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Miyazawa K, Itoh Y, Fu H, Miyazono K. Receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond: multiple modes of Smad2/3-dependent transmission of TGF-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107256. [PMID: 38569937 PMCID: PMC11063908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is widely distributed throughout the body. Its receptor proteins, TGF-β type I and type II receptors, are also ubiquitously expressed. Therefore, the regulation of various signaling outputs in a context-dependent manner is a critical issue in this field. Smad proteins were originally identified as signal-activated transcription factors similar to signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins. Smads are activated by serine phosphorylation mediated by intrinsic receptor dual specificity kinases of the TGF-β family, indicating that Smads are receptor-restricted effector molecules downstream of ligands of the TGF-β family. Smad proteins have other functions in addition to transcriptional regulation, including post-transcriptional regulation of micro-RNA processing, pre-mRNA splicing, and m6A methylation. Recent technical advances have identified a novel landscape of Smad-dependent signal transduction, including regulation of mitochondrial function without involving regulation of gene expression. Therefore, Smad proteins are receptor-activated transcription factors and also act as intracellular signaling modulators with multiple modes of function. In this review, we discuss the role of Smad proteins as receptor-activated transcription factors and beyond. We also describe the functional differences between Smad2 and Smad3, two receptor-activated Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β, activin, myostatin, growth and differentiation factor (GDF) 11, and Nodal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Applied Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Cancer Invasion and Metastasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Pan X, Bai J, Chen Y, Lai Z, Chen Q, Ma F, Dong Y. Small-molecule α-lipoic acid targets ELK1 to balance human neutrophil and erythrocyte differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:100. [PMID: 38589882 PMCID: PMC11003016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroid and myeloid differentiation disorders are commonly occurred in leukemia. Given that the relationship between erythroid and myeloid lineages is still unclear. To find the co-regulators in erythroid and myeloid differentiation might help to find new target for therapy of myeloid leukemia. In hematopoiesis, ALA (alpha lipoic acid) is reported to inhibit neutrophil lineage determination by targeting transcription factor ELK1 in granulocyte-monocyte progenitors via splicing factor SF3B1. However, further exploration is needed to determine whether ELK1 is a common regulatory factor for erythroid and myeloid differentiation. METHODS In vitro culture of isolated CD34+, CMPs (common myeloid progenitors) and CD34+ CD371- HSPCs (hematopoietic stem progenitor cells) were performed to assay the differentiation potential of monocytes, neutrophils, and erythrocytes. Overexpression lentivirus of long isoform (L-ELK1) or the short isoform (S-ELK1) of ELK1 transduced CD34+ HSPCs were transplanted into NSG mice to assay the human lymphocyte and myeloid differentiation differences 3 months after transplantation. Knocking down of SRSF11, which was high expressed in CD371+GMPs (granulocyte-monocyte progenitors), upregulated by ALA and binding to ELK1-RNA splicing site, was performed to analyze the function in erythroid differentiation derived from CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs (hematopoietic progenitor cells). RNA sequencing of L-ELK1 and S-ELK1 overexpressed CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs were performed to assay the signals changed by ELK1. RESULTS Here, we presented new evidence that ALA promoted erythroid differentiation by targeting the transcription factor ELK1 in CD34+ CD371- hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Overexpression of either the long isoform (L-ELK1) or the short isoform (S-ELK1) of ELK1 inhibited erythroid-cell differentiation, but knockdown of ELK1 did not affect erythroid-cell differentiation. RNAseq analysis of CD34+ CD123mid CD38+ CD371- HPCs showed that L-ELK1 upregulated the expression of genes related to neutrophil activity, phosphorylation, and hypoxia signals, while S-ELK1 mainly regulated hypoxia-related signals. However, most of the genes that were upregulated by L-ELK1 were only moderately upregulated by S-ELK1, which might be due to a lack of serum response factor interaction and regulation domains in S-ELK1 compared to L-ELK1. In summary, the differentiation of neutrophils and erythrocytes might need to rely on the dose of L-ELK1 and S-ELK1 to achieve precise regulation via RNA splicing signals at early lineage commitment. CONCLUSIONS ALA and ELK1 are found to regulate both human granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis via RNA spliceosome, and ALA-ELK1 signal might be the target of human leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Road 783, Chengdu, 610500, China
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Pan
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Bai
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yijin Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | | | - Qiang Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.
| | - Yong Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Road 783, Chengdu, 610500, China.
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China.
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Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:61. [PMID: 38514615 PMCID: PMC10958066 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular responses and is particularly critical to embryonic development, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, and immune homeostasis in health. The dysfunction of TGF-β can play key roles in many diseases, and numerous targeted therapies have been developed to rectify its pathogenic activity. In the past decades, a large number of studies on TGF-β signaling have been carried out, covering a broad spectrum of topics in health, disease, and therapeutics. Thus, a comprehensive overview of TGF-β signaling is required for a general picture of the studies in this field. In this review, we retrace the research history of TGF-β and introduce the molecular mechanisms regarding its biosynthesis, activation, and signal transduction. We also provide deep insights into the functions of TGF-β signaling in physiological conditions as well as in pathological processes. TGF-β-targeting therapies which have brought fresh hope to the treatment of relevant diseases are highlighted. Through the summary of previous knowledge and recent updates, this review aims to provide a systematic understanding of TGF-β signaling and to attract more attention and interest to this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Ikeda S, Sato K, Ohama T. Transcriptome analysis revealed that PME-1 suppresses inflammatory signaling, activates PI3K/Akt signaling, and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 692:149148. [PMID: 38043157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an essential serine/threonine protein phosphatase that belongs to the type2A protein phosphatase family with PP4 and PP6. PP2A functions as a trimeric holoenzyme, and the composition of the trimer is regulated by the methyl-esterification (methylation) of PP2A. Demethylation of PP2A is catalyzed by protein phosphatase methyl-esterase-1 (PME-1). Despite the physiological and pathophysiological importance of PME-1, the impact of changes in PME-1 expression on the transcriptome has not been reported. This study provides transcriptome data to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of PME-1 knockout on intracellular signaling of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our data showed that PME-1 suppresses inflammatory signaling, activates PI3K/Akt signaling, and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Altwerger G, Ghazarian M, Glazer PM. Harnessing the effects of hypoxia-like inhibition on homology-directed DNA repair. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 98:11-18. [PMID: 38029867 PMCID: PMC10872265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark feature of the tumor microenvironment which can promote mutagenesis and instability. This increase in mutational burden occurs as a result of the downregulation of DNA repair systems. Deficits in the DNA damage response can be exploited to induce cytotoxicity and treat advanced stage cancers. With the advent of precision medicine, agents such as Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been used to achieve synthetic lethality in homology directed repair (HDR) deficient cancers. However, most cancers lack these predictive biomarkers. Treatment for the HDR proficient population represents an important unmet clinical need. There has been interest in the use of anti-angiogenic agents to promote tumor hypoxia and induce deficiency in a HDR proficient background. For example, the use of cediranib to inhibit PDGFR and downregulate enzymes of the HDR pathway can be used synergistically with a PARP inhibitor. This combination can improve therapeutic responses in HDR proficient cancers. Preclinical results and Phase II and III clinical trial data support the mechanistic rationale for the efficacy of these agents in combination. Future investigations should explore the effectiveness of cediranib and other anti-angiogenic agents with a PARP inhibitor to elicit an antitumor response and sensitize cancers to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Maddie Ghazarian
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Zhu X, Chen Z, Wang L, Ou Q, Feng Z, Xiao H, Shen Q, Li Y, Jin C, Xu JY, Gao F, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang J, Xu Z, Xu GT, Lu L, Tian H. Direct conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells for treatment of retinal degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:785. [PMID: 36096985 PMCID: PMC9468174 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major vision-threatening disease. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit beneficial neural protective effects, their limited differentiation capacity in vivo attenuates their therapeutic function. Therefore, the differentiation of MSCs into retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and their subsequent transplantation into the subretinal space is expected to improve the outcome of cell therapy. Here, we transdifferentiated human umbilical cord MSCs (hUCMSCs) into induced RPE (iRPE) cells using a cocktail of five transcription factors (TFs): CRX, NR2E1, C-MYC, LHX2, and SIX6. iRPE cells exhibited RPE specific properties, including phagocytic ability, epithelial polarity, and gene expression profile. In addition, high expression of PTPN13 in iRPE cells endows them with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-resistant capacity through dephosphorylating syntenin1, and subsequently promoting the internalization and degradation of transforming growth factor-β receptors. After grafting into the subretinal space of the sodium iodate-induced rat AMD model, iRPE cells demonstrated a better therapeutic function than hUCMSCs. These results suggest that hUCMSC-derived iRPE cells may be promising candidates to reverse AMD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zhu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Li Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Qingjian Ou
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Zhong Feng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Honglei Xiao
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Qi Shen
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Yingao Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Caixia Jin
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Furong Gao
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Juan Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People’s Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Jieping Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China ,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, TUSM, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Zhiguo Xu
- Huzhou college, Zhejiang, 313000 China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China ,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, TUSM, Shanghai, 200092 China ,grid.24516.340000000123704535The collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lixia Lu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
| | - Haibin Tian
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065 China
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Abdel Mouti M, Pauklin S. TGFB1/INHBA Homodimer/Nodal-SMAD2/3 Signaling Network: A Pivotal Molecular Target in PDAC Treatment. Mol Ther 2021; 29:920-936. [PMID: 33429081 PMCID: PMC7934636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a grueling disease that is projected to become the second-deadliest cancer in the next decade. Standard treatment of pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy, which mainly targets the differentiated population of tumor cells; however, it paradoxically sets the roots of tumor relapse by the selective enrichment of intrinsically chemoresistant pancreatic cancer stem cells that are equipped with an indefinite capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, resulting in tumor regeneration and an overall anemic response to chemotherapy. Crosstalk between pancreatic tumor cells and the surrounding stromal microenvironment is also involved in the development of chemoresistance by creating a supportive niche, which enhances the stemness features and tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, the desmoplastic nature of the tumor-associated stroma acts as a physical barrier, which limits the intratumoral delivery of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we mainly focus on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1)/inhibin subunit beta A (INHBA) homodimer/Nodal-SMAD2/3 signaling network in pancreatic cancer as a pivotal central node that regulates multiple key mechanisms involved in the development of chemoresistance, including enhancement of the stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells, mediating cooperative interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and the surrounding stroma, as well as regulating the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Mouti
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Headington, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Headington, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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Luo H, Yin D, Xiao Z, Wen L, Liao Y, Tang C, Zeng D, Xiao H, Li Y. Anti‐renal interstitial fibrosis effect of norcantharidin is exerted through inhibition of PP2Ac‐mediated C‐terminal phosphorylation of Smad3. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:293-304. [PMID: 32896083 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han‐wen Luo
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Dan‐dan Yin
- Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Xiao
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Lu Wen
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Ying‐jun Liao
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Cheng‐yuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Heng‐ting Xiao
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Hunan China
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9
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Eid RA, Khalil MA, Alkhateeb MA, Eleawa SM, Zaki MSA, El-Kott AF, Al-Shraim M, El-Sayed F, Eldeen MA, Bin-Meferij MM, Awaji KME, Shatoor AS. Exendin-4 Attenuates Remodeling in the Remote Myocardium of Rats After an Acute Myocardial Infarction by Activating β-Arrestin-2, Protein Phosphatase 2A, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Inhibiting β-Catenin. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:1095-1110. [PMID: 32474680 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested if the protective anti-remodeling effect of GLP-1 agonist Exendin-4 after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) in rats involves inhibition of the Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS Rats were divided into sham, sham + Exendin-4 (10 μg/day, i.p), MI, and MI + Exendin-4. MI was introduced to rats by permanent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation. RESULTS On day 7 post-infraction, MI rats showed LV dysfunction with higher serum levels of cardiac markers. Their remote myocardia showed increased mRNA and protein levels of collagen I/III with higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as protein levels of Wnt1, phospho-Akt, transforming growth factor (TGF-β1), Smad, phospho-Smad3, α-SMA, caspase-3, and Bax. They also showed higher protein levels of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β), as well as total, phosphorylated, and nuclear β-catenin with a concomitant decrease in the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), mRNA of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and protein levels of Bcl-2, β-arrestin-2, and protein phosphatase-2 (PP2A). Administration of Exendin-4 to MI rats reduced the infarct size and reversed the aforementioned signaling molecules without altering protein levels of TGF-1β and Wnt1 or Akt activation. Interestingly, Exendin-4 increased mRNA levels of MnSOD, protein levels of β-arrestin-2 and PP2A, and β-catenin phosphorylation but reduced the phosphorylation of GSK3β and Smad3, and total β-catenin levels in the LV of control rats. CONCLUSION Exendin-4 inhibits the remodeling in the remote myocardium of rats following acute MI by attenuating β-catenin activation and activating β-arrestin-2, PP2A, and GSK3β. Graphical Abstract A graphical abstract that illustrates the mechanisms by which Exendin-4 inhibits cardiac remodeling in remote myocardium of left ventricle MI-induced rats. Mechanisms are assumed to occur in the cardiomyocytes and/or other resident cells such as fibroblast. Β-catenin activation and nuclear translocation are associated with increased synthesis of inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1). GSK3β is inhibited by phosphorylation at Ser9. Under normal conditions, β-catenin is degraded in the cytoplasm by the active GSK3β-dependent degradation complex (un-phosphorylated) which usually phosphorylates β-catenin at Ser33/37/Thr41. After MI, TGF-β1, and Wnt 1 levels are significantly increased, the overproduction of Wnt1 induces β-catenin stabilization and nuclear translocation through increasing the phosphorylation of disheveled (DVL) protein which in turn phosphorylates and inhibits GSK3β. TGF-β1 stimulates the phosphorylation of Smad-3 and subsequent nuclear translocation to activate the transcription of collage 1/III and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Besides, TGF-β1 stabilizes cytoplasmic β-catenin levels indirectly by phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308-induced inhibition of GSK3β by increasing phosphorylation of Ser9. Exendin-4, and possibly through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), increases levels of cAMP and upregulates β-arrestin-2 levels. Both can result in a positive inotropic effect. Besides, β-arrestin-2 can stimulate PP2A to dephosphorylation Smad3 (inhibition) and GSK3β (activation), thus reduces fibrosis and prevents the activation of β-catenin and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Adnan Khalil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M Eleawa
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, PAAET, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Samir Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmy El-Sayed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Alaa Eldeen
- Department of Biology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Khalid M E Awaji
- Clinical laboratories Department, Asser Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Shatoor
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Manem VS, Lambie M, Smith I, Smirnov P, Kofia V, Freeman M, Koritzinsky M, Abazeed ME, Haibe-Kains B, Bratman SV. Modeling Cellular Response in Large-Scale Radiogenomic Databases to Advance Precision Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:6227-6237. [PMID: 31558563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is integral to the care of a majority of patients with cancer. Despite differences in tumor responses to radiation (radioresponse), dose prescriptions are not currently tailored to individual patients. Recent large-scale cancer cell line databases hold the promise of unravelling the complex molecular arrangements underlying cellular response to radiation, which is critical for novel predictive biomarker discovery. Here, we present RadioGx, a computational platform for integrative analyses of radioresponse using radiogenomic databases. We fit the dose-response data within RadioGx to the linear-quadratic model. The imputed survival across a range of dose levels (AUC) was a robust radioresponse indicator that correlated with biological processes known to underpin the cellular response to radiation. Using AUC as a metric for further investigations, we found that radiation sensitivity was significantly associated with disruptive mutations in genes related to nonhomologous end joining. Next, by simulating the effects of different oxygen levels, we identified putative genes that may influence radioresponse specifically under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, using transcriptomic data, we found evidence for tissue-specific determinants of radioresponse, suggesting that tumor type could influence the validity of putative predictive biomarkers of radioresponse. Finally, integrating radioresponse with drug response data, we found that drug classes impacting the cytoskeleton, DNA replication, and mitosis display similar therapeutic effects to ionizing radiation on cancer cell lines. In summary, RadioGx provides a unique computational toolbox for hypothesis generation to advance preclinical research for radiation oncology and precision medicine. SIGNIFICANCE: The RadioGx computational platform enables integrative analyses of cellular response to radiation with drug responses and genome-wide molecular data. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/24/6227/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Spratt and Speers, p. 6076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sk Manem
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan Lambie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Smith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Petr Smirnov
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor Kofia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Freeman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamed E Abazeed
- Department of Translational Hematology Oncology Research, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute of Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott V Bratman
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Mesenchymal stem cells of Systemic Sclerosis patients, derived from different sources, show a profibrotic microRNA profiling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7144. [PMID: 31073190 PMCID: PMC6509164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a disease with limited therapeutic possibilities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-therapy could be a promising therapeutic option, however the ideal MSCs source has not yet been found. To address this problem, we perform comparison between bone marrow (BM)-MSCs and adipose (A)-MSCs, by the miRs expression profile, to identify the gene modulation in these two MSCs source. MicroRNAs (miRs) are RNAs sequences, regulating gene expression and MSCs, derived from different tissues, may differently respond to the SSc microenvironment. The miRs array was used for the miRs profiling and by DIANA-mirPath tool we identified the biological functions of the dysregulated miRs. In SSc-BM-MSCs, 6 miRs were significantly down-regulated and 4 miRs up-regulated. In SSc-A-MSCs, 11 miRs were significantly down-regulated and 3 miRs up-regulated. Interestingly, in both the sources, the involved pathways included the senescence mechanisms and the pro-fibrotic behaviour. Furthermore, both the MSCs sources showed potential compensatory ability. A deeper knowledge of this miRs signature might give more information about some pathogenic steps of the disease and in the same time clarify the possible therapeutic role of autologous MSCs in the regenerative therapy in SSc.
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12
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Raman D, Pervaiz S. Redox inhibition of protein phosphatase PP2A: Potential implications in oncogenesis and its progression. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101105. [PMID: 30686777 PMCID: PMC6859563 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes are dictated by the active signaling of proteins relaying messages to regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, signal transduction and cell communications. An intricate web of protein kinases and phosphatases are critical to the proper transmission of signals across such cascades. By governing 30–50% of all protein dephosphorylation in the cell, with prominent substrate proteins being key regulators of signaling cascades, the phosphatase PP2A has emerged as a celebrated player in various developmental and tumorigenic pathways, thereby posing as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in various pathologies wherein its activity is deregulated. This review is mainly focused on refreshing our understanding of the structural and functional complexity that cocoons the PP2A phosphatase, and its expression in cancers. Additionally, we focus on its physiological regulation as well as into recent advents and strategies that have shown promise in countering the deregulation of the phosphatase through its targeted reactivation. Finally, we dwell upon one of the key regulators of PP2A in cancer cells-cellular redox status-its multifarious nature, and its integration into the reactome of PP2A, highlighting some of the significant impacts that ROS can inflict on the structural modifications and functional aspect of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Raman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Role of protein phosphatases in the cancer microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Phosphatase PP2A expression levels are positively correlated to the clinical severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and IL17A cytokine overproduction, indicating a potential role of PP2A in controlling TH17 differentiation and inflammation. By generating a mouse strain with ablation of the catalytic subunit α of PP2A in peripheral mature T cells (PP2A cKO), we demonstrate that the PP2A complex is essential for TH17 differentiation. These PP2A cKO mice had reduced TH17 cell numbers and less severe disease in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. PP2A deficiency also ablated C-terminal phosphorylation of SMAD2 but increased C-terminal phosphorylation of SMAD3. By regulating the activity of RORγt via binding, the changes in the phosphorylation status of these R-SMADs reduced Il17a gene transcription. Finally, PP2A inhibitors showed similar effects on TH17 cells as were observed in PP2A cKO mice, i.e., decreased TH17 differentiation and relative protection of mice from EAE. Taken together, these data demonstrate that phosphatase PP2A is essential for TH17 differentiation and that inhibition of PP2A could be a possible therapeutic approach to controlling TH17-driven autoimmune diseases.
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15
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Kemp PR, Griffiths M, Polkey MI. Muscle wasting in the presence of disease, why is it so variable? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:1038-1055. [PMID: 30588725 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is a common clinical feature of many chronic diseases and also occurs in response to single acute events. The accompanying loss of strength can lead to significant disability, increased care needs and have profound negative effects on quality of life. As muscle is the most abundant source of amino acids in the body, it appears to function as a buffer for fuel and substrates that can be used to repair damage elsewhere and to feed the immune system. In essence, the fundamentals of muscle wasting are simple: less muscle is made than is broken down. However, although well-described mechanisms modulate muscle protein turnover, significant individual differences in the amount of muscle lost in the presence of a given severity of disease complicate the understanding of underlying mechanisms and suggest that individuals have different sensitivities to signals for muscle loss. Furthermore, the rate at which muscle protein is turned over under normal conditions means that clinically significant muscle loss can occur with changes in the rate of protein synthesis and/or breakdown that are too small to be measurable. Consequently, the changes in expression of factors regulating muscle turnover required to cause a decline in muscle mass are small and, except in cases of rapid wasting, there is no consistent pattern of change in the expression of factors that regulate muscle mass. MicroRNAs are fine tuners of cell phenotype and are therefore ideally suited to cause the subtle changes in proteome required to tilt the balance between synthesis and degradation in a way that causes clinically significant wasting. Herein we present a model in which muscle loss as a consequence of disease in non-muscle tissue is modulated by a set of microRNAs, the muscle expression of which is associated with severity of disease in the non-muscle tissue. These microRNAs alter fundamental biological processes including the synthesis of ribosomes and mitochondria leading to reduced protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown, thereby freeing amino acids from the muscle. We argue that the variability in muscle loss observed in the human population arises from at least two sources. The first is from pre-existing or disease-induced variation in the expression of microRNAs controlling the sensitivity of muscle to the atrophic signal and the second is from the expression of microRNAs from imprinted loci (i.e. only expressed from the maternally or paternally inherited allele) and may control the rate of myonuclear recruitment. In the absence of disease, these factors do not correlate with muscle mass, since there is no challenge to the established balance. However, in the presence of such a challenge, these microRNAs determine the rate of decline for a given disease severity. Together these mechanisms provide novel insight into the loss of muscle mass and its variation in the human population. The involvement of imprinted loci also suggests that genes that regulate early development also contribute to the ability of individuals to resist muscle loss in response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kemp
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Michael I Polkey
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, U.K
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16
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Zhu Y, Ni T, Deng W, Lin J, Zheng L, Zhang C, Luo M. Effects of NLRP6 on the proliferation and activation of human hepatic stellate cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:383-388. [PMID: 29966662 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing proteins (NLRPs) are known to take part in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, including liver fibrosis. However, no known direct role of NLRP6, a member of NLRPs, has been reported in liver fibrosis. Here, we found that NLRP6 expression was decreased in fibrotic and cirrhotic livers. In a human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2, overexpression of NLRP6 suppressed cell proliferation, hydroxyproline accumulation, as well as the expression of type I and type III collagens (Col-I and Col-III), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP9), whereas NLRP6 knockdown displayed reverse effects. Furthermore, NLRP6 significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and enhanced the expression of protein phosphatase magnesium dependent 1 A (PPM1A), the only phosphatase for Smad2/3. NLRP6 overexpression abrogated TGF-β1-stimulated hydroxyproline accumulation and p-Smad2/3. Co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that NLRP6 was able to form a complex with PPM1A. NLRP6 overexpression did not change the level of p-Smad2/3 in LX-2 cells with PPM1A knockdown. These data indicated that PPM1A was required for the inhibitory effects of NLRP6 on TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling. In conclusion, our results suggest that NLRP6 exerts anti-fibrotic effects in LX-2 cells via regulating PPM1A/Smad2/3 and that NLRP6 may be an effective target in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ni
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensheng Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayun Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Chihao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People' Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Huangpu, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Rizvi F, Siddiqui R, DeFranco A, Homar P, Emelyanova L, Holmuhamedov E, Ross G, Tajik AJ, Jahangir A. Simvastatin reduces TGF-β1-induced SMAD2/3-dependent human ventricular fibroblasts differentiation: Role of protein phosphatase activation. Int J Cardiol 2018; 270:228-236. [PMID: 30220377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive cardiac fibrosis due to maladaptive remodeling leads to progression of cardiac dysfunction and is modulated by TGF-β1-activated intracellular phospho-SMAD signaling effectors and transcription regulators. SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, regulated by protein-phosphatases, has been studied in different cell types, but its role in human ventricular fibroblasts (hVFs) is not defined as a target to reduce cytokine-mediated excessive fibrotic response and adverse cardiac remodeling. Statins are a class of drugs reported to reduce cardiac fibrosis, although underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. We aimed to assess whether simvastatin-mediated reduction in TGF-β1-augmented profibrotic response involves reduction in phospho-SMAD2/3 owing to activation of protein-phosphatase in hVFs. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultures of hVFs were used. Effect of simvastatin on TGF-β1-treated hVF proliferation, cytotoxicity, myofibroblast differentiation/activation, profibrotic gene expression and protein-phosphatase activity was assessed. Simvastatin (1 μM) reduced effect of TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) on hVF proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation (reduced α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA-expression]) and activation (decreased procollagen-peptide release). Simvastatin also reduced TGF-β1-stimulated time-dependent increases in SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, mediated through catalytic activation of protein-phosphatases PPM1A and PP2A, which physically interact with SMAD2/3, thereby promoting their dephosphorylation. Effect of simvastatin on TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation was annulled by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein-phosphatase. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study using an in vitro experimental cell culture model identifies the protective role of simvastatin against TGF-β1-induced hVF transformation into activated myofibroblasts through activation of protein phosphatase, a novel target that can be therapeutically modulated to curb excessive cardiac fibrosis associated with maladaptive cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rizvi
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Ramail Siddiqui
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alessandra DeFranco
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Peter Homar
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ekhson Holmuhamedov
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gracious Ross
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A Jamil Tajik
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging (CIRCA), Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Health Care, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Parkway, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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18
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Hypoxia Downregulates MAPK/ERK but Not STAT3 Signaling in ROS-Dependent and HIF-1-Independent Manners in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4386947. [PMID: 28819544 PMCID: PMC5551543 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4386947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is involved in the regulation of stem cell fate, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is the master regulator of hypoxic response. Here, we focus on the effect of hypoxia on intracellular signaling pathways responsible for mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell maintenance. We employed wild-type and HIF-1α-deficient ES cells to investigate hypoxic response in the ERK, Akt, and STAT3 pathways. Cultivation in 1% O2 for 24 h resulted in the strong dephosphorylation of ERK and its upstream kinases and to a lesser extent of Akt in an HIF-1-independent manner, while STAT3 phosphorylation remained unaffected. Downregulation of ERK could not be mimicked either by pharmacologically induced hypoxia or by the overexpression. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSP) 1, 5, and 6 are hypoxia-sensitive MAPK-specific phosphatases involved in ERK downregulation, and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulates both ERK and Akt. However, combining multiple approaches, we revealed the limited significance of DUSPs and PP2A in the hypoxia-mediated attenuation of ERK signaling. Interestingly, we observed a decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in hypoxia and a similar phosphorylation pattern for ERK when the cells were supplemented with glutathione. Therefore, we suggest a potential role for the ROS-dependent attenuation of ERK signaling in hypoxia, without the involvement of HIF-1.
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19
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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20
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The broken "Off" switch in cancer signaling: PP2A as a regulator of tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and immune surveillance. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 6:87-99. [PMID: 27556014 PMCID: PMC4986044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of signal transduction pathways can transform a normal cell to a malignant one and can impart survival properties that render cancer cells resistant to therapy. A diverse set of cascades have been implicated in various cancers including those mediated by serine/threonine kinases such RAS, PI3K/AKT, and PKC. Signal transduction is a dynamic process involving both "On" and "Off" switches. Activating mutations of RAS or PI3K can be viewed as the switch being stuck in the "On" position resulting in continued signaling by a survival and/or proliferation pathway. On the other hand, inactivation of protein phosphatases such as the PP2A family can be seen as the defective "Off" switch that similarly can activate these pathways. A problem for therapeutic targeting of PP2A is that the enzyme is a hetero-trimer and thus drug targeting involves complex structures. More importantly, since PP2A isoforms generally act as tumor suppressors one would want to activate these enzymes rather than suppress them. The elucidation of the role of cellular inhibitors like SET and CIP2A in cancer suggests that targeting these proteins can have therapeutic efficacy by mechanisms involving PP2A activation. Furthermore, drugs such as FTY-720 can activate PP2A isoforms directly. This review will cover the current state of knowledge of PP2A role as a tumor suppressor in cancer cells and as a mediator of processes that can impact drug resistance and immune surveillance.
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21
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Preisser F, Giehl K, Rehm M, Goppelt-Struebe M. Inhibitors of oxygen sensing prolyl hydroxylases regulate nuclear localization of the transcription factors Smad2 and YAP/TAZ involved in CTGF synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2027-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) plays a critical multi-faceted role in the regulation of the cell cycle. It is known to dephosphorylate over 300 substrates involved in the cell cycle, regulating almost all major pathways and cell cycle checkpoints. PP2A is involved in such diverse processes by the formation of structurally distinct families of holoenzymes, which are regulated spatially and temporally by specific regulators. Here, we review the involvement of PP2A in the regulation of three cell signaling pathways: wnt, mTOR and MAP kinase, as well as the G1→S transition, DNA synthesis and mitotic initiation. These processes are all crucial for proper cell survival and proliferation and are often deregulated in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wlodarchak
- a McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Yongna Xing
- a McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
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23
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LB-100 sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to the effects of sorafenib during hypoxia by activation of Smad3 phosphorylation. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7277-86. [PMID: 26666823 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the only clinically proved systematic treatment for HCC. However, few patients respond to sorafenib. Hypoxic microenvironments contribute to sorafenib resistance. LB-100, a serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor was previously found to be a chemosensitizer in HCC. Here, we tested whether LB-100 could sensitize HCC to the effects of sorafenib. Intriguingly, LB-100 enhanced the effects of sorafenib in HCC cells only during hypoxic environments. LB-100 dramatically increased intracellular p-Smad3 level, which was responsible for the effect of LB-100 as a sensitizer. LB-100 downregulated Bcl-2 expression and enhanced sorafenib-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. We further proved that PP2A mediated LB-100-induced p-Smad3 overexpression. In addition, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was activated in hypoxic conditions, and enhanced p-Smad3-dependent Bcl-2 inhibition and consequent apoptosis. In conclusion, LB-100 sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib in hypoxic environments. This effect was mediated by inactivation of PP2A, resulting in enhanced level of p-Smad3. Increased p-Smad3 downregulated Bcl-2, causing increased apoptosis of HCC cells.
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Furuta C, Miyamoto T, Takagi T, Noguchi Y, Kaneko J, Itoh S, Watanabe T, Itoh F. Transforming growth factor-β signaling enhancement by long-term exposure to hypoxia in a tumor microenvironment composed of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1524-33. [PMID: 26296946 PMCID: PMC4714699 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a potent growth inhibitor in normal epithelial cells. However, a number of malignant tumors produce excessive amounts of TGF‐β, which affects the tumor‐associated microenvironment by furthering the progression of tumorigenicity. Although it is known that the tumor‐associated microenvironment often becomes hypoxic, how hypoxia influences TGF‐β signaling in this microenvironment is unknown. We investigated whether TGF‐β signaling is influenced by long‐term exposure to hypoxia in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. When the cells were exposed to hypoxia for more than 10 days, their morphology was remarkably changed to a spindle shape, and TGF‐β‐induced Smad2 phosphorylation was enhanced. Concomitantly, TGF‐β‐induced transcriptional activity was augmented under hypoxia, although TGF‐β did not influence the activity of a hypoxia‐responsive reporter. Consistently, hypoxia influenced the expression of several TGF‐β target genes. Interestingly, the expressions of TGF‐β type I receptor (TβRI), also termed activin receptor like kinase‐5 (ALK5), and TGF‐β1 were increased under the hypoxic condition. When we monitored the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) transcriptional activity by use of green fluorescent protein governed by the hypoxia‐responsive element in LLC cells transplanted into mice, TGF‐β‐induced Smad2 phosphorylation was upregulated in vivo. Our results demonstrate that long‐term exposure to hypoxia might alter responsiveness to TGF‐β signaling and affected the malignancy of LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Furuta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Takagi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Noguchi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jyunya Kaneko
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Itoh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Högel H, Miikkulainen P, Bino L, Jaakkola PM. Hypoxia inducible prolyl hydroxylase PHD3 maintains carcinoma cell growth by decreasing the stability of p27. Mol Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26223520 PMCID: PMC4520080 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia can halt cell cycle progression of several cell types at the G1/S interface. The arrest needs to be overcome by cancer cells. We have previously shown that the hypoxia-inducible cellular oxygen sensor PHD3/EGLN3 enhances hypoxic cell cycle entry at the G1/S boundary. Methods We used PHD3 knockdown by siRNA and shRNA in HeLa and 786–0 renal cancer cells. Flow cytometry with cell synchronization was used to study cell growth at different cell cycle phases. Total and phosphospecific antibodies together with cycloheximide chase were used to study p27/CDKN1B expression and fractionations for subcellular protein localization. Results Here we show that PHD3 enhances cell cycle by decreasing the expression of the CDK inhibitor p27/CDKN1B. PHD3 reduction led to increased p27 expression under hypoxia or VHL mutation. p27 was both required and sufficient for the PHD3 knockdown induced cell cycle block. PHD3 knockdown did not affect p27 transcription and the effect was HIF-independent. In contrast, PHD3 depletion increased the p27 half-life from G0 to S-phase. PHD3 depletion led to an increase in p27 phosphorylation at serine 10 without affecting threonine phosphorylation. Intact serine 10 was required for normal hypoxic and PHD3-mediated degradation of p27. Conclusions The data demonstrates that PHD3 can drive cell cycle entry at the G1/S transition through decreasing the half-life of p27 that occurs by attenuating p27S10 phosphorylation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0410-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Högel
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Petra Miikkulainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Lucia Bino
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Present address: Institute of Biophysics, The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Panu M Jaakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Cui W, Zhou J, Dehne N, Brüne B. Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGFβ signaling in macrophages. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:36. [PMID: 26146544 PMCID: PMC4491253 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under inflammatory conditions or during tumor progression macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes, with factors of the microenvironment such as hypoxia and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) shaping their functional plasticity. TGFβ is among the factors causing alternative macrophage activation, which contributes to tissue regeneration and thus, resolution of inflammation but may also provoke tumor progression. However, the signal crosstalk between TGFβ and hypoxia is ill defined. Results Exposing human primary macrophages to TGFβ elicited a rapid SMAD2/SMAD3 phosphorylation. This early TGFβ-signaling remained unaffected by hypoxia. However, with prolonged exposure periods to TGFβ/hypoxia the expression of SMAD2 declined because of decreased protein stability. In parallel, hypoxia increased mRNA and protein amount of the calpain regulatory subunit, with the further notion that TGFβ/hypoxia elicited calpain activation. The dual specific proteasome/calpain inhibitor MG132 and the specific calpain inhibitor 1 rescued SMAD2 degradation, substantiating the ability of calpain to degrade SMAD2. Decreased SMAD2 expression reduced TGFβ transcriptional activity of its target genes thrombospondin 1, dystonin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Conclusions Hypoxia interferes with TGFβ signaling in macrophages by calpain-mediated proteolysis of the central signaling component SMAD2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China ; Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Overexpression of activin-A and -B in malignant mesothelioma – Attenuated Smad3 signaling responses and ERK activation promote cell migration and invasive growth. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:102-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hong J, Sung J, Lee D, Reddy R H, Kim YJ. Selective Dephosphorylation by SCP1 and PP2A in Phosphorylated Residues of SMAD2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.11.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cruz CD, Del Puerto HL, Rocha ALL, Cavallo IK, Clarizia AD, Petraglia F, Reis FM. Expression of Nodal, Cripto, SMAD3, phosphorylated SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the proliferative endometrium of women with endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:527-33. [PMID: 25228630 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114549855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal is a growth factor of the transforming growth factor β superfamily that is expressed in high turnover tissues, such as the human endometrium, and in several malignancies. The effects of Nodal are modulated by the coreceptor Cripto and mediated by SMAD proteins. This study evaluated the gene and protein expression of Nodal, Cripto, total and phosphorylated (p) SMAD3, and SMAD4 in the proliferative endometrium of women with and without endometriosis. METHOD Total RNA was isolated and complementary DNA synthesized from eutopic endometrium of women with (n = 15) and without (n = 12) endometriosis, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the gene expression of Nodal, Cripto, SMAD3, and SMAD4. Western blot was used to evaluate the protein levels of Nodal and Cripto, and immunohistochemistry was performed to localize SMAD3, pSMAD3, and SMAD4. RESULTS Although Nodal expression was unchanged in women with endometriosis, real-time PCR indicated lower gene expression of Cripto (fold change 0.27, P < .05) in the endometriosis group. This difference, however, was not maintained at protein expression level as assessed by Western blot. The immunostaining of total SMAD3 was reduced in the endometriosis group (P < .01), but the localization of pSMAD3 and the nuclear staining of SMAD4 were unchanged. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the Nodal signaling pathway has subtle changes in the endometrium of women with endometriosis, but this imbalance may not cause functional damage as it seems not to affect the nuclear expression of SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Dela Cruz
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen L Del Puerto
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza L Rocha
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Inês K Cavallo
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra D Clarizia
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felice Petraglia
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Division of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Chen X, Wang H, Liao HJ, Hu W, Gewin L, Mernaugh G, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Vega-Montoto L, Vanacore RM, Fässler R, Zent R, Pozzi A. Integrin-mediated type II TGF-β receptor tyrosine dephosphorylation controls SMAD-dependent profibrotic signaling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3295-310. [PMID: 24983314 DOI: 10.1172/jci71668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis underlies all forms of end-stage kidney disease. TGF-β mediates both the development and the progression of kidney fibrosis through binding and activation of the serine/threonine kinase type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII), which in turn promotes a TβRI-mediated SMAD-dependent fibrotic signaling cascade. Autophosphorylation of serine residues within TβRII is considered the principal regulatory mechanism of TβRII-induced signaling; however, there are 5 tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic tail that could potentially mediate TβRII-dependent SMAD activation. Here, we determined that phosphorylation of tyrosines within the TβRII tail was essential for SMAD-dependent fibrotic signaling within cells of the kidney collecting duct. Conversely, the T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) dephosphorylated TβRII tail tyrosine residues, resulting in inhibition of TβR-dependent fibrotic signaling. The collagen-binding receptor integrin α1β1 was required for recruitment of TCPTP to the TβRII tail, as mice lacking this integrin exhibited impaired TCPTP-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation of TβRII that led to severe fibrosis in a unilateral ureteral obstruction model of renal fibrosis. Together, these findings uncover a crosstalk between integrin α1β1 and TβRII that is essential for TβRII-mediated SMAD activation and fibrotic signaling pathways.
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Silva JV, Santos-Sousa L, Freitas MJ, Felgueiras J, Fardilha M. TGF-β cascade regulation by PPP1 and its interactors -impact on prostate cancer development and therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:555-67. [PMID: 24629090 PMCID: PMC4000109 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a key mechanism by which normal and cancer cells regulate their main transduction pathways. Protein kinases and phosphatases are precisely orchestrated to achieve the (de)phosphorylation of candidate proteins. Indeed, cellular health is dependent on the fine-tune of phosphorylation systems, which when deregulated lead to cancer. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway involvement in the genesis of prostate cancer has long been established. Many of its members were shown to be hypo- or hyperphosphorylated during the process of malignancy. A major phosphatase that is responsible for the vast majority of the serine/threonine dephosphorylation is the phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1). PPP1 has been associated with the dephosphorylation of several proteins involved in the TGF-β cascade. This review will discuss the role of PPP1 in the regulation of several TGF-β signalling members and how the subversion of this pathway is related to prostate cancer development. Furthermore, current challenges on the protein phosphatases field as new targets to cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Centre for Cell Biology, Biology Department, Health Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Regulation of LC3-dependent protective autophagy in ovarian cancer cells by protein phosphatase 2A. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 23:630-41. [PMID: 23518861 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e3182892cee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a target for cisplatin, which is a widely used platinum drug to treat various cancer, including ovarian cancer. However, to date, the exact role of PP2A in chemoresistance to cisplatin-centered ovarian cancer therapy is not clear. METHODS AND MATERIALS To analyze the function of PP2A in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, we derived A2780/cisplatin (CDDP), which is resistant to cisplatin, from A2780 cell line. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of PP2A, autophagy, and apoptosis markers. RESULTS The expression of PP2A catalytic subunit, (PP2Ac) was reduced in A2780/CDDP as well as in cisplatin-resistant patients' tissues compared with A2780 and cisplatin-sensitive patients. In the A2780 cells, cisplatin induced both apoptosis and autophagy. Interestingly, however, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine increased the cell death induced by diamindichloridoplatin (DDP), which suggested the protective function of autophagy in DDP-induced cell death. Knocking down of PP2A promoted autophagy but suppressed DDP-induced apoptosis and cell death. In contrast, overexpression of PP2Ac or reinduction of the activity of PP2A by FTY720 decreased autophagy but increased cell death induced by DDP. Our experiments demonstrated that apoptosis suppressed by the knocking down of PP2Ac can be reversed by the administration of 3-methyladenine. The elevated accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and the decline of the autophagy substrate p62 were also observed in PP2Ac-small interfering RNA transfected cells. However, overexpression of PP2Ac suppressed the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and restored p62. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results showed that protective autophagy regulated by PP2Ac is at least part of the mechanism to how certain ovarian cancers are resistant to cisplatin. Prospective studies are necessary to determine the detailed mechanism of how PP2Ac regulates autophagy in chemoresistant patients.
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Whole-blood gene expression profiling in ankylosing spondylitis identifies novel candidate genes that may contribute to the inflammatory and tissue-destructive disease aspects. Cell Immunol 2013; 286:59-64. [PMID: 24326123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AS (ankylosing spondylitis) and health controls. A total of 1454 DEGs were obtained, including 919 up-regulated genes and 535 down-regulated genes. There were 218 interactions and 224 pairs in the conPPI network. Topological analysis showed that 11 genes had a close relationship with AS. GO (gene ontology) functional enrichment analysis of the two modules showed that the DEGs in conPPI mainly participated in the biologic process of immune response. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that most DEGs in the two modules were enriched into cell receptor signaling pathway, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and primary immunodeficiency. We hypothesized that these DEGs associated with immune response DEGs might provide basic for depth understanding of the AS development.
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Li Y, Sun Y, Liu F, Sun L, Li J, Duan S, Liu H, Peng Y, Xiao L, Liu Y, Xi Y, You Y, Li H, Wang M, Wang S, Hou T. Norcantharidin inhibits renal interstitial fibrosis by blocking the tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66356. [PMID: 23825538 PMCID: PMC3692527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is thought to contribute to the progression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Norcantharidin (NCTD) is a promising agent for inhibiting renal interstitial fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of NCTD are unclear. In this study, a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model was established and treated with intraperitoneal NCTD (0.1 mg/kg/day). The UUO rats treated with NCTD showed a reduction in obstruction-induced upregulation of α-SMA and downregulation of E-cadherin in the rat kidney (P<0.05). Human renal proximal tubule cell lines (HK-2) stimulated with TGF-β1 were treated with different concentrations of NCTD. HK-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1 in vitro led to downregulation of E-cadherin and increased de novo expression of α-SMA; co-treatment with NCTD attenuated all of these changes (P<0.05). NCTD reduced TGF-β1-induced expression and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and downregulated the expression of Snail1 (P<0.05). These results suggest that NCTD antagonizes tubular EMT by inhibiting the Smad pathway. NCTD may play a critical role in preserving the normal epithelial phenotype and modulating tubular EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Division of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China. mail:
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Leivonen SK, Lazaridis K, Decock J, Chantry A, Edwards DR, Kähäri VM. TGF-β-elicited induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 expression in fibroblasts involves complex interplay between Smad3, p38α, and ERK1/2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57474. [PMID: 23468994 PMCID: PMC3585359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) promotes extracellular matrix deposition by down-regulating the expression of matrix degrading proteinases and upregulating their inhibitors. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 is an ECM-associated specific inhibitor of matrix degrading metalloproteinases. Here, we have characterized the signaling pathways mediating TGF-β-induced expression of TIMP-3. Basal and TGF-β-induced TIMP-3 mRNA expression was abolished in Smad4-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and restoring Smad4 expression rescued the response. Inhibition of Smad signaling by expression of Smad7 and dominant negative Smad3 completely abolished TGF-β-elicited expression of TIMP-3 in human fibroblasts, whereas overexpression of Smad3 enhanced it. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation with PD98059 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity by SB203580 resulted in suppression of TGF-β-induced TIMP-3 expression, indicating that ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK mediate the effect of TGF-β on TIMP-3 expression. Specific activation of p38α and ERK1/2 by constitutively active mutants of MKK3b or MEK1, respectively, and simultaneous co-expression of Smad3 resulted in induction of TIMP-3 expression in the absence of TGF-β indicating that Smad3 co-operates with p38 and ERK1/2 in the induction of TIMP-3 expression. These results demonstrate the complex interplay between Smad3, p38α, and ERK1/2 signaling in the regulation of TIMP-3 gene expression in fibroblasts, which may play a role in inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi-Katri Leivonen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Julie Decock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chantry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan R. Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DRE); (V-MK)
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (DRE); (V-MK)
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Wottawa M, Leisering P, Ahlen MV, Schnelle M, Vogel S, Malz C, Bordoli MR, Camenisch G, Hesse A, Napp J, Alves F, Kristiansen G, Farhat K, Katschinski DM. Knockdown of prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 2 inhibits tumor growth of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by affecting TGF-β1 processing. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2787-98. [PMID: 23225569 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3) enzymes are regulating the protein stability of the α-subunit of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which mediates oxygen-dependent gene expression. PHD2 is the main isoform regulating HIF-1α hydroxylation and thus stability in normoxia. In human cancers, HIF-1α is overexpressed as a result of intratumoral hypoxia which in turn promotes tumor progression. The role of PHD2 for tumor progression is in contrast far from being thoroughly understood. Therefore, we established PHD2 knockdown clones of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and analyzed their tumor-forming potential in a SCID mouse model. Tumor progression was significantly impaired in the PHD2 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells, which could be partially rescued by re-establishing PHD2 expression. In a RNA profile screen, we identified the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) as one target, which is differentially regulated as a consequence of the PHD2 knockdown. Knockdown of PHD2 drastically reduced the SPP1 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. A correlation of SPP1 and PHD2 expression was additionally verified in 294 invasive breast cancer biopsies. In subsequent analyses, we identified that PHD2 alters the processing of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which is highly involved in SPP1 expression. The altered processing capacity was associated with a dislocation of the pro-protein convertase furin. Thus, our data demonstrate that in MDA-MB-231 cells PHD2 might affect tumor-relevant TGF-β1 target gene expression by altering the TGF-β1 processing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Wottawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Göttingen, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Sermeus A, Genin M, Maincent A, Fransolet M, Notte A, Leclere L, Riquier H, Arnould T, Michiels C. Hypoxia-induced modulation of apoptosis and BCL-2 family proteins in different cancer cell types. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47519. [PMID: 23139748 PMCID: PMC3489905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays an important role in the resistance of tumour cells to chemotherapy. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. Moreover, according to the cell lines, hypoxia differently influences cell death. The study of the effects of hypoxia on the apoptosis induced by 5 chemotherapeutic drugs in 7 cancer cell types showed that hypoxia generally inhibited the drug-induced apoptosis. In most cases, the effect of hypoxia was the same for all the drugs in one cell type. The expression profile of 93 genes involved in apoptosis as well as the protein level of BCL-2 family proteins were then investigated. In HepG2 cells that are strongly protected against cell death by hypoxia, hypoxia decreased the abundance of nearly all the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins while none of them are decreased in A549 cells that are not protected against cell death by hypoxia. In HepG2 cells, hypoxia decreased NOXA and BAD abundance and modified the electrophoretic mobility of BIMEL. BIM and NOXA are important mediators of etoposide-induced cell death in HepG2 cells and the hypoxia-induced modification of these proteins abundance or post-translational modifications partly account for chemoresistance. Finally, the modulation of the abundance and/or of the post-translational modifications of most proteins of the BCL-2 family by hypoxia involves p53-dependent and –independent pathways and is cell type-dependent. A better understanding of these cell-to-cell variations is crucial in order to overcome hypoxia-induced resistance and to ameliorate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sermeus
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Marie Genin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Amélie Maincent
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Maude Fransolet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Annick Notte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Lionel Leclere
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Hélène Riquier
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NARILIS, University of Namur – FUNDP, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Bruce DL, Macartney T, Yong W, Shou W, Sapkota GP. Protein phosphatase 5 modulates SMAD3 function in the transforming growth factor-β pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1999-2006. [PMID: 22781750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases play a key role in balancing the cellular responses to the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signals. Several protein phosphatases have been attributed roles in the regulation of the TGFβ pathway. Among these, PPM1A is the only phosphatase reported to dephosphorylate SMAD2/3 in the nucleus. However we observed PPM1A exclusively in the cytoplasmic fractions independently of TGFβ treatment in all cells tested. These observations imply that a bona fide nuclear SMAD2/3 phosphatase remains elusive. In this study, we report a role for protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in the TGFβ pathway. We identified PP5 as an interactor of SMAD2/3. Interestingly, in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells derived from PP5-null mice, TGFβ-induced transcriptional responses were significantly enhanced. Rather surprisingly, this enhancement is due to the increased levels of SMAD3 protein observed in PP5-null MEFs compared to the wild type. No differences in the levels of SMAD3 transcripts were observed between the wild-type and PP5-null MEFs. While PP5 is capable of dephosphorylating SMAD3-tail in overexpression assays, we demonstrate that its activity is essential in controlling SMAD3 protein levels in MEFs. We propose that PP5 regulates the TGFβ pathway in MEFs by regulating the expression of SMAD3 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruce
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Xu P, Liu J, Derynck R. Post-translational regulation of TGF-β receptor and Smad signaling. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1871-84. [PMID: 22617150 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β family signaling through Smads is conceptually a simple and linear signaling pathway, driven by sequential phosphorylation, with type II receptors activating type I receptors, which in turn activate R-Smads. Nevertheless, TGF-β family proteins induce highly complex programs of gene expression responses that are extensively regulated, and depend on the physiological context of the cells. Regulation of TGF-β signaling occurs at multiple levels, including TGF-β activation, formation, activation and destruction of functional TGF-β receptor complexes, activation and degradation of Smads, and formation of Smad transcription complexes at regulatory gene sequences that cooperate with a diverse set of DNA binding transcription factors and coregulators. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of post-translational modifications and molecular interaction networks in the functions of receptors and Smads in TGF-β signal responses. These layers of regulation demonstrate how a simple signaling system can be coopted to exert exquisitely regulated, complex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Programs in Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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40
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Shin HW, Cho K, Kim DW, Han DH, Khalmuratova R, Kim SW, Jeon SY, Min YG, Lee CH, Rhee CS, Park JW. Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Mediates Nasal Polypogenesis by Inducing Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185:944-54. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201109-1706oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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41
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Bruce DL, Sapkota GP. Phosphatases in SMAD regulation. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1897-905. [PMID: 22576046 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SMAD transcription factors are key mediators of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß) family of cytokines. Reversible phosphorylation of SMAD proteins plays a key role in regulating their function. Several phosphatases have been proposed to act on SMAD proteins to influence TGFß/BMP signalling. Here we provide an overview of the SMAD regulation by different protein phosphatases and review the evidence supporting each phosphatase as a candidate SMAD-phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruce
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, UK
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42
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Hofstetter CP, Burkhardt JK, Shin BJ, Gürsel DB, Mubita L, Gorrepati R, Brennan C, Holland EC, Boockvar JA. Protein phosphatase 2A mediates dormancy of glioblastoma multiforme-derived tumor stem-like cells during hypoxia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30059. [PMID: 22253878 PMCID: PMC3256196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The hypoxic microenvironment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is thought to increase resistance to cancer therapies. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia induces protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a regulator of cell cycle and cell death. The effects of PP2A on GBM tumor cell proliferation and survival during hypoxic conditions have not been studied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of PP2A subunits and HIF-α proteins was measured in 65 high-grade astrocytoma and 18 non-neoplastic surgical brain specimens by western blotting. PP2A activity was measured by an immunoprecipitation assay. For in vitro experiments, GBM-derived tumor stem cell-like cells (TSCs) were exposed to severe hypoxia produced by either CoCl₂ or 1% O₂. PP2A activity was inhibited either by okadaic acid or by shRNA depletion of the PP2A C subunit. Effects of PP2A activity on cell cycle progression and cell survival during hypoxic conditions were assessed using flow cytometry. RESULTS In our patient cohort, PP2A activity was positively correlated with HIF-1∝ protein expression (P = 0.002). Patients with PP2A activity levels above 160 pMP had significantly worse survival compared to patients with levels below this threshold (P = 0.002). PP2A activity was an independent predictor of survival on multivariable analysis (P = 0.009). In our in vitro experiments, we confirmed that severe hypoxia induces PP2A activity in TSCs 6 hours after onset of exposure. PP2A activity mediated G1/S phase growth inhibition and reduced cellular ATP consumption in hypoxic TSCs. Conversely, inhibition of PP2A activity led to increased cell proliferation, exhaustion of intracellular ATP, and accelerated P53-independent cell death of hypoxic TSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PP2A activity predicts poor survival in GBM. PP2A appears to reduce the metabolic demand of hypoxic TSCs and enhances tumor cell survival. Modulation of PP2A may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Hofstetter
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Brain Tumor Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signaling regulates cell growth and differentiation of many different cell types and is widely involved in the regulation of homeostasis during both embryogenesis and adult life. Therefore, aberrant TGF-β family signal transduction is linked to congenital disorders, tumorigenicity, and fibrosis, which can be life-threatening. A specific receptor-ligand complex initiates transduction of TGF-β family signaling to the nucleus via intracellular signal molecules, mainly Smads, whereby a number of bioactivities such as wound healing, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are controlled. To avoid an excess of TGF-β family signaling in cells, the duration and intensity of the TGF-β family signal appear to be subject to elaborate regulation. In this paper, we describe recent advances in the understanding of how TGF-β family signals are perturbed and terminated to maintain homeostasis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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44
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Role of Smads in TGFβ signaling. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:21-36. [PMID: 21643690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is the prototype for a large family of pleiotropic factors that signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. Important intracellular mediators of TGFβ signaling are members of the Smad family. Smad2 and 3 are activated by C-terminal receptor-mediated phosphorylation, whereafter they form complexes with Smad4 and are translocated to the nucleus where they, in cooperation with other transcription factors, co-activators and co-repressors, regulate the transcription of specific genes. Smads have key roles in exerting TGFβ-induced programs leading to cell growth arrest and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The activity and stability of Smad molecules are carefully regulated by a plethora of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, acetylation and poly(ADP)-ribosylation. The Smad function has been shown to be perturbed in certain diseases such as cancer.
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Pimentel-Santos FM, Ligeiro D, Matos M, Mourão AF, Costa J, Santos H, Barcelos A, Godinho F, Pinto P, Cruz M, Fonseca JE, Guedes-Pinto H, Branco JC, Brown MA, Thomas GP. Whole blood transcriptional profiling in ankylosing spondylitis identifies novel candidate genes that might contribute to the inflammatory and tissue-destructive disease aspects. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R57. [PMID: 21470430 PMCID: PMC3132052 DOI: 10.1186/ar3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of genetic-association studies have identified genes contributing to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) susceptibility but such approaches provide little information as to the gene activity changes occurring during the disease process. Transcriptional profiling generates a 'snapshot' of the sampled cells' activity and thus can provide insights into the molecular processes driving the disease process. We undertook a whole-genome microarray approach to identify candidate genes associated with AS and validated these gene-expression changes in a larger sample cohort. METHODS A total of 18 active AS patients, classified according to the New York criteria, and 18 gender- and age-matched controls were profiled using Illumina HT-12 whole-genome expression BeadChips which carry cDNAs for 48,000 genes and transcripts. Class comparison analysis identified a number of differentially expressed candidate genes. These candidate genes were then validated in a larger cohort using qPCR-based TaqMan low density arrays (TLDAs). RESULTS A total of 239 probes corresponding to 221 genes were identified as being significantly different between patients and controls with a P-value <0.0005 (80% confidence level of false discovery rate). Forty-seven genes were then selected for validation studies, using the TLDAs. Thirteen of these genes were validated in the second patient cohort with 12 downregulated 1.3- to 2-fold and only 1 upregulated (1.6-fold). Among a number of identified genes with well-documented inflammatory roles we also validated genes that might be of great interest to the understanding of AS progression such as SPOCK2 (osteonectin) and EP300, which modulate cartilage and bone metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We have validated a gene expression signature for AS from whole blood and identified strong candidate genes that may play roles in both the inflammatory and joint destruction aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Pimentel-Santos
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, n° 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Genómica e Biotecnologia, da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (IBB/CGB - UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, 5000-262 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Hospital de Egas Moniz EPE, Rua da Junqueira, n° 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dário Ligeiro
- Centro de Histocompatibilidade do Sul, Alameda das Linhas de Torres, n° 117, 1769 - 001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Matos
- Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-262 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana F Mourão
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, n° 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Hospital de Egas Moniz EPE, Rua da Junqueira, n° 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Costa
- Centro Hospitalar do Alto Minho (CHAM), Hospital Conde de Bertiandos EPE, Largo Conde de Bertiandos, 4990-041 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Helena Santos
- Instituto Português de Reumatologia (IPR), Rua da Beneficência, n° 7, 1050-034 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Barcelos
- Centro Hospitalar Baixo Vouga, Hospital Infante D. Pedro EPE, Avenida Artur Ravara, 3814-501 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Godinho
- Hospital Garcia de Orta EPE, Av. Torrado da Silva, Pragal, 2801-951 Almada, Portugal
| | - Patricia Pinto
- Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho EPE, Rua Dr. Francisco Sá Carneiro, 4400-129 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Margarida Cruz
- Centro Hospitalar Oeste Norte, Centro Hospitalar das Caldas da Rainha, Rua Diário de Notícias, 2500-176 Caldas da Rainha, Portugal
| | - João E Fonseca
- Unidade de Investigação em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, Hospital Santa Maria EPE, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Henrique Guedes-Pinto
- Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Genómica e Biotecnologia, da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (IBB/CGB - UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, 5000-262 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime C Branco
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, n° 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Hospital de Egas Moniz EPE, Rua da Junqueira, n° 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Matthew A Brown
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Gethin P Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Shih IM, Wang TL. Mutation of PPP2R1A: a new clue in unveiling the pathogenesis of uterine serous carcinoma. J Pathol 2011; 224:1-4. [PMID: 21432855 DOI: 10.1002/path.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Uterine carcinoma is composed mainly of two distinct types: serous and endometrioid. Uterine serous carcinoma, while not as common as endometrioid carcinoma, is a highly aggressive disease and is associated with high mortality. Although the molecular genetic alterations of uterine endometrioid carcinoma have been well established, molecular genetic changes in uterine serous carcinoma are largely unclear. Two recent papers have analysed PPP2R1A mutations among different types of gynaecological neoplasia. Both studies report a surprisingly high frequency of somatic mutations of PPP2R1A in uterine serous carcinomas. PPP2R1A encodes a scaffolding subunit of a major serine/threonine phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which plays a critical role in diverse cellular functions, including negative regulation of cellular proliferation and potential tumour suppression. As PPP2R1A is essential for the phosphatase activity of PP2A, this observation should create a new research road map toward elucidating how PPP2R1A mutations and alterations of the PP2A pathway contribute to the pathogenesis of uterine serous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, Oncology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Tight regulation of TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily signalling is important for normal cellular functions and tissue homoeostasis. Since TGF-beta superfamily signalling pathways are activated by a short phosphorylation cascade, from receptor phosphorylation to subsequent phosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transducer R-Smads (receptor-activated Smads), reversible phosphorylation serves as a critical step to assure proper TGF-beta signalling. The present article will review the current progress on the understanding of dynamic phosphorylation in TGF-beta signalling and the essential role of protein phosphatases in this process.
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Martinez GJ, Zhang Z, Reynolds JM, Tanaka S, Chung Y, Liu T, Robertson E, Lin X, Feng XH, Dong C. Smad2 positively regulates the generation of Th17 cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29039-43. [PMID: 20667820 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c110.155820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and pro-inflammatory Th17 cells from naive CD4(+) T cells requires transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Although Smad4 and Smad3 have been previously shown to regulate Treg cell induction by TGF-β, they are not required in the development of Th17 cells. Thus, how TGF-β regulates Th17 cell differentiation remains unclear. In this study, we found that TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression was significantly reduced in the absence of Smad2. More importantly, Smad2 deficiency led to reduced Th17 differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, Smad2 deficiency in T cells significantly ameliorated disease severity and reduced generation of Th17 cells. Furthermore, we found that Smad2 associated with retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) and enhanced RORγt-induced Th17 cell generation. These results demonstrate that Smad2 positively regulates the generation of inflammatory Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Heikkinen PT, Nummela M, Jokilehto T, Grenman R, Kähäri VM, Jaakkola PM. Hypoxic conversion of SMAD7 function from an inhibitor into a promoter of cell invasion. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5984-93. [PMID: 20551054 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smad7 is an inhibitor of the transforming growth factor-beta-activated signaling pathway. Under well-oxygenated conditions, Smad7 is a potent inhibitor of carcinoma cell invasion. Paradoxically, however, the expression of Smad7 is upregulated across several cancers and may promote cancer progression. Hypoxia, which is frequently met in solid tumors, is an enhancer of carcinoma cell invasion and cancer progression. Here, we report that hypoxia activates the expression of Smad7 in a hypoxia-inducible factor- and von Hippel-Lindau protein-dependent manner. As expected, in normoxia, the forced expression of Smad7 inhibited carcinoma cell invasion. In contrast with the normoxic condition, the inhibitory effect of Smad7 was lost under hypoxia. The block in carcinoma cell invasion by forced expression of Smad7 was released by hypoxia in two invasive carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, the noninvasive HaCaT keratinocytes become invasive upon simultaneous hypoxia and transforming growth factor-beta stimulus. The hypoxia-activated invasion was attenuated by inhibiting Smad7 expression by short interfering RNA. Finally, the increased Smad7 expression in human carcinomas correlated with hypoxic gene expression. The data provide evidence that hypoxia could convert Smad7 function from an invasion inhibitor into an activator of invasion. Furthermore, they might shed light as to why increased Smad7 expression is detected in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Heikkinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Turku University and Abo Akademi University, School of Biological Sciences and Medicity Research Laboratories, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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