1
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Cheng L, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang SS, Xiao H. Advancing protein therapeutics through proximity-induced chemistry. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:428-445. [PMID: 37802076 PMCID: PMC10960704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a remarkable growth in the field of protein-based medical treatments. Nevertheless, concerns have arisen regarding the cytotoxicity limitations, low affinity, potential immunogenicity, low stability, and challenges to modify these proteins. To overcome these obstacles, proximity-induced chemistry has emerged as a next-generation strategy for advancing protein therapeutics. This method allows site-specific modification of proteins with therapeutic agents, improving their effectiveness without extensive engineering. In addition, this innovative approach enables spatial control of the reaction based on proximity, facilitating the formation of irreversible covalent bonds between therapeutic proteins and their targets. This capability becomes particularly valuable in addressing challenges such as the low affinity frequently encountered between therapeutic proteins and their targets, as well as the limited availability of small molecules for specific protein targets. As a result, proximity-induced chemistry is reshaping the field of protein drug preparation and propelling the revolution in novel protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yiming Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Sophie S Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Covalent drugs have made a major impact on human health but until recently were shunned by the pharmaceutical industry over concerns about the potential for toxicity. A resurgence has occurred driven by the clinical success of targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), with eight drugs approved over the past decade. The opportunity to create unique drugs by exploiting the covalent mechanism of action has enabled clinically decisive target product profiles to be achieved. TCIs have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for non-small-cell lung cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This Perspective will highlight the clinical and financial success of this class of drugs and provide early insight into toxicity, a key factor that had hindered progress in the field. Further innovation in the TCI approach, including expanding beyond cysteine-directed electrophiles, kinases, and cancer, highlights the broad opportunity to deliver a new generation of breakthrough therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juswinder Singh
- Ankaa Therapeutics, M2D2 Incubator, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
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3
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Scheu AHA, Lim SYT, Metzner FJ, Mohammed S, Howarth M. NeissLock provides an inducible protein anhydride for covalent targeting of endogenous proteins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:717. [PMID: 33514717 PMCID: PMC7846742 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neisseria meningitidis protein FrpC contains a self-processing module (SPM) undergoing autoproteolysis via an aspartic anhydride. Herein, we establish NeissLock, using a binding protein genetically fused to SPM. Upon calcium triggering of SPM, the anhydride at the C-terminus of the binding protein allows nucleophilic attack by its target protein, ligating the complex. We establish a computational tool to search the Protein Data Bank, assessing proximity of amines to C-termini. We optimize NeissLock using the Ornithine Decarboxylase/Antizyme complex. Various sites on the target (α-amine or ε-amines) react with the anhydride, but reaction is blocked if the partner does not dock. Ligation is efficient at pH 7.0, with half-time less than 2 min. We arm Transforming Growth Factor-α with SPM, enabling specific covalent coupling to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor at the cell-surface. NeissLock harnesses distinctive protein chemistry for high-yield covalent targeting of endogenous proteins, advancing the possibilities for molecular engineering. Covalent conjugation of endogenous protein complexes offers many opportunities for fundamental and clinical research. Based on a bacterial protein domain that forms a reactive anhydride in the presence of Ca2+, the authors here develop a system that enables the covalent capture of endogenous binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne H A Scheu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sheryl Y T Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Felix J Metzner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Straße 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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4
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Covalent peptides and proteins for therapeutics. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 29:115896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Baumann AL, Schwagerus S, Broi K, Kemnitz-Hassanin K, Stieger CE, Trieloff N, Schmieder P, Hackenberger CPR. Chemically Induced Vinylphosphonothiolate Electrophiles for Thiol–Thiol Bioconjugations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9544-9552. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice L. Baumann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Schwagerus
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Broi
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Kemnitz-Hassanin
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E. Stieger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Trieloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P. R. Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Krndija D, Fairhead M. IGF1R undergoes active and directed centripetal transport on filopodia upon receptor activation. Biochem J 2019; 476:3583-3593. [PMID: 31738383 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin-based membrane protrusions with roles in sensing external mechanical and chemical cues, such as growth factor gradients in tissues. It was proposed that the chemical sensing role of filopodia is achieved through clearance of activated signaling receptors from filopodia. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a key regulator of normal development and growth, as well as tumor development and progression. Its biological roles depend on its activation upon IGF1 binding at the cell membrane. IGF1R behavior at the cell membrane and in particular in filopodia, has not been established. We found that IGF1 activation led to a gradual reduction in IGF1R puncta in filopodia, and that this clearance depended on actin, non-muscle myosin II, and IGF1R kinase activity. Using single particle tracking of filopodial IGF1R, we established that ligand-free IGF1R undergoes non-directional unidimensional diffusion along the filopodium. Moreover, after initial diffusion, the ligand-bound IGF1R is actively transported along the filopodium towards the filopodium base, and consequently cleared from the filopodium. Our results show that IGF1R can move directionally on the plasma membrane protrusions, supporting a sensory role for filopodia in interpreting local IGF1 gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Krndija
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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7
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Abstract
Interactions between proteins normally depend on a range of noncovalent contacts. Under challenging conditions, such as with mechanical force or over long time periods, noncovalent interactions break. Unbreakable protein–protein interactions, linked by covalent bonding, provide many opportunities for robust connection of molecular building blocks, including for biomaterials, enzymes, and vaccines. When evaluating unbreakable interactions, it is important to consider whether reaction happens quickly even at low concentrations. Here we establish a genetically encoded peptide that reacts with its genetically encoded protein partner with a speed close to the limit set by diffusion. We apply a range of biophysical methods to understand the dynamics required for this interaction, demonstrating applicability to rapid and specific detection in a range of species. Much of life’s complexity depends upon contacts between proteins with precise affinity and specificity. The successful application of engineered proteins often depends on high-stability binding to their target. In recent years, various approaches have enabled proteins to form irreversible covalent interactions with protein targets. However, the rate of such reactions is a major limitation to their use. Infinite affinity refers to the ideal where such covalent interaction occurs at the diffusion limit. Prototypes of infinite affinity pairs have been achieved using nonnatural reactive groups. After library-based evolution and rational design, here we establish a peptide–protein pair composed of the regular 20 amino acids that link together through an amide bond at a rate approaching the diffusion limit. Reaction occurs in a few minutes with both partners at low nanomolar concentration. Stopped flow fluorimetry illuminated the conformational dynamics involved in docking and reaction. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry gave insight into the conformational flexibility of this split protein and the process of enhancing its reaction rate. We applied this reactive pair for specific labeling of a plasma membrane target in 1 min on live mammalian cells. Sensitive and specific detection was also confirmed by Western blot in a range of model organisms. The peptide–protein pair allowed reconstitution of a critical mechanotransmitter in the cytosol of mammalian cells, restoring cell adhesion and migration. This simple genetic encoding for rapid irreversible reaction should provide diverse opportunities to enhance protein function by rapid detection, stable anchoring, and multiplexing of protein functionality.
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8
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Matos MJ, Oliveira BL, Martínez-Sáez N, Guerreiro A, Cal PMSD, Bertoldo J, Maneiro M, Perkins E, Howard J, Deery MJ, Chalker JM, Corzana F, Jiménez-Osés G, Bernardes GJL. Chemo- and Regioselective Lysine Modification on Native Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4004-4017. [PMID: 29473744 PMCID: PMC5880509 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Site-selective chemical
conjugation of synthetic molecules to proteins
expands their functional and therapeutic capacity. Current protein
modification methods, based on synthetic and biochemical technologies,
can achieve site selectivity, but these techniques often require extensive
sequence engineering or are restricted to the N-
or C-terminus. Here we show the computer-assisted
design of sulfonyl acrylate reagents for the modification of a single lysine residue on native protein sequences. This
feature of the designed sulfonyl acrylates, together with the innate
and subtle reactivity differences conferred by the unique local microenvironment
surrounding each lysine, contribute to the observed regioselectivity
of the reaction. Moreover, this site selectivity was predicted computationally,
where the lysine with the lowest pKa was
the kinetically favored residue at slightly basic pH. Chemoselectivity
was also observed as the reagent reacted preferentially at lysine,
even in those cases when other nucleophilic residues such as cysteine
were present. The reaction is fast and proceeds using a single molar
equivalent of the sulfonyl acrylate reagent under biocompatible conditions
(37 °C, pH 8.0). This technology was demonstrated by the quantitative
and irreversible modification of five different proteins including
the clinically used therapeutic antibody Trastuzumab without prior
sequence engineering. Importantly, their native secondary structure
and functionality is retained after the modification. This regioselective
lysine modification method allows for further bioconjugation through
aza-Michael addition to the acrylate electrophile that is generated
by spontaneous elimination of methanesulfinic acid upon lysine labeling.
We showed that a protein–antibody conjugate bearing a site-specifically
installed fluorophore at lysine could be used for selective imaging
of apoptotic cells and detection of Her2+ cells, respectively. This
simple, robust method does not require genetic engineering and may
be generally used for accessing diverse, well-defined protein conjugates
for basic biology and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - Bruno L Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - Nuria Martínez-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - Ana Guerreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Jean Bertoldo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - María Maneiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , calle Jenaro de la Fuente s/n , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Albumedix Ltd, Castle Court, 59 Castle Boulevard , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Julie Howard
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Tennis Court Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - Michael J Deery
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Tennis Court Road , Cambridge , U.K
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Centre for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering , Flinders University Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Logroño , Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química , Universidad de La Rioja , Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química , Logroño , Spain
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , U.K.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , Lisboa , Portugal
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9
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Site-selective covalent reactions on proteinogenic amino acids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 48:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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O’Rorke RD, Pokholenko O, Gao F, Cheng T, Shah A, Mogal V, Steele TWJ. Addressing Unmet Clinical Needs with UV Bioadhesives. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:674-682. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. O’Rorke
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372
| | - Oleksandr Pokholenko
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Feng Gao
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Ting Cheng
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Ankur Shah
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Vishal Mogal
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- Faculty
of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
| | - Terry W. J. Steele
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
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11
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Sintes M, De Moliner F, Caballero-Lima D, Denning DW, Read ND, Kielland N, Vendrell M, Lavilla R. Electrophilic, Activation-Free Fluorogenic Reagent for Labeling Bioactive Amines. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1430-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Sintes
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio De Moliner
- MRC/UoE
Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little
France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Caballero-Lima
- Manchester
Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Denning
- Manchester
Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D. Read
- Manchester
Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, CTF Building, Grafton Street, M13 9NT Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Kielland
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC/UoE
Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little
France Crescent, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08020 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri
Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Yu Y, Xia J. Affinity-guided protein conjugation: the trilogy of covalent protein labeling, assembly and inhibition. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-5571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Yu Y, Liu M, Ng TT, Huang F, Nie Y, Wang R, Yao ZP, Li Z, Xia J. PDZ-Reactive Peptide Activates Ephrin-B Reverse Signaling and Inhibits Neuronal Chemotaxis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:149-58. [PMID: 26524220 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular reactions on nonenzymatic proteins that activate cellular signals are rarely found. We report one example here that a designed peptide derivative undergoes a nucleophilic reaction specifically with a cytosolic PDZ protein inside cells. This reaction led to the activation of ephrin-B reverse signaling, which subsequently inhibited SDF-1 induced neuronal chemotaxis of human neuroblastoma cells and mouse cerebellar granule neurons. Our work provides direct evidence that PDZ-RGS3 bridges ephrin-B reverse signaling and SDF-1 induced G protein signaling for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tsz Tsun Ng
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, State Key Laboratory
of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunyu Nie
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, State Key Laboratory
of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigang Li
- Laboratory of Chemical
Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Huang F, Nie Y, Ye F, Zhang M, Xia J. Site Selective Azo Coupling for Peptide Cyclization and Affinity Labeling of an SH3 Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1613-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunyu Nie
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Division
of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division
of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear
Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Moody P, Chudasama V, Nathani RI, Maruani A, Martin S, Smith MEB, Caddick S. A rapid, site-selective and efficient route to the dual modification of DARPins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:4898-900. [PMID: 24687090 PMCID: PMC4091302 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00053f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a rapid, simple method for dual modification of DARPins by introduction of cysteine mutations at specific positions that results in a vast difference in their thiol nucleophilicity, allowing for sequential modification.
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are valuable tools in both biochemistry and medicine. Herein we describe a rapid, simple method for the dual modification of DARPins by introduction of cysteine mutations at specific positions that results in a vast difference in their thiol nucleophilicity, allowing for clean sequential modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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16
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17
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Furman J, Kang M, Choi S, Cao Y, Wold ED, Sun SB, Smider V, Schultz PG, Kim CH. A genetically encoded aza-Michael acceptor for covalent cross-linking of protein-receptor complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8411-7. [PMID: 24846839 PMCID: PMC4227728 DOI: 10.1021/ja502851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective covalent bond formation at a protein-protein interface potentially can be achieved by genetically introducing into a protein an appropriately "tuned" electrophilic unnatural amino acid that reacts with a native nucleophilic residue in its cognate receptor upon complex formation. We have evolved orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA pairs that genetically encode three aza-Michael acceptor amino acids, N(ε)-acryloyl-(S)-lysine (AcrK, 1), p-acrylamido-(S)-phenylalanine (AcrF, 2), and p-vinylsulfonamido-(S)-phenylalanine (VSF, 3), in response to the amber stop codon in Escherichia coli. Using an αErbB2 Fab-ErbB2 antibody-receptor pair as an example, we demonstrate covalent bond formation between an αErbB2-VSF mutant and a specific surface lysine ε-amino group of ErbB2, leading to near quantitative cross-linking to either purified ErbB2 in vitro or to native cellular ErbB2 at physiological pH. This efficient biocompatible reaction may be useful for creating novel cell biological probes, diagnostics, or therapeutics that selectively and irreversibly bind a target protein in vitro or in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
L. Furman
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mingchao Kang
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Seihyun Choi
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Erik D. Wold
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sophie B. Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vaughn
V. Smider
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department
of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- California
Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road Suite 100, La
Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Fairhead M, Krndija D, Lowe ED, Howarth M. Plug-and-play pairing via defined divalent streptavidins. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:199-214. [PMID: 24056174 PMCID: PMC4047826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptavidin is one of the most important hubs for molecular biology, either multimerizing biomolecules, bridging one molecule to another, or anchoring to a biotinylated surface/nanoparticle. Streptavidin has the advantage of rapid ultra-stable binding to biotin. However, the ability of streptavidin to bind four biotinylated molecules in a heterogeneous manner is often limiting. Here, we present an efficient approach to isolate streptavidin tetramers with two biotin-binding sites in a precise arrangement, cis or trans. We genetically modified specific subunits with negatively charged tags, refolded a mixture of monomers, and used ion-exchange chromatography to resolve tetramers according to the number and orientation of tags. We solved the crystal structures of cis-divalent streptavidin to 1.4Å resolution and trans-divalent streptavidin to 1.6Å resolution, validating the isolation strategy and explaining the behavior of the Dead streptavidin variant. cis- and trans-divalent streptavidins retained tetravalent streptavidin's high thermostability and low off-rate. These defined divalent streptavidins enabled us to uncover how streptavidin binding depends on the nature of the biotin ligand. Biotinylated DNA showed strong negative cooperativity of binding to cis-divalent but not trans-divalent streptavidin. A small biotinylated protein bound readily to cis and trans binding sites. We also solved the structure of trans-divalent streptavidin bound to biotin-4-fluorescein, showing how one ligand obstructs binding to an adjacent biotin-binding site. Using a hexaglutamate tag proved a more powerful way to isolate monovalent streptavidin, for ultra-stable labeling without undesired clustering. These forms of streptavidin allow this key hub to be used with a new level of precision, for homogeneous molecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fairhead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Denis Krndija
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ed D Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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19
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Adding an unnatural covalent bond to proteins through proximity-enhanced bioreactivity. Nat Methods 2013; 10:885-8. [PMID: 23913257 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural proteins often rely on the disulfide bond to covalently link side chains. Here we genetically introduce a new type of covalent bond into proteins by enabling an unnatural amino acid to react with a proximal cysteine. We demonstrate the utility of this bond for enabling irreversible binding between an affibody and its protein substrate, capturing peptide-protein interactions in mammalian cells, and improving the photon output of fluorescent proteins.
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20
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Jain J, Veggiani G, Howarth M. Cholesterol loading and ultrastable protein interactions determine the level of tumor marker required for optimal isolation of cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2310-21. [PMID: 23378340 PMCID: PMC3618857 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell isolation via antibody-targeted magnetic beads is a powerful tool for research and clinical applications, most recently for isolating circulating tumor cells (CTC). Nonetheless fundamental features of the cell-bead interface are still unknown. Here we apply a clinically relevant antibody against the cancer target HER2 (ErbB2) for magnetic cell isolation. We investigate how many target proteins per cell are sufficient for a cell to be isolated. To understand the importance of primary antibody affinity, we compared a series of point mutants with known affinities and show that even starting with subnanomolar affinity, improving antibody affinity improved cell isolation. To test the importance of the connection between the primary antibody and the magnetic bead, we compared bridging the antibody to the beads with Protein L, secondary antibody, or streptavidin: the high-stability streptavidin-biotin linkage improved sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Cytoskeletal polymerization did not have a major effect on cell isolation, but isolation was inhibited by cholesterol depletion and enhanced by cholesterol loading of cells. Analyzing a panel of human cancer cell lines spanning a wide range of expression showed that the standard approach could only isolate the highest expressing cells. However, our optimization of cholesterol level, primary antibody affinity, and antibody-bead linkage allowed efficient and specific isolation of cells expressing low levels of HER2 or epithelial cell adhesion molecule. These insights should guide future approaches to cell isolation, either magnetically or using other means, and extend the range of cellular antigens and biomarkers that can be targeted for CTC isolation in cancer research and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gianluca Veggiani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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21
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Yu F, Järver P, Nygren PÅ. Tailor-making a protein a-derived domain for efficient site-specific photocoupling to Fc of mouse IgG₁. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56597. [PMID: 23424669 PMCID: PMC3570467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity proteins binding to antibody constant regions have proved to be invaluable tools in biotechnology. Here, protein engineering was used to expand the repertoire of available immunoglobulin binding proteins via improvement of the binding strength between the widely used staphylococcal protein A-derived Z domain and the important immunoglobulin isotype mouse IgG1 (mIgG1). Addressing seven positions in the 58-residue three-helix bundle Z domain by single or double amino acid substitutions, a total of 170 variants were individually constructed, produced in E. coli and tested for binding to a set of mouse IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The best variant, denoted ZF5I corresponding to a Phe to Ile substitution at position 5, showed a typical ten-fold higher affinity than the wild-type as determined by biosensor technology. Eight amino acid positions in the ZF5I variant were separately mutated to cysteine for incorporation of a photoactivable maleimide-benzophenone (MBP) group as a probe for site-specific photoconjugation to Fc of mIgG1, The best photocoupling efficiency to mIgG1 Fc was seen when the MBP group was coupled to Cys at position 32, resulting in adduct formation to more than 60% of all heavy chains, with no observable non-selective conjugation to the light chains. A similar coupling yield was obtained for a panel of 19 different mIgG1 mAbs, indicating a general characteristic. To exemplify functionalization of a mIgG1 antibody via site-specific biotinylation, the ZF5I-Q32C-MBP protein was first biotinylated using an amine reactive reagent and subsequently photoconjugated to an anti-human interferon-gamma mIgG1 mAb. When comparing the specific antigen binding ability of the probe-biotinylated mAb to that of the directly biotinylated mAb, a significantly higher bioactivity was observed for the sample biotinylated using the ZF5I-Q32C-MBP probe. This result indicates that the use of a site-specific and affinity probe-mediated conjugation strategy can result in antibody reagents with increased assay sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Yu
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Järver
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Marquez BV, Beck HE, Aweda TA, Phinney B, Holsclaw C, Jewell W, Tran D, Day JJ, Peiris MN, Nwosu C, Lebrilla C, Meares CF. Enhancing peptide ligand binding to vascular endothelial growth factor by covalent bond formation. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1080-9. [PMID: 22537066 DOI: 10.1021/bc300114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a stable covalent bond between a synthetic probe molecule and a specific site on a target protein has many potential applications in biomedical science. For example, the properties of probes used as receptor-imaging ligands may be improved by increasing their residence time on the targeted receptor. Among the more interesting cases are peptide ligands, the strongest of which typically bind to receptors with micromolar dissociation constants, and which may depend on processes other than simple binding to provide images. The side chains of cysteine, histidine, or lysine are attractive for chemical attachment to improve binding to a receptor protein, and a system based on acryloyl probes attaching to engineered cysteine provides excellent positron emission tomographic images in animal models (Wei et al. (2008) J. Nucl. Med. 49, 1828-1835). In nature, lysine is a more common but less reactive residue than cysteine, making it an interesting challenge to modify. To seek practically useful cross-linking yields with naturally occurring lysine side chains, we have explored not only acryloyl but also other reactive linkers with different chemical properties. We employed a peptide-VEGF model system to discover that a 19mer peptide ligand, which carried a lysine-tagged dinitrofluorobenzene group, became attached stably and with good yield to a unique lysine residue on human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), even in the presence of 70% fetal bovine serum. The same peptide carrying acryloyl and related Michael acceptors gave low yields of attachment to VEGF, as did the chloroacetyl peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette V Marquez
- Department of Chemistry, §Genome Center Proteomics Core Facility, and ‡Campus Mass Spectrometry Facilities, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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23
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How the biotin-streptavidin interaction was made even stronger: investigation via crystallography and a chimaeric tetramer. Biochem J 2011; 435:55-63. [PMID: 21241253 PMCID: PMC3062853 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between SA (streptavidin) and biotin is one of the strongest non-covalent interactions in Nature. SA is a widely used tool and a paradigm for protein–ligand interactions. We previously developed a SA mutant, termed Tr (traptavidin), possessing a 10-fold lower off-rate for biotin, with increased mechanical and thermal stability. In the present study, we determined the crystal structures of apo-Tr and biotin–Tr at 1.5 Å resolution. In apo-SA the loop (L3/4), near biotin's valeryl tail, is typically disordered and open, but closes upon biotin binding. In contrast, L3/4 was shut in both apo-Tr and biotin–Tr. The reduced flexibility of L3/4 and decreased conformational change on biotin binding provide an explanation for Tr's reduced biotin off- and on-rates. L3/4 includes Ser45, which forms a hydrogen bond to biotin consistently in Tr, but erratically in SA. Reduced breakage of the biotin–Ser45 hydrogen bond in Tr is likely to inhibit the initiating event in biotin's dissociation pathway. We generated a Tr with a single biotin-binding site rather than four, which showed a simi-larly low off-rate, demonstrating that Tr's low off-rate was governed by intrasubunit effects. Understanding the structural features of this tenacious interaction may assist the design of even stronger affinity tags and inhibitors.
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24
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Day JJ, Marquez BV, Beck HE, Aweda TA, Gawande PD, Meares CF. Chemically modified antibodies as diagnostic imaging agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:803-9. [PMID: 20952245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Notable new applications of antibodies for imaging involve genetically extracting the essential molecular recognition properties of an antibody, and in some cases enhancing them by mutation, before protein expression. The classic paradigm of intravenous administration of a labeled antibody to image not only its target but also its metabolism can be improved on. Protocols involving molecular targeting with an engineered unlabeled protein derived from an antibody, followed by capture of a small probe molecule that provides a signal, are being developed to a high level of utility. This is accompanied by new strategies for probe capture such as irreversible binding, incorporation of engineered enzyme active sites, and antibody-ligand systems that generate a signal only upon binding or uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Day
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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