1
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Emori C, Boucher Z, Bolcun-Filas E. CHEK2 signaling is the key regulator of oocyte survival after chemotherapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0898. [PMID: 37862420 PMCID: PMC10588956 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatments can damage the ovarian follicle reserve, leading to primary ovarian insufficiency and infertility among survivors. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) deficiency prevents elimination of oocytes in primordial follicles in female mice exposed to radiation and preserves their ovarian function and fertility. Here, we demonstrate that CHEK2 also coordinates the elimination of oocytes after exposure to standard-of-care chemotherapy drugs. CHEK2 activates two downstream targets-TAp63 and p53-which direct oocyte elimination. CHEK2 knockout or pharmacological inhibition preserved ovarian follicle reserve after radiation and chemotherapy. However, the lack of specificity for CHEK2 among available inhibitors limits their potential for clinical development. These findings demonstrate that CHEK2 is a master regulator of the ovarian cellular response to damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy and warrant the development of selective inhibitors specific to CHEK2 as a potential avenue for ovario-protective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Emori
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Zachary Boucher
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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2
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Lee JH, Hussain M, Kim EW, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Fakouri NB, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial PARP1 regulates NAD +-dependent poly ADP-ribosylation of mitochondrial nucleoids. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:2135-2147. [PMID: 36473936 PMCID: PMC9794712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARPs play fundamental roles in multiple DNA damage recognition and repair pathways. Persistent nuclear PARP activation causes cellular NAD+ depletion and exacerbates cellular aging. However, very little is known about mitochondrial PARP (mtPARP) and poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). The existence of mtPARP is controversial, and the biological roles of mtPARP-induced mitochondrial PARylation are unclear. Here, we demonstrate the presence of PARP1 and PARylation in purified mitochondria. The addition of the PARP1 substrate NAD+ to isolated mitochondria induced PARylation, which was suppressed by treatment with the inhibitor olaparib. Mitochondrial PARylation was also evaluated by enzymatic labeling of terminal ADP-ribose (ELTA). To further confirm the presence of mtPARP1, we evaluated mitochondrial nucleoid PARylation by ADP ribose-chromatin affinity purification (ADPr-ChAP) and PARP1 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). We observed that NAD+ stimulated PARylation and TFAM occupancy on the mtDNA regulatory region D-loop, inducing mtDNA transcription. These findings suggest that PARP1 is integrally involved in mitochondrial PARylation and that NAD+-dependent mtPARP1 activity contributes to mtDNA transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyuk Lee
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
| | - Mansoor Hussain
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward W Kim
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Shang-Jung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Departments of Oncology, Genetics Medicine, Molecular Biology & Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nima Borhan Fakouri
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Computational Biology and Genomic Core Facility, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Kaku H, Balaj AR, Rothstein TL. Small Heat Shock Proteins Collaborate with FAIM to Prevent Accumulation of Misfolded Protein Aggregates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11841. [PMID: 36233145 PMCID: PMC9570119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues are continuously subject to environmental insults, such as heat shock and oxidative stress, which cause the accumulation of cytotoxic, aggregated proteins. We previously found that Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM) protects cells from stress-induced cell death by preventing abnormal generation of protein aggregates similar to the effect of small heat shock proteins (HSPs). Protein aggregates are often associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we sought to determine how FAIM protein dynamics change during cellular stress and how FAIM prevents the formation of amyloid-β aggregates/fibrils, one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. Here, we found that the majority of FAIM protein shifts to the detergent-insoluble fraction in response to cellular stress. A similar shift to the insoluble fraction was also observed in small heat shock protein (sHSP) family molecules, such as HSP27, after stress. We further demonstrate that FAIM is recruited to sHSP-containing complexes after cellular stress induction. These data suggest that FAIM might prevent protein aggregation in concert with sHSPs. In fact, we observed the additional effect of FAIM and HSP27 on the prevention of protein aggregates using an in vitro amyloid-β aggregation model system. Our work provides new insights into the interrelationships among FAIM, sHSPs, and amyloid-β aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kaku
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Allison R Balaj
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
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4
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Yadav P, Mimansa, Kailasam K, Shanavas A. Nontoxic Metal-Free Visible Light-Responsive Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots Cause Oxidative Stress and Cancer-Specific Membrane Damage. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1169-1178. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranjali Yadav
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Mimansa
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Kamalakannan Kailasam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Asifkhan Shanavas
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Sector-81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
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5
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Deus CM, Pereira SP, Cunha-Oliveira T, Teixeira J, Simões RF, Cagide F, Benfeito S, Borges F, Raimundo N, Oliveira PJ. A mitochondria-targeted caffeic acid derivative reverts cellular and mitochondrial defects in human skin fibroblasts from male sporadic Parkinson's disease patients. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102037. [PMID: 34147843 PMCID: PMC8220403 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 10 million people worldwide. Currently, PD has no cure and no early diagnostics methods exist. Mitochondrial dysfunction is presented in the early stages of PD, and it is considered an important pathophysiology component. We have previously developed mitochondria-targeted hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, presenting antioxidant and iron-chelating properties, and preventing oxidative stress in several biological models of disease. We have also demonstrated that skin fibroblasts from male sporadic PD patients (sPD) presented cellular and mitochondrial alterations, including increased oxidative stress, hyperpolarized and elongated mitochondria and decreased respiration and ATP levels. We also showed that forcing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in sPD fibroblasts uncovers metabolic defects that were otherwise hidden. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that a lead mitochondria-targeted hydroxycinnamic acid derivative would revert the phenotype found in skin fibroblasts from sPD patients. Our results demonstrated that treating human skin fibroblasts from sPD patients with non-toxic concentrations of AntiOxCIN4 restored mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial fission, decreased autophagic flux, and enhanced cellular responses to stress by improving the cellular redox state and decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Besides, fibroblasts from sPD patients treated with AntiOxCIN4 showed increased maximal respiration and metabolic activity, converting sPD fibroblasts physiologically more similar to their sex- and age-matched healthy controls. The positive compound effect was reinforced using a supervised machine learning model, confirming that AntiOxCIN4 treatment converted treated fibroblasts from sPD patients closer to the phenotype of control fibroblasts. Our data points out a possible mechanism of AntiOxCIN4 action contributing to a deeper understanding of how the use of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants based on a polyphenol scaffold can be used as potential drug candidates for delaying PD progression, validating the use of fibroblasts from sPD patients with more active OXPHOS as platforms for mitochondria-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Deus
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana P Pereira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui F Simões
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Hershey, PA, USA; Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing (MIA), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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da Silva Júnior AA, da Rocha Pitta MG, de Oliveira Chagas MB, de Melo Rêgo MJB, da Rosa MM, da Rocha Pitta MG. Imidazolidine Derivatives in Cancer Research: What is known? Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1272-1277. [PMID: 34315391 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210727113639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Even though cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, a number of open issues persist in cancer treatment, despite the achievements of the field. This review aims at discussing the fundamental role of Imidazolidine derivatives in the industry of cancer treatment. Compelling data from 1996 to 2021 will introduce Imidazolidine derivatives as a relevant tool to modulate cancer progression.
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7
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Dansako H, Ueda Y, Satoh S, Kato N. Extracellular vesicles activate ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway through the intercellular transfer of mitochondrial DNA in HBV-infected human hepatocytes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21680. [PMID: 34042225 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002678r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human hepatotropic pathogen causing hepatocellular carcinoma. We recently obtained HBV-susceptible immortalized human hepatocyte NKNT-3 by exogenously expressing NTCP and its derived cell clones, #28.3.8 and #28.3.25.13 exhibiting different levels of HBV susceptibility. In the present study, we showed that HBV infection activated the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway in #28.3.25.13 cells but not in #28.3.8 cells. Both the cell culture supernatant and extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from HBV-infected #28.3.25.13 cells also activated the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway in naïve #28.3.25.13 cells. Interestingly, EVs derived from HBV-infected #28.3.25.13 cells included higher level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) than those from HBV-infected #28.3.8 cells. Based on our results, we propose the novel model that EVs mediate the activation of ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway by the intercellular transfer of mtDNA in HBV-infected human hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Dansako
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Youki Ueda
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinya Satoh
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kato
- Department of Tumor Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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8
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Kaku H, Rothstein TL. FAIM Is a Non-redundant Defender of Cellular Viability in the Face of Heat and Oxidative Stress and Interferes With Accumulation of Stress-Induced Protein Aggregates. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:32. [PMID: 32175331 PMCID: PMC7056718 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key element of cellular homeostasis lies in the way in which misfolded and dysfunctional proteins are handled. Cellular pathways that include proteasomal destruction and autophagic disposal are components of normal proteostasis. Here we report a novel molecule that plays a non-redundant role in maintaining homeostasis, Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM). FAIM is highly conserved throughout evolution and bears no homology to any other protein. We found that FAIM counteracts heat and oxidative stress-induced loss of cell viability. FAIM is recruited to ubiquitinated proteins induced by cellular stress and the levels of stress-induced protein aggregates are much greater in FAIM-deficient cell lines. Primary fibroblasts from FAIM-deficient mice showed the same proteostasis deficits as cell lines. Administration of a mediator of oxidative stress to FAIM-deficient animals induced more ubiquitinated protein aggregates and more organ damage as compared to wild type mice. These results identify a completely new actor that protects cells against stress-induced loss of viability by preventing protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kaku
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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9
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Yuan Y, Ju YS, Kim Y, Li J, Wang Y, Yoon CJ, Yang Y, Martincorena I, Creighton CJ, Weinstein JN, Xu Y, Han L, Kim HL, Nakagawa H, Park K, Campbell PJ, Liang H. Comprehensive molecular characterization of mitochondrial genomes in human cancers. Nat Genet 2020; 52:342-352. [PMID: 32024997 PMCID: PMC7058535 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that play critical roles in cancer. Here, as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium/The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium, which aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types, we performed a multidimensional, integrated characterization of mitochondrial genomes and related RNA sequencing data. Our analysis presents the most definitive mutational landscape of mitochondrial genomes and identifies several hypermutated cases. Truncating mutations are markedly enriched in kidney, colorectal and thyroid cancers, suggesting oncogenic effects with the activation of signaling pathways. We find frequent somatic nuclear transfers of mitochondrial DNA, some of which disrupt therapeutic target genes. Mitochondrial copy number varies greatly within and across cancers and correlates with clinical variables. Co-expression analysis highlights the function of mitochondrial genes in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair and the cell cycle, and shows their connections with clinically actionable genes. Our study lays a foundation for translating mitochondrial biology into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Young Seok Ju
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngwook Kim
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Yoon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine and Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John N Weinstein
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanxun Xu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hyung-Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keunchil Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Quantitative and Computational Biosciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Patil S, Ghosh D, Radhakrishna M, Basu S. Mitochondrial Impairment by Cyanine-Based Small Molecules Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:23-28. [PMID: 31938458 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrion, the powerhouse of the cells, has emerged as one of the unorthodox targets in anticancer therapy due to its involvement in several cellular functions. However, the development of small molecules for selective mitochondrial damage in cancer cells remained limited and less explored. To address this, in our work, we have synthesized a natural product inspired cyanine-based 3-methoxy pyrrole small molecule library by a concise strategy. This strategy involves Vilsmeier and Pd(0) catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions as key steps. The screening of the library members in HeLa cervical cancer cells revealed two new molecules that localized into subcellular mitochondria and damaged them. These small molecules perturbed antiapoptotic (Bcl-2/Bcl-xl) and pro-apoptotic (Bax) proteins to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Molecular docking studies showed that both molecules bind more tightly with the BH3 domain of Bcl-2 proteins compared to obatoclax (a pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor). These novel small molecules arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, cleaved caspase-3/9, and finally prompted late apoptosis. This small molecule-mediated mitochondrial damage induced remarkably high cervical cancer cell death. These unique small molecules can be further explored as chemical biology tools and next-generation organelle-targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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11
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Srinivas US, Tan BWQ, Vellayappan BA, Jeyasekharan AD. ROS and the DNA damage response in cancer. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101084. [PMID: 30612957 PMCID: PMC6859528 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1067] [Impact Index Per Article: 213.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of short-lived, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that can induce DNA damage and affect the DNA damage response (DDR). There is unequivocal pre-clinical and clinical evidence that ROS influence the genotoxic stress caused by chemotherapeutics agents and ionizing radiation. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insight into how ROS can also influence the cellular response to DNA damage caused by genotoxic therapy, especially in the context of Double Strand Breaks (DSBs). This has led to the clinical evaluation of agents modulating ROS in combination with genotoxic therapy for cancer, with mixed success so far. These studies point to context dependent outcomes with ROS modulator combinations with Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indicating a need for additional pre-clinical research in the field. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effect of ROS in the DNA damage response, and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryce W Q Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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12
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Li K, Yang K, Zheng L, Li Y, Wang Q, Lin R, He D. Anti-acute myeloid leukemia activity of 2-chloro-3-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives through inducing mtDNA damage and GSH depletion. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4191-4200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Mitochondrial DNA Damage Initiates Acute Lung Injury and Multi-Organ System Failure Evoked in Rats by Intra-Tracheal Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Shock 2018; 48:54-60. [PMID: 28125528 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although studies in rat cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells, perfused lungs, and intact mice support the concept that oxidative mitochondrial (mt) DNA damage triggers acute lung injury (ALI), it has not yet been determined whether enhanced mtDNA repair forestalls development of ALI and its progression to multiple organ system failure (MOSF). Accordingly, here we examined the effect of a fusion protein construct targeting the DNA glycosylase, Ogg1, to mitochondria in a rat model intra-tracheal Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain 103; PA103)-induced ALI and MOSF. Relative to controls, animals given PA103 displayed increases in lung vascular filtration coefficient accompanied by transient lung tissue oxidative mtDNA damage and variable changes in mtDNA copy number without evidence of nuclear DNA damage. The approximate 40% of animals surviving 24 h after bacterial administration exhibited multiple organ dysfunction, manifest as increased serum and tissue-specific indices of kidney and liver failure, along with depressed heart rate and blood pressure. While administration of mt-targeted Ogg1 to control animals was innocuous, the active fusion protein, but not a DNA repair-deficient mutant, prevented bacteria-induced increases in lung tissue oxidative mtDNA damage, failed to alter mtDNA copy number, and attenuated lung endothelial barrier degradation. These changes were associated with suppression of liver, kidney, and cardiovascular dysfunction and with decreased 24 h mortality. Collectively, the present findings indicate that oxidative mtDNA damage to lung tissue initiates PA103-induced ALI and MOSF in rats.
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14
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Patil S, Kuman MM, Palvai S, Sengupta P, Basu S. Impairing Powerhouse in Colon Cancer Cells by Hydrazide-Hydrazone-Based Small Molecule. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1470-1481. [PMID: 30023806 PMCID: PMC6044916 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrion has emerged as one of the unconventional targets in next-generation cancer therapy. Hence, small molecules targeting mitochondria in cancer cells have immense potential in the next-generation anticancer therapeutics. In this report, we have synthesized a library of hydrazide-hydrazone-based small molecules and identified a novel compound that induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization by inhibiting antiapoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins followed by sequestration of proapoptotic cytochrome c. The new small molecule triggered programmed cell death (early and late apoptosis) through cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and caspase-9/3 cleavage in HCT-116 colon cancer cells, confirmed by an array of fluorescence confocal microscopy, cell sorting, and immunoblotting analysis. Furthermore, cell viability studies have verified that the small molecule rendered toxicity to a panel of colon cancer cells (HCT-116, DLD-1, and SW-620), keeping healthy L929 fibroblast cells unharmed. The novel small molecule has the potential to form a new understudied class of mitochondria targeting anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Patil
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Meenu Mahesh Kuman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sandeep Palvai
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Poulomi Sengupta
- Physical
Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sudipta Basu
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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15
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Lee WR, Na H, Lee SW, Lim WJ, Kim N, Lee JE, Kang C. Transcriptomic analysis of mitochondrial TFAM depletion changing cell morphology and proliferation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17841. [PMID: 29259235 PMCID: PMC5736646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) has been implicated in promoting tumor growth and invasion. TFAM activates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription, and affects nuclear gene expression through mitochondrial retrograde signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of TFAM depletion on the morphology and transcriptome of MKN45 gastric cancer cells. Morphology alteration became visible at 12 h after TFAM knockdown: the proportion of growth-arrested polygonal cells versus oval-shaped cells increased, reaching a half-maximum at 24 h and a near-maximum at 36 h. TFAM knockdown upregulated four genes and downregulated six genes by more than threefold at 24 h and similarly at 48 h. Among them, the knockdown of CFAP65 (cilia and flagella associated protein 65) or PCK1 (cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) rescued the effects of TFAM depletion on cell morphology and proliferation. PCK1 was found to act downstream of CFAP65 in calcium-mediated retrograde signaling. Furthermore, mtDNA depletion by 2',3'-dideoxycytidine was sufficient for induction of CFAP65 and PCK1 expression and inhibition of cell proliferation, but oxidative phosphorylation blockade or mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization was not. Thus, the TFAM-mtDNA-calcium-CFAP65-PCK1 axis participates in mitochondrial retrograde signaling, affecting tumor cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Rin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Heeju Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Seon Woo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Won-Jun Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - J Eugene Lee
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
| | - Changwon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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16
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Prinz N, Clemens N, Canisius A, Lackner K. Endosomal NADPH-oxidase is critical for induction of the tissue factor gene in monocytes and endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2017; 109:525-31. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-06-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) have been shown to induce tissue factor (TF) expression in monocytes and endothelial cells. However, the underlying signal transduction has been more or less elusive in the past. We have recently shown that aPL enter the lysosomal route in monocytes and dendritic cells, and subsequently activate endosomal NADPH-oxidase (NOX). The generation of superoxide which is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide upregulates the intracellular toll like receptors (TLR) 7 and 8, and leads to robust production of inflammatory cytokines. Here we show that induction of TF by aPL follows the same signaling pathway. Inhibition of endosomal NOX by the anion channel blocker niflumic acid or capture of superoxide by the radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine blocks TF induction by aPL. Furthermore, monocytes from mice deficient in NOX2 do not increase TF surface expression in response to aPL, while cells from mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase- 1 (GPx-1) show an increased response. Unexpectedly, also induction of TF by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)⍺ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was strongly dependent on the activation of endosomal NOX. While TNF⍺ apparently depends almost fully on endosomal NOX, signalling of LPS is only partially dependent on this pathway. These data provide further insight into the well-known role of reactive oxygen species in the induction of TF expression and suggest that endosomal signalling may represent a central coordinating point in this process.
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17
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Ecological significance of mitochondrial toxicants. Toxicology 2017; 391:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Du X, Fu X, Yao K, Lan Z, Xu H, Cui Q, Yang E. Bcl-2 delays cell cycle through mitochondrial ATP and ROS. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:707-713. [PMID: 28278051 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1295182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 inhibits cell proliferation by delaying G0/G1 to S phase entry. We tested the hypothesis that Bcl-2 regulates S phase entry through mitochondrial pathways. Existing evidence indicates mitochondrial adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signals in cell survival and cell death, however, the molecular details of how these 2 processes are linked remain unknown. In this study, 2 cell lines stably expressing Bcl-2, 3T3Bcl-2 and C3HBcl-2, and vector-alone PB controls were arrested in G0/G1 phase by serum starvation and contact inhibition, and ATP and ROS were measured during re-stimulation of cell cycle entry. Both ATP and ROS levels were decreased in G0/G1 arrested cells compared with normal growing cells. In addition, ROS levels were significant lower in synchronized Bcl-2 cells than those in PB controls. After re-stimulation, ATP levels increased with time, reaching peak value 1-3 hours ahead of S phase entry for both Bcl-2 cells and PB controls. Consistent with 2 hours of S phase delay, Bcl-2 cells reached ATP peaks 2 hours later than PB control, which suggests a rise in ATP levels is required for S phase entry. To examine the role of ATP and ROS in cell cycle regulation, ATP and ROS level were changed. We observed that elevation of ATP accelerated cell cycle progression in both PB and Bcl-2 cells, and decrease of ATP and ROS to the level equivalent to Bcl-2 cells delayed S phase entry in PB cells. Our results support the hypothesis that Bcl-2 protein regulates mitochondrial metabolism to produce less ATP and ROS, which contributes to S phase entry delay in Bcl-2 cells. These findings reveal a novel mechanistic basis for understanding the link between mitochondrial metabolism and tumor-suppressive function of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Du
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Xufeng Fu
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Kun Yao
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Zhenwei Lan
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- a School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China.,b Key Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Biology in Yunnan Province , Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , P.R. China
| | - Elizabeth Yang
- c Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders of Northern Virginia , Falls Church , VA , USA
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19
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Thomason LC, Court DL. Evidence that bacteriophage λ lysogens may induce in response to the proton motive force uncoupler CCCP. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnv244. [PMID: 26705574 PMCID: PMC4809988 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a genetic β-galactoside reporter system using a disk diffusion assay on MacConkey Lactose agar petri plates to monitor maintenance of the bacteriophage λ prophage state and viral induction in Escherichia coli K-12. Evidence is presented that the phage λ major lytic promoters, pL and pR, are activated when cells containing the reporters are exposed to the energy poison carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine, CCCP. This uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation inhibits ATP synthesis by collapsing the proton motive force. Expression of the λ lytic promoters in response to CCCP requires host RecA function and an autocleavable CI repressor, as does SOS induction of the λ prophage that occurs by a DNA damage-dependent pathway. λ Cro function is required for CCCP-mediated activation of the λ lytic promoters. CCCP does not induce an sfi-lacZ SOS reporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn C Thomason
- Basic Science Program, GRCBL-Molecular Control & Genetics Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald L Court
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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20
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Ye RR, Tan CP, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Coumarin-appended phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes as mitochondria-targeted theranostic anticancer agents. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13042-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three phosphorescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes with mitochondria-specific localization and apoptosis-inducing capability have been explored as the theranostic anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rong Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Liang-Nian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510275
- China
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21
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Yang XX, Xu F, Wang D, Yang ZW, Tan HR, Shang MY, Wang X, Cai SQ. Development of a mitochondria-based centrifugal ultrafiltration/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for screening mitochondria-targeted bioactive constituents from complex matrixes: Herbal medicines as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1413:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Mitochondrially targeted Endonuclease III has a powerful anti-infarct effect in an in vivo rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:3. [PMID: 25595210 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that elevating DNA glycosylase/AP lyase repair enzyme activity offers marked cytoprotection in cultured cells and a variety of injury models. In this study, we measured the effect of EndoIII, a fusion protein construct that traffics Endonuclease III, a DNA glycosylase/AP lyase, to the mitochondria, on infarct size in a rat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Open-chest, anesthetized rats were subjected to 30 min of occlusion of a coronary artery followed by 2 h of reperfusion. An intravenous bolus of EndoIII, 8 mg/kg, just prior to reperfusion reduced infarct size from 43.8 ± 1.4% of the risk zone in control animals to 24.0 ± 1.3% with no detectable hemodynamic effect. Neither EndoIII's vehicle nor an enzymatically inactive EndoIII mutant (K120Q) offered any protection. The magnitude of EndoIII's protection was comparable to that seen with the platelet aggregation inhibitor cangrelor (25.0 ± 1.8% infarction of risk zone). Because loading with a P2Y12 receptor blocker to inhibit platelets is currently the standard of care for treatment of acute myocardial infarction, we tested whether EndoIII could further reduce infarct size in rats treated with a maximally protective dose of cangrelor. The combination reduced infarct size to 15.1 ± 0.9% which was significantly smaller than that seen with either cangrelor or EndoIII alone. Protection from cangrelor but not EndoIII was abrogated by pharmacologic blockade of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase or adenosine receptors indicating differing cellular mechanisms. We hypothesized that EndoIII protected the heart from spreading necrosis by preventing the release of proinflammatory fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the heart tissue. In support of this hypothesis, an intravenous bolus at reperfusion of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) which should degrade any DNA fragments escaping into the extracellular space was as protective as EndoIII. Furthermore, the combination of EndoIII and DNase I produced additive protection. While EndoIII would maintain mitochondrial integrity in many of the ischemic cardiomyocytes, DNase I would further prevent mtDNA released from those cells that EndoIII could not save from propagating further necrosis. Thus, our mtDNA hypothesis would predict additive protection. Finally to demonstrate the toxicity of mtDNA, isolated hearts were subjected to 15 min of global ischemia. Infarct size doubled when the coronary vasculature was filled with mtDNA fragments during the period of global ischemia. To our knowledge, EndoIII and DNase are the first agents that can both be given at reperfusion and add to the protection of a P2Y12 blocker, and thus should be effective in today's patient with acute myocardial infarction.
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23
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Zannini L, Delia D, Buscemi G. CHK2 kinase in the DNA damage response and beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:442-57. [PMID: 25404613 PMCID: PMC4296918 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase CHK2 is a key component of the DNA damage response. In human cells, following genotoxic stress, CHK2 is activated and phosphorylates >20 proteins to induce the appropriate cellular response, which, depending on the extent of damage, the cell type, and other factors, could be cell cycle checkpoint activation, induction of apoptosis or senescence, DNA repair, or tolerance of the damage. Recently, CHK2 has also been found to have cellular functions independent of the presence of nuclear DNA lesions. In particular, CHK2 participates in several molecular processes involved in DNA structure modification and cell cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the activity of CHK2 in response to DNA damage and in the maintenance of the biological functions in unstressed cells. These activities are also considered in relation to a possible role of CHK2 in tumorigenesis and, as a consequence, as a target of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zannini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Buscemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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24
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Čižeková L, Grolmusová A, Ipóthová Z, Barbieriková Z, Brezová V, Hunáková L, Imrich J, Janovec L, Dovinová I, Paulíková H. Novel 3,6-bis(imidazolidine)acridines as effective photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4684-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Liu H, Zhou L, Shi S, Wang Y, Ni X, Xiao F, Wang S, Li P, Ding K. Oligosaccharide G19 inhibits U-87 MG human glioma cells growth in vitro and in vivo by targeting epidermal growth factor (EGF) and activating p53/p21 signaling. Glycobiology 2014; 24:748-65. [PMID: 24799378 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G19 is a novel homogeneous sulfated oligosaccharide, prepared from Grateloupia filicina. In the present study, we first reported that oligosaccharide G19 exhibited a dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferation effect against U-87 malignant gliomas (MG) human glioma cells. Further studies indicated that G19 strongly bound to epidermal growth factor (EGF), suppressed EGF receptor phosphorylation and interrupted the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway in the cancer cells. Moreover, G19 elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and caused endogenous DNA damage. These actions were associated with activation of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated/checkpoint kinase 2 pathway. The downregulation of MDM2 with stabilizing p53 and the nuclear location of p21 were induced by G19 to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis to some extent. Meanwhile, intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway were involved in G19-mediated apoptosis. Pretreatment with free radical scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine nearly completely inversed G19-induced cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U-87 MG cells. Importantly, G19 could inhibit the growth of U-87 MG tumor cells xenograft in nude mice. The results suggested that G19 could be served as a new targeting drug candidate for human glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Songshan Shi
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shunchun Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Glycobiology and Glycochemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Schumacker PT, Gillespie MN, Nakahira K, Choi AMK, Crouser ED, Piantadosi CA, Bhattacharya J. Mitochondria in lung biology and pathology: more than just a powerhouse. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 306:L962-74. [PMID: 24748601 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00073.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An explosion of new information about mitochondria reveals that their importance extends well beyond their time-honored function as the "powerhouse of the cell." In this Perspectives article, we summarize new evidence showing that mitochondria are at the center of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent pathway governing the response to hypoxia and to mitochondrial quality control. The potential role of the mitochondrial genome as a sentinel molecule governing cytotoxic responses of lung cells to ROS stress also is highlighted. Additional attention is devoted to the fate of damaged mitochondrial DNA relative to its involvement as a damage-associated molecular pattern driving adverse lung and systemic cell responses in severe illness or trauma. Finally, emerging strategies for replenishing normal populations of mitochondria after damage, either through promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis or via mitochondrial transfer, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Schumacker
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark N Gillespie
- University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Mobile, Alabama;
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elliott D Crouser
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Claude A Piantadosi
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, and
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, New York, New York
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27
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Biological evaluation of a cytotoxic 2-substituted benzimidazole copper(II) complex: DNA damage, antiproliferation and apoptotic induction activity in human cervical cancer cells. Biometals 2013; 27:155-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Elevated levels of plasma mitochondrial DNA DAMPs are linked to clinical outcome in severely injured human subjects. Ann Surg 2013; 258:591-6; discussion 596-8. [PMID: 23979273 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e3182a4ea46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to execute a prospective cohort study to determine relationships between plasma mtDNA DAMP levels and the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and mortality. BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) accumulate in the circulation after severe injury. Observations in animal models demonstrate that mtDNA DAMPs contribute to organ dysfunction; however, the link between plasma mtDNA DAMPs and outcome in severely injured human subjects has not been established. METHODS DNA was isolated from plasma samples taken from severely injured patients at hospital days 0, 1, and 2. Real-time PCR was used to quantify selected ≈200 base pair sequences of mtDNA within the COX1, ND1, and ND6 genes, as well as from the D-Loop transcriptional regulatory region. MODS was defined as a Denver Multiple Organ Failure score of 4 or greater. RESULTS MtDNA DAMPs were quantified as PCR threshold cycle number. Lower threshold cycles indicate increased mtDNA DAMP content. Patients with SIRS had significantly increased mtDNA DAMP levels in all 4 sequences examined (32.14 ± 0.90 vs 29.00 ± 1.15 for COX1, 31.90 ± 0.47 vs 30.16 ± 1.42 for ND1, 32.40 ± 0.61 vs 28.94 ± 1.13 for ND6, and 33.12 ± 0.83 vs 28.30 ± 1.14 for D-Loop). Patients who developed MODS also had elevated mtDNA DAMP levels compared with those who did not (32.57 ± 0.74 vs 27.12 ± 0.66 for COX1, 32.45 ± 0.65 vs 28.20 ± 0.73 for ND1, 32.52 ± 0.56 vs 27.60 ± 0.79 for ND6, and 32.85 ± 0.75 vs 27.86 ± 1.27 for D-Loop). Patients with above-median mtDNA DAMP levels had a significantly elevated relative risk for mortality. Four patients died secondary to severe MODS. CONCLUSIONS These findings comprise the first observational evidence that plasma mtDNA DAMPs is associated with the evolution of SIRS, MODS, and mortality in severely injured human subjects.
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29
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Millard M, Gallagher JD, Olenyuk BZ, Neamati N. A selective mitochondrial-targeted chlorambucil with remarkable cytotoxicity in breast and pancreatic cancers. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9170-9. [PMID: 24147900 DOI: 10.1021/jm4012438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustards, widely used as chemotherapeutics, have limited safety and efficacy. Mitochondria lack a functional nucleotide excision repair mechanism to repair DNA adducts and are sensitive to alkylating agents. Importantly, cancer cells have higher intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmt) than normal cells. Therefore, selectively targeting nitrogen mustards to cancer cell mitochondria based on Δψmt could overcome those limitations. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of Mito-Chlor, a triphenylphosphonium derivative of the nitrogen mustard chlorambucil. We show that Mito-Chlor localizes to cancer cell mitochondria where it acts on mtDNA to arrest cell cycle and induce cell death, resulting in a 80-fold enhancement of cell kill in a panel of breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines that are insensitive to the parent drug. Significantly, Mito-Chlor delayed tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer. This is a first example of repurposing chlorambucil, a drug not used in breast and pancreatic cancer treatment, as a novel drug candidate for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Millard
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California , 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Ipóthová Z, Paulíková H, Čižeková L, Hunáková Ľ, Labudová M, Grolmusová A, Janovec L, Imrich J. Subcellular localization of proflavine derivative and induction of oxidative stress—In vitro studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6726-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meyer JN, Leung MCK, Rooney JP, Sendoel A, Hengartner MO, Kisby GE, Bess AS. Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants. Toxicol Sci 2013; 134:1-17. [PMID: 23629515 PMCID: PMC3693132 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous strides have recently been made in our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of mitochondria. Many diseases have been identified as caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, and many pharmaceuticals have been identified as previously unrecognized mitochondrial toxicants. A much smaller but growing literature indicates that mitochondria are also targeted by environmental pollutants. We briefly review the importance of mitochondrial function and maintenance for health based on the genetics of mitochondrial diseases and the toxicities resulting from pharmaceutical exposure. We then discuss how the principles of mitochondrial vulnerability illustrated by those fields might apply to environmental contaminants, with particular attention to factors that may modulate vulnerability including genetic differences, epigenetic interactions, tissue characteristics, and developmental stage. Finally, we review the literature related to environmental mitochondrial toxicants, with a particular focus on those toxicants that target mitochondrial DNA. We conclude that the fields of environmental toxicology and environmental health should focus more strongly on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Battersby BJ, Richter U. Why translation counts for mitochondria – retrograde signalling links mitochondrial protein synthesis to mitochondrial biogenesis and cell proliferation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4331-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelle biosynthesis is a key requirement for cell growth and division. The regulation of mitochondrial biosynthesis exhibits additional layers of complexity compared with that of other organelles because they contain their own genome and dedicated ribosomes. Maintaining these components requires gene expression to be coordinated between the nucleo-cytoplasmic compartment and mitochondria in order to monitor organelle homeostasis and to integrate the responses to the physiological and developmental demands of the cell. Surprisingly, the parameters that are used to monitor or count mitochondrial abundance are not known, nor are the signalling pathways. Inhibiting the translation on mito-ribosomes genetically or with antibiotics can impair cell proliferation and has been attributed to defects in aerobic energy metabolism, even though proliferating cells rely primarily on glycolysis to fuel their metabolic demands. However, a recent study indicates that mitochondrial translational stress and the rescue mechanisms that relieve this stress cause the defect in cell proliferation and occur before any impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the process of mitochondrial translation in itself appears to be an important checkpoint for the monitoring of mitochondrial homeostasis and might have a role in establishing mitochondrial abundance within a cell. This hypothesis article will explore the evidence supporting a role for mito-ribosomes and translation in a mitochondria-counting mechanism.
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Gebb SA, Decoux A, Waggoner A, Wilson GL, Gillespie MN. Mitochondrial DNA damage mediates hyperoxic dysmorphogenesis in rat fetal lung explants. Neonatology 2013; 103:91-7. [PMID: 23154780 PMCID: PMC3568246 DOI: 10.1159/000342632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies in cultured cells indicate that damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dictates cellular responses to oxidant stress, yet the consequences of mtDNA damage have not been studied directly in the preterm lung. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether hyperoxia-induced fetal lung dysmorphogenesis is linked to mtDNA damage and establish mtDNA repair as a potential therapeutic approach for treating lung dysplasia in the preterm neonate. METHODS Hyperoxia-induced mtDNA damage was assessed by quantitative alkaline gel electrophoresis in normoxic (3% O2) and hyperoxic (21% O2) fetal rat lung explants. A fusion protein construct targeting the DNA repair enzyme endonuclease III (Endo III) to the mitochondria was used to augment mtDNA repair. Fetal lung branching and surfactant protein C (SFPTC) were assessed in these tissues. RESULTS Hyperoxia induced mtDNA damage in lung explants and was accompanied by impaired branching morphogenesis and decreased SFPTC mRNA expression. Treatment of lung explants with Endo III fusion protein prevented hyperoxia-induced mtDNA damage and restored normal branching morphogenesis and SFPTC mRNA expression. CONCLUSION These findings support the concept that mtDNA governs cellular responses to oxidant stress in the fetal lung and suggest that modulation of mtDNA repair is a potential pharmacologic strategy in the prevention of hyperoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Gebb
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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Craciunescu O, Constantin D, Gaspar A, Toma L, Utoiu E, Moldovan L. Evaluation of antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Arnica montana L. and Artemisia absinthium L. ethanolic extracts. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:97. [PMID: 22958433 PMCID: PMC3472325 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arnica montana L. and Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae) are medicinal plants native to temperate regions of Europe, including Romania, traditionally used for treatment of skin wounds, bruises and contusions. In the present study, A. montana and A. absinthium ethanolic extracts were evaluated for their chemical composition, antioxidant activity and protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in a mouse fibroblast-like NCTC cell line. RESULTS A. absinthium extract showed a higher antioxidant capacity than A. montana extract as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, Oxygen radical absorbance capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging activity, in correlation with its flavonoids and phenolic acids content. Both plant extracts had significant effects on the growth of NCTC cells in the range of 10-100 mg/L A. montana and 10-500 mg/L A. absinthium. They also protected fibroblast cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage, at the same doses. The best protection was observed in cell pre-treatment with 10 mg/L A. montana and 10-300 mg/L A. absinthium, respectively, as determined by Neutral red and lactate dehydrogenase assays. In addition, cell pre-treatment with plant extracts, at these concentrations, prevented morphological changes induced by hydrogen peroxide. Flow-cytometry analysis showed that pre-treatment with A. montana and A. absinthium extracts restored the proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS A. montana and A. absinthium extracts, rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, showed a good antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effect against oxidative damage in fibroblast-like cells. These results provide scientific support for the traditional use of A. montana and A. absinthium in treatment of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Craciunescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Gaspar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liana Toma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Utoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucia Moldovan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, 296, Splaiul Independentei, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
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Respiration characteristics of mitochondria in parental and giant transformed cells of the murine Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:71-7. [PMID: 21899518 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiration characteristics of mitochondria of the parental and giant cells of murine NK/Ly (Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma) were studied. The giant cell-enriched ascites were obtained by serial intraperitoneal injections of vinblastine in tumour-bearing mice. Ascites containing >70% giant cells were used. Their diameter of was over 17 μm (~2800 μm(3)), while the diameter of the parental cells was 12.7 μm (1100 μm(3)). The respiration rate of mitochondria in situ was measured by oxygen consumption in intact and digitonin-permeabilized NK/Ly cells. Endogenous respiration of intact giant NK/Ly cells was three times higher compared to the parental ones, roughly in agreement with the volume change. The giant NK/Ly cells were far more resistant to permeabilization with digitonin than the parental cells, as shown by Trypan Blue and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) release tests. After digitonin permeabilization, oxygen consumption was reduced to a minimal level (0.06 ng atom O/(s × 106 cells) in both types of cells. Addition of α-ketoglutarate or succinate to the incubation medium increased oxygen consumption in the parental cells by 46 and 164% respectively. In the giant NK/Ly cells, the corresponding increases were 164 and 276%. Addition of ADP to α-ketoglutarate- or succinate-supplemented medium further stimulated oxygen consumption of the permeabilized NK/Ly cells; however, the effect of ADP was more pronounced in the giant cells. In addition, indices of respiratory control were significantly higher in the giant cells. Oligomycin suppressed considerably the respiration of the intact giant cells but had a much weaker effect on parental cells. Thus, giant NK/Ly cells possess much higher respiration rates and show tighter coupling between the respiration and oxidative phosphorylation compared with parental cells.
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Chouteau JM, Obiako B, Gorodnya OM, Pastukh VM, Ruchko MV, Wright AJ, Wilson GL, Gillespie MN. Mitochondrial DNA integrity may be a determinant of endothelial barrier properties in oxidant-challenged rat lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L892-8. [PMID: 21890512 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00210.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells and other cell types, overexpression of mt-targeted DNA repair enzymes protects against oxidant-induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and cell death. Whether mtDNA integrity governs functional properties of the endothelium in the intact pulmonary circulation is unknown. Accordingly, the present study used isolated, buffer-perfused rat lungs to determine whether fusion proteins targeting 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) or endonuclease III (Endo III) to mitochondria attenuated mtDNA damage and vascular barrier dysfunction evoked by glucose oxidase (GOX)-generated hydrogen peroxide. We found that both Endo III and Ogg1 fusion proteins accumulated in lung cell mitochondria within 30 min of addition to the perfusion medium. Both constructs prevented GOX-induced increases in the vascular filtration coefficient. Although GOX-induced nuclear DNA damage could not be detected, quantitative Southern blot analysis revealed substantial GOX-induced oxidative mtDNA damage that was prevented by pretreatment with both fusion proteins. The Ogg1 construct also reversed preexisting GOX-induced vascular barrier dysfunction and oxidative mtDNA damage. Collectively, these findings support the ideas that mtDNA is a sentinel molecule governing lung vascular barrier responses to oxidant stress in the intact lung and that the mtDNA repair pathway could be a target for pharmacological intervention in oxidant lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Chouteau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, 36688, USA
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Tann AW, Boldogh I, Meiss G, Qian W, Van Houten B, Mitra S, Szczesny B. Apoptosis induced by persistent single-strand breaks in mitochondrial genome: critical role of EXOG (5'-EXO/endonuclease) in their repair. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31975-83. [PMID: 21768646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.215715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), continuously generated as by-products of respiration, inflict more damage on the mitochondrial (mt) than on the nuclear genome because of the nonchromatinized nature and proximity to the ROS source of the mitochondrial genome. Such damage, particularly single-strand breaks (SSBs) with 5'-blocking deoxyribose products generated directly or as repair intermediates for oxidized bases, is repaired via the base excision/SSB repair pathway in both nuclear and mt genomes. Here, we show that EXOG, a 5'-exo/endonuclease and unique to the mitochondria unlike FEN1 or DNA2, which, like EXOG, has been implicated in the removal of the 5'-blocking residue, is required for repairing endogenous SSBs in the mt genome. EXOG depletion induces persistent SSBs in the mtDNA, enhances ROS levels, and causes apoptosis in normal cells but not in mt genome-deficient rho0 cells. Thus, these data show for the first time that persistent SSBs in the mt genome alone could provide the initial trigger for apoptotic signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Tann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1079, USA
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Ravichandran P, Baluchamy S, Sadanandan B, Gopikrishnan R, Biradar S, Ramesh V, Hall JC, Ramesh GT. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes activate NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways to induce apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells. Apoptosis 2011; 15:1507-16. [PMID: 20694747 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0532-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous report on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has demonstrated the generation of reactive radicals and depletion of intracellular antioxidants which in turn cause cell death through activation of caspases. The molecular mechanism of cellular death due to MWCNT is not clear yet. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways implicated in MWCNT-induced apoptosis in rat lung epithelial cells. First, we assessed the DNA damage in response to MWCNT treatment and showed the significant DNA damage as compared to control. The collapse of the mitochondrial membrane integrity, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, reduction in cellular ATP content, increased levels of mitochondrial apoptogenic factor and activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB were observed in MWCNT treated cells. In addition, a time-dependent induction of phosphorylated IκBα and its degradation were detected in cells exposed to MWCNT. Furthermore, MWCNT activated several death related proteins including apoptosis inducing factor, p53, p21 and bax. Together, our results suggest that signaling pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1 are activated upon MWCNT treatment for cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran Ravichandran
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, Norfolk State University, Norfolk, VA 23504, USA
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Vandana M, Sahoo SK. Long circulation and cytotoxicity of PEGylated gemcitabine and its potential for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9340-56. [PMID: 20851464 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine [2', 2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFdC)] is a low molecular weight, deoxycytidine analog inhibiting cellular DNA synthesis. Currently, it is the frontline drug approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. However, efforts to use gemcitabine as an anti-cancer agent have been limited by its short circulation time and rapid metabolism that reflects in low tumor uptake and intracellular action. Polymer-drug conjugates, in this regard have spawned an approach to improve the cytotoxicity efficiency and bioavailability of gemcitabine by chemical modification. The present study describes the synthesis of a water soluble formulation of PEGylated gemcitabine characterized by FT IR, (1)H NMR and RP-HPLC chromatography. The PEGylated gemcitabine has a prolonged circulation time in plasma as studied in an animal model. This eventually caused a marked improvement in the cytotoxicity and apoptosis-inducing activity in pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa 2 and PANC 1). Hence, these findings demonstrate the PEGylated gemcitabine is a desirable approach for therapy by intravenous administration. Successful clinical application of this approach can significantly contribute to the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallaredy Vandana
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Nalco Square, Chandrasekarpur, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Baran I, Ganea C, Scordino A, Musumeci F, Barresi V, Tudisco S, Privitera S, Grasso R, Condorelli DF, Ursu I, Baran V, Katona E, Mocanu MM, Gulino M, Ungureanu R, Surcel M, Ursaciuc C. Effects of Menadione, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Quercetin on Apoptosis and Delayed Luminescence of Human Leukemia Jurkat T-Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2010; 58:169-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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