament disassembly by S100A4 in which initial binding to the unstructured NMIIA tail initiates unzipping of the coiled coil and disruption of filament packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Elliott
- Institute of Integrative Biology, BioSciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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21
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Du M, Wang G, Ismail TM, Gross S, Fernig DG, Barraclough R, Rudland PS. S100P dissociates myosin IIA filaments and focal adhesion sites to reduce cell adhesion and enhance cell migration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15330-44. [PMID: 22399300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 proteins promote cancer cell migration and metastasis. To investigate their roles in the process of migration we have constructed inducible systems for S100P in rat mammary and human HeLa cells that show a linear relationship between its intracellular levels and cell migration. S100P, like S100A4, differentially interacts with the isoforms of nonmuscle myosin II (NMIIA, K(d) = 0.5 μM; IIB, K(d) = 8 μM; IIC, K(d) = 1.0 μM). Accordingly, S100P dissociates NMIIA and IIC filaments but not IIB in vitro. NMIIA knockdown increases migration in non-induced cells and there is no further increase upon induction of S100P, whereas NMIIB knockdown reduces cell migration whether or not S100P is induced. NMIIC knockdown does not affect S100P-enhanced cell migration. Further study shows that NMIIA physically interacts with S100P in living cells. In the cytoplasm, S100P occurs in discrete nodules along NMIIA-containing filaments. Induction of S100P causes more peripheral distribution of NMIIA filaments. This change is paralleled by a significant drop in vinculin-containing, actin-terminating focal adhesion sites (FAS) per cell. The induction of S100P, consequently, causes significant reduction in cellular adhesion. Addition of a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor reduces disassembly of FAS and thereby suppresses S100P-enhanced cell migration. In conclusion, this work has demonstrated a mechanism whereby the S100P-induced dissociation of NMIIA filaments leads to a weakening of FAS, reduced cell adhesion, and enhanced cell migration, the first major step in the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Du
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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22
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Goh Then Sin C, Hersch N, Rudland PS, Barraclough R, Hoffmann B, Gross SR. S100A4 downregulates filopodia formation through increased dynamic instability. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 5:439-47. [PMID: 21975553 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.5.17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires the initial formation of cell protrusions, lamellipodia and/or filopodia, the attachment of the leading lamella to extracellular cues and the formation and efficient recycling of focal contacts at the leading edge. The small calcium binding EF-hand protein S100A4 has been shown to promote cell motility but the direct molecular mechanisms responsible remain to be elucidated. In this work, we provide new evidences indicating that elevated levels of S100A4 affect the stability of filopodia and prevent the maturation of focal complexes. Increasing the levels of S100A4 in a rat mammary benign tumor derived cell line results in acquired cellular migration on the wound healing scratch assay. At the cellular levels, we found that high levels of S100A4 induce the formation of many nascent filopodia, but that only a very small and limited number of those can stably adhere and mature, as opposed to control cells, which generate fewer protrusions but are able to maintain these into more mature projections. This observation was paralleled by the fact that S100A4 overexpressing cells were unable to establish stable focal adhesions. Using different truncated forms of the S100A4 proteins that are unable to bind to myosin IIA, our data suggests that this newly identified functions of S100A4 is myosin-dependent, providing new understanding on the regulatory functions of S100A4 on cellular migration.
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23
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Darbre P, Pugazhendhi D, Mannello F. Aluminium and human breast diseases. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1484-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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The Crystal Structure of Zebrafish S100Z: Implications for Calcium-Promoted S100 Protein Oligomerisation. J Mol Biol 2011; 411:1072-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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House RP, Pozzuto M, Patel P, Dulyaninova NG, Li ZH, Zencheck WD, Vitolo MI, Weber DJ, Bresnick AR. Two functional S100A4 monomers are necessary for regulating nonmuscle myosin-IIA and HCT116 cell invasion. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6920-32. [PMID: 21721535 DOI: 10.1021/bi200498q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S100A4, a member of the Ca(2+)-activated S100 protein family, regulates the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells. Moreover, high S100A4 expression levels correlate with poor patient survival in several cancers. Although biochemical, biophysical, and structural data indicate that S100A4 is a noncovalent dimer, it is unknown if two functional S100A4 monomers are required for the productive recognition of protein targets and the promotion of cell invasion. To address this question, we created covalently linked S100A4 dimers using a glycine rich flexible linker. The single-chain S100A4 (sc-S100A4) proteins exhibited wild-type affinities for calcium and nonmuscle myosin-IIA, retained the ability to regulate nonmuscle myosin-IIA assembly, and promoted tumor cell invasion when expressed in S100A4-deficient colon carcinoma cells. Mutation of the two calcium-binding EF-hands in one monomer, while leaving the other monomer intact, caused a 30-60-fold reduction in binding affinity for nonmuscle myosin-IIA concomitant with a weakened ability to regulate the monomer-polymer equilibrium of nonmuscle myosin-IIA. Moreover, sc-S100A4 proteins with one monomer deficient in calcium responsiveness did not support S100A4-mediated colon carcinoma cell invasion. Cross-linking and titration data indicate that the S100A4 dimer binds a single myosin-IIA target peptide. These data are consistent with a model in which a single peptide forms interactions in the vicinity of the canonical target binding cleft of each monomer in such a manner that both target binding sites are required for the efficient interaction with myosin-IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reniqua P House
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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26
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Jin Q, Chen H, Luo A, Ding F, Liu Z. S100A14 stimulates cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis at different concentrations via receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). PLoS One 2011; 6:e19375. [PMID: 21559403 PMCID: PMC3084824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A14 is an EF-hand containing calcium-binding protein of the S100 protein family that exerts its biological effects on different types of cells. However, exact extracellular roles of S100A14 have not been clarified yet. Here we investigated the effects of S100A14 on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. Results demonstrated that low doses of extracellular S100A14 stimulate cell proliferation and promote survival in KYSE180 cells through activating ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that S100A14 binds to receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in KYSE180 cells. Inhibition of RAGE signaling by different approaches including siRNA for RAGE, overexpression of a dominant-negative RAGE construct or a RAGE antagonist peptide (AmphP) significantly blocked S100A14-induced effects, suggesting that S100A14 acts via RAGE ligation. Furthermore, mutation of the N-EF hand of S100A14 (E39A, E45A) virtually reduced 10 µg/ml S100A14-induced cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation. However, high dose (80 µg/ml) of S100A14 causes apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway with activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. High dose S100A14 induces cell apoptosis is partially in a RAGE-dependent manner. This is the first study to demonstrate that S100A14 binds to RAGE and stimulates RAGE-dependent signaling cascades, promoting cell proliferation or triggering cell apoptosis at different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing'e Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Fujiwara M, Kashima TG, Kunita A, Kii I, Komura D, Grigoriadis AE, Kudo A, Aburatani H, Fukayama M. Stable knockdown of S100A4 suppresses cell migration and metastasis of osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:611-22. [PMID: 21360024 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A4, a 10-12 kDa calcium-binding protein, plays functional roles in tumor progression and metastasis. The present study aimed to investigate the function of S100A4 in osteosarcoma (OS) metastasis, using a loss-of-function approach. Our previous expression profiling analysis revealed that S100a4 was preferentially expressed in the highly metastatic mouse OS cell line, LM8. Introducing a short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) targeting S100a4 using a newly established vector containing insulators and transposons, we established stable LM8 subclones with almost 100% silencing of endogenous S100a4 protein. These transfectants showed a significant suppression of cell migration in vitro as well as a marked reduction in their ability to colonize the lung and form pulmonary metastases in vivo following intravenous inoculation, whereas there was no significant change in cell proliferation or cell attachment to fibronectin, laminin, and type I collagen. Expression and phosphorylation of ezrin, an emerging OS metastasis-associated factor, and expression of MMPs, remained the same in S100a4-shRNA clones. In 61 human OS, immunohistochemical analysis showed that lesional cells in 85.2% samples expressed S100A4 protein, and the immunoreactivity was primarily cytoplasmic, but it also showed occasional nuclear localization. Chondroblastic and osteoblastic OS subtypes expressed more S100A4 than fibroblastic subtypes. The causative role of S100A4 in OS lung metastasis shown in the murine xenograft model, together with the high proportion of primary human OS expressing S100A4, suggest that S100A4 protein represents an important potential target for future OS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Fujiwara
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Russo J, Russo IH. The role of the basal stem cell of the human breast in normal development and cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 720:121-34. [PMID: 21901623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0254-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
MCF-10F, an ERα negative human breast epithelial cell line derived from normal breast tissue, is able to form ductal structures in a tridimensional collagen matrix system. MCF-10F cells that are estrogen transformed (trMCF cells) progressively express phenotypes of in vitro cell transformation, including colony formation in agar methocel and loss of the ductulogenic capacity. Selection of these trMCF cells for invasiveness identified cells (bcMCF) that formed tumors in severe combined immunodeficient mice. The cell lines derived from those tumors (caMCF) were poorly differentiated ER, PR, and ERBB2 negative adenocarcinomas. These characteristics are similar to the human basal cell-like carcinomas. This in vitro-in vivo model demonstrates the importance of the basal cell type as a stem cell that reconstitutes the branching pattern of the breast and that is also target of a carcinogenic insult leading to transformation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Russo
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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29
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Vered M, Dayan D, Yahalom R, Dobriyan A, Barshack I, Bello IO, Kantola S, Salo T. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in metastatic oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1356-62. [PMID: 20340130 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and a panel of immunohistochemical markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in 19 pair-matched oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and metastatic tumors to regional lymph nodes (RLNs). alpha-Smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was studied to identify CAFs. EMT was studied with syndecan-1, Cadherin-11, fibroblast-specific protein (FSP)-1, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and Twist. Triple immunostaining in RLNs was used to highlight the carcinoma cells (E-cadherin and Ki-67) and their relationship to the CAFs (alpha-SMA). We found that metastatic RLNs hosted CAFs similarly as in pair-matched primary tumors. Expression of EMT markers is common in both primary and metastatic tumors. We demonstrate that metastatic carcinoma cells (Ki-67 positive) downregulate E-cadherin expression at the periphery of cancer islands, where they are in direct contact with CAFs. The supporting connective tissue microenvironment also commonly expresses syndecan-1, Cadherin-11, FSP-1, and SPARC. In conclusion, CAFs are common to both primary and metastatic SCC. We hypothesize that CAFs not only promote tumor invasion but also facilitate metastases, either by cometastasizing and/or being recruited to lymph nodes. Evidence of EMT is common within primary tumors and metastatic SCC and may be further modulated by CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Vered
- Institute of Pathology; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Streicher WW, Lopez MM, Makhatadze GI. Modulation of quaternary structure of S100 proteins by calcium ions. Biophys Chem 2010; 151:181-6. [PMID: 20621410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that calcium binding leads to conformational changes in S100 proteins. These conformational changes are thought to activate the protein and render a protein conformation that is capable of binding other proteins. The basic quaternary structural motif of S100 proteins is a homodimer, however there is little information if higher order non-covalent oligomers are also formed and whether these oligomers are of functional relevance. To this end we performed equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation experiments for 16 S100 proteins (S100A1, S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A5, S100A6, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A10, S100A11, S100A12, S100A13, S100B, S100P, and S100Z) under reducing conditions in the absence and presence of calcium ions. We show that the addition of calcium promotes the formation of tetrameric structures which could be further enhanced under in vivo conditions where there is an additional effect of molecular crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Streicher
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12065, USA
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